1
|
Branco É, Alves JGR, Pinheiro LL, Coutinho LN, Gomes CRM, Galvão GR, de Oliveira Dos Santos GR, Moreira LFM, David MBM, Martins DM, de Oliveira EHC, de Souza MPC, Beltrão-Braga PCB, Russo FB, Pignatari GC, de Carvalho Miranda CMF, de Lima AR. Can Paraplegia by Disruption of the Spinal Cord Tissue Be Reversed? The Signs of a New Perspective. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1812-1820. [PMID: 31520456 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) trauma is often related to tissue loss, leading to partial or complete disruption of spinal cord function due to neuronal death. Although generally irreversible, traditional therapeutic efforts, such as physical therapy exercises, are generally recommended, but with a poor or reduced improvement of the microenvironment, which in turn stimulates neuroplasticity and neuroregeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have paracrine, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects. Here we use stem cells to see if they can promote not only physical but also the functional regeneration of neuronal tissue in dogs with CNS traumas. Two dogs, one with chronic spinal cord injury and one with subacute spinal cord injury, underwent infusion of autologous MSCs in association with physiotherapy. The two treatments in combination were able to partially or completely recover the dog's walking movement again. The treatment of MSCs in association with physical therapy improved the microenvironment, which could be evidence of a paradigm shift that the CNS is not capable of functional regeneration after aggressive traumas. Anat Rec, 2019. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy Anat Rec, 303:1812-1820, 2020. © 2019 American Association for Anatomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Érika Branco
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - José G R Alves
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Luane L Pinheiro
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leandro N Coutinho
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carolina R M Gomes
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Gilvando R Galvão
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz F M Moreira
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Maridelzira B M David
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Danielle M Martins
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| | - Edivaldo H C de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics, SAMAM, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Michel P C de Souza
- Laboratory of Tissue Culture and Cytogenetics, SAMAM, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil.,Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Patrícia C B Beltrão-Braga
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabiele B Russo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graciela C Pignatari
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ana R de Lima
- Institute of Animal Health and Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Amazonia, Belém, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pedram MS, Dehghan MM, Shojaee M, Fekrazad R, Sharifi D, Farzan A, Ghasemi S, AliMohammad Kalhori K. Therapeutic effects of simultaneous Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and Meloxicam administration on experimental acute spinal cord injury: Rat animal model. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2018; 189:49-54. [PMID: 30312920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Application of Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and meloxicam in acute spinal cord injury, functional recovery and histological evaluation. OBJECTIVE Evaluation of the effect of simultaneous PBMT and meloxicam on treatment of acute experimental spinal cord injury and comparing it with the effect of application of each of them separately. SETTING The study was conducted at the Department of Surgery & Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. METHODS Twenty four rats were used in this study. A compression injury was induced to the T8-T9 segment of the spinal cord of rats using a Fogarty embolectomy catheter. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups including: Control group, PBMT (810 nm-200 mw-8 s-2 weeks) group, Meloxicam (1 mg/kg) group, and PBMT and Meloxicam (mixed) group. After inducing injury, hind limb performance of the rats was evaluated, using BBB test and then treatment intervention was performed and continued for 2 weeks. RESULTS Four weeks after injury induction, BBB test results were significantly higher in all treatment groups in comparison to control group, however, there were no significant differences among the treatment groups. In addition, histological findings revealed no significant difference between all 4 study groups. CONCLUSION According to the results of this study we can conclude that simultaneous and separate application of PBMT and Meloxicam play an effective role in treatment of acute spinal cord injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Sepehr Pedram
- Department of Surgery & Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Dehghan
- Department of Surgery & Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Shojaee
- Department of Surgery & Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fekrazad
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty - Laser research center in medical Sciences, AJA University of Medical Sciences & International Network for Photo Medicine and Photo Dynamic Therapy (INPMPDT), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Sharifi
- Department of Surgery & Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Farzan
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Density, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Setareh Ghasemi
- Department of Surgery & Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Katayoun AliMohammad Kalhori
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Faculty, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Q, Zhang S, Zheng Y, Wen H, Han X, Zhang M, Guan W. Differentiation potential of neural stem cells derived from fetal sheep. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017; 21:233-240. [PMID: 30460074 PMCID: PMC6138347 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1354915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into many cell types in vitro. In this study, we isolated and established an NSC line from fetal Ovis aries. Based on the results of immunofluorescence staining, NSCs expressed Nestin, Pax6 and MAP2. Moreover, a reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay was used to biologically characterize the cell line. NSCs were induced to differentiate into neurogenic cells in vitro. They expressed MAP2, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myelin basic protein (MBP). In this study, we successfully isolated and cultivated NSCs from the hippocampal tissue of fetal sheep. NSCs not only displayed a self-renewal capacity but also had the potential to differentiate into neurons and glial cells. This study provided valuable experimental data for NSC transplant research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- Scientific Experiment Research Center, Harbin Institute of Physical Education, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yanjie Zheng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hebao Wen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiao Han
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Minghai Zhang
- College of Wildlife Resources, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Weijun Guan
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sarveazad A, Babahajian A, Bakhtiari M, Soleimani M, Behnam B, Yari A, Akbari A, Yousefifard M, Janzadeh A, Amini N, Agah S, Fallah A, Joghataei MT. The combined application of human adipose derived stem cells and Chondroitinase ABC in treatment of a spinal cord injury model. Neuropeptides 2017; 61:39-47. [PMID: 27484347 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although stem cell therapy has become a major focus as a new option for management of spinal cord injury (SCI), its effectiveness should be promoted. In this study, we investigated the effects of co-administrating human adipose-derived stem cells (hADSCs) and Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in a rat model of spinal cord injury. MATERIAL AND METHODS hADSCs derived from superficial layer of abdominal adipose tissue were used to treat a contusion-induced SCI. Animals were randomly allocated to five equal groups including sham (only laminectomy), SCI (SCI+vehicle injection), hADSCs (1×10⁶ hADSCs/10μl intra-spinal injection), ChABC (10μl of 100U/ml ChABC intra-spinal injection injection), and hADSCs+ChABC. Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan tests were used to evaluate locomotor function. 8weeks after treatment, cavity size, myelination, cell differentiation (neuron and astrocyte), and chondroitin sulfate amount were analyzed. RESULTS hADSC transplanted animals, ChABC injected animals (P<0.001), and hADSC+ChABC treated rats (P<0.001) displayed significant motor improvement compared to SCI group. Combination therapy of hADSCs and ChABC led to greater locomotor recovery compared to using hADSCs (P<0.001) or ChABC (P<0.01) alone. Spinal cords in the combined and single therapy groups had cavities filled with myelinated areas and less chondroitin sulfate content in comparison with the control group (P<0.001). hADSCs expressed GFAP, B III tubulin and Map2. CONCLUSION Combination therapy with ChABC and hADSCs exhibits more significant functional recovery than single therapy using either. This result may be applicable in selection of the best therapeutic strategy for SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Sarveazad
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asrin Babahajian
- Liver & Digestive Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Bakhtiari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mansoureh Soleimani
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Behnam
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran; NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program, Common Fund, Office of the Director, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA Office of the Clinical Director, NHGRI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abazar Yari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbari
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Yousefifard
- Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naser Amini
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Agah
- Colorectal Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Taghi Joghataei
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sönmez E, Siemionow MZ. Nerve Allograft Transplantation. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4471-6335-0_68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
6
|
Use of autologous mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow for the treatment of naturally injured spinal cord in dogs. Stem Cells Int 2014; 2014:437521. [PMID: 24723956 PMCID: PMC3956412 DOI: 10.1155/2014/437521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells in injury repair has been extensively investigated. Here, we examined the therapeutic effects of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) transplantation in four dogs with natural traumatic spinal cord injuries. MSC were cultured in vitro, and proliferation rate and cell viability were evaluated. Cell suspensions were prepared and surgically administered into the spinal cord. The animals were clinically evaluated and examined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Ten days after the surgical procedure and MSC transplantation, we observed a progressive recovery of the panniculus reflex and diminished superficial and deep pain response, although there were still low proprioceptive reflexes in addition to a hyperreflex in the ataxic hind limb movement responses. Each dog demonstrated an improvement in these gains over time. Conscious reflex recovery occurred simultaneously with moderate improvement in intestine and urinary bladder functions in two of the four dogs. By the 18th month of clinical monitoring, we observed a remarkable clinical amelioration accompanied by improved movement, in three of the four dogs. However, no clinical gain was associated with alterations in magnetic resonance imaging. Our results indicate that MSC are potential candidates for the stem cell therapy following spinal cord injury.
Collapse
|
7
|
Najafzadeh N, Nobakht M, Pourheydar B, Golmohammadi MG. Rat hair follicle stem cells differentiate and promote recovery following spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:3365-72. [PMID: 25206658 PMCID: PMC4146002 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.36.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging studies of treating spinal cord injury (SCI) with adult stem cells led us to evaluate the effects of transplantation of hair follicle stem cells in rats with a compression-induced spinal cord lesion. Here, we proposed a hypothesis that rat hair follicle stem cell transplantation can promote the recovery of injured spinal cord. Compression-induced spinal cord injury was induced in Wistar rats in this study. The bulge area of the rat vibrissa follicles was isolated, cultivated and characterized with nestin as a stem cell marker. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeled bulge stem cells were transplanted into rats with spinal cord injury. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that some of the grafted cells could survive and differentiate into oligodendrocytes (receptor-interacting protein positive cells) and neuronal-like cells (βIII-tubulin positive cells) at 3 weeks after transplantation. In addition, recovery of hind limb locomotor function in spinal cord injury rats at 8 weeks following cell transplantation was assessed using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale. The results demonstrate that the grafted hair follicle stem cells can survive for a long time period in vivo and differentiate into neuronal- and glial-like cells. These results suggest that hair follicle stem cells can promote the recovery of spinal cord injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nowruz Najafzadeh
- Department of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Maliheh Nobakht
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Pourheydar
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran ; Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bai WF, Xu WC, Feng Y, Huang H, Li XP, Deng CY, Zhang MS. Fifty-Hertz electromagnetic fields facilitate the induction of rat bone mesenchymal stromal cells to differentiate into functional neurons. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:961-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
9
|
Garbossa D, Fontanella M, Fronda C, Benevello C, Muraca G, Ducati A, Vercelli A. New strategies for repairing the injured spinal cord: the role of stem cells. Neurol Res 2013; 28:500-4. [PMID: 16808879 DOI: 10.1179/016164106x115152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Thanks to advances in the stem cell biology of the central nervous system, the previously unconceivable regeneration of the damaged spinal cord is approaching reality. A number of potential strategies aim to optimize functional recovery after spinal cord injury. They include minimizing the progression of secondary injury, manipulating the inhibitory environment of the spinal cord, replacing lost tissue with transplanted cells or peripheral nerve grafts, remyelinating denuded axons and maximizing the intrinsic regenerative potential of endogenous progenitor cells. We review the application of stem cell transplantation to the spinal cord, emphasizing the use of embryonic stem cells for remyelinating damaged axons. Recent advancements in neural injury and repair, and the progress towards development of neuroprotective and regenerative interventions are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Garbossa
- Department of Neurosurgery, S. Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Torino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu B, Guo S, Jiang T, Ren X. In vitroculture and characterization of oligodendrocyte precursor cells derived from neonatal rats. Neurol Res 2013; 33:593-9. [DOI: 10.1179/1743132810y.0000000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
|
11
|
Awad BI, Carmody MA, Steinmetz MP. Potential role of growth factors in the management of spinal cord injury. World Neurosurg 2013; 83:120-31. [PMID: 23334003 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review central nervous system growth factors and their therapeutic potential and clinical translation into spinal cord injury (SCI), as well as the challenges that have been encountered during clinical development. METHODS A systemic review of the available current and historical literature regarding central nervous system growth factors and clinical trials regarding their use in spinal cord injury was conducted. RESULTS The effectiveness of administering growth factors as a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI has been tested with the use of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin 3, and neurotrophin-4/5. Delivery of growth factors to injured SC has been tested by numerous methods. Unfortunately, most of clinical trials at this time are uncontrolled and have questionable results because of lack of efficacy and/or unacceptable side effects. CONCLUSIONS There is promise in the use of specific growth factors therapeutically for SCI. However, more studies involving neuronal regeneration and functional recovery are needed, as well the development of delivery methods that allow sufficient quantity of growth factors while restricting their distribution to target sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basem I Awad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mansoura University School of Medicine, Mansoura, Egypt; Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Margaret A Carmody
- Department of Neurosurgery, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael P Steinmetz
- Department of Neurosciences, MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yang JR, Liao CH, Pang CY, Huang LLH, Chen YL, Shiue YL, Chen LR. Transplantation of porcine embryonic stem cells and their derived neuronal progenitors in a spinal cord injury rat model. Cytotherapy 2012; 15:201-8. [PMID: 23245953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The purpose of this study was to investigate therapeutic potential of green fluorescent protein expressing porcine embryonic stem (pES/GFP(+)) cells in A rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). METHODS Undifferentiated pES/GFP(+) cells and their neuronal differentiation derivatives were transplanted into the contused spinal cord of the Long Evans rat, and in situ development of the cells was determined by using a live animal fluorescence optical imaging system every 15 days. After pES/GFP(+) cell transplantation, the behavior functional recovery of the SCI rats was assessed with the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan Locomotor Rating Scale (BBB scale), and the growth and differentiation of the grafted pES/GFP(+) cells in the SCI rats were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS The relative green fluorescent protein expression level was decreased for 3 months after transplantation. The pES/GFP(+)-derived cells positively stained with neural specific antibodies of anti-NFL, anti-MBP, anti-SYP and anti-Tuj 1 were detected at the transplanted position. The SCI rats grafted with the D18 neuronal progenitors showed a significant functional recovery of hindlimbs and exhibited the highest BBB scale score of 15.20 ± 1.43 at week 24. The SCI rats treated with pES/GFP(+)-derived neural progenitors demonstrated a better functional recovery. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of porcine embryonic stem (pES)-derived D18 neuronal progenitors has treatment potential for SCI, and functional behavior improvement of grafted pES-derived cells in SCI model rats suggests the potential for further application of pES cells in the study of replacement medicine and functionally degenerative pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenn-Rong Yang
- Division of Physiology, Livestock Research Institute, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan, Tainan, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oliveira AL, Sousa EC, Silva NA, Sousa N, Salgado AJ, Reis RL. Peripheral mineralization of a 3D biodegradable tubular construct as a way to enhance guidance stabilization in spinal cord injury regeneration. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2012; 23:2821-2830. [PMID: 22903600 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-012-4741-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries (SCI) present a major challenge to therapeutic development due to its complexity. Combinatorial approaches using biodegradable polymers that can simultaneously provide a tissue scaffold, a cell vehicle, and a reservoir for sustained drug delivery have shown very promising results. In our previous studies we have developed a novel hybrid system consisting of starch/poly-e-caprolactone (SPCL) semi-rigid tubular porous structure, based on a rapid prototyping technology, filled by a gellan gum hydrogel concentric core for the regeneration within spinal-cord injury sites. In the present work we intend to promote enhanced osteointegration on these systems by pre-mineralizing specifically the external surfaces of the SPCL tubular structures, though a biomimetic strategy, using a sodium silicate gel as nucleating agent. The idea is to create two different cell environments to promote axonal regeneration in the interior of the constructs while inducing osteogenic activity on its external surface. By using a Teflon cylinder to isolate the interior of the scaffold, it was possible to observe the formation of a bone-like poorly crystalline carbonated apatite layer continuously formed only in the external side of the tubular structure. This biomimetic layer was able to support the adhesion of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells, which have gone under cytoskeleton reorganization in the first hours of culture when compared to cells cultured on uncoated scaffolds. This strategy can be a useful route for locally stimulate bone tissue regeneration and facilitating early bone ingrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Boido M, Garbossa D, Fontanella M, Ducati A, Vercelli A. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation reduces glial cyst and improves functional outcome after spinal cord compression. World Neurosurg 2012; 81:183-90. [PMID: 23022648 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that have a supportive role in regenerative therapies, especially in the central nervous system, where spontaneous regeneration is limited. MSCs can exert a paracrine activity and modulate the inflammatory response after a central nervous system injury. Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to permanent neurologic deficits below the injury site, owing to neuronal and axonal damage. Among experimental treatments after SCI, cell transplantation has emerged as a promising approach. METHODS Using a compression injury model in the mouse spinal cord, MSCs were acutely transplanted into the lesion cavity; injured mice without the graft served as controls. After 26 days, the survival of MSCs was investigated, and their effect on the formation of glial cyst and on injury-related inflammation was evaluated. RESULTS Grafted MSCs remained permanently undifferentiated. The lesion volume was reduced by 31.6% compared with control mice despite the fact that astroglial and microglial activation was not altered by the graft. Sensory and motor tests showed that MSC cell therapy results in improvement on a battery of behavioral tests compared with control mice: MSC-treated mice versus control mice scored 0.00 versus 0.50 in the posture test, 0.00 versus 1.50 in the hindlimb flexion test, 3.00 versus 2.25 in the sensory test, and 7.50 mistakes versus 15.83 mistakes in the foot-fault test. CONCLUSIONS These results underscore the therapeutic potential of MSCs, making them promising treatments for central nervous system pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Boido
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Fontanella
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ducati
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurosurgery Section, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Neuroscience Institute of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wu B, Sun L, Li P, Tian M, Luo Y, Ren X. Transplantation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells improves myelination and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Injury 2012; 43:794-801. [PMID: 22018607 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 09/11/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Loss of oligodendrocytes and demyelination further impair neural function after spinal cord injury (SCI). Replacement of lost oligodendrocytes and improvement of myelination have a therapeutic significance in treatment of SCI. Here, we transplanted oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) to improve myelination in a rat model of contusive SCI. The labelled OPCs were transplanted to injured cord 7 days after injury. As a result, the implanted cells still survived in vivo 8 weeks after transplantation. They proliferated, integrated and differentiated in the injured cord. In the OPCs-treated rats, enhanced myelination in the lesioned area was observed and substantial improvement of motor function and nerve conduction was also recorded. Thus, this study provides strong evidence to support that transplantation of OPCs could improve myelination of injured cord and enhance functional recovery after contusive SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, 88th Hospital, Tai'an, Shandong, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Garbossa D, Boido M, Fontanella M, Fronda C, Ducati A, Vercelli A. Recent therapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury treatment: possible role of stem cells. Neurosurg Rev 2012; 35:293-311; discussion 311. [PMID: 22539011 DOI: 10.1007/s10143-012-0385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in significant dysfunction and disability. A series of treatments have been proposed to prevent and overcome the formation of the glial scar and inhibitory factors to axon regrowth. In the last decade, cell therapy has emerged as a new tool for several diseases of the nervous system. Stem cells act as minipumps providing trophic and immunomodulatory factors to enhance axonal growth, to modulate the environment, and to reduce neuroinflammation. This capability can be boosted by genetical manipulation to deliver trophic molecules. Different types of stem cells have been tested, according to their properties and the therapeutic aims. They differ from each other for origin, developmental stage, stage of differentiation, and fate lineage. Related to this, stem cells differentiating into neurons could be used for cell replacement, even though the feasibility that stem cells after transplantation in the adult lesioned spinal cord can differentiate into neurons, integrate within neural circuits, and emit axons reaching the muscle is quite remote. The timing of cell therapy has been variable, and may be summarized in the acute and chronic phases of disease, when stem cells interact with a completely different environment. Even though further experimental studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms of action, the therapeutic, and the side effects of cell therapy, several clinical protocols have been tested or are under trial. Here, we report the state-of-the-art of cell therapy in SCI, in terms of feasibility, outcome, and side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Garbossa
- Department of Neurosurgery, S. Giovanni Battista Hospital, University of Torino, Via Cherasco 15, 10126, Torino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang XY, Xue H, Liu JM, Chen D. Chemically extracted acellular muscle: A new potential scaffold for spinal cord injury repair. J Biomed Mater Res A 2011; 100:578-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
18
|
Lee KB, Choi JH, Byun K, Chung KH, Ahn JH, Jeong GB, Hwang IK, Kim S, Won MH, Lee B. Recovery of CNS pathway innervating the sciatic nerve following transplantation of human neural stem cells in rat spinal cord injury. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:149-57. [PMID: 21833549 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell research has been attained a greater attention in most fields of medicine due to its potential for many incurable diseases through replacing or helping the regeneration of damaged cells or tissues. Here, we demonstrated the functional recovery and structural connection of the central nervous system pathway innervating the sciatic nerve after total transection of the spinal cord followed by the transplantation of human neural stem cells (hNSC) in the injured rat spinal cord site. The limb function of hNSC-treated group recovered dramatically compared with that in the sham group by Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores. Transplanted hNSC differentiated into astrocytes and neurons in the injured site. In addition, immunohistochemistry for growth-associated protein 43 showed axonal regeneration in the injured spinal cord site. The pseudorabies viral-Ba (PRV-Ba) tracing method revealed that transplanted hNSC and their differentiated neurons showed positive labeling after sciatic nerve injection. In addition, the PRV-Ba labeling was also observed in several nuclei in the brain innervating the sciatic nerve. This result implies that the rat CNS motor pathway could be reconstructed by hNSC transplantation, and it may contribute to the functional recovery of the limb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Bok Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, 560-762, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mackenzie SJ, Smirnov I, Calancie B. Cauda equina repair in the rat: part 2. Time course of ventral root conduction failure. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:1683-90. [PMID: 21361731 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment for cauda equina (CE) ventral root injury is currently limited. Furthermore, relatively little is known about the time course of nerve root functional degeneration after such injury has occurred. Using a previously developed method for identifying spinal nerve roots that innervate the rat tail, we transected S2, S3, and S4 ventral roots and measured their ability to activate tail muscles out to 72 h post-injury by way of stimulus-evoked electromyography (EMG) recording. Immediately following transection, all distal ventral root stumps successfully activated muscles in the tail upon stimulation with no change in stimulus threshold (0.07±0.04 to 0.07±0.06 V using 0.1-msec pulse duration; 0.04±0.02 to 0.04±0.02 V using 1.0-msec pulse duration). Thresholds increased incrementally at each later time point (24 h: 0.27±0.33 V using 0.1-msec pulse duration; 0.09±0.07 V using 1-msec pulse duration; 48 h: 0.57±1.00 V using 0.1-msec pulse duration; 0.56±1.09 V using 1-msec pulse duration), with the first complete absence of EMG noted at 48 h post-transection in a subset of nerve roots (4/12). We were not able to elicit EMG at 72 h post-transection without moving distally along the nerve root stump. Based on neurofilament staining, only 51% of axons were identifiably intact nearest the site of injury at 24 h post-injury. This percentage dropped to 39% at 48 h, and just 18% at 72 h. Moving 5 mm from the site of injury, we identified 83% intact axons at 24 h post-transection, 77% at 48 h, and 68% at 72 h. Regenerative implications aside, if electrophysiological mapping of injured nerve roots is to be carried out for repair purposes, the rapid nature of conduction failure needs to be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel J Mackenzie
- Department of Neuroscience, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Spinal cord repair in regeneration-competent vertebrates: adult teleost fish as a model system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:73-93. [PMID: 21059372 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 10/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injuries in mammals, including humans, have devastating long-term consequences. Despite substantial research, therapeutic approaches developed in mammalian model systems have had limited success to date. An alternative strategy in the search for treatment of spinal cord lesions is provided by regeneration-competent vertebrates. These organisms, which include fish, urodele amphibians, and certain reptiles, have a spinal cord very similar in structure to that of mammals, but are capable of spontaneous structural and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. The present review aims to provide an overview of the current status of our knowledge of spinal cord regeneration in one of these groups, teleost fish. The findings are discussed from a comparative perspective, with reference to other taxa of regeneration-competent vertebrates, as well as to mammals.
Collapse
|
21
|
Glazova M, Hollis S, Pak ES, Murashov AK. Embryonic stem cells inhibit expression of erythropoietin in the injured spinal cord. Neurosci Lett 2010; 488:55-9. [PMID: 21056627 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recent observations have demonstrated neuroprotective role of erythropoietin (Epo) and Epo receptor in the central nervous system. Here we examined Epo function in the murine spinal cord after transplantation of pluripotent mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells pre-differentiated towards neuronal type following spinal cord injury. Expression of Epo was measured at both mRNA and protein levels in the ES cells as well as in the spinal cords after 1 and 7 days. Our data demonstrated that expression of Epo mRNA, as well as its protein content, in ES cells was significantly decreased after differentiation procedure. In the spinal cords, analysis showed that Epo mRNA level was significantly decreased after 1 day of ES cell injections in comparison to media-injected control. Epo protein level detected by Western blot was diminished as well. Examination of Epo production in the injured spinal cords after media or ES cells injections by indirect immunofluorescence showed increased Epo-immunopositive staining after media injections 1 day after injection. In contrast, ES cell transplantation did not induce Epo expression. Seven days after ES cell injections, Epo-immunopositive cells' distribution in the ipsilateral side was not changed, while the intensity of immunostaining on the contralateral side was increased, approaching levels in control media-injected tissues. Our data let us to presume that previously described immediate positive effects of ES cells injected into the injured zone of spinal cord are not based on Epo, but on other factors or hormones, which should be elucidated further.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Glazova
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University School of Medicine, Brody Building, 600 Moye Boulevard, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Blaskiewicz DJ, Smirnov I, Cisu T, DeRuisseau LR, Stelzner DJ, Calancie B. Cauda equina repair in the rat: part 1. Stimulus-evoked EMG for identifying spinal nerves innervating intrinsic tail muscles. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:1405-16. [PMID: 19203211 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cauda equina injuries may produce severe leg and pelvic floor dysfunction, for which no effective treatments exist. We are developing a rat cauda equina injury model to allow nerve root identification and surgical repair. One possible difficulty in implementing any repair strategy after trauma in humans involves the correct identification of proximal and distal ends of nerve roots separated by the injury. Two series of studies were carried out. In Series 1, we electrically stimulated segmental contributors to the dorsal and ventral caudales nerves in order to characterize the recruitment patterns of muscles controlling rat tail movements. In Series 2, we attempted to identify individual nerve roots forming the cauda equina by both level of origin and function (i.e., dorsal or ventral), based solely upon the recruitment patterns in response to electrical stimulation. For Series 1 studies, electrical stimulation of the segmental contributors showed that all nerve roots-from the sixth lumbar to the first coccygeal-contributed to recruitment of muscles found at the base of the tail. Intrinsic tail muscles lying more distally in the tail showed a more root-specific pattern of innervation. For Series 2, the rate of successful identification of an unknown nerve root as being ventral was very high (>95%), and only somewhat lower (approximately 80%) for dorsal roots. Correctly identifying the level of origin of that root was more difficult, but for ventral roots this rate still exceeded 90%. Using the rat cauda equina model, we have shown that stimulus-evoked EMG can be used to identify ventral nerve roots innervating tail muscles with a high degree of accuracy. These findings support the feasibility of using this conceptual approach for identifying and repairing damaged human cauda equina nerve roots based on stimulus-evoked recruitment of muscles in the leg and pelvic floor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Don J Blaskiewicz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Glazova M, Pak ES, Moretto J, Hollis S, Brewer KL, Murashov AK. Pre-differentiated embryonic stem cells promote neuronal regeneration by cross-coupling of BDNF and IL-6 signaling pathways in the host tissue. J Neurotrauma 2010; 26:1029-42. [PMID: 19138107 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008.0785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of embryonic stem (ES) cell therapeutic action remains far from being elucidated. Our recent report has shown that transplantation of ES cells, predifferentiated into neuronal progenitors, prevented appearance of chronic pain behaviors in mice after experimentally induced spinal cord injury. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that this beneficial effect is mediated by antiapoptotic and regenerative signaling pathways activated in the host tissue by transplanted ES cells. Spinal cord injury was induced by unilateral microinjections of quisqualic acid at spinal levels T12-L2. At 1 week after injury, the pre-differentiated towards neuronal phenotype ES cells were transplanted into the site of injury. Here we show that transplantation of pre-differentiated ES cells activate both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling pathways in the host tissue, leading to activation of cAMP/PKA, phosporylation of cofilin and synapsin I, and promoting regenerative growth and neuronal survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Glazova
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Predifferentiated embryonic stem cells promote functional recovery after spinal cord compressive injury. Brain Res 2010; 1349:115-28. [PMID: 20599835 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 06/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We tested the effects of mouse embryonic stem cells (mES) grafts in mice spinal cord injury (SCI). Young adult female C57/Bl6 mice were subjected to laminectomy at T9 and 1-minute compression of the spinal cord with a vascular clip. Four groups were analyzed: laminectomy (Sham), injured (SCI), vehicle (DMEM), and mES-treated (EST). mES pre-differentiated with retinoic acid were injected (8 x 10(5) cells/2 microl) into the lesion epicenter, 10 min after SCI. Basso mouse scale (BMS) and Global mobility test (GMT) were assessed weekly up to 8 weeks, when morphological analyses were performed. GMT analysis showed that EST animals moved faster (10.73+/-0.9076, +/-SEM) than SCI (5.581+/-0.2905) and DMEM (5.705+/-0.2848), but slower than Sham animals (15.80+/-0.3887, p<0.001). By BMS, EST animals reached the final phase of locomotor recovery (3.872+/-0.7112, p<0.01), while animals of the SCI and DMEM groups improved to an intermediate phase (2.037+/-0.3994 and 2.111+/-0.3889, respectively). White matter area and number of myelinated nerve fibers were greater in EST (46.80+/-1.24 and 279.4+/-16.33, respectively) than the SCI group (39.97+/-0.925 and 81.39+/-8.078, p<0.05, respectively). EST group also presented better G-ratio values when compared with SCI group (p<0.001). Immunohistochemical revealed the differentiation of transplanted cells into astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells, indicating an integration of transplanted cells with host tissue. Ultrastructural analysis showed, in the EST group, better tissue preservation and more remyelination by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells than the other groups. Our results indicate that acute transplantation of predifferentiated mES into the injured spinal cord increased the spared white matter and number of nerve fibers, improving locomotor function.
Collapse
|
25
|
Richardson RM, Singh A, Sun D, Fillmore HL, Dietrich DW, Bullock MR. Stem cell biology in traumatic brain injury: effects of injury and strategies for repair. J Neurosurg 2010; 112:1125-38. [PMID: 19499984 DOI: 10.3171/2009.4.jns081087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 350,000 individuals in the US are affected annually by severe and moderate traumatic brain injuries (TBI) that may result in long-term disability. This rate of injury has produced approximately 3.3 million disabled survivors in the US alone. There is currently no specific treatment available for TBI other than supportive care, but aggressive prehospital resuscitation, rapid triage, and intensive care have reduced mortality rates. With the recent demonstration that neurogenesis occurs in all mammals (including man) throughout adult life, albeit at a low rate, the concept of replacing neurons lost after TBI is now becoming a reality. Experimental rodent models have shown that neurogenesis is accelerated after TBI, especially in juveniles. Two approaches have been followed in these rodent models to test possible therapeutic approaches that could enhance neuronal replacement in humans after TBI. The first has been to define and quantify the phenomenon of de novo hippocampal and cortical neurogenesis after TBI and find ways to enhance this (for example by exogenous trophic factor administration). A second approach has been the transplantation of different types of neural progenitor cells after TBI. In this review the authors discuss some of the processes that follow after acute TBI including the changes in the brain microenvironment and the role of trophic factor dynamics with regard to the effects on endogenous neurogenesis and gliagenesis. The authors also discuss strategies to clinically harness the factors influencing these processes and repair strategies using exogenous neural progenitor cell transplantation. Each strategy is discussed with an emphasis on highlighting the progress and limiting factors relevant to the development of clinical trials of cellular replacement therapy for severe TBI in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mark Richardson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cho SR, Kim YR, Kang HS, Yim SH, Park CI, Min YH, Lee BH, Shin JC, Lim JB. Functional recovery after the transplantation of neurally differentiated mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow in a rat model of spinal cord injury. Cell Transplant 2010; 18:1359-68. [PMID: 20184788 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x475329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate functional recovery after the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or neurally differentiated MSCs (NMSCs) derived from bone marrow in a rat model of spinal cord injury (SCI). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to incomplete SCI using an NYU impactor to create a free drop contusion at the T9 level. The SCI rats were then classified into three groups; MSCs, NMSCs, and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-treated groups. The cells or PBS were administrated 1 week after SCI. Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scores were measured at 1-week intervals for 9 weeks. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs) and motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were also recorded 8 weeks after transplantation. While transplantation of MSCs led to a clear tendency of motor recovery, NMSC-treated rats had significantly improved BBB scores and showed significantly shortened initial latency, N1 latency, and P1 latency of the SSEPs compared to PBS controls. In addition, 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU)-prelabeled MSCs costained for BrdU and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) or myelin basic protein (MBP) were found rostrally and caudally 5 mm each from the epicenter of the necrotic cavity 4 weeks after transplantation. These results suggest that neurally differentiated cells might be an effective therapeutic source for functional recovery after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Rae Cho
- Department & Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Silva NA, Salgado AJ, Sousa RA, Oliveira JT, Pedro AJ, Leite-Almeida H, Cerqueira R, Almeida A, Mastronardi F, Mano JF, Neves NM, Sousa N, Reis RL. Development and Characterization of a Novel Hybrid Tissue Engineering–Based Scaffold for Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:45-54. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A. Silva
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Lab, Guimarães, Portugal
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Antonio J. Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui A. Sousa
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Lab, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joao T. Oliveira
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Lab, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Adriano J. Pedro
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Lab, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Hugo Leite-Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui Cerqueira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Armando Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Fabrizio Mastronardi
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - João F. Mano
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Lab, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Lab, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B's Research Group—Biomaterials, Biodegradables, and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Guimarães, Portugal
- Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, PT Government Associated Lab, Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Agudo M, Yip P, Davies M, Bradbury E, Doherty P, McMahon S, Maden M, Corcoran JP. A retinoic acid receptor beta agonist (CD2019) overcomes inhibition of axonal outgrowth via phosphoinositide 3-kinase signalling in the injured adult spinal cord. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37:147-55. [PMID: 19800972 PMCID: PMC2789321 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
After spinal cord injury in the adult mammal, axons do not normally regrow and this commonly leads to paralysis. Retinoic acid (RA) can stimulate neurite outgrowth in vitro of both the embryonic central and peripheral nervous system, via activation of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) beta2. We show here that regions of the adult CNS, including the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, express RARbeta2. We show that when cerebellar neurons are grown in the presence of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) which inhibits neurite outgrowth, RARbeta can be activated in a dose dependent manner by a RARbeta agonist (CD2019) and neurite outgrowth can occur via phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling. In a model of spinal cord injury CD2019 also acts through PI3K signalling to induce axonal outgrowth of descending corticospinal fibres and promote functional recovery. Our data suggest that RARbeta agonists may be of therapeutic potential for human spinal cord injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Agudo
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Ping Yip
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Meirion Davies
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Elizabeth Bradbury
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Patrick Doherty
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Stephen McMahon
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Malcolm Maden
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Jonathan P.T. Corcoran
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
|
30
|
Transplantation of a combination of autologous neural differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells into injured spinal cord of rats. Spinal Cord 2009; 48:457-63. [PMID: 20010910 DOI: 10.1038/sc.2009.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN The use of stem cells for functional recovery after spinal cord injury. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a combination of autologous undifferentiated and neural-induced bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on behavioral improvement in rats after inducing spinal cord injury and comparing with transplantation of undifferentiated and neural-induced MSCs alone. SETTING The study was conducted at the department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. METHODS The spinal cord was injured by contusion using a Fogarty embolectomy catheter at the T8-T9 level of the spinal cord, and autologous MSCs were transplanted into the center of the developing lesion cavity, 3 mm cranial and 3 mm caudal to the cavity, at 7 days after induction of spinal cord compression injury. RESULTS At 5 weeks after transplantation, the presence of transplanted cells was detected in the spinal cord parenchyma using immunohistochemistry analysis. In all treatment groups (differentiated, undifferentiated and mix), there was less cavitation than lesion sites in the control group. The Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) score was significantly higher in rats transplanted with a combination of cells and in rats transplanted with neural-induced MSCs alone than in undifferentiated and control rats. CONCLUSION Pre-differentiation of MSCs to neuron-like cells has a very important role in achieving the best results for functional improvement.
Collapse
|
31
|
Transplantation of undifferentiated human mesenchymal stem cells protects against 6-hydroxydopamine neurotoxicity in the rat. Cell Transplant 2009; 19:203-17. [PMID: 19906332 DOI: 10.3727/096368909x479839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have been increasingly recognized as a potential tool to replace or support cells damaged by the neurodegenerative process that underlies Parkinson's disease (PD). In this frame, human adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) have been proposed as an attractive alternative to heterologous embryonic or neural precursor cells. To address this issue, in this study we implanted undifferentiated hMSCs into the striatum of rats bearing a lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway induced by local injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), a widely recognized rodent model of PD. Before grafting, cultured hMSCs expressed markers of both undifferentiated and committed neural cells, including nestin, GAP-43, NSE, beta-tubulin III, and MAP-2, as well as several cytokine mRNAs. No glial or specific neuronal markers were detected. Following transplantation, some hMSCs acquired a glial-like phenotype, as shown by immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP), but only in animals bearing the nigrostriatal lesion. More importantly, rats that received the striatal graft showed increased survival of both cell bodies and terminals of dopaminergic, nigrostriatal neurons, coupled with a reduction of the behavioral abnormalities (apomorphine-induced turning behavior) associated with the lesion. No differentiation of the MSCs toward a neuronal (dopaminergic) phenotype was observed in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggest that grafted hMSCs exert neuroprotective effects against nigrostriatal degeneration induced by 6-OHDA. The mechanisms underlying this effect remain to be clarified, although it is likely that the acquisition of a glial phenotype by grafted hMSCs may lead to the release of prosurvival cytokines within the lesioned striatum.
Collapse
|
32
|
Neurotrophic factors improve motoneuron survival and function of muscle reinnervated by embryonic neurons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2009; 68:736-46. [PMID: 19535998 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e3181a9360f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motoneuron death can occur over several spinal levels with disease or trauma, resulting in muscle denervation. We tested whether cotransplantation of embryonic neurons with 1 or more neurotrophic factors into peripheral nerve improved axon regeneration, muscle fiber area, reinnervation, and function to a greater degree than cell transplantation alone. Sciatic nerves of adult Fischer rats were cut to denervate muscles; 1 week later, embryonic ventral spinal cord cells (days 14-15) were transplanted into the tibial nerve stump as the only source of neurons for muscle reinnervation. Factors that promote motoneuron survival (cardiotrophin 1; fibroblast growth factor 2; glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor; insulin-like growth factor 1; leukemia inhibitory factor; and hepatocyte growth factor) were added to the transplant individually or in combinations. Inclusion of a single factor with the cells resulted in comparable myelinated axon counts, muscle fiber areas, and evoked electromyographic activity to cells alone 10 weeks after transplantation. Only cell transplantation with glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and insulin-like growth factor 1 significantly increased motoneuron survival, myelinated axon counts, muscle reinnervation, and evoked electromyographic activity compared with cells alone. Thus, immediate application of a specific combination of factors to dissociated embryonic neurons improves survival of motoneurons and the long-term function of reinnervated muscle.
Collapse
|
33
|
Calancie B, Madsen PW, Wood P, Marcillo AE, Levi AD, Bunge RP. A guidance channel seeded with autologous Schwann cells for repair of cauda equina injury in a primate model. J Spinal Cord Med 2009; 32:379-88. [PMID: 19777858 PMCID: PMC2830676 DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2009.11754411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE To evaluate an implantable guidance channel (GC) seeded with autologous Schwann cells to promote regeneration of transected spinal nerve root axons in a primate model. METHODS Schwann cells were obtained from sural nerve segments of monkeys (Macaca fascicularis; cynomolgus). Cells were cultured, purified, and seeded into a PAN/PVC GC. Approximately 3 weeks later, monkeys underwent laminectomy and dural opening. Nerve roots of the L4 through L7 segments were identified visually. The threshold voltage needed to elicit hindlimb muscle electromyography (EMG) after stimulation of intact nerve roots was determined. Segments of 2 or 3 nerve roots (each approximately 8-15 mm in length) were excised. The GC containing Schwann cells was implanted between the proximal and distal stumps of these nerve roots and attached to the stumps with suture. Follow-up evaluation was conducted on 3 animals, with survival times of 9 to 14 months. RESULTS Upon reexposure of the implant site, subdural nerve root adhesions were noted in all 3 animals. Several of the implanted GC had collapsed and were characterized by thin strands of connective tissue attached to either end. In contrast, 3 of the 8 implanted GC were intact and had white, glossy cables entering and exiting the conduits. Electrical stimulation of the tissue cable in each of these 3 cases led to low-threshold evoked EMG responses, suggesting that muscles had been reinnervated by axons regenerating through the repair site and into the distal nerve stump. During harvesting of the GC implant, sharp transection led to spontaneous EMG in the same 3 roots showing a low threshold to electrical stimulation, whereas no EMG was seen when harvesting nerve roots with high thresholds to elicit EMG. Histology confirmed large numbers of myelinated axons at the midpoint of 2 GC judged to have reinnervated target muscles. CONCLUSIONS We found a modest rate of successful regeneration and muscle reinnervation after treatment of nerve root transection with a Schwann cell-seeded, implanted synthetic GC. Newer treatments, which include the use of absorbable polymers, neurotrophins, and antiscar agents, may further improve spinal nerve regeneration for repair of cauda equina injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Blair Calancie
- Department of Neurosurgery, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 E. Adams Street, IHP #1213, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Parley W Madsen
- 1SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; 2Kaweah Neurological Surgery Associates, Visalia, California; 3University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Patrick Wood
- 1SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; 2Kaweah Neurological Surgery Associates, Visalia, California; 3University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Alexander E Marcillo
- 1SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; 2Kaweah Neurological Surgery Associates, Visalia, California; 3University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Allan D Levi
- 1SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; 2Kaweah Neurological Surgery Associates, Visalia, California; 3University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Richard P Bunge
- 1SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York; 2Kaweah Neurological Surgery Associates, Visalia, California; 3University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sîrbulescu RF, Ilieş I, Zupanc GKH. Structural and functional regeneration after spinal cord injury in the weakly electric teleost fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2009; 195:699-714. [PMID: 19430939 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-009-0445-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to mammals, teleost fish exhibit an enormous potential to regenerate adult spinal cord tissue after injury. However, the mechanisms mediating this ability are largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the major processes underlying structural and functional regeneration after amputation of the caudal portion of the spinal cord in Apteronotus leptorhynchus, a weakly electric teleost. After a transient wave of apoptotic cell death, cell proliferation started to increase 5 days after the lesion and persisted at high levels for at least 50 days. New cells differentiated into neurons, glia, and ependymal cells. Retrograde tract tracing revealed axonal re-growth and innervation of the regenerate. Functional regeneration was demonstrated by recovery of the amplitude of the electric organ discharge, a behavior generated by spinal motoneurons. Computer simulations indicated that the observed rates of apoptotic cell death and cell proliferation can adequately explain the re-growth of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra F Sîrbulescu
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, P.O. Box 750 561, 28725, Bremen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cauda equina repair in the rat: 1. Stimulus-evoked EMG for identifying spinal nerves innervating intrinsic tail muscles. J Neurotrauma 2009. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2008-0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
36
|
Kim SJ, Lee JK, Kim JW, Jung JW, Seo K, Park SB, Roh KH, Lee SR, Hong YH, Kim SJ, Lee YS, Kim SJ, Kang KS. Surface modification of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) induced proliferation and neural-like cells differentiation of umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2008; 19:2953-2962. [PMID: 18360798 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-008-3413-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy has recently emerged for use in novel therapeutics for incurable diseases. For successful recovery from neurologic diseases, the most pivotal factor is differentiation and directed neuronal cell growth. In this study, we fabricated three different widths of a micro-pattern on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS; 1, 2, and 4 microm). Surface modification of the PDMS was investigated for its capacity to manage proliferation and differentiation of neural-like cells from umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs). Among the micro-patterned PDMS fabrications, the 1 microm-patterned PDMS significantly increased cell proliferation and most of the cells differentiated into neuronal cells. In addition, the 1 microm-patterned PDMS induced an increase in cytosolic calcium, while the differentiated cells on the flat and 4 microm-patterned PDMS had no response. PDMS with a 1 microm pattern was also aligned to direct orientation within 10 degrees angles. Taken together, micro-patterned PDMS supported UCB-MSC proliferation and induced neural like-cell differentiation. Our data suggest that micro-patterned PDMS might be a guiding method for stem cell therapy that would improve its therapeutic action in neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Jung Kim
- Adult Stem Cell Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 151-742 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Grumbles RM, Almeida VW, Thomas CK. Embryonic neurons transplanted into the tibial nerve reinnervate muscle and reduce atrophy but NCAM expression persists. Neurol Res 2008; 30:183-9. [PMID: 18397611 DOI: 10.1179/174313208x281073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to use the glycogen depletion technique to determine whether reinnervated muscle fibers could be distinguished from denervated muscle fibers by their size or by neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) expression. METHODS Medial gastrocnemius muscles of five adult Fischer rats were reinnervated from embryonic neurons transplanted into the distal stump of the tibial nerve. Ten weeks later, the transplants were stimulated repeatedly to deplete reinnervated muscle fibers of glycogen. Areas of reinnervated (glycogen-depleted) muscle fibers were measured and assessed for NCAM expression. The areas of muscle fibers from reinnervated, denervated (n=5) and unoperated control muscles (n=5) were compared. RESULTS Mean reinnervated muscle fiber area was significantly larger than the mean for denervated fibers (mean +/- SE: 40 +/- 6 and 10 +/- 1% of unoperated control fibers, respectively). NCAM was expressed in 55 +/- 7% of reinnervated fibers (mean +/- SE; range: 42-77%). The mean areas of reinnervated fibers that did or did not express NCAM were similar. NCAM was only expressed in some fibers in completely denervated muscles. DISCUSSION Our data show that NCAM expression does not differentiate muscle denervation or reinnervation. Quantifying the area of large fibers did distinguish reinnervated muscle fibers from denervated fibers and showed that reinnervation of muscle from neurons placed in peripheral nerve is a strategy to rescue muscle from atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Grumbles
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Lois Pope LIFE Center, 1095 NW 14th Terrace (R48), Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bambakidis NC, Butler J, Horn EM, Wang X, Preul MC, Theodore N, Spetzler RF, Sonntag VKH. Stem cell biology and its therapeutic applications in the setting of spinal cord injury. Neurosurg Focus 2008; 24:E20. [DOI: 10.3171/foc/2008/24/3-4/e19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
✓ The development of an acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) inevitably leads to a complex cascade of ischemia and inflammation that results in significant scar tissue formation. The development of such scar tissue provides a severe impediment to neural regeneration and healing with restoration of function. A multimodal approach to treatment is required because SCIs occur with differing levels of severity and over different lengths of time. To achieve significant breakthroughs in outcomes, such approaches must combine both neuroprotective and neuroregenerative treatments. Novel techniques modulating endogenous stem cells demonstrate great promise in promoting neuroregeneration and restoring function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C. Bambakidis
- 1Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | - John Butler
- 1Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | - Eric M. Horn
- 2Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Xukui Wang
- 1Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | - Mark C. Preul
- 1Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | - Nicholas Theodore
- 1Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | - Robert F. Spetzler
- 1Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| | - Volker K. H. Sonntag
- 1Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona; and
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kang KS, Kim SW, Oh YH, Yu JW, Kim KY, Park HK, Song CH, Han H. A 37-year-old spinal cord-injured female patient, transplanted of multipotent stem cells from human UC blood, with improved sensory perception and mobility, both functionally and morphologically: a case study. Cytotherapy 2008; 7:368-73. [PMID: 16162459 DOI: 10.1080/14653240500238160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
HLA-matched UC blood-derived multipotent stem cells were directly transplanted into the injured spinal cord site of a 37-year-old female patient suffering from spinal cord injury (SPI). In this case, human cord blood (UCB)-derived multipotent stem cells improved sensory perception and movement in the SPI patient's hips and thighs within 41 days of cell transplantation. CT and MRI results also showed regeneration of the spinal cord at the injured site and some of the cauda equina below it. Therefore, it is suggested that UCB multipotent stem cell transplantation could be a good treatment method for SPI patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K-S Kang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell and Tumor Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Derive and conquer: sourcing and differentiating stem cells for therapeutic applications. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:131-42. [PMID: 18079756 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although great progress has been made in the isolation and culture of stem cells, the future of stem-cell-based therapies and their productive use in drug discovery and regenerative medicine depends on two key factors: finding reliable sources of multipotent and pluripotent cells and the ability to control their differentiation to generate desired derivatives. It is essential for clinical applications to establish reliable sources of pathogen-free human embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and develop suitable differentiation techniques. Here, we address some of the problems associated with the sourcing of human ESCs and discuss the current status of stem-cell differentiation technology.
Collapse
|
41
|
Willerth SM, Sakiyama-Elbert SE. Cell therapy for spinal cord regeneration. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60:263-76. [PMID: 18029050 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review presents a summary of the various types of cellular therapy used to treat spinal cord injury. The inhibitory environment and loss of axonal connections after spinal cord injury pose many obstacles to regenerating the lost tissue. Cellular therapy provides a means of restoring the cells lost to the injury and could potentially promote functional recovery after such injuries. A wide range of cell types have been investigated for such uses and the advantages and disadvantages of each cell type are discussed along with the research studying each cell type. Additionally, methods of delivering cells to the injury site are evaluated. Based on the current research, suggestions are given for future investigation of cellular therapies for spinal cord regeneration.
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
ES cell research represents an exploding field of exploration. Initially predicted to provide rapid cures for numerous human diseases, the clinical usefulness of ES cell-derived cells remains untested in humans. However, ES cells have rapidly expanded our knowledge of human development and the molecular details of differentiation. Our ability to generate relatively pure populations of specifically differentiated cells for transplantation has markedly improved. It is hoped that soon researchers will overcome the biologic impediments to successful treatment of human disease with ES cell-derived cells.
Collapse
|
43
|
Christou YA, Moore HD, Shaw PJ, Monk PN. Embryonic stem cells and prospects for their use in regenerative medicine approaches to motor neurone disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2007; 33:485-98. [PMID: 17854436 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2007.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells with the potential to differentiate into any cell type in the presence of appropriate stimulatory factors and environmental cues. Their broad developmental potential has led to valuable insights into the principles of developmental and cell biology and to the proposed use of human embryonic stem cells or their differentiated progeny in regenerative medicine. This review focuses on the prospects for the use of embryonic stem cells in cell-based therapy for motor neurone disease or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that specifically affects upper and lower motor neurones and leads ultimately to death from respiratory failure. Stem cell-derived motor neurones could conceivably be used to replace the degenerated cells, to provide authentic substrates for drug development and screening and for furthering our understanding of disease mechanisms. However, to reliably and accurately culture motor neurones, the complex pathways by which differentiation occurs in vivo must be understood and reiterated in vitro by embryonic stem cells. Here we discuss the need for new therapeutic strategies in the treatment of motor neurone disease, the developmental processes that result in motor neurone formation in vivo, a number of experimental approaches to motor neurone production in vitro and recent progress in the application of stem cells to the treatment and understanding of motor neurone disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y A Christou
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Section of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Kim MO, Burns AS, Ditunno JF, Marino RJ. The assessment of walking capacity using the walking index for spinal cord injury: self-selected versus maximal levels. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007; 88:762-7. [PMID: 17532899 DOI: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess (1) the frequency and magnitude of differences between self-selected and maximal walking capacity following spinal cord injury (SCI) by using the Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCI) and (2) how these levels differ in efficiency and velocity. DESIGN Prospective cohort. SETTING Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Fifty people with chronic incomplete SCI. INTERVENTIONS Not applicable. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Subjects ambulated at the level used in the community (self-selected WISCI) and the highest level possible (maximal WISCI). Velocity (in m/s), Physiological Cost Index (PCI), and Total Heart Beat Index (THBI) were calculated. Differences were compared using the paired t test (parametric) or Wilcoxon signed-rank test (nonparametric). RESULTS For 36 subjects, maximal WISCI was higher than self-selected WISCI; 21 subjects showed an increase of 3 levels or more. Ambulatory velocity was higher for self-selected WISCI compared with maximal WISCI (.68 m/s vs .56 m/s, P<.001). PCI and THBI at self-selected WISCI were lower than at maximal WISCI (PCI, 0.99 beats/m vs 1.48 beats/m, P<.001; THBI, 3.39 beats/m vs 4.75 beats/m, P<.001). CONCLUSIONS Many people with chronic SCI are capable of ambulating at multiple levels. For these people, ambulation at self-selected WISCI was more efficient as evidenced by greater velocity and decreased PCI and THBI. The findings have implications for assessing walking capacity within the context of clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myeong Ok Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Belegu V, Oudega M, Gary DS, McDonald JW. Restoring function after spinal cord injury: promoting spontaneous regeneration with stem cells and activity-based therapies. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2007; 18:143-68, xi. [PMID: 17244561 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2006.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although neural regeneration is an active research field today, no current treatments can aid regeneration after spinal cord injury. This article reviews the feasibility of spinal cord repair and provides an overview of the range of strategies scientists are taking toward regeneration. The major focus of this article is the future role of stem cell transplantation and similar rehabilitative restorative approaches designed to optimize spontaneous regeneration by mobilizing endogenous stem cells and facilitating other cellular mechanisms of regeneration, such as axonal growth and myelination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Visar Belegu
- The International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 707 North Broadway, Room 518, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kuo HS, Tsai MJ, Huang MC, Huang WC, Lee MJ, Kuo WC, You LH, Szeto KC, Tsai IL, Chang WC, Chiu CW, Ma H, Chak KF, Cheng H. The combination of peripheral nerve grafts and acidic fibroblast growth factor enhances arginase I and polyamine spermine expression in transected rat spinal cords. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 357:1-7. [PMID: 17418108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.02.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Treatment with a combination of peripheral nerve grafts and acidic fibroblast growth factor improves hind limb locomotor function after spinal cord transection. This study examined the effect of treatment on expression of arginase I (Arg I) and polyamines. Arg I expression was low in the spinal cords of normal rats but increased following spinal injury. Only fully repaired spinal cords expressed higher Arg I levels 6-14 days following repair. In 10-day repaired spinal cords, high Arg I immunoreactivity was detected in motoneurons and alternatively activated macrophages in the graft area and graft-stump edges, and high levels of the polyamine spermine were expressed by macrophages within the intercostal nerve graft. Thus, in addition to enhancing the expression of Arg I and spermine in repaired spinal cords, our treatment may recruit activated macrophages and create a more favorable environment for axonal regrowth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Sheng Kuo
- Neural Regeneration Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are stable in terms of their pluripotency, karyotype, global gene expression, ability to repair DNA and maintain telomerase levels, and growth characteristics. hESCs offer a renewable source of a wide range of cell types for use in research and cell-based therapies to treat disease. Characterization of cell populations that differentiate from them provides important information on early differentiation events and critical data for subsequent downstream manipulations. A strategy that has evolved in using cells is to develop a master bank of cells from which a working bank is generated, which is then used to generate appropriate cell types for screening, drug discovery, or therapeutic use. Appropriate cells are purified or enriched by one of several selection techniques, and such purified populations are used for most purposes. In this review, the authors discuss recent results and review the progress that has been made in the field, with a focus on using embryonic stem cells for neural targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Choong
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Singapore Stem Cell Consortium, 11 Biopolis Way, Helios 01-02, Singapore 138667.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Moviglia GA, Fernandez Viña R, Brizuela JA, Saslavsky J, Vrsalovic F, Varela G, Bastos F, Farina P, Etchegaray G, Barbieri M, Martinez G, Picasso F, Schmidt Y, Brizuela P, Gaeta CA, Costanzo H, Moviglia Brandolino MT, Merino S, Pes ME, Veloso MJ, Rugilo C, Tamer I, Shuster GS. Combined protocol of cell therapy for chronic spinal cord injury. Report on the electrical and functional recovery of two patients. Cytotherapy 2006; 8:202-9. [PMID: 16793729 DOI: 10.1080/14653240600736048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is a preliminary report on successful results obtained during treatment of two patients with chronic spinal cord injury. The therapeutic approach was based on the generation of controlled inflammatory activity at the injury site that induced a microenvironment for the subsequent administration of autologous, BM-driven transdifferentiated neural stem cells (NSC). METHODS BM mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were cocultured with the patient's autoimmune T (AT) cells to be transdifferentiated into NSC. Forty-eight hours prior to NSC implant, patients received an i.v. infusion of 5 x 10(8) to 1 x 10(9) AT cells. NSC were infused via a feeding artery of the lesion site. Safety evaluations were performed everyday, from the day of the first infusion until 96 h after the second infusion. After treatment, patients started a Vojta and Bobath neurorehabilitation program. RESULTS At present two patients have been treated. Patient 1 was a 19-year-old man who presented paraplegia at the eight thoracic vertebra (T8) with his sensitive level corresponding to his sixth thoracic metamere (T6). He received two AT-NSC treatments and neurorehabilitation for 6 months. At present his motor level corresponds to his first sacral metamere (S1) and his sensitive level to the fourth sacral metamere (S4). Patient 2 was a 21-year-old woman who had a lesion that extended from her third to her fifth cervical vertebrae (C3-C5). Prior to her first therapeutic cycle she had severe quadriplegia and her sensitive level corresponded to her second cervical metamere (C2). After 3 months of treatment her motor and sensitive levels reached her first and second thoracic metameres (T1-T2). No adverse events were detected in either patient. DISCUSSION The preliminary results lead us to think that this minimally invasive approach, which has minor adverse events, is effective for the repair of chronic spinal cord lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Moviglia
- Instituto Regina Mater, Paraguay 2452, Buenos Aires, 1121 ABL, Argentina.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Hendricks WA, Pak ES, Owensby JP, Menta KJ, Glazova M, Moretto J, Hollis S, Brewer KL, Murashov AK. Predifferentiated embryonic stem cells prevent chronic pain behaviors and restore sensory function following spinal cord injury in mice. Mol Med 2006; 12:34-46. [PMID: 16838066 PMCID: PMC1514553 DOI: 10.2119/2006-00014.hendricks] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 03/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells have been investigated in repair of the CNS following neuronal injury and disease; however, the efficacy of these cells in treatment of postinjury pain is far from clear. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of predifferentiated mouse ES cells to restore sensory deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. The pain model used unilateral intraspinal injection of quisqualic acid (QUIS) into the dorsal horn between vertebral levels T13 and L1. Seven days later, 60,000 predifferentiated ES cells or media were transplanted into the site of the lesion. Histological analysis at 7, 14, and 60 days post-transplantation revealed that animals receiving ES cell transplants suffered significantly less tissue damage than animals receiving media alone. Transplanted cells provided immediate effects on both spontaneous and evoked pain behaviors. Treatment with ES cells resulted in 0% (n = 28) excessive grooming behavior versus 60% (18 of 30) in media-treated animals. In the acetone test (to assess thermal allodynia), mice recovered to preinjury levels by 12 days after ES cell transplant, whereas control animals injected with media after SCI did not show any improvement up to 60 days. Similarly, the von Frey test (to assess mechanical allodynia) and the formalin test (to assess nociceptive hyperalgesia) showed that transplantation of predifferentiated ES cells significantly reduced these pain behaviors following injury. Here we show that predifferentiated ES cells act in a neuroprotective manner and provide antinociceptive and therapeutic effects following excitotoxic SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wesley A Hendricks
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Elena S Pak
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - J Paul Owensby
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kristie J Menta
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Margarita Glazova
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Justin Moretto
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Sarah Hollis
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kori L Brewer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Alexander K Murashov
- Department of Physiology, The Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina
University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Alexander K. Murashov, East
Carolina University School of Medicine, Brody Bldg #6N-98, 600 Moye
Blvd, Greenville, NC 27834. Phone: 252-744-3111; fax: 252-744-3460; e-mail: ; web site: http://www.ecu.edu/physio/labakm
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Driven by enormous clinical need, interest in peripheral nerve regeneration has become a prime focus of research and area of growth within the field of tissue engineering. While using autologous donor nerves for bridging peripheral defects remains today's gold standard, it remains associated with high donor site morbidity and lack of full recovery. This dictates research towards the development of biomimetic constructs as alternatives. Based on current concepts, this review summarizes various approaches including different extracellular matrices, scaffolds, and growth factors that have been shown to promote migration and proliferation of Schwann cells. Since neither of these concepts in isolation is enough, although each is gaining increased interest to promote nerve regeneration, various combinations will need to be identified to strike a harmonious balance. Additional factors that must be incorporated into tissue engineered nerve constructs are also unknown and warrant further research efforts. It seems that future directions may allow us to determine the "missing link".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Chalfoun
- Aesthetic and Plastic Surgery Institute, University of California - Irvine, Orange, 92868, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|