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Wang C, Fu R, Wang Y, Wei J, Yu Y, Hu L, Zhang C. miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway via ROR2 in medulloblastoma progression. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:941-954. [PMID: 38632356 PMCID: PMC11192632 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-024-00762-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB), a prevalent pediatric central nervous system tumor, is influenced by microRNAs (miRNAs) that impact tumor initiation and progression. However, the specific involvement of miRNAs in MB tumorigenesis remains unclear. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified ROR2 expression in normal human fetal cerebellum. Subsequent analyses, including immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot, assessed ROR2 expression in MB tissues and cell lines. We investigated miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p and their regulatory role in ROR2 expression through the dual-luciferase reporter, qRT-PCR, and western blot assays. Mechanistic insights were gained through functional assays exploring the impact of miR-124-3p, miR-194-5p, and ROR2 on MB growth in vitro and in vivo. We observed significantly reduced miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p expression and elevated ROR2 expression in MB tissues and cell lines. High ROR2 expression inversely correlated with overall survival in WNT and SHH subgroups of MB patients. Functionally, overexpressing miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p and inhibiting ROR2 suppressed in vitro malignant transformation and in vivo tumorigenicity. Mechanistically, miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p synergistically regulated the ROR2/PI3K/Akt pathway, influencing MB progression. Our findings indicate that miR-124-3p and miR-194-5p function as tumor suppressors, inhibiting MB progression via the ROR2/PI3K/Akt axis, suggesting a key mechanism and therapeutic targets for MB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Runxi Fu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunkun Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liuhua Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chenran Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Wakizaka K, Kamiyama T, Kakisaka T, Orimo T, Nagatsu A, Aiyama T, Shichi S, Taketomi A. Expression of Wnt5a and ROR2, Components of the Noncanonical Wnt-Signaling Pathway, is Associated with Tumor Differentiation in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:262-271. [PMID: 37814183 PMCID: PMC10695870 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wnt5a is the key ligand of the noncanonical Wnt pathway, and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a receptor associated with Wnt5a. The association between the noncanonical Wnt-signaling pathway and carcinogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is unclear. This study investigated the significance of ROR2 expression in HCC. METHODS The study examined ROR2 expression in liver cancer cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining of ROR2 was performed on 243 resected HCC specimens. The study investigated ROR2 expression and its association with clinicopathologic factors and prognosis. RESULTS Findings showed that ROR2 was expressed in well-differentiated Huh7 and HepG2 cells, but not in poorly differentiated HLE and HLF cells. Expression of ROR2 was positive in 147 (60.5%) and negative in 96 (39.5%) HCC specimens. A significant association was shown between ROR2 negativity and high alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) level (P = 0.006), poor differentiation (P = 0.015), and Wnt5a negativity (P = 0.024). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate for the ROR2-negative group (64.2 %) tended to be worse than for the ROR2-positive group (73.8%), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.312). The 5-year OS rate was 78.7% for the ROR2+Wnt5a+ group, 71.3 % for the ROR2+Wnt5a- group, 80.8% for the ROR2-Wnt5a+ group, and 60.5 % for the ROR2-Wnt5a- group. The OS in the ROR2-Wnt5a- group was significantly poorer than in the ROR2+Wnt5a+ group (P = 0.030). The multivariate analysis showed that Wnt5a-ROR2- was an independent prognostic factor (hazard ratio, 2.058; 95% confidence interval, 1.013-4.180; P = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS The combination of ROR2 and Wnt5a may be a prognostic indicator for HCC. The Wnt5a/ROR2 signal pathway may be involved in the differentiation of HCC. This pathway may be a new therapeutic target for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Wakizaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Toshiya Kamiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Surgery, Seiwa Memorial Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Kakisaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Orimo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Nagatsu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Aiyama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shichi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery I, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Castro MV, Lopez-Bergami P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in the dual role of ROR2 in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 170:103595. [PMID: 35032666 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
ROR1 and ROR2 are Wnt receptors that are critical for β-catenin-independent Wnt pathways and have been linked to processes driving tumor progression, such as cell proliferation, survival, invasion, and therapy resistance. Both receptors have garnered interest as potential therapeutic targets since they are largely absent in adult tissue, are overexpressed in several cancers, and, as members of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, are easier to target than all other components of the pathway. Unlike ROR1 which always promotes tumorigenesis, ROR2 has a very complex role in cancer acting either to promote or inhibit tumor progression in different tumor types. In the present article, we summarize the findings on ROR2 expression in cancer patients and its impact on clinical outcome. Further, we review the biological processes and signaling pathways regulated by ROR2 that explain its dual role in cancer. Finally, we describe the ongoing strategies to target ROR2 in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Castro
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires, 1405, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, 1425, Argentina.
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4
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Castro MV, Barbero GA, Villanueva MB, Grumolato L, Nsengimana J, Newton-Bishop J, Illescas E, Quezada MJ, Lopez-Bergami P. ROR2 has a protective role in melanoma by inhibiting Akt activity, cell-cycle progression, and proliferation. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:76. [PMID: 34774050 PMCID: PMC8590781 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00776-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a Wnt5a receptor aberrantly expressed in cancer that was shown to either suppress or promote carcinogenesis in different tumor types. Our goal was to study the role of ROR2 in melanoma. METHODS Gain and loss-of-function strategies were applied to study the biological function of ROR2 in melanoma. Proliferation assays, flow cytometry, and western blotting were used to evaluate cell proliferation and changes in expression levels of cell-cycle and proliferation markers. The role of ROR2 in tumor growth was assessed in xenotransplantation experiments followed by immunohistochemistry analysis of the tumors. The role of ROR2 in melanoma patients was assessed by analysis of clinical data from the Leeds Melanoma Cohort. RESULTS Unlike previous findings describing ROR2 as an oncogene in melanoma, we describe that ROR2 prevents tumor growth by inhibiting cell-cycle progression and the proliferation of melanoma cells. The effect of ROR2 is mediated by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation and activity which, in turn, regulates the expression, phosphorylation, and localization of major cell-cycle regulators including cyclins (A, B, D, and E), CDK1, CDK4, RB, p21, and p27. Xenotransplantation experiments demonstrated that ROR2 also reduces proliferation in vivo, resulting in inhibition of tumor growth. In agreement with these findings, a higher ROR2 level favors thin and non-ulcerated primary melanomas with reduced mitotic rate and better prognosis. CONCLUSION We conclude that the expression of ROR2 slows down the growth of primary tumors and contributes to prolonging melanoma survival. Our results demonstrate that ROR2 has a far more complex role than originally described.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Castro
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gastón Alexis Barbero
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Belén Villanueva
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luca Grumolato
- grid.10400.350000 0001 2108 3034INSERM U982, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, University of Rouen, 76183 Rouen, France
| | - Jérémie Nsengimana
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212Biostatistics Research Group, Population Health Sciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH UK
| | | | - Edith Illescas
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Josefina Quezada
- grid.440480.c0000 0000 9361 4204Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405 Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425 Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Lopez-Bergami
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), 1425, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Biotecnológicos, Ambientales y Diagnóstico, Universidad Maimonides, Hidalgo 775, 6th Floor, Lab 602., 1405, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Chavkin NW, Sano S, Wang Y, Oshima K, Ogawa H, Horitani K, Sano M, MacLauchlan S, Nelson A, Setia K, Vippa T, Watanabe Y, Saucerman JJ, Hirschi KK, Gokce N, Walsh K. The Cell Surface Receptors Ror1/2 Control Cardiac Myofibroblast Differentiation. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e019904. [PMID: 34155901 PMCID: PMC8403294 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.019904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background A hallmark of heart failure is cardiac fibrosis, which results from the injury-induced differentiation response of resident fibroblasts to myofibroblasts that deposit extracellular matrix. During myofibroblast differentiation, fibroblasts progress through polarization stages of early proinflammation, intermediate proliferation, and late maturation, but the regulators of this progression are poorly understood. Planar cell polarity receptors, receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 and 2 (Ror1/2), can function to promote cell differentiation and transformation. In this study, we investigated the role of the Ror1/2 in a model of heart failure with emphasis on myofibroblast differentiation. Methods and Results The role of Ror1/2 during cardiac myofibroblast differentiation was studied in cell culture models of primary murine cardiac fibroblast activation and in knockout mouse models that underwent transverse aortic constriction surgery to induce cardiac injury by pressure overload. Expression of Ror1 and Ror2 were robustly and exclusively induced in fibroblasts in hearts after transverse aortic constriction surgery, and both were rapidly upregulated after early activation of primary murine cardiac fibroblasts in culture. Cultured fibroblasts isolated from Ror1/2 knockout mice displayed a proinflammatory phenotype indicative of impaired myofibroblast differentiation. Although the combined ablation of Ror1/2 in mice did not result in a detectable baseline phenotype, transverse aortic constriction surgery led to the death of all mice by day 6 that was associated with myocardial hyperinflammation and vascular leakage. Conclusions Together, these results show that Ror1/2 are essential for the progression of myofibroblast differentiation and for the adaptive remodeling of the heart in response to pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Chavkin
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Soichi Sano
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Hematovascular Biology CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
- Department of CardiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
- Department of CardiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Ying Wang
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Hematovascular Biology CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
- Department of CardiologyXinqiao HospitalArmy Medical UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Kosei Oshima
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Hayato Ogawa
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of CardiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Keita Horitani
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of CardiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Miho Sano
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
- Department of CardiologyGraduate School of MedicineOsaka City UniversityOsakaJapan
| | - Susan MacLauchlan
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Anders Nelson
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Karishma Setia
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Tanvi Vippa
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Yosuke Watanabe
- Vascular Biology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Jeffrey J. Saucerman
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
| | - Karen K. Hirschi
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Department of Cell BiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Hematovascular Biology CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineYale UniversityNew HavenCT
| | - Noyan Gokce
- Boston University School of MedicineBostonMA
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Cardiovascular Research CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Hematovascular Biology CenterSchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
- Molecular Cardiology/Whitaker Cardiovascular InstituteBoston University School of MedicineBostonMA
- Department of CardiologySchool of MedicineUniversity of VirginiaCharlottesvilleVA
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Li Y, Han X, Xu W, Rao Z, Li X. Purification and characterization of the extracellular region of human receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2). Protein Expr Purif 2019; 158:74-80. [PMID: 30826310 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a co-receptor for some Wnt proteins including Wnt5a that activate the noncanonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling pathway. Upregulation of ROR2 is associated with several cancer forms. The extracellular region of ROR2, which contains an immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domain, a Frizzled like cysteine-rich domain (CRD) and a Kringle domain, is a potential anticancer drug target. The structural and biochemical properties of the ROR2 extracellular region remain largely unexplored. Here we describe the mapping and purification, using a baculovirus - insect cell system, of a near-full-length ROR2 extracellular fragment (residues 53-402), which is well-behaved and suitable for future structural and biochemical analysis. We show that the extracellular region of ROR2 per se is monomeric in solution. Different monoclonal antibodies raised against the purified ROR2 protein can specifically recognize the protein and can either inhibit or activate the PCP activity in a cell-based assay, and are thus potentially useful for future mechanistic and therapeutic/diagnostic studies. The biological relevance of these antibodies further demonstrates that the purified recombinant ROR2 protein is properly folded and biochemically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Collage of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xu Han
- Collage of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Zihe Rao
- Collage of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Collage of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Hellmann I, Waldmeier L, Bannwarth-Escher MC, Maslova K, Wolter FI, Grawunder U, Beerli RR. Novel Antibody Drug Conjugates Targeting Tumor-Associated Receptor Tyrosine Kinase ROR2 by Functional Screening of Fully Human Antibody Libraries Using Transpo-mAb Display on Progenitor B Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2490. [PMID: 30450096 PMCID: PMC6224377 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) has been identified as a highly relevant tumor-associated antigen in a variety of cancer indications of high unmet medical need, including renal cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma, making it an attractive target for targeted cancer therapy. Here, we describe the de novo discovery of fully human ROR2-specific antibodies and potent antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) derived thereof by combining antibody discovery from immune libraries of human immunoglobulin transgenic animals using the Transpo-mAb mammalian cell-based IgG display platform with functional screening for internalizing antibodies using a secondary ADC assay. The discovery strategy entailed immunization of transgenic mice with the cancer antigen ROR2, harboring transgenic IgH and IgL chain gene loci with limited number of fully human V, D, and J gene segments. This was followed by recovering antibody repertoires from the immunized animals, expressing and screening them as full-length human IgG libraries by transposon-mediated display in progenitor B lymphocytes ("Transpo-mAb Display") for ROR2 binding. Individual cellular "Transpo-mAb" clones isolated by single cell sorting and capable of expressing membrane-bound as well as secreted human IgG were directly screened during antibody discovery, not only for high affinity binding to human ROR2, but also functionally as ADCs using a cytotoxicity assay with a secondary anti-human IgG-toxin-conjugate. Using this strategy, we identified and validated 12 fully human, monoclonal anti-human ROR2 antibodies with nanomolar affinities that are highly potent as ADCs and could be promising candidates for the therapy of human cancer. The screening for functional and internalizing antibodies during the early phase of antibody discovery demonstrates the utility of the mammalian cell-based Transpo-mAb Display platform to select for functional binders and as a powerful tool to improve the efficiency for the development of therapeutically relevant ADCs.
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8
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Dai B, Yan T, Zhang A. ROR2 receptor promotes the migration of osteosarcoma cells in response to Wnt5a. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:112. [PMID: 29213214 PMCID: PMC5707918 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0482-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have reported that the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/RhoA signaling pathway mediates Wnt5a-induced cell migration of osteosarcoma cells. However, the specific receptors responding to Wnt5a ligand remain poorly defined in osteosarcoma metastasis. Methods Wound healing assays were used to measure the migration rate of osteosarcoma cells transfected with shRNA or siRNA specific against ROR2 or indicated constructs. We evaluated the RhoA activation in osteosarcoma MG-63 and U2OS cells with RhoA activation assay. A panel of inhibitors of PI3K and Akt treated osteosarcoma cells and blocked kinase activity. Western blotting assays were employed to measure the expression and activation of Akt. Clonogenic assays were used to measure the cell proliferation of ROR2-knockdown or ROR2-overexpressed osteosarcoma cells. Results Wnt5a-induced osteosarcoma cell migration was largely abolished by shRNA or siRNA specific against ROR2. Overexpression of RhoA-CA (GFP-RhoA-V14) was able to rescue the Wnt5a-induced cell migration blocked by ROR2 knockdown. The Wnt5a-induced activation of RhoA was mostly blocked by ROR2 knockdown, and elevated by ROR2 overexpression, respectively. Furthermore, we found that Wnt5a-induced cell migration was significantly retarded by RhoA-siRNA transfection or pretreatment of HS-173 (PI3Kα inhibitor), MK-2206 (Akt inhibitor), A-674563 (Akt1 inhibitor), or CCT128930 (Akt2 inhibitor). The activation of Akt was upregulated or downregulated by transfected with ROR2-Flag or ROR2-siRNA, respectively. Lastly, Wnt5a/ROR2 signaling does not alter the cell proliferation of MG-63 osteosarcoma cells. Conclusions Taken together, we demonstrate that ROR2 receptor responding to Wnt5a ligand activates PI3K/Akt/RhoA signaling and promotes the migration of osteosarcoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Dai
- Department of Orthopedics, Binhai County People's Hospital, Binhai, 224500 Jiangsu China
| | - Ting Yan
- Safety Assessment and Research Center for Drug, Pesticide and Veterinary Drug of Jiangsu Province, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu China
| | - Ailiang Zhang
- Spine Surgery, Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, 213003 Jiangsu China
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Zhang W, Yan Y, Gu M, Wang X, Zhu H, Zhang S, Wang W. High expression levels of Wnt5a and Ror2 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma are associated with poor prognosis. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2232-2238. [PMID: 28781662 PMCID: PMC5530173 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the prognostic significance of Wnt family member 5a (Wnt5a) and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) expression in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). The protein expression levels of Wnt5a and Ror2 were analyzed in specimens from 137 patients with LSCC, using immunohistochemical staining of tissue microarrays and pairs of LSCC and adjacent tissue samples, and examined the associations between the two markers and various clinicopathological parameters. The Wnt5a and Ror2 expression levels were significantly higher in LSCC tissues than in normal tissue samples (Wnt5a, P=0.015; Ror2, P=0.039), and were significantly associated with high tumor stage (P<0.001), lymph node metastasis (Wnt5a, P=0.029; Ror2, P=0.018), and with each other (P=0.002). Patients with LSCC with high Wnt5a or Ror2 expression had poorer prognosis compared with those with low Wnt5a (P=0.022) or Ror2 (P=0.038) expression. Thus, Wnt5a and Ror2 may affect LSCC development, and are potential biomarkers in LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Yongbing Yan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Miao Gu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
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10
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Wang C, Xu X, Jin H, Liu G. Nicotine may promote tongue squamous cell carcinoma progression by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/PCP signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:3479-3486. [PMID: 28521453 PMCID: PMC5431205 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects and the possible underlying mechanisms of nicotine stimulation on tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) progression, a TSCC cell line Cal27 and 34 samples of paraffin-embedded TSCC were examined. Immunofluorescence, western blot analysis, and TOP/FOP flash, CCK-8, wound healing and Transwell invasion assays were used to evaluate Cal27 in response to nicotine stimulation. We also investigated expression levels of related proteins of Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/PCP pathways in paraffin-embedded TSCC samples with or without a history of smoking by immunohistochemistry. Nicotine stimulation can promote proliferation, migration, and invasion of TSCC cells in vitro, downregulate E-cadherin, and activate the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/PCP pathways, which could be antagonized by the α7 nicotine acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) inhibitor α-BTX. Moreover, the expression levels of β-catenin, Wnt5a and Ror2 were higher in TSCC patients with a history of smoking than those without a history of smoking. Our results suggest nicotine may promote tongue squamous carcinoma cells progression by activating the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/PCP signaling pathways and may play a significant role in the progression and metastasis of smoking-related TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengze Wang
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xin Xu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hairu Jin
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Gangli Liu
- School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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11
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Yang CM, Ji S, Li Y, Fu LY, Jiang T, Meng FD. Ror2, a Developmentally Regulated Kinase, Is Associated With Tumor Growth, Apoptosis, Migration, and Invasion in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Oncol Res 2017; 25:195-205. [PMID: 28277191 PMCID: PMC7840799 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14732772150424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents one of the most resistant tumors to radiation and chemotherapy. Current therapies for RCC patients are inefficient due to the lack of diagnostic and therapeutic markers. The expression of novel tumor-associated kinases has the potential to dramatically shape tumor cell behavior. Identifying tumor-associated kinases can lend insight into patterns of tumor growth and characteristics. In the present study, we investigated the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2), a new tumor-associated kinase, in RCC primary tumors and cell lines. Knockdown of Ror2 expression in RCC cells with specific shRNA significantly reduced cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Using in vitro migration and Matrigel invasion assays, we found that cell migration and invasive ability were also significantly inhibited. In RCC, Ror2 expression correlated with expression of genes involved at the cell cycle and migration, including PCNA, CDK1, TWIST, and MMP-2. Furthermore, in vivo xenograft studies in nude mice revealed that administration of a Ror2 shRNA plasmid significantly inhibited tumor growth. These findings suggest a novel pathway of tumor-promoting activity by Ror2 within renal carcinomas, with significant implications for unraveling the tumorigenesis of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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12
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Yan L, Du Q, Yao J, Liu R. ROR2 inhibits the proliferation of gastric carcinoma cells via activation of non-canonical Wnt signaling. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:4128-4134. [PMID: 28101190 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma is one of the most common human cancers and has a poor prognosis. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), which is a non-canonical receptor of the Wnt signaling pathway, has been reported to be deregulated in numerous types of human cancers, including gastric carcinoma. However, the exact role of ROR2 in the regulation of the malignant phenotypes of gastric carcinoma, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism, remains largely unclear. The present study demonstrated that ROR2 was recurrently downregulated in gastric carcinoma tissues, as compared with their matched adjacent normal tissues. Furthermore, the expression levels of ROR2 were reduced in several common gastric carcinoma cell lines, as compared with normal gastric epithelial cells. Gastric carcinoma cells were transfected with ROR2 plasmids, and it was demonstrated that restoration of ROR2 expression significantly inhibited the proliferation and induced the apoptosis of gastric carcinoma cells by a Wnt5a-independent mechanism. In addition, it was observed that ROR2-overexpressing cells accumulated in the G0/G1 phase; thus suggesting that overexpression of ROR2 induced cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase. An investigation of the underlying mechanism demonstrated that activation of the non-canonical Wnt signaling pathway inhibited canonical Wnt signal transduction, as demonstrated by the decreased level of β-catenin in nuclei, as well as the reduced expression levels of c-Myc. The results of the present study indicated a tumor suppressive role for ROR2 in gastric carcinoma growth in vitro, and suggested that ROR2 may be used as a molecular target for the treatment of gastric carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Likun Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Qingguo Du
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Ruiting Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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13
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Ma SSQ, Henry CE, Llamosas E, Higgins R, Daniels B, Hesson LB, Hawkins NJ, Ward RL, Ford CE. Validation of specificity of antibodies for immunohistochemistry: the case of ROR2. Virchows Arch 2016; 470:99-108. [PMID: 27631337 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-2019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signalling receptor receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is implicated in numerous human cancers. However, there have been conflicting reports regarding ROR2 expression, some studies showing upregulation and others downregulation of ROR2 in the same cancer type. The majority of these studies used immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect ROR2 protein, without validation of the used antibodies. There appears to be currently no consensus on the antibody best suited for ROR2 detection or how ROR2 expression changes in various cancer types. We examined three commercially available ROR2 antibodies and found that only one bound specifically to ROR2. Another antibody cross-reacted with other proteins, and the third failed to detect ROR2 at all. ROR2 detection by IHC on 107 patient samples using the ROR2 specific antibody showed that the majority of colorectal cancers show loss of ROR2 protein. We found no association between ROR2 staining and poor patient survival, as had been previously reported. These results question the previously reported association between ROR2 and poor patient survival in colorectal cancer. Future studies should use fully validated antibodies when detecting ROR2 protein, as non-specific staining can lead to irrelevant observations and misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean S Q Ma
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Claire E Henry
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Estelle Llamosas
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Rupert Higgins
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Benjamin Daniels
- Faculty of Medicine, Medicines Policy Research Unit, Centre for Big Data Research in Health, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Luke B Hesson
- Colorectal Cancer Group, Adult Cancer Program, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Caroline E Ford
- Adult Cancer Program, Level 2, Metastasis Research Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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14
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Lu C, Wang X, Zhu H, Feng J, Ni S, Huang J. Over-expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a cooperatively correlates with unfavorable prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24912-21. [PMID: 26305508 PMCID: PMC4694803 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the expression of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor (ROR) 2 and Wnt5a and their prognostic significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Tissue microarray-based immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a in 219 patients. mRNA expression of ROR2 and Wnt5a was examined in 20 pairs of NSCLC and matched adjacent normal tissues by real-time PCR. Compared with non-tumorous tissues, both mRNA expression and protein product of ROR2 and Wnt5a genes were significantly increased in NSCLC. c2 analysis revealed that high ROR2 or Wnt5a expression in NSCLC was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage. High expression of both ROR2 and Wnt5a was also related to advanced TNM stage. Multivariate analyses suggested that ROR2, Wnt5a and TNM stage were independent prognostic factors in NSCLC. Our clinical findings suggest that high ROR2 or Wnt5a expression is associated with poor prognosis in NSCLC, and combined detection of ROR2 and Wnt5a is helpful in predicting the prognosis of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenlin Lu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Songshi Ni
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Podleschny M, Grund A, Berger H, Rollwitz E, Borchers A. A PTK7/Ror2 Co-Receptor Complex Affects Xenopus Neural Crest Migration. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145169. [PMID: 26680417 PMCID: PMC4683079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a highly migratory pluripotent cell population that generates a wide array of different cell types and failure in their migration can result in severe birth defects and malformation syndromes. Neural crest migration is controlled by various means including chemotaxis, repellent guidance cues and cell-cell interaction. Non-canonical Wnt PCP (planar cell polarity) signaling has previously been shown to control cell-contact mediated neural crest cell guidance. PTK7 (protein tyrosine kinase 7) is a transmembrane pseudokinase and a known regulator of Wnt/PCP signaling, which is expressed in Xenopus neural crest cells and required for their migration. PTK7 functions as a Wnt co-receptor; however, it remains unclear by which means PTK7 affects neural crest migration. Expressing fluorescently labeled proteins in Xenopus neural crest cells we find that PTK7 co-localizes with the Ror2 Wnt-receptor. Further, co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that PTK7 interacts with Ror2. The PTK7/Ror2 interaction is likely relevant for neural crest migration, because Ror2 expression can rescue the PTK7 loss of function migration defect. Live cell imaging of explanted neural crest cells shows that PTK7 loss of function affects the formation of cell protrusions as well as cell motility. Co-expression of Ror2 can rescue these defects. In vivo analysis demonstrates that a kinase dead Ror2 mutant cannot rescue PTK7 loss of function. Thus, our data suggest that Ror2 can substitute for PTK7 and that the signaling function of its kinase domain is required for this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Podleschny
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Anita Grund
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Berger
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Erik Rollwitz
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annette Borchers
- Faculty of Biology, Molecular Embryology, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Huang J, Shi Y, Li H, Tan D, Yang M, Wu X. Knockdown of receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 inhibits cell proliferation and colony formation in osteosarcoma cells by inducing arrest in cell cycle progression. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3705-3711. [PMID: 26788194 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common malignant tumor of the bone, with a high mortality rate and poor prognosis. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) has been reported to be dysregulated in human malignancies. More recently, ROR2 has been demonstrated to promote OS cell migration and invasion. However, the role of ROR2 in the regulation of OS cell proliferation, as well as the underlying molecular mechanism, remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism of ROR2 in osteosarcoma growth. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis and western blot analysis were used to examine the mRNA and protein expression. MTT assay, colony formation assay and cell cycle analysis were conducted to explore the function of ROR2 in osteosarcoma cells. In the present study, the expression of ROR2 was found to be frequently upregulated in OS tissues compared with matched adjacent normal tissues. It was also upregulated in the OS cell lines Saos-2, MG-63 and U-2 OS, relative to normal osteoblast hFOB 1.19 cells. Knockdown of ROR2 expression by transfection with ROR2-specific siRNA markedly inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of OS cells. Data from the cell cycle distribution assay revealed an accumulation of ROR2-knockdown cells in the G0/G1 phase, indicating that knockdown of ROR2 leads to an arrest in cell cycle progression. Mechanistic investigation revealed that the protein levels of c-myc, a target gene of the Wnt signaling, as well as cyclin D1, cyclin E and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 were markedly reduced in the ROR2-knockdown OS cells, suggesting that the inhibitory effect of ROR2 knockdown on OS cell proliferation is associated with the Wnt signaling pathway. In summary, the current study indicates an important role for ROR2 in the proliferation of OS cells. Therefore, ROR2 may be a promising therapeutic target in OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Huang
- The Second Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Shi
- Teaching and Research Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School of Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Dunyong Tan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Medical School of Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Meisongzhu Yang
- Teaching and Research Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Medical School of Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Wu
- The Second Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jishou University, Jishou, Hunan 416000, P.R. China
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17
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Huang J, Fan X, Wang X, Lu Y, Zhu H, Wang W, Zhang S, Wang Z. High ROR2 expression in tumor cells and stroma is correlated with poor prognosis in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12991. [PMID: 26259918 PMCID: PMC4531333 DOI: 10.1038/srep12991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
RTK-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is overexpressed in several cancers and has tumorigenic activity. However, the expression of ROR2 and its functional and prognostic significance have yet to be evaluated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to characterize the expression of ROR2 mRNA in PDAC, corresponding peritumoral tissues, and PDAC cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis with tissue microarrays was used to evaluate ROR2 expression in PDAC and to investigate the relationship of this expression to clinicopathological factors and prognosis. The expression of ROR2 mRNA and protein was significantly higher in PDAC than in normal pancreatic tissues. High cytoplasmic ROR2 expression in cancer cells was significantly associated with a primary tumor, distant metastasis, and TNM stage, and high stromal ROR2 expression was significantly associated with regional lymph node metastasis and TNM stage. The Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analyses showed that high ROR2 expression in tumor cytoplasm or stromal cells was significantly associated with malignant attributes and reduced survival in PDAC. We present strong evidence that ROR2 could be used as an indicator of poor prognosis and could represent a novel therapeutic target for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xiangjun Fan
- Department of General Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Xudong Wang
- Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Yuhua Lu
- 1] Department of General Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China [2] Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- 1] Department of General Surgery, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China [2] Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Nantong University Affiliated Hospital, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, China
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18
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Song JL, Nigam P, Tektas SS, Selva E. microRNA regulation of Wnt signaling pathways in development and disease. Cell Signal 2015; 27:1380-91. [PMID: 25843779 PMCID: PMC4437805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Wnt signaling pathways and microRNAs (miRNAs) are critical regulators of development. Aberrant Wnt signaling pathways and miRNA levels lead to developmental defects and diverse human pathologies including but not limited to cancer. Wnt signaling pathways regulate a plethora of cellular processes during embryonic development and maintain homeostasis of adult tissues. A majority of Wnt signaling components are regulated by miRNAs which are small noncoding RNAs that are expressed in both animals and plants. In animal cells, miRNAs fine tune gene expression by pairing primarily to the 3'untranslated region of protein coding mRNAs to repress target mRNA translation and/or induce target degradation. miRNA-mediated regulation of signaling transduction pathways is important in modulating dose-sensitive response of cells to signaling molecules. This review discusses components of the Wnt signaling pathways that are regulated by miRNAs in the context of development and diseases. A fundamental understanding of miRNA functions in Wnt signaling transduction pathways may yield new insight into crosstalks of regulatory mechanisms essential for development and disease pathophysiology leading to novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia L Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
| | - Priya Nigam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Senel S Tektas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Erica Selva
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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19
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Debebe Z, Rathmell WK. Ror2 as a therapeutic target in cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:143-8. [PMID: 25614331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ror2 is a signaling receptor for Wnt ligands that is known to play important roles in limb development, but having no essential roles known in adult tissues. Recent evidence has implicated Ror2 in mediating both canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways. Ror2 was initially found to be highly expressed in osteosarcoma and renal cell carcinomas, and has recently been found in an increasingly long list of cancers currently including melanoma, colon cancer, melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, and breast cancer. In the majority of these cancer types, Ror2 expression is associated with more aggressive disease states, consistent with a role mediating Wnt signaling regardless of the canonical or noncanonical signal. Because of the pattern of tissue distribution, the association with high-risk diseases, and the cell surface localization of this receptor, Ror2 has been identified as a potential high value target for therapeutic development. However, the recent discovery that Ror2 may function through non-kinase activities challenges this strategy and opens up opportunities to target this important molecule through alternative means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zufan Debebe
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Urology, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States; Department of Genetics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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20
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Rasmussen NR, Debebe Z, Wright TM, Brooks SA, Sendor AB, Brannon A.R, Hakimi A.A, Hsieh JJ, Choueiri TK, Tamboli P, Maranchie JK, Hinds P, Wallen EM, Simpson C, Norris JL, Janzen WP, Rathmell WK. Expression of Ror2 mediates invasive phenotypes in renal cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116101. [PMID: 25542006 PMCID: PMC4277431 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ror2 is a Wnt ligand receptor that is overexpressed in a variety of tumors including clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). Here we demonstrate that expression of wild type Ror2 results in increased tumorigenic properties in in vitro cell culture and in vivo xenograft models. In addition, Ror2 expression produced positive changes in both cell migration and invasion, which were dependent on matrix metalloprotease 2 (MMP2) activity. Mutations in key regions of the kinase domain of Ror2 resulted in the abrogation of increased tumor growth, cell migration, and cell invasion observed with expression of wild-type Ror2. Finally, we examined Ror2 expression as a prognostic biomarker for ccRCC utilizing the TCGA ccRCC dataset. High expression of Ror2 showed a significant correlation with higher clinical stage, nuclear grade, and tumor stage. Furthermore, high expression of Ror2 in ccRCC patients correlated with significant lower overall survival, cancer specific survival, and recurrence free survival. Together, these findings suggest that Ror2 plays a central role in influencing the ccRCC phenotype, and can be considered as a negative prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target in this cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R. Rasmussen
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Zufan Debebe
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Tricia M. Wright
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Samira A. Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Curriculum in Toxicology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Adam B. Sendor
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - A . Rose Brannon
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
| | - A . Ari Hakimi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
| | - James J. Hsieh
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, United States of America
| | - Toni K. Choueiri
- Department of Medical Oncology and Kidney Cancer Center, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, 02215, United States of America
| | - Pheroze Tamboli
- Department of Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, 77030, United States of America
| | - Jodi K. Maranchie
- Department of Urologic Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, United States of America
| | - Peter Hinds
- Department of Urologic Oncology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15219, United States of America
| | - Eric M. Wallen
- Department of Urology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Catherine Simpson
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline L. Norris
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - William P. Janzen
- Center for Integrative Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
| | - W. Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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High expression of ROR2 in cancer cell correlates with unfavorable prognosis in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 453:703-9. [PMID: 25301559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.09.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2) is a transmembrane protein that belongs to a conserved family of tyrosine kinase receptors involved in several functional processes. ROR2 is overexpressed in various types of solid tumors; however, the expression of ROR2, as well as its functional and prognostic significance has yet to be evaluated in colorectal cancer (CRC). In this study, one-step quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemical analysis using tissue microarrays were used to evaluate ROR2 expression in CRC and to investigate the association between ROR2 expression and patient prognosis. We observed that the expression of ROR2 mRNA and protein was significantly higher in CRC specimens compared with normal, tumor-adjacent tissues (both p<0.05). Cytoplasmic ROR2 expression was related to TNM stage (p=0.041) and lymph node metastasis (N) (p=0.015). Kaplan-Meier and multivariate analyses suggested that high cytoplasmic ROR2 expression (p=0.001), poor tumor differentiation (p=0.001), and advanced TNM stage (p=0.001) and high preoperative CEA level (p<0.001) were significantly associated with unfavorable survival of CRC patients. These results suggest that ROR2 expression is correlated with malignant attributes of CRC and may serve as an indicator for poor prognosis in patients with CRC.
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22
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Abdulmajeed AA, Farah CS. Can immunohistochemistry serve as an alternative to subjective histopathological diagnosis of oral epithelial dysplasia? BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2013; 5:49-60. [PMID: 24179398 PMCID: PMC3798313 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many attempts have been made to identify objective molecular biomarkers to diagnose and prognosticate oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) because histopathological interpretation is subjective and lacks sensitivity. The majority of these efforts describe changes in gene expression at protein level in OED as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). However, the literature on these putative markers of oral cancer progression is vast and varied. The main purpose of this article is to review current knowledge on biomarkers of protein expression for OED by IHC approaches. We further discuss these findings in terms of the proposed essential hallmarks of cancer cells to better understand their role in oral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad A Abdulmajeed
- The University of Queensland, UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Herston, School of Dentistry, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Rasmussen NR, Wright TM, Brooks SA, Hacker KE, Debebe Z, Sendor AB, Walker MP, Major MB, Green J, Wahl GM, Rathmell WK. Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) expression creates a poised state of Wnt signaling in renal cancer. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26301-26310. [PMID: 23893409 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) has been identified in an increasing array of tumor types and is known to play a role as an important mediator of Wnt signaling cascades. In this study, we aimed to clarify Ror2 interactions with the Wnt pathways within the context of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). An examination of Ror2 expression in primary human RCC tumors showed a significant correlation with several Wnt signaling genes, including the classical feedback target gene Axin2. We provide evidence that Ror2 expression results in a partially activated state for canonical Wnt signaling through an increased signaling pool of β-catenin, leading to an enhancement of downstream target genes following Wnt3a stimulation in both renal and renal carcinoma-derived cells. Additionally, inhibition of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) with either siRNA or dickkopf decreased the response to Wnt3a stimulation, but no change was seen in the increased β-catenin pool associated with Ror2 expression, suggesting that LRP6 cofactor recruitment is necessary for a Wnt3a-induced signal but that it does not participate in the Ror2 effect on β-catenin signaling. These results highlight a new role for Ror2 in conveying a tonic signal to stabilize soluble β-catenin and create a poised state of enhanced responsiveness to Wnt3a exogenous signals in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal R Rasmussen
- From the Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology,; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Tricia M Wright
- From the Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology,; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Samira A Brooks
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,; Curriculum in Toxicology
| | - Kathryn E Hacker
- From the Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology,; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | | | | | | | - Michael Ben Major
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and
| | - Jennifer Green
- the Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Geoffrey M Wahl
- the Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center,; Departments of Medicine and Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, and.
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Liu G, Kukuruzinska MA, Xu X. Ror2 may be downregulated in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 116:120. [PMID: 23465658 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lee SE, Lim SD, Kang SY, Suh SB, Suh YL. Prognostic significance of Ror2 and Wnt5a expression in medulloblastoma. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:445-53. [PMID: 23278988 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a clinically and biologically heterogeneous group of tumors, and currently classified into four molecular subgroups (Wnt, Shh, Group 3 and Group 4). Intracellular signaling of the Wnt pathway has been divided into two classes: the "canonical" and the "non-canonical" signaling pathway. The canonical signaling pathway is a well-established, β-catenin-dependent signaling pathway in MB. In contrast, very little research about the non-canonical WNT signaling pathway in MB exists. In order to identify the roles of Wnt-5a and Ror2, two non-canonical WNT pathway-related genes, we studied 76 cases of MB with immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR and correlated the results with clinicopathological and other molecular parameters and prognosis. Wnt5a and Ror2 were immunopositive in 20 (29.4%) and 35 (51.5%) of 68 cases, respectively. There were positive associations among protein expressions of Wnt5a, Ror2 and β-catenin. Ror2 mRNA levels were well correlated with immunoexpression. Ror2 mRNA expression was significantly associated with CTNNB1 mutation. High Ror2 mRNA expression was an independent favorable prognostic factor. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the first attempt to identify Wnt5a and Ror2 as additional mechanisms contributing to dysregulation of the non-canonical WNT signaling pathway in MB. Ror2 may play a role as an oncosuppressor in MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Eun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ford CE, Qian Ma SS, Quadir A, Ward RL. The dual role of the novel Wnt receptor tyrosine kinase, ROR2, in human carcinogenesis. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:779-87. [PMID: 23233346 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway is involved in the development and progression of many human cancers, yet attempts to target the pathway therapeutically have been disappointing to date. The recent discovery that the ROR2 receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is a novel Wnt receptor provides the potential to target the non-canonical Wnt pathway for cancer treatments. As a member of the RTK superfamily of surface receptors ROR2 appears to possess dual roles as a tumor suppressor or activator depending on tumor type. This review will explore the dual role of ROR2 in tumorigenesis and provide an up to date analysis of current literature in this rapidly expanding field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Ford
- Wnt Signaling & Metastasis Group, Lowy Cancer Research Centre and Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Daneshmanesh AH, Porwit A, Hojjat-Farsangi M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Tamm KP, Grandér D, Lehmann S, Norin S, Shokri F, Rabbani H, Mellstedt H, Österborg A. Orphan receptor tyrosine kinases ROR1 and ROR2 in hematological malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:843-50. [PMID: 22988987 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.731599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The receptor tyrosine kinase ROR1 has been shown to be overexpressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The aim of this study was to further characterize the expression of ROR1 and the other member of the ROR family, ROR2, in other lymphoid and myeloid malignancies. Normal white blood cells and reactive lymph nodes were negative for ROR1 and ROR2. A significantly high and uniform surface expression of ROR1 was found in CLL/hairy cell leukemia (HCL) compared to mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), myelomas, acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and myeloid leukemias (p = 0.02 to < 0.001). The lowest proportion of ROR1+ cells was seen in FL, whereas CLL, HCL and CML had significantly higher numbers of ROR1+ cells. Longitudinal follow-up of individual patients with CLL revealed that ROR1+ cells remained stable over time in non-progressive patients, but increased when the disease progressed (p < 0.05). Thus, a variable staining pattern of ROR1 ranging from very high (CLL, HCL) and high (CML) to intermediate (myeloma and DLBCL) or low (FL) was noted. ROR2 was not detected in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Hossein Daneshmanesh
- Immune and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Cancer Center Karolinska, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rebagay G, Yan S, Liu C, Cheung NK. ROR1 and ROR2 in Human Malignancies: Potentials for Targeted Therapy. Front Oncol 2012; 2:34. [PMID: 22655270 PMCID: PMC3356025 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2012.00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies require cellular protein expression that meets specific requirements that will maximize effectiveness, minimize off-target toxicities, and provide an opportunity for a therapeutic effect. The receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptors (ROR) are possible targets for therapy that may meet such requirements. RORs are transmembrane proteins that are part of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family. The RORs have been shown to play a role in tumor-like behavior, such as cell migration and cell invasiveness and are normally not expressed in normal adult tissue. As part of the large effort in target discovery, ROR proteins have recently been found to be expressed in human cancers. Their unique expression profiles may provide a novel class of therapeutic targets for small molecules against the kinase or for antibody-based therapies against these receptors. Being restricted on tumor cells and not on most normal tissues, RORs are excellent targets for the treatment of minimal residual disease, the final hurdle in the curative approach to many cancers, including solid tumors such as neuroblastoma. In this review, we summarize the biology of RORs as they relate to human cancer, and highlight the therapeutic approaches directed toward them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilly Rebagay
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, NY, USA
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Geng M, Cao YC, Chen YJ, Jiang H, Bi LQ, Liu XH. Loss of Wnt5a and Ror2 protein in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with poor prognosis. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:1328-38. [PMID: 22493546 PMCID: PMC3319959 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i12.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression and clinical significance of Wnt member 5a (Wnt5a) and receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (Ror2) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: HCC tissues obtained from 85 patients were examined the mRNA expression of Ror2 by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the protein expressions of Wnt5a, Ror2, β-catenin and Ki-67 via immunohistochemical staining. The correlation between protein expression and HCC patients’ clinicopathology data and prognoses were analyzed.
RESULTS: Compared to nontumorous (hepatitis or cirrhotic) tissues, Ror2 mRNA expression was clearly decreased in HCC. Ror2 and Wnt5a protein expressions in the majority of HCC patients (63% and 77%, respectively) was significantly less in tumor tissues, as compared to adjacent nontumorous tissues, and this reduction was correlated with increasing serum α-fetoprotein and tumor stage. In 68% (58/85) of the HCC cases, the expression of β-catenin in tumor tissues was either downregulated in the cellular membrane, upregulated in the cytoplasm, or both. Survival analysis indicated that Wnt5a and Ror2 protein expressions could be regarded as independent prognostic factors for HCC; HCC patients with decreased Wnt5a or Ror2 protein expression had a poorer prognosis than those with elevated Wnt5a and Ror2 expression (P = 0.016, P = 0.007, respectively).
CONCLUSION: Wnt5a and Ror2 may serve as tumor suppressor genes in the development of HCC, and may serve as clinicopathologic biomarkers for prognosis in HCC patients.
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Lyashenko N, Weissenböck M, Sharir A, Erben RG, Minami Y, Hartmann C. Mice lacking the orphan receptor ror1 have distinct skeletal abnormalities and are growth retarded. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:2266-77. [PMID: 20593419 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ror1 is a member of the Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases. Ror1 is broadly expressed in various tissues and organs during mouse embryonic development. However, so far little is known about its function. The closely related family member Ror2 was shown to play a crucial role in skeletogenesis and has been shown to act as a co-receptor for Wnt5a mediating non-canonical Wnt-signaling. Previously, it has been shown that during embryonic development Ror1 acts in part redundantly with Ror2 in the skeletal and cardiovascular systems. In this study, we report that loss of the orphan receptor Ror1 results in a variety of phenotypic defects within the skeletal and urogenital systems and that Ror1 mutant mice display a postnatal growth retardation phenotype.
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Lara E, Calvanese V, Huidobro C, Fernández AF, Moncada-Pazos A, Obaya AJ, Aguilera O, González-Sancho JM, Sánchez L, Astudillo A, Muñoz A, López-Otín C, Esteller M, Fraga MF. Epigenetic repression of ROR2 has a Wnt-mediated, pro-tumourigenic role in colon cancer. Mol Cancer 2010; 9:170. [PMID: 20591152 PMCID: PMC2903502 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-9-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Wnt factors control cell differentiation through semi-independent molecular cascades known as the β-catenin-dependent (canonical) and -independent (non-canonical) Wnt signalling pathways. Genetic and epigenetic alteration of components of the canonical Wnt signalling pathway is one of the primary mechanisms underlying colon cancer. Despite increasing evidence of the role of the non-canonical pathways in tumourigenesis, however, the underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. Results Here we report that the receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2 (ROR2), a transmembrane receptor for Wnt factors that activates non-canonical pathways, is frequently repressed by aberrant promoter hypermethylation in human colon cancer cell lines and primary tumours. By restoring ROR2 activity in colon cancer cells harbouring ROR2 promoter hypermethylation, we show that the role of ROR2 in colon cancer cells is mediated, at least in part, by canonical Wnt and that its epigenetic-dependent loss can be pro-tumourigenic. Conclusions Our data show the importance of epigenetic alterations of ROR2 in colon cancer, highlighting the close interconnection between canonical and non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways in this type of tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Lara
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid E-28049, Spain
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Minami Y, Oishi I, Endo M, Nishita M. Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases in noncanonical Wnt signaling: their implications in developmental morphogenesis and human diseases. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1-15. [PMID: 19530173 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ror-family receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play crucial roles in the development of various organs and tissues. In mammals, Ror2, a member of the Ror-family RTKs, has been shown to act as a receptor or coreceptor for Wnt5a to mediate noncanonical Wnt signaling. Ror2- and Wnt5a-deficient mice exhibit similar abnormalities during developmental morphogenesis, reflecting their defects in convergent extension movements and planar cell polarity, characteristic features mediated by noncanonical Wnt signaling. Furthermore, mutations within the human Ror2 gene are responsible for the genetic skeletal disorders dominant brachydactyly type B and recessive Robinow syndrome. Accumulating evidence demonstrate that Ror2 mediates noncanonical Wnt5a signaling by inhibiting the beta-catenin-TCF pathway and activating the Wnt/JNK pathway that results in polarized cell migration. In this article, we review recent progress in understanding the roles of noncanonical Wnt5a/Ror2 signaling in developmental morphogenesis and in human diseases, including heritable skeletal disorders and tumor invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Minami
- Division of Cell Physiology, Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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Wright TM, Rathmell WK. Identification of Ror2 as a hypoxia-inducible factor target in von Hippel-Lindau-associated renal cell carcinoma. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:12916-24. [PMID: 20185829 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.073924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ror2 is an orphan receptor tyrosine kinase with expression normally restricted to early stages of development. However, emerging evidence has placed aberrantly expressed Ror2, leading to an invasive phenotype, in several cancers including renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Although Ror2 is currently identified as up-regulated in an assortment of cancers, neither the regulatory role or mechanism of action have been delineated. We sought to place Ror2 in the most commonly mutated pathway of RCC, the loss of the tumor suppressor von Hippel-Lindau (VHL), which causes hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha and -2alpha stabilization and the transcriptional activation of a broad repertoire of response genes. We found that Ror2 was indeed associated with the pVHL loss in RCC as well as with VHL somatic mutations tightly coordinated with the induction of RCC. Additionally, knockdown and rescue analysis of HIF expression suggests that Ror2 is dependent on pathologic stabilization of either HIF-1alpha or HIF-2alpha. Subsequent evaluation of the ROR2 promoter suggests that HIF-2alpha and its dimerization partner, aryl hydrocarbon nuclear transferase localize to the ROR2 promoter via a cryptic transcriptional element. This data substantiates a unique regulation pattern for Ror2 in the VHL-HIF axis that has the potential to be applied to other cancer etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tricia M Wright
- Department of Genetics, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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