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Owotade FJ, Gulube Z, Patel M. Oral Candida albicans strain diversity and maintenance in HIV positive women in South Africa. Arch Oral Biol 2024; 164:106007. [PMID: 38795522 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2024.106007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated C. albicans strain diversity and maintenance in the oral cavity of HIV positive women over a 6 month period. STUDY DESIGN C. albicans strains were isolated from 17 HIV positive women at Charlotte Maxeke Academic Hospital, Johannesburg at 3 intervals over a 6 month period. Strains were genotyped using ABC and Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) techniques. In the MLST technique, for each strain, a Diploid Sequence Type (DST) number was obtained. Using cluster analysis, an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) dendrogram and a matrix of strain similarities were generated. Strains were also compared to the previous South African isolates documented in the MLST database. RESULTS Ninety four percent of women carried the same ABC genotype for 6 months. MLST technique, showed that ten women (58.8%) carried the same DST at 2 visits, while seven (41.2%) carried different DST at all visits. Further analysis showed that 64.7% of women were recolonised with different strains and 35.3% carried the same strains of C. albicans with heterozygosity. A total of 40 diploid sequence types were identified of which 27 DSTs were unique to this study group that were added to the MLST database. Most of the strains were closely related to previously isolated strains from South Africa. CONCLUSION Recolonization of the oral cavity with different strains and microevolution of the original strains of C. albicans can occur, which can be a potential problem for HIV patients, in whom highly virulent and drug resistant strains can emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Owotade
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, South Africa; Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
| | - Z Gulube
- Department of Oral Biological Sciences School of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of The Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - M Patel
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Pathology, South Africa.
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Keyvanfar A, Najafiarab H, Talebian N, Tafti MF, Adeli G, Ghasemi Z, Tehrani S. Drug-resistant oral candidiasis in patients with HIV infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:546. [PMID: 38822256 PMCID: PMC11143751 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09442-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral candidiasis (OC) is a prevalent opportunistic infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The increasing resistance to antifungal agents in HIV-positive individuals suffering from OC raised concerns. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of drug-resistant OC in HIV-positive patients. METHODS Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases were systematically searched for eligible articles up to November 30, 2023. Studies reporting resistance to antifungal agents in Candida species isolated from HIV-positive patients with OC were included. Baseline characteristics, clinical features, isolated Candida species, and antifungal resistance were independently extracted by two reviewers. The pooled prevalence with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random effect model or fixed effect model. RESULTS Out of the 1942 records, 25 studies consisting of 2564 Candida species entered the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of resistance to the antifungal agents was as follows: ketoconazole (25.5%, 95% CI: 15.1-35.8%), fluconazole (24.8%, 95% CI: 17.4-32.1%), 5-Flucytosine (22.9%, 95% CI: -13.7-59.6%), itraconazole (20.0%, 95% CI: 10.0-26.0%), voriconazole (20.0%, 95% CI: 1.9-38.0%), miconazole (15.0%, 95% CI: 5.1-26.0%), clotrimazole (13.4%, 95% CI: 2.3-24.5%), nystatin (4.9%, 95% CI: -0.05-10.3%), amphotericin B (2.9%, 95% CI: 0.5-5.3%), and caspofungin (0.1%, 95% CI: -0.3-0.6%). Furthermore, there were high heterogeneities among almost all included studies regarding the resistance to different antifungal agents (I2 > 50.00%, P < 0.01), except for caspofungin (I2 = 0.00%, P = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS Our research revealed that a significant number of Candida species found in HIV-positive patients with OC were resistant to azoles and 5-fluocytosine. However, most of the isolates were susceptible to nystatin, amphotericin B, and caspofungin. This suggests that initial treatments for OC, such as azoles, may not be effective. In such cases, healthcare providers may need to consider prescribing alternative treatments like polyenes and caspofungin. REGISTRATION The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews as PROSPERO (Number: CRD42024497963).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirreza Keyvanfar
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Najafiarab
- Preventative Gynecology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niki Talebian
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Falah Tafti
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gelareh Adeli
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghasemi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Tehrani
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Nenciarini S, Renzi S, di Paola M, Meriggi N, Cavalieri D. Ascomycetes yeasts: The hidden part of human microbiome. WIREs Mech Dis 2024; 16:e1641. [PMID: 38228159 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The fungal component of the microbiota, the mycobiota, has been neglected for a long time due to its poor richness compared to bacteria. Limitations in fungal detection and taxonomic identification arise from using metagenomic approaches, often borrowed from bacteriome analyses. However, the relatively recent discoveries of the ability of fungi to modulate the host immune response and their involvement in human diseases have made mycobiota a fundamental component of the microbial communities inhabiting the human host, deserving some consideration in host-microbe interaction studies and in metagenomics. Here, we reviewed recent data on the identification of yeasts of the Ascomycota phylum across human body districts, focusing on the most representative genera, that is, Saccharomyces and Candida. Then, we explored the key factors involved in shaping the human mycobiota across the lifespan, ranging from host genetics to environment, diet, and lifestyle habits. Finally, we discussed the strengths and weaknesses of culture-dependent and independent methods for mycobiota characterization. Overall, there is still room for some improvements, especially regarding fungal-specific methodological approaches and bioinformatics challenges, which are still critical steps in mycobiota analysis, and to advance our knowledge on the role of the gut mycobiota in human health and disease. This article is categorized under: Immune System Diseases > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Immune System Diseases > Environmental Factors Infectious Diseases > Environmental Factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Renzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Monica di Paola
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Benson M, Turyamuhika L, Mwesigwa A, Nalumaga PP, Kabajulizi I, Njovu IK, Mwebesa E, Luggya T, Ocheng F, Kateete DP, Itabangi H, Mboowa G, Sande OJ, Achan B. Distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of oropharyngeal Candida species isolated from people living with HIV in the era of universal test and treat policy in Uganda. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2024; 11:20499361241255261. [PMID: 38812710 PMCID: PMC11135083 DOI: 10.1177/20499361241255261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the increased frequency of oropharyngeal candidiasis among people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), its management is no longer effective due to empirical treatment and emergence of antifungal resistance (AFR). This study sought to investigate the prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis and assess the antifungal susceptibility profile of oropharyngeal Candida species isolated from people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Additionally, we evaluated the correlation between oropharyngeal candidiasis and CD4 T cell as well as viral load counts. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out from April to October 2023 in which 384 people living with HIV underwent clinical examination for oral lesions. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected and cultured on Sabouraud Dextrose agar to isolate Candida species which were identified using the matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Additionally, the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida isolates to six antifungal drugs was determined using VITEK® (Marcy-l'Étoile, France) compact system. Data on viral load were retrieved from records, and CD4 T cell count test was performed using Becton Dickinson Biosciences fluorescent antibody cell sorter presto. Results The prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis was 7.6%. Oropharyngeal candidiasis was significantly associated with low CD4 T cell count and high viral load. A total of 35 isolates were obtained out of which Candida albicans comprised of 20 (57.1%) while C. tropicalis and C. glabrata comprised 4 (11.4%) each. C. parapsilosis, C. dubliniensis and C. krusei accounted for 2 (5.7%) each. Additionally, 7 (20%) isolates were resistant to fluconazole, 1 (2.9%) to flucytocine and 0.2 (5.7%) isolates were intermediate to caspofungin. However, specific specie isolates like C. albicans showed 20% (4/20), C. glabrata 50% (2/4) and C. krusei 50% (1/2) resistance to fluconazole. Additionally, C. krusei showed 50% resistance to flucytosine. Conclusion The prevalence of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) among people living with HIV was low, and there was a significant association between OPC and CD4 T cell count as well as viral load. C. albicans was the most frequently isolated oropharyngeal Candida species. C. glabrata and C. krusei exhibited the highest AFR among the non-albicans Candida species. The highest resistance was demonstrated to fluconazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musinguzi Benson
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - Laban Turyamuhika
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Alex Mwesigwa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Kabale University Kabale, Uganda
| | - Pauline Petra Nalumaga
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Immaculate Kabajulizi
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Israel Kiiza Njovu
- Mycology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Edson Mwebesa
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - Tonny Luggya
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Francis Ocheng
- Department of Dentistry, School of Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Patrick Kateete
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Herbert Itabangi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Mbale, Uganda
| | - Gerald Mboowa
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- African Centre of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Data Intensive Sciences, The Infectious Diseases Institute, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Obondo James Sande
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Beatrice Achan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, P.O. Box 7072, Kampala, Uganda
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Abramov VM, Kosarev IV, Machulin AV, Priputnevich TV, Deryusheva EI, Panin AN, Chikileva IO, Abashina TN, Melnikov VG, Suzina NE, Nikonov IN, Akhmetzyanova AA, Khlebnikov VS, Sakulin VK, Vasilenko RN, Samoilenko VA, Gordeev AB, Sukhikh GT, Uversky VN, Karlyshev AV. Protective Properties of S-layer Protein 2 from Lactobacillus crispatus 2029 against Candida albicans Infections. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1740. [PMID: 38136611 PMCID: PMC10741940 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, the protective role of the S-layer protein 2 (Slp2) of the vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus 2029 (LC2029) strain against foodborne pathogens Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Escherichia coli O157:H was demonstrated. We demonstrate the new roles of the Slp2-positive LC2029 strain and soluble Slp2 against C. albicans infections. We show that LC2029 bacteria can adhere to the surface of the cervical epithelial HeLa cells, prevent their contact with C. albicans, and block yeast transition to a pathogenic hyphal form. Surface-bound Slp2 provides the ability for LC2029 to co-aggregate with various C. albicans strains, including clinical isolates. C. albicans-induced necrotizing epithelial damage is reduced by colonization with the Slp2-positive LC2029 strain. Slp2 inhibits the adhesion of various strains of C. albicans to different human epithelial cells, blocks yeast transition to a pathogenic hyphal form, and prevents the colonization and pathogenic infiltration of mucosal barriers. Only Slp2 and LC2029 bacteria stimulate the production of protective human β-defensin 3 in various epithelial cells. These findings support the anti-Candida albicans potential of the probiotic LC2029 strain and Slp2 and form the basis for further research on their ability to prevent and manage invasive Candida infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav M. Abramov
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia (A.N.P.)
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V. Kosarev
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia (A.N.P.)
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Machulin
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Priputnevich
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia I. Deryusheva
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Panin
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia (A.N.P.)
| | - Irina O. Chikileva
- Laboratory of Cell Immunity, Blokhin National Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health RF, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatiana N. Abashina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav G. Melnikov
- Gabrichevsky Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 125212 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nataliya E. Suzina
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ilia N. Nikonov
- Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education Moscow State Academy of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology Named after K.I. Skryabin, 109472 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Akhmetzyanova
- Federal Service for Veterinary and Phytosanitary Surveillance (Rosselkhoznadzor) Federal State Budgetary Institution “The Russian State Center for Animal Feed and Drug Standardization and Quality” (FGBU VGNKI), 123022 Moscow, Russia (A.N.P.)
| | | | - Vadim K. Sakulin
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, 142380 Lyubuchany, Russia (R.N.V.)
| | - Raisa N. Vasilenko
- Institute of Immunological Engineering, 142380 Lyubuchany, Russia (R.N.V.)
| | - Vladimir A. Samoilenko
- Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of Russian Academy of Science”, Russian Academy of Science, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexey B. Gordeev
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T. Sukhikh
- Kulakov National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology, Ministry of Health, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA;
| | - Andrey V. Karlyshev
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University London, Kingston upon Thames KT1 2EE, UK;
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Singh HP, Bansal P, Sh T. Denture Stomatitis and Candida albicans in the Indian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e45182. [PMID: 37842362 PMCID: PMC10575763 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Denture stomatitis (DS), a common oral condition among denture wearers, is frequently associated with Candida albicans (C. albicans) colonization. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to provide a comprehensive assessment of DS prevalence and its relationship with C. albicans in the Indian population. We conducted a thorough search of multiple databases for studies without any limitation to the publication timeframe, using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Eligible studies were assessed for quality and included in the meta-analysis. Data regarding DS prevalence, risk factors, and C. albicans colonization were extracted and analyzed. A total of four studies comprising 415 participants were included in the review. The overall odds ratio (OR) and risk ratio (RR) for the prevalence of C. albicans in DS patients were 0.75 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.99) and 0.83 (95% CI 0.70 to 1.00), respectively, indicating a statistically significant association between DS and C. albicans colonization. Several risk factors, including continuous denture wearing, advanced denture age, poor denture hygiene, and high sugar intake, were identified as contributing to DS development. This systematic review and meta-analysis highlight the substantial burden of DS and its association with C. albicans colonization in the Indian population. The findings emphasize the need for comprehensive oral care, improved denture hygiene, dietary counseling, and interventions to enhance salivary flow in denture wearers to mitigate the risk of DS. These insights can inform healthcare providers and policymakers to develop targeted strategies for DS prevention and management in India. Furthermore, this study emphasizes the significance of oral health awareness and preventive strategies in groups with a high frequency of denture usage in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harkanwal Preet Singh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dasmesh Institute of Research and Dental Sciences (Baba Farid University of Health Sciences), Faridkot, IND
| | - Pardeep Bansal
- Department of Prosthodontics, Dasmesh Institute of Research and Dental Sciences (Baba Farid University of Health Sciences), Faridkot, IND
| | - Thippeswamy Sh
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dasmesh Institute of Research and Dental Sciences (Baba Farid University of Health Sciences), Faridkot, IND
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Marzaman ANF, Roska TP, Sartini S, Utami RN, Sulistiawati S, Enggi CK, Manggau MA, Rahman L, Shastri VP, Permana AD. Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Approaches of Antimicrobial Agents for Selective Delivery in Various Administration Routes. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12050822. [PMID: 37237725 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12050822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the increase of pathogenic bacteria with antibiotic-resistant characteristics has become a critical challenge in medical treatment. The misuse of conventional antibiotics to treat an infectious disease often results in increased resistance and a scarcity of effective antimicrobials to be used in the future against the organisms. Here, we discuss the rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and the need to combat it through the discovery of new synthetic or naturally occurring antibacterial compounds, as well as insights into the application of various drug delivery approaches delivered via various routes compared to conventional delivery systems. AMR-related infectious diseases are also discussed, as is the efficiency of various delivery systems. Future considerations in developing highly effective antimicrobial delivery devices to address antibiotic resistance are also presented here, especially on the smart delivery system of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tri Puspita Roska
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Sartini Sartini
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Rifka Nurul Utami
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | - Latifah Rahman
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Venkatram Prasad Shastri
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, Albert Ludwigs Universitat Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andi Dian Permana
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
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Aljaffary M, Jang H, Alomeir N, Zeng Y, Alkhars N, Vasani S, Almulhim A, Wu TT, Quataert S, Bruno J, Lee A, Xiao J. Effects of Nystatin oral rinse on oral Candida species and Streptococcus mutans among healthy adults. Clin Oral Investig 2023:10.1007/s00784-023-04969-5. [PMID: 36964224 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the effect of Nystatin oral rinse on oral Candida species and Streptococcus mutans carriage. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy adults with oral candidiasis participated in the single-arm clinical trial and received Nystatin oral rinse for 7 days, 4 applications/day, and 600,000 International Units/application. Demographic-socioeconomic-oral-medical conditions were obtained. Salivary and plaque Candida species and Streptococcus mutans were assessed at baseline and 1-week and 3-month follow-ups. Twenty-four salivary cytokines were assessed. Candida albicans isolates underwent Nystatin susceptibility test. RESULTS Half of participants (10/20) were free of salivary C. albicans after using Nystatin rinse. Salivary S. mutans was significantly reduced at 3-month follow-up (p < 0.05). Periodontal status reflected by bleeding-on-probing was significantly improved at 1-week and 3-month follow-ups (p < 0.05). Plaque accumulation was significantly reduced at 1-week follow-up (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the responses to Nystatin oral rinse were not associated with race, gender, age, oral hygiene practice, adherence to Nystatin rinse, or sweet consumption (p > 0.05). No C. albicans isolates were resistant to Nystatin. Furthermore, salivary cytokine eotaxin and fractalkine were significantly reduced at 3-month follow-up among participants who responded to Nystatin rinse (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The study results indicate that oral antifungal treatment had an effect on S. mutans salivary carriage. Future clinical trials are warranted to comprehensively assess the impact of antifungal treatment on the oral flora other than S. mutans and Candida. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Due to the potential cariogenic role of oral Candida species, antifungal approaches shed new light on the prevention and management of dental caries from a fungal perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Aljaffary
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hoonji Jang
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nora Alomeir
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Yan Zeng
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Naemah Alkhars
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of General Dental Practice, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Shruti Vasani
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Abdullah Almulhim
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tong Tong Wu
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Sally Quataert
- Immunology and Microbiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jennifer Bruno
- Immunology and Microbiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Lee
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Jin Xiao
- Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
- Perinatal Oral Health, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, 625 Elmwood Ave, Rochester, 14620, USA.
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Li S, Yang X, Moog C, Wu H, Su B, Zhang T. Neglected mycobiome in HIV infection: Alterations, common fungal diseases and antifungal immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015775. [PMID: 36439143 PMCID: PMC9684632 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection might have effects on both the human bacteriome and mycobiome. Although many studies have focused on alteration of the bacteriome in HIV infection, only a handful of studies have also characterized the composition of the mycobiome in HIV-infected individuals. Studies have shown that compromised immunity in HIV infection might contribute to the development of opportunistic fungal infections. Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), opportunistic fungal infections continue to be a major cause of HIV-related mortality. Human immune responses are known to play a critical role in controlling fungal infections. However, the effect of HIV infection on innate and adaptive antifungal immunity remains unclear. Here, we review recent advances in understanding of the fungal microbiota composition and common fungal diseases in the setting of HIV. Moreover, we discuss innate and adaptive antifungal immunity in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Christiane Moog
- Laboratoire d’ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM) UMR_S 1109, Institut thématique interdisciplinaire (ITI) de Médecine de Précision de Strasbourg, Transplantex NG, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil, France
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Sino-French Joint Laboratory for Research on Humoral Immune Response to HIV Infection, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Punica granatum as Anticandidal and Anti-HIV Agent: An HIV Oral Cavity Potential Drug. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11192622. [PMID: 36235486 PMCID: PMC9571146 DOI: 10.3390/plants11192622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The oral cavity is crucial from diagnosis to adherence to HAART therapy in the HIV/AIDS population; consequently, drugs that can maintain healthy conditions in the oral cavity are necessary for patients with HIV/AIDS. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is a tree that has been employed extensively for centuries in the traditional medicine of ancient cultures for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including oral and dental diseases. In recent decades, its potent anticandidal properties have been shown, especially on Candida albicans, the cause of the most common clinical manifestation in HIV patients. The present work contributes to the review of the anti-HIV and anticandidal properties of the plant species P. granatum as involved with the oral cavity. The literature reviewed revealed that crude extracts of pomegranate and its main isolated compounds possess inhibitory activity on different HIV targets, including binding viral proteins and the three replicative HIV enzymes. In addition, in the literature reviewed, pomegranate exhibited anticandidal effects on 10 different species. Thus, pomegranate appears to be an excellent candidate to explore and incorporate into the treatment of the oral cavity of HIV/AIDS patients, in that, in addition to its pharmacological effects such as antiviral and anticandidal, pomegranate represents an easily available, inexpensive, and safe natural source.
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11
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Resistance profiles to antifungal agents in Candida albicans isolated from human oral cavities: systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:6479-6489. [PMID: 36167858 PMCID: PMC9514684 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04716-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim To identify the antifungal susceptibility profile of Candida spp. isolated from the human oral cavity was assessed with meta-analyses of observational studies that collected samples from the oral cavity of human subjects. Material and methods Isolated Candida albicans tested by E-test®; disk diffusion test; microdilution and macrodilution; Sensititre YeastOne; and/or FungiTest. Search strategies were conducted on the MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Dentistry, and Oral Sciences, Central, Scopus, and LILACS databases, and gray literature sources. Articles were initially screened by title and then their abstracts. Articles that met the conditions for inclusion were read in full, followed by data extraction. A descriptive analysis was conducted of each study, and the data were tabulated. A first meta-analysis was conducted to assess the resistance of antifungals regardless of systemic comorbidities. An additional stratified analysis was conducted by systemic comorbidity groups for the outcome “resistance” to the antifungals. Results When not grouping Candida albicans isolates by systemic conditions, the lowest resistance rates to the antifungals tested were observed for amphotericin B, nystatin, flucytosine, and caspofungin. In contrast, the highest resistance rates were observed for miconazole and econazole. There was a high degree of heterogeneity and low resistance in general in all analyses, except for the “several associated comorbidities” group, which had high resistance rates. Conclusions Clinical C. albicans isolates had low antifungal resistance. Clinical relevance The presence of concomitant systemic comorbidities appears to be an essential factor that should be considered when evaluating resistance to antifungals for oral isolates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-022-04716-2.
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Yamanaka-Takaichi M, Ghanian S, Katzka DA, Torgerson RR, Alavi A. Candida Infection Associated with Anti-IL-17 Medication: A Systematic Analysis and Review of the Literature. Am J Clin Dermatol 2022; 23:469-480. [PMID: 35428934 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-022-00686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Anti-interleukin (IL)-17 agents have shown excellent therapeutic efficacy in patients with psoriasis and are expected to be expanded to other chronic inflammatory diseases. However, patients receiving anti-IL-17 agents are at an increased risk of developing Candida infection, with some agents reported to increase the incidence in a dose-dependent manner. Interleukin-17 is secreted by the Th17 subset of CD4+ lymphocytes, CD8+ T cells, and innate cells, including natural killer T cells, lymphoid tissue inducer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and γδ-T cells, and plays an important role in antifungal defense. Genetic defects in the IL-17-signaling pathway in both humans and animal models render susceptibility to candidiasis caused by Candida albicans. The purpose of this narrative review is to evaluate the literature on the role of IL-17 in protection against candidiasis, the prevalence of candidiasis in anti-IL-17 agent use, and to offer clinical recommendations on the diagnosis and management of anti-IL-17 medication-associated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soha Ghanian
- Department of Dermatology, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - David A Katzka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Afsaneh Alavi
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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13
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Identification of Secondary Metabolites from Mexican Plants with Antifungal Activity against Pathogenic Candida Species. J CHEM-NY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/8631284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, invasive fungal infections caused by Candida species have become an important public health problem, because they are associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised and hospitalized patients. The diagnosis and treatment of candidiasis are difficult and usually inefficient. Accordingly, a diversity of available drugs, currently employed to attack candidiasis, frequently induce resistance in patients promoting toxicity due to long-term treatments. Therefore, development of accurate diagnoses and novel antifungals is of high priority to improve life’s quality and expectancy of individuals infected with this pathogen. Plants are invaluable sources of new biologically active compounds. Among the plants used in Mexico in traditional herbolary medicine which have empirically been demonstrated to have antifungal activity are Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Thymus vulgaris, and Ocimum basilicum. In the present study, we analyzed whether these plants contain metabolites with antifungal activity against five Candida species. The extracts from the different plant organs were obtained by macerating them in ethyl alcohol or hexane and filtering. The obtained extracts were preserved in amber flasks at 4°C until used. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the active compound were determined by a microdilution assay. In addition, the following secondary metabolites were identified: linalool (3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol), eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol), limonene (1-methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)-cyclohexene), and borneol ([(2R)-1,7,7-trimethyl-2-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptanyl] formate). All these compounds were found in the three plants, traditionally used in everyday life, and proved to be effective against Candida species and therefore a viable alternative to conventional antifungals.
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Rajadurai SG, Maharajan MK, Veettil SK, Gopinath D. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Antifungal Agents in the Prophylaxis of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis among HIV-Infected Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040515. [PMID: 35455006 PMCID: PMC9025400 DOI: 10.3390/life12040515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to compare the efficacy and safety of antifungal agents used in the prevention of oropharyngeal candidiasis among HIV-infected adults. A systematic search was conducted in four databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, CENTRAL, and Embase) for eligible randomized control trials (RCTs). The network meta-analyses (NMA) were performed using a random-effects model. Interventions were ranked based on the efficacy and safety using the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA). The quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. From a total of 1574 studies screened, 7 RCTs comprising 959 participants were included in NMA. The use of fluconazole as a prophylactic agent was associated with a significant reduction in incidence of OPC compared to placebo (RR, 0.45 (95% CI: 0.27–0.77)) in HIV-infected adults. The overall quality of evidence was graded as moderate. Fluconazole was ranked the best antifungal for efficacy (SUCRA—95.6%) as well as safety (SUCRA—39.3%) in HIV-infected adults. Overall, the quality of evidence was graded as moderate. Fluconazole can be considered as an effective agent with a better safety profile for the prophylaxis of OPC in HIV-infected adults. However, similar to any other antimicrobial agent, the risk of possibility of resistance must be weighed against the benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamala Gopal Rajadurai
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Mari Kannan Maharajan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia;
| | - Sajesh K. Veettil
- Department of Pharmacotherapy, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA;
| | - Divya Gopinath
- Clinical Oral Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Kaypetch R, Rudrakanjana P, Churnjitapirom P, Tua-Ngam P, Tonput P, Tantivitayakul P. Geraniol and thymoquinone inhibit Candida spp. biofilm formation on acrylic denture resin without affecting surface roughness or color. J Oral Sci 2022; 64:161-166. [PMID: 35321964 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.21-0435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the in vitro effects of geraniol (GE) and thymoquinone (TQ) on Candida biofilms on denture acrylic and any accompanying changes in acrylic surface roughness or color. METHODS The susceptibility of Candida species to GE and TQ was determined using the broth microdilution method and time-kill assay. A minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) assay was performed using 7-day Candida biofilms grown on denture acrylic. RESULTS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of GE and TQ for Candida spp. was 256 and 32 µg/mL, respectively. The Candida strain complete kill rates for GE and TQ at 5-fold MIC were determined after 1 h of incubation. At 5-fold MIC, GE and TQ inhibited the preformed biofilm activity (MBEC80) of all Candida strains on denture acrylic by more than 80% after treatment for 3 h. At sub-MIC levels, GE and TQ prevented the development of C. albicans and C. tropicalis hyphae. SEM images demonstrated that GE and TQ damaged the fungal cell membrane and induced cell lysis. On the other hand, GE and TQ at 10-fold MIC did not alter the surface roughness or color of the denture acrylic. CONCLUSION GE and TQ are interesting natural substances that could be developed as promising disinfectants for removable dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Pairin Tonput
- Research Office, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University
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16
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Ardizzoni A, Boaretto G, Pericolini E, Pinetti D, Capezzone de Joannon A, Durando L, Ragni L, Blasi E. Effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes containing benzydamine on Candida albicans adhesion, biofilm formation, regrowth, and persistence. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:3613-3625. [PMID: 35066687 PMCID: PMC8979862 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04330-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the effects of benzydamine and mouthwashes (MoWs) containing benzydamine on different stages of Candida albicans biofilm: adhesion, formation, persistence, and regrowth (if perturbed). Materials and methods C. albicans CA1398, carrying the bioluminescence ACT1p-gLUC59 fusion product, was employed. Fungal cells were exposed for 1′, 5′, or 15′ to 4 different benzydamine concentrations (0.075 to 0.6%) to 2 mouthwashes (MoWs) containing benzydamine and to a placebo MoW (without benzydamine). Treated cells were tested for adhesion (90 min) and biofilm formation (24-h assay). Next, 24- and 48-h-old biofilms were exposed to benzydamine and MoWs to assess regrowth and persistence, respectively. The effects of benzydamine, MoWs containing benzydamine, and placebo on different biofilm stages were quantified by bioluminescence assay and by the production of quorum sensing (QS) molecules. Results Benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine impaired C. albicans ability to adhere and form biofilm, counteracted C. albicans persistence and regrowth, and impaired a 48-h-old biofilm. Some of these effects paralleled with alterations in QS molecule secretion. Conclusions Our results show for the first time that benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine impair C. albicans capacity to form biofilm and counteract biofilm persistence and regrowth. Clinical relevance Benzydamine and MoWs containing benzydamine capacity to affect C. albicans biofilm provides an interesting tool to prevent and treat oral candidiasis. Likely, restraining C. albicans colonization through daily oral hygiene may counteract colonization and persistence by other critical oral pathogens, such as Streptococcus mutans, whose increased virulence has been linked to the presence of C. albicans biofilm. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00784-021-04330-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ardizzoni
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy.
| | - Giorgia Boaretto
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Eva Pericolini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Diego Pinetti
- Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti (C.I.G.S.), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Durando
- Global R&D PLCM-Angelini Pharma S.p.A., via Vecchia del Pinocchio 22, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lorella Ragni
- Global R&D PLCM-Angelini Pharma S.p.A., via Vecchia del Pinocchio 22, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Blasi
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Dental and Morphological Sciences with interest in Transplant, Oncological and Regenerative Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via Campi, 287, 41125, Modena, Italy
- Graduate School of Microbiology and Virology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Manikandan S, Vinesh E, Selvi DT, Kannan RK, Jayakumar A, Dinakaran J. Prevalence of Candida among denture wearers and nondenture wearers. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2022; 14:S702-S705. [PMID: 36110628 PMCID: PMC9469301 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_781_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A denture wearer is highly prone to develop Candida-associated denture stomatitis (CADS) due to the conversion of the normal oral commensal Candida spp. into a pathogen under favorable conditions. Immuno-compromised status, trauma from the prosthesis, other systemic conditions, and improper maintenance of the dentures by the patient are few of the causative agents which turn the oral balance into an unhealthy and unsuitable foundation for the wearing of the prosthesis. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare subjects wearing complete dentures and nondenture wearers regarding Candida isolates associated with disease and colonization among the different age groups. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 subjects, 30 wearing complete dentures (Group-A) and 30 nondentures wearers (Group-B), were matched for gender, race, and age. The unstimulated saliva sample was collected and cultured in CHROMagar using standard protocols. Results: The mean value of the candidal colony-forming units with respect to Group A is Candida Albicans 0.36 ± 2.008, Candida krusei 0.27 ± 1.061, P value Group B: C. albicans 0.73 ± 2.196, C. krusei 0.36 ± 1.084. There was a significant relation between denture wearers and heavy growth of C. albicans and C. krusei in saliva culture with a P value of P-0.054 and P-0.036, respectively. Conclusions: These results indicate that denture wearers with oral Candida had a higher prevalence of CADS. Patients with removable prostheses should be informed about the importance of proper prosthesis and personal hygiene since dentures and age-related immunosuppression are both well-known risk factors associated with candidiasis development, the presence of yeast, even in healthy denture wearers, should be considered a risk factor for denture stomatitis that increases with the duration of denture use.
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Chang S, Guo H, Li J, Ji Y, Jiang H, Ruan L, Du M. Comparative Analysis of Salivary Mycobiome Diversity in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:781246. [PMID: 34926323 PMCID: PMC8671614 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.781246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reports on alterations in the oral mycobiome of HIV-infected patients are still limited. This study was designed to compare the salivary mycobiome between 30 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections and 30 healthy controls and explore the effect of antiretroviral therapy (ART) administration on the oral mycobiome of HIV infections. Results showed that the diversity and richness of salivary mycobiome in HIV-infected individuals were higher than those of controls (P < 0.05). After ART, the diversity and richness of salivary mycobiome in HIV-infected patients were reduced significantly (P < 0.05). Candida, Mortierella, Malassezia, Simplicillium, and Penicillium were significantly enriched in the HIV group and dramatically decreased after ART. While the relative abundance of Verticillium, Issatchenkia, and Alternaria significantly increased in patients with HIV after ART. Correlation analysis revealed that Mortierella, Malassezia, Simplicillium, and Chaetomium were positively correlated with viral load (VL), whereas Thyrostroma and Archaeorhizomyces were negatively related to VL and positively related to CD4+ T-cell counts. All results showed that HIV infection and ART administration affected the composition of salivary mycobiome communities. Furthermore, differences of salivary mycobiome in HIV infections after ART were complex and might mirror the immune state of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Chang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiying Guo
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaoting Ji
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lianguo Ruan
- Department of Infectious Diseases Treatment, Wuhan Medical Treatment Center, Wuhan, China
| | - Minquan Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Xiao Y, Yuan P, Sun Y, Xu Y, Deng X, Wang X, Liu R, Chen Q, Jiang L. Comparison of topical antifungal agents for oral candidiasis treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2021; 133:282-291. [PMID: 34924340 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and safety of topical antifungal drugs for oral candidiasis in adults and children. STUDY DESIGN Databases were searched from their inception to December 2020. The inclusion criterion was randomized controlled trials comparing topical antifungal agents. The primary outcomes were clinical response and mycological cure rates. The secondary outcomes were adverse reaction incidence and relapse rate. RESULTS In adults with oral candidiasis, fluconazole showed a better clinical response rate than clotrimazole (P = 0.001; risk ratio [RR], 1.14), but a similar mycological cure rate (P = 0.57; RR, 1.03). There was no significant difference in clinical response and mycological cure rates with either fluconazole and amphotericin B (clinical: P = 0.47, RR, 0.96; mycological: P = 0.99, RR, 1.00) or with either itraconazole and clotrimazole (clinical: P = 0.51, RR, 1.06; mycological: P = 0.45, RR, 1.32). For immunocompetent patients, fluconazole was superior to clotrimazole in terms of clinical response rate. For immunosuppressed patients, clotrimazole and itraconazole presented similar clinical response and mycological cure rates, but the relapse rate with itraconazole was lower than that with clotrimazole. In infants, miconazole and nystatin showed similar clinical response rates (P = 0.36; RR, 1.23), whereas miconazole presented a superior mycological cure rate (P = 0.03; RR, 4.03). CONCLUSIONS Fluconazole and amphotericin B are recommended as topical antifungal agents for adults with oral candidiasis. Existing studies tend to recommend fluconazole for immunocompetent patients and itraconazole for immunosuppressed patients, whereas miconazole is recommended for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Peiyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiming Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xianwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Abrantes PMDS, Fisher R, Bouic PJD, McArthur CP, Fielding BC, Africa CWJ. HPLC-MS identification and expression of Candida drug-resistance proteins from African HIV-infected patients. AIMS Microbiol 2021; 7:320-335. [PMID: 34708175 PMCID: PMC8500794 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2021020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to elucidate the proteomic mechanisms of drug resistance in HIV-infected African patients. Cell membrane fractions from forty oral Candida isolates isolated from African HIV-positive patients were analysed using HPLC-MS with the aim of identifying proteins associated with their pathogenicity and drug resistance. Heat shock proteins that mediate the fungicidal activity of salivary peptides were found in all tested Candida fractions, with pH-responsive proteins associated with increased pathogenicity only being present in the three most commonly isolated species. ABC multidrug transporter efflux pumps and estrogen binding proteins were only found in C. albicans fractions, while ergosterol biosynthesis proteins were identified in four species. The combination of various adherence, invasion, upregulation and efflux pump mechanisms appear to be instrumental for the Candida host colonization and drug resistance emergence in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M D S Abrantes
- Maternal Endogenous Infections Studies (MEnIS) Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Randall Fisher
- Separated Sector Cyclotron Laboratory, iThemba LABS, Radiation Biophysics Division, National Research Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Carole P McArthur
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Burtram C Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
| | - Charlene W J Africa
- Maternal Endogenous Infections Studies (MEnIS) Research Laboratories, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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21
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Li S, Su B, He QS, Wu H, Zhang T. Alterations in the oral microbiome in HIV infection: causes, effects and potential interventions. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2788-2798. [PMID: 34670249 PMCID: PMC8667981 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT A massive depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes has been described in early and acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, leading to an imbalance between the human microbiome and immune responses. In recent years, a growing interest in the alterations in gut microbiota in HIV infection has led to many studies; however, only few studies have been conducted to explore the importance of oral microbiome in HIV-infected individuals. Evidence has indicated the dysbiosis of oral microbiota in people living with HIV (PLWH). Potential mechanisms might be related to the immunodeficiency in the oral cavity of HIV-infected individuals, including changes in secretory components such as reduced levels of enzymes and proteins in saliva and altered cellular components involved in the reduction and dysfunction of innate and adaptive immune cells. As a result, disrupted oral immunity in HIV-infected individuals leads to an imbalance between the oral microbiome and local immune responses, which may contribute to the development of HIV-related diseases and HIV-associated non-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome comorbidities. Although the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant decrease in occurrence of the opportunistic oral infections in HIV-infected individuals, the dysbiosis in oral microbiome persists. Furthermore, several studies with the aim to investigate the ability of probiotics to regulate the dysbiosis of oral microbiota in HIV-infected individuals are ongoing. However, the effects of ART and probiotics on oral microbiome in HIV-infected individuals remain unclear. In this article, we review the composition of the oral microbiome in healthy and HIV-infected individuals and the possible effect of oral microbiome on HIV-associated oral diseases. We also discuss how ART and probiotics influence the oral microbiome in HIV infection. We believe that a deeper understanding of composition and function of the oral microbiome is critical for the development of effective preventive and therapeutic strategies for HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Qiu-Shui He
- Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku 20520, Finland
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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22
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Perla N, Kumar S, Jadhav A, Bhalinge P, Dadpe M, Acharya S. Quantification of Oral Candidal Carriage Rate and Prevalence of Oral Candidal Species in HIV Patients with and Without Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2021; 9:145-153. [PMID: 35070688 PMCID: PMC8751674 DOI: 10.4103/jmau.jmau_32_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most documents review decrease in the prevalence of HIV related oral lesions to the tune of 10-50% following the advent of HAART. However long term use of HAART on oral health status of HIV infected subjects is poorly documented. Also antifungal agents can effectively treat mucosal candidiasis. However their use can lead to colonization with less susceptible strains among normal susceptible strains. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To know the candidal carriage rate (i.e. presence/absence of candidal growth), candidal density(CFUs/ml) & species variations (species diversity) in HIV positive individuals with and without highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), attending the regional voluntary Counselling and Confidential Testing Centre (VCCTC). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study population were categorized into 3 groups. Method followed were Germ tube test, Chlamydospore formation test, CHROM-Agar test. RESULTS Quantification comparison study of candidal carriage rate, density with detection of various candidal species in the oral cavity of HIV-positive individuals with and without HAART therapy was conducted. CONCLUSION HIV positive individuals with HAART therapy treatment prooved higher candidal carriage rate and lower density than Non-HAART category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitesh Perla
- Oral Pathologist, Dental Clinician, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sourab Kumar
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Abhishek Jadhav
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Payoshnee Bhalinge
- Department of Oral Pathology, M. A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mrunalini Dadpe
- Department of Oral Pathology, M. A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Science and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Siddharth Acharya
- Department of Oral Pathology, D Y Patil School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Comparative Efficacy of Antifungal Agents Used in the Treatment of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis among HIV-Infected Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080637. [PMID: 34436176 PMCID: PMC8398874 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the comparative efficacy and safety of different antifungal agents used for the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) in adult patients with HIV. A systematic search was performed on the four major databases (Medline, Embase, CENTRAL and Scopus) to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the efficacy of antifungal agents in HIV patients with OPC. A network meta-analysis was performed from the data extracted from the selected studies. The agents were ranked according using surface under the cumulative ranking (SUCRA). The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to determine the quality of evidence. A total of 15 trials were included in the quantitative analysis involving the data from a total of 2883 participants. Fluconazole was ranked as the most effective antifungal agent to achieve clinical cure (SUCRA = 0.87) in OPC followed by posaconazole and itraconazole. Posaconazole was ranked the most efficacious agent in achieving mycological cure (SUCRA = 0.81), followed by fluconazole. While nystatin was ranked the safest, the effect estimates of none of the other systemic antifungal agents were significantly higher than fluconazole. Based on the available evidence, fluconazole can be considered as the most effective drug in the treatment of OPC among HIV-infected adults and has a favorable safety profile, followed by posaconazole.
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Li S, Zhu J, Su B, Wei H, Chen F, Liu H, Wei J, Yang X, Zhang Q, Xia W, Wu H, He Q, Zhang T. Alteration in Oral Microbiome Among Men Who Have Sex With Men With Acute and Chronic HIV Infection on Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:695515. [PMID: 34336719 PMCID: PMC8317457 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.695515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related oral disease remains a common problem for people living with HIV (PLWH). Evidence suggests that impairment of immune function in HIV infection might lead to the conversion of commensal bacteria to microorganisms with increased pathogenicity. However, limited information is available about alteration in oral microbiome in PLWH on ART. We performed a longitudinal comparative study on men who have sex with men (MSM) with acute HIV infection (n=15), MSM with chronic HIV infection (n=15), and HIV-uninfected MSM controls (n=15). Throat swabs were collected when these subjects were recruited (W0) and 12 weeks after ART treatment (W12) from the patients. Genomic DNAs were extracted and 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed. Microbiome diversity was significantly decreased in patients with acute and chronic HIV infections compared with those in controls at the sampling time of W0 and the significant difference remained at W12. An increased abundance of unidentified Prevotellaceae was found in patients with acute and chronic HIV infections. Moreover, increased abundances of Prevotella in subjects with acute HIV infection and Streptococcus in subjects with chronic HIV infection were observed. In contrast, greater abundance in Lactobacillus, Rothia, Lautropia, and Bacteroides was found in controls. After effective ART, Bradyrhizobium was enriched in both acute and chronic HIV infections, whereas in controls, Lactobacillus, Rothia, Clostridia, Actinobacteria, and Ruminococcaceae were enriched. In addition, we found that lower CD4+ T-cell counts (<200 cells/mm3) were associated with lower relative abundances of Haemophilus, Actinomyces, unidentified Ruminococcaceae, and Rothia. This study has shown alteration in oral microbiome resulting from HIV infection and ART. The results obtained warrant further studies in a large number of subjects with different ethnics. It might contribute to improved oral health in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wei
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongshan Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xia
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiushui He
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Center for Infections and Immunity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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25
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Oral Candidosis: Pathophysiology and Best Practice for Diagnosis, Classification, and Successful Management. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070555. [PMID: 34356934 PMCID: PMC8306613 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral candidosis is the most common fungal infection that frequently occurs in patients debilitated by other diseases or conditions. No candidosis happens without a cause; hence oral candidosis has been branded as a disease of the diseased. Prior research has identified oral candidosis as a mark of systemic diseases, such as hematinic deficiency, diabetes mellitus, leukopenia, HIV/AIDS, malignancies, and carbohydrate-rich diet, drugs, or immunosuppressive conditions. An array of interaction between Candida and the host is dynamic and complex. Candida exhibits multifaceted strategies for growth, proliferation, evasion of host defenses, and survival within the host to induce fungal infection. Oral candidosis presents a variety of clinical forms, including pseudomembranous candidosis, erythematous candidosis, angular cheilitis, median rhomboid glossitis, cheilocandidosis, juxtavermillion candidosis, mucocutaneous candidosis, hyperplastic candidosis, oropharyngeal candidosis, and rare suppurative candidosis. The prognosis is usually favorable, but treatment failure or recurrence is common due to either incorrect diagnosis, missing other pathology, inability to address underlying risk factors, or inaccurate prescription of antifungal agents. In immunocompromised patients, oropharyngeal candidosis can spread to the bloodstream or upper gastrointestinal tract, leading to potentially lethal systemic candidosis. This review therefore describes oral candidosis with regard to its pathophysiology and best practice for diagnosis, practical classification, and successful management.
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26
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Almangour TA, Kaye KS, Alessa M, Eljaaly K, Sfouq Aleanizy F, Alsharidi A, Al Majid FM, Alotaibi NH, Alzeer AA, Alnezary FS, Alhifany AA. Efficacy of clotrimazole for the management of oral candidiasis: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Saudi Pharm J 2021; 29:315-323. [PMID: 33994826 PMCID: PMC8093540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the efficacy and safety of topical application of clotrimazole versus others in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Method Four electronic databases, registries of ongoing trials, and manual search were used to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of clotrimazole to other antifungal agents in patients who were clinically diagnosed with oral candidiasis up to November 1st, 2019. Primary outcomes were clinical response and mycological cure rates. Secondary outcomes include relapse rate, incidence of systemic infections, and compliance. Adverse effects were also evaluated. Results Sixteen RCTs with a total of 1685 patients were included. Half of the eligible studies were considered at high risk of performance bias and more than a third, at high risk of reporting bias. Our analysis showed no significant difference in clinical response between clotrimazole and all other antifungal agents. However, clotrimazole was less effective in terms of mycologic cure and relapse rate. Sensitivity analysis comparing clotrimazole to other topical antifungal agents only showed no differences in clinical response, microbiologic cure or relapse. Further sensitivity analysis showed significant efficacy of fluconazole over clotrimazole. Conclusion This meta-analysis indicated that clotrimazole is less effective than fluconazole but as effective as other topical therapies in treating OPC. Well-designed high-quality RCT is needed to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamer A Almangour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Keith S Kaye
- Director of Clinical Research, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, 5510A MSRB I, SPC 5680, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5680, United States
| | - Mohammed Alessa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Eljaaly
- Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Pharmacy College, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aynaa Alsharidi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M Al Majid
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif H Alotaibi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, PO Box 7805, Riyadh 11472, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A Alzeer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faris S Alnezary
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medinah, Saudi Arabia.,University of Houston College of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, 4901 Calhoun Rd #3044, Houston, TX 77204, United States
| | - Abdullah A Alhifany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University P.O. Box 13578 Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
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27
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Oro-facial opportunistic infections and related pathologies in HIV patients: A comprehensive review. Dis Mon 2021; 67:101170. [PMID: 33618831 DOI: 10.1016/j.disamonth.2021.101170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Among all the viral infections, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is considered as one of the most morbid infections caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The prime reason for the pathogenesis is the profound immunosuppression that leads to lethal opportunistic infections (OI), neurological disorders, unexpected malignancies and pathologies of the orofacial region. Patients with OI whose HIV status is unknown have shown a mortality rate higher than those with known HIV status. Among HIV-associated infections, orofacial lesions contribute a major proportion of the OI attributed to the plethora of micro-organisms present in the oral cavity. Apart from serious clinical manifestations, opportunistic infections also lead to significant impairment of quality of life. These lesions not only indicate the HIV infection but also among the clinical manifestations, which often occur early in the course of disease. World Health Organization has also provided policies for treatment/prevention of oral lesions, strengthening the promotion and care of oral health in HIV/AIDS patients. The present review provides comprehensive information about orofacial OI in HIV/AIDS patients and emphasis was also given to the malignancies associated with EB and HTLV virus.
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28
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A Second-Generation Fungerp Analog, SCY-247, Shows Potent In Vivo Activity in a Murine Model of Hematogenously Disseminated Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01989-20. [PMID: 33318003 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01989-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinocandins are a first-line therapy for Candida infections through their ability to inhibit the synthesis of polymer β-(1,3)-d-glucan. However, there has been an emergence of multidrug-resistant fungal species necessitating the development of novel antifungal agents to combat invasive fungal infections. SCY-247, a second-generation glucan synthase inhibitor of the triterpenoid class (fungerps), is currently being developed as a potential therapy option. We determined the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of SCY-247 following oral (gavage) administration in mice and evaluated the efficacy of SCY-247 in a murine model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis caused by Candida albicans Plasma concentrations of SCY-247 were measurable through the last collected time point in all dose groups. Mean concentrations of SCY-247 increased with dose levels, with concentrations of SCY-247 higher after multiple doses than after a single dose. Treatment with SCY-247 resulted in decreased fungal burden and improvement in survival rates against C. albicans disseminated infection. Treatment with 10 mg/kg of body weight of SCY-247 showed a significant reduction in CFU compared with the untreated control (3-log decrease on average) (P = 0.008). Similarly, 40 mg/kg SCY-247 demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in kidney CFU compared with untreated mice (average log CFU ± SD of 2.38 ± 2.58 versus 6.26 ± 0.51; P = 0.001). Mice treated with SCY-247 at 40 mg/kg exhibited a 100% survival rate at the end of the study, contrasted with 62.5% (5 of 8) survival rate in untreated mice. The results of this investigation indicate that SCY-247 is a promising novel anti-fungal agent with activity against Candida infections.
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29
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Alves MDS, Fugisaki LRDO, Dos Santos JD, Scorzoni L, Medina RP, Silva DHS, Junqueira JC. Antifungal effects of Streptococcus mutans extract on Candida strains susceptible and resistant to fluconazole: An in vivo study. Med Mycol 2021; 59:744-747. [PMID: 33594432 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that the crude extract obtained from Streptococcus mutans inhibited the growth of Candida albicans reference strains. In this study, we evaluated whether the antifungal effects of S. mutans extract can be extended to clinical Candida isolates, including C. albicans and non-abicans strains with different susceptibilities to fluconazole. We verified that S. mutans extract increased the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans and C. glabrata and inhibited the fungal cells in hemolymph. These antifungal effects occurred for both fluconazole-susceptible and fluconazole-resistant strains. However, larvae infected by C. krusei were not affected by S. mutans extract. LAY SUMMARY Streptococcus mutans crude extract shows antifungal effects on clinical Candida strains susceptible and resistant to fluconazole in Galleria mellonella model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de Sá Alves
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Ruano de Oliveira Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Diane Dos Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Liliana Scorzoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Previate Medina
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Dulce Helena Siqueira Silva
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, 14800-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos, 12245-000, SP, Brazil
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30
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Colonization of Candida After the Placement of a Tongue Piercing, a Case Report. ACTA MEDICA TRANSILVANICA 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/amtsb-2020-0076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The practice of piercing the body’s different areas is a commonly observed form of body modification. It implies puncturing the skin tissue resulted in an opening, in which specific jewellery or an intradermal implant could be inserted. The tongue piercing is a highly popular form of this practice, but can be followed by multiple acute and chronic complications, such as bacterial and fungal infections. Our case describes the clinical situation of a 25 year old immunocompetent woman, who sought medical help after observing tissue abnormalities, following a newly inserted tongue piercing. We identified a correctly and professionally placed tongue jewellery associated with all clinical hallmarks of oral Candidiasis. Our aim was to microbiologically identify and treat the present yeast colonies.
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31
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OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS WITH ORAL INJURIES IN HIV-INFECTED PATIENTS BEFORE PRESCRIPTION AND AGAINST THE BACKGROUND OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY. WORLD OF MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.26724/2079-8334-2021-4-78-95-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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32
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Aboualigalehdari E, Tahmasebi Birgani M, Fatahinia M, Hosseinzadeh M. Oral colonization by Candida species and associated factors in HIV-infected patients in Ahvaz, southwest Iran. Epidemiol Health 2020; 42:e2020033. [PMID: 32512666 PMCID: PMC7644944 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oropharyngeal candidiasis is one of the most common opportunistic fungal infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. The most common cause is Candida albicans, followed by non-albicans Candida. This study aimed to identify colonized Candida species in HIV-infected patients from Ahvaz, Iran. Additionally, the relationships between immunity-related factors, lifestyle, and colonization of Candida spp. were studied. METHODS Oral swabs were taken from 201 HIV-positive patients referred for consultations at the Behavioral Modification Center. Oral Candida colonization was detected using culture-based and molecular assays. Data were assessed by descriptive statistics and analyzed to investigate the correlation between Candida colonization and various factors, including the CD4+ cell count and viral load. RESULTS It was found that 43.8% of patients were positive for Candida. The most common species was C. albicans (48.0%), followed by non-albicans Candida isolates, including C. dubliniensis, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, C. guilliermondii, C. kefyr, and C. krusei. Colonization of Candida spp. in patients was associated with a CD4 count ≤200 cells/mm3 (odds ratio [OR], 4.62; p<0.05), history of shared injections (OR, 6.96; p<0.001), and sex (OR, 3.59; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that C. albicans was the dominant pathogen. The risk factors for colonization of Candida spp. were a CD4 count ≤ 200/mm3 , a history of shared injections, and sex. Other factors with potential relationships include viral load, age, and opportunistic infections, but further investigations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Aboualigalehdari
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Tahmasebi Birgani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Fatahinia
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehran Hosseinzadeh
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Development of Probiotic Formulations for Oral Candidiasis Prevention: Gellan Gum as a Carrier To Deliver Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02323-19. [PMID: 32253208 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02323-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics might provide an alternative approach for the control of oral candidiasis. However, studies on the antifungal activity of probiotics in the oral cavity are based on the consumption of yogurt or other dietary products, and it is necessary to use appropriate biomaterials and specific strains to obtain probiotic formulations targeted for local oral administration. In this study, we impregnated gellan gum, a natural biopolymer used as a food additive, with a probiotic and investigated its antifungal activity against Candida albicans Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4, a strain recently isolated from the oral cavity of a caries-free individual, was incorporated in several concentrations of gellan gum (0.6% to 1% [wt/vol]). All tested concentrations could incorporate L. paracasei cells while maintaining bacterial viability. Probiotic-gellan gum formulations were stable for 7 days when stored at room temperature or 4°C. Long-term storage of bacterium-impregnated gellan gum was achieved when L. paracasei 28.4 was lyophilized. The probiotic-gellan gum formulations provided a release of L. paracasei cells over 24 h that was sufficient to inhibit the growth of C. albicans, with effects dependent on the cell concentrations incorporated into gellan gum. The probiotic-gellan gum formulations also had inhibitory activity against Candida sp. biofilms by reducing the number of Candida sp. cells (P < 0.0001), decreasing the total biomass (P = 0.0003), and impairing hyphae formation (P = 0.0002), compared to the control group which received no treatment. Interestingly, a probiotic formulation of 1% (wt/vol) gellan gum provided an oral colonization of L. paracasei in mice with approximately 6 log CFU/ml after 10 days. This formulation inhibited C. albicans growth (P < 0.0001), prevented the development of candidiasis lesions (P = 0.0013), and suppressed inflammation (P = 0.0006) compared to the mice not treated in the microscopic analysis of the tongue dorsum. These results indicate that gellan gum is a promising biomaterial and can be used as a carrier system to promote oral colonization for probiotics that prevent oral candidiasis.
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Naicker SD, Mpembe RS, Maphanga TG, Zulu TG, Desanto D, Wadula J, Mvelase N, Maluleka C, Reddy K, Dawood H, Maloba M, Govender NP. Decreasing fluconazole susceptibility of clinical South African Cryptococcus neoformans isolates over a decade. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008137. [PMID: 32231354 PMCID: PMC7108701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fluconazole is used in combination with amphotericin B for induction treatment of cryptococcal meningitis and as monotherapy for consolidation and maintenance treatment. More than 90% of isolates from first episodes of cryptococcal disease had a fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ≤4 μg/ml in a Gauteng population-based surveillance study of Cryptococcus neoformans in 2007–2008. We assessed whether fluconazole resistance had emerged in clinical cryptococcal isolates over a decade. Methodology and principal findings We prospectively collected C. neoformans isolates from 1 January through 31 March 2017 from persons with a first episode of culture-confirmed cryptococcal disease at 37 South African hospitals. Isolates were phenotypically confirmed to C. neoformans species-complex level. We determined fluconazole MICs (range: 0.125 μg/ml to 64 μg/ml) of 229 C. neoformans isolates using custom-made broth microdilution panels prepared, inoculated and read according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute M27-A3 and M60 recommendations. These MIC values were compared to MICs of 249 isolates from earlier surveillance (2007–2008). Clinical data were collected from patients during both surveillance periods. There were more males (61% vs 39%) and more participants on combination induction antifungal treatment (92% vs 32%) in 2017 compared to 2007–2008. The fluconazole MIC50, MIC90 and geometric mean MIC was 4 μg/ml, 8 μg/ml and 4.11 μg/ml in 2017 (n = 229) compared to 1 μg/ml, 2 μg/ml and 2.08 μg/ml in 2007–2008 (n = 249) respectively. Voriconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole Etests were performed on 16 of 229 (7%) C. neoformans isolates with a fluconazole MIC value of ≥16 μg/ml; only one had MIC values of >32 μg/ml for these three antifungal agents. Conclusions and significance Fluconazole MIC50 and MIC90 values were two-fold higher in 2017 compared to 2007–2008. Although there are no breakpoints, higher fluconazole doses may be required to maintain efficacy of standard treatment regimens for cryptococcal meningitis. Cryptococcus neoformans, a pathogenic fungal species-complex with an environmental niche, is the most common cause of meningitis among HIV-seropositive adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Fluconazole is recommended in combination with amphotericin B for induction treatment of cryptococcal meningitis and as monotherapy for consolidation and maintenance treatment. Fluconazole is also commonly prescribed to HIV-seropositive individuals for other indications; fluconazole exposure may result in secondary resistance if patients have concurrent active cryptococcal disease. Azole fungicides used in agriculture may potentially drive primary cryptococcal resistance when the fungus is exposed to these fungicides in the environment. We aimed to determine fluconazole MICs in 2017 and compare these values to those obtained in a 2007–2008 South African survey to assess whether fluconazole resistance had emerged in C. neoformans over a decade. We found that the proportion of isolates with an MIC of ≥16 μg/ml increased from 0% in 2007–2008 to 7% in 2017. MIC50 and MIC90 values were also two-fold higher in 2017 compared to 2007–2008. These study findings provided evidence for higher fluconazole dose recommendations (in combination with amphotericin B for the induction phase and as monotherapy for consolidation and maintenance phases) in the 2019 Southern African guideline for HIV-associated cryptococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serisha D. Naicker
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruth S. Mpembe
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tsidiso G. Maphanga
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Thokozile G. Zulu
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Daniel Desanto
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jeannette Wadula
- National Health Laboratory Service, Microbiology Laboratory, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nomonde Mvelase
- National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Medical Microbiology, RK Khan Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Caroline Maluleka
- National Health Laboratory Service, Microbiology Laboratory, Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Kessendri Reddy
- National Health Laboratory Service, Microbiology Laboratory, Tygerberg Academic Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Halima Dawood
- National Health Laboratory Service, Microbiology Laboratory, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Motlatji Maloba
- National Health Laboratory Service, Department of Medical Microbiology, Universitas Academic Laboratory Complex, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Nelesh P. Govender
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases (Centre for Healthcare-Associated Infections, Antimicrobial Resistance and Mycoses), a Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Romo JA, Kumamoto CA. On Commensalism of Candida. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6010016. [PMID: 31963458 PMCID: PMC7151168 DOI: 10.3390/jof6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida species are both opportunistic fungal pathogens and common members of the human mycobiome. Over the years, the main focus of the fungal field has been on understanding the pathogenic potential and disease manifestation of these organisms. Therefore, understanding of their commensal lifestyle, interactions with host epithelial barriers, and initial transition into pathogenesis is less developed. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge on the commensal lifestyle of these fungi, how they are able to adhere to and colonize host epithelial surfaces, compete with other members of the microbiota, and interact with the host immune response, as well as their transition into opportunistic pathogens by invading the gastrointestinal epithelium.
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SCORZONI LILIANA, MENEZES RAQUELTDE, PEREIRA THAISC, OLIVEIRA PRISCILAS, RIBEIRO FELIPEDECAMARGO, SANTOS EVELYNLUZIADESOUZA, FUGISAKI LUCIANAR, OLIVEIRA LUCIANEDDE, AMORIM JOSÉBENEDITOO. Antifungal and anti-biofilm effect of the calcium channel blocker verapamil on non-albicans Candida species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 92:e20200703. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020200703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wadhwa R, Pandey P, Gupta G, Aggarwal T, Kumar N, Mehta M, Satija S, Gulati M, Madan JR, Dureja H, Balusamy SR, Perumalsamy H, Maurya PK, Collet T, Tambuwala MM, Hansbro PM, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Emerging Complexity and the Need for Advanced Drug Delivery in Targeting Candida Species. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2593-2609. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191026105308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background:Candida species are the important etiologic agents for candidiasis, the most prevalent cause of opportunistic fungal infections. Candida invasion results in mucosal to systemic infections through immune dysfunction and helps in further invasion and proliferation at several sites in the host. The host defence system utilizes a wide array of the cells, proteins and chemical signals that are distributed in blood and tissues which further constitute the innate and adaptive immune system. The lack of antifungal agents and their limited therapeutic effects have led to high mortality and morbidity related to such infections.Methods:The necessary information collated on this review has been gathered from various literature published from 1995 to 2019.Results:This article sheds light on novel drug delivery approaches to target the immunological axis for several Candida species (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. rugose, C. hemulonii, etc.).Conclusion:It is clear that the novel drug delivery approaches include vaccines, adoptive transfer of primed immune cells, recombinant cytokines, therapeutic antibodies, and nanoparticles, which have immunomodulatory effects. Such advancements in targeting various underpinning mechanisms using the concept of novel drug delivery will provide a new dimension to the fungal infection clinic particularly due to Candida species with improved patient compliance and lesser side effects. This advancement in knowledge can also be extended to target various other similar microbial species and infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridhima Wadhwa
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Parijat Pandey
- Shri Baba Mastnath Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Baba Mastnath University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jagatpura 302 017, Jaipur, India
| | - Taru Aggarwal
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201303, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Amity Institute for Advanced Research & Studies (M&D), Amity University, Noida 201303, India
| | - Meenu Mehta
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Satija
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Delhi G.T. Road (NH-1), Phagwara-144411, Punjab, India
| | - Jyotsna R. Madan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, Kondhwa, Pune, 411048, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharishi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001, India
| | - Sri R. Balusamy
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, Korea
| | - Haribalan Perumalsamy
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, Korea
| | - Pawan K. Maurya
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Jant-Pali, Mahendergarh District 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Trudi Collet
- Innovative Medicines Group, Institute of Health & Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, County Londonderry, BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Kamal Dua
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Bajhol, Sultanpur, Solan, Himachal Pradesh 173 229, Australia
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Bays DJ, Thompson GR. Fungal Infections of the Stem Cell Transplant Recipient and Hematologic Malignancy Patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2019; 33:545-566. [PMID: 31005138 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in chemotherapy and supportive care, morbidity and mortality remain high for patients with hematologic malignancies (HMs). Those who require hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) often require significant immunosuppression and are subject to a variety of complications. These patients carry multiple risk factors for infectious complications, including the development of invasive fungal infections, compared with the general population. Because antifungal prophylaxis has been widely adopted, there has been a shift away from invasive candidiasis toward invasive mold infections, including breakthrough infections. For patients with HM and HSCT, we outline the epidemiology, manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of invasive fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J Bays
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street, Suite 3100, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - George R Thompson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Davis Medical Center, 4150 V Street, Suite G500, Sacramento, CA 96817, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California - Davis, One Shields Avenue, Tupper Hall, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Ribeiro F, Rossoni R, Barros P, Santos J, Fugisaki L, Leão M, Junqueira J. Action mechanisms of probiotics on
Candida
spp. and candidiasis prevention: an update. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 129:175-185. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F.C. Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - R.D. Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - P.P. Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - J.D. Santos
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - L.R.O. Fugisaki
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
| | - M.P.V. Leão
- Bioscience Basic Institute University of Taubaté Bom Conselho Taubaté SP Brazil
| | - J.C. Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis Institute of Science and Technology São Paulo State University/UNESP Sao Jose dos Campos Brazil
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Ariamanesh H, Tamizi N, Yazdinezhad A, Salah S, Motamed N, Amanloo S. The Effectiveness of Nigella Sativa Alcoholic Extract on the Inhibition of Candida Albicans Colonization and Formation of Plaque on Acrylic Denture Plates: an In Vitro Study. JOURNAL OF DENTISTRY (SHIRAZ, IRAN) 2019; 20:171-177. [PMID: 31579691 PMCID: PMC6732174 DOI: 10.30476/dentjods.2019.44911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Due to growing concerns on complications of chemical drugs, the use of herbal extracts has been considered as denture cleaning solutions. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to evaluate the in-vitro effects of Nigella sativa on the cleansing of the formation of Candida albicans plaque on the acrylic resin pieces. MATERIALS AND METHOD In this experimental study, 30 pieces of acrylic resin were contaminated by Candida albicans suspension. Then, the acrylic pieces were randomly divided into six groups and treated with 0.2, 0.4, 20, and 200 mg/ml of Nigella sativa, 100,000 units of nystatin (positive control), and distilled water (negative control) for 8 hours. At the end of the exposure period of the drugs, the rinse solution from acrylic pieces was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and the average of the colonies from each group was compared. RESULTS The average number of colonies obtained at concentrations of 0.2, 0.4, 20, and 200 mg/ml of Nigella sativa were 122.6, 117.8, 73.4, and 14.4 colonies, respectively, as compared to distilled water (141.6) and nystatin (0) that had a significant difference (p< 0.001). CONCLUSION Nigella sativa extract at definite concentration is capable of clearing dental prosthesis, but compared to nystatin, it is weaker. However, due to the indirect immune-regulatory effects of Nigella sativa, it is suggested that other studies be conducted to investigate the therapeutic properties of Nigella sativa from the aspects of antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and oral ulcer healing in candida oral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafez Ariamanesh
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nasim Tamizi
- Dentist, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Yazdinezhad
- Dept. of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Shilan Salah
- Dept. of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nima Motamed
- Dept. of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Saeid Amanloo
- Dept. of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Hu L, Zhou M, Young A, Zhao W, Yan Z. In vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics on prophylaxis and treatment of oral candidiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:140. [PMID: 31291932 PMCID: PMC6621984 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0841-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To systematically review and assess the in vivo effectiveness and safety of probiotics for prophylaxis and treating oral candidiasis. Methods A literature search for studies published in English until August 1, 2018 was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Randomized controlled clinical trials and experimental mouse animal model studies comparing probiotics (at any dosage and in any form) with control groups (placebo, blank control or other agents) and reporting outcomes of the prophylactic and therapeutic effects were considered for inclusion. A descriptive study and, potentially, a meta-analysis were planned. Results Six randomized controlled clinical trials and 5 controlled experiments of mouse animal models were included in the systematic review. Four randomized controlled clinical trials comparing a probiotics group with a placebo/blank control group in 480 elderly and denture wearers were included in the meta-analysis. The overall combined odds ratio of the (random effects) meta-analysis was 0.24 (95% CI =0.09–0.63, P < 0.01). The overall combined odds ratio of the (fixed effects) sensitivity analysis was 0.39 (95% CI =0.25–0.60, P < 0.01) by excluding a study with the smallest sample size. These analyses showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the effect of probiotics compared with the control groups in elderly and denture wearers. The remaining 2 studies compared probiotics with other agents in a population aged 18–75 years and children aged 6–14 years respectively, and were analyzed descriptively. Meta-analysis and descriptive analyses indicated that probiotics were potentially effective in reducing morbidity, improving clinical symptoms and reducing oral Candida counts in oral candidiasis. The biases of the included studies were low or uncertain. The relatively common complaints reported were gastrointestinal discomfort and unpleasant taste, and no severe adverse events were reported. Conclusions Probiotics were superior to the placebo and blank control in preventing and treating oral candidiasis in the elderly and denture wearers. Although probiotics showed a favorable effect in treating oral candidiasis, more evidence is required to warrant their effectiveness when compared with conventional antifungal treatments. Moreover, data on the safety of probiotics are still insufficient, and further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Hu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Mimi Zhou
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrew Young
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, University of the Pacific, 155 Fifth Street, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Yan
- Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, 22 South Zhongguancun Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
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Kriukov AI, Kunelskaya VY, Ivoylov AJ, Izotova GN, Shadrin GB, Machulin AI. [Fungal adenoiditis and tonsillomycosis in children: features of diagnosis and therapy]. Vestn Otorinolaringol 2019; 84:78-83. [PMID: 31198221 DOI: 10.17116/otorino20198402178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the work is to study the current state of the problem of diagnosing and treating fungal adenoiditis and tonsillomycosis in children. This article summarizes the literature data on the predisposing factors and characteristics of the occurrence of fungal infections of adenoid vegetations and tonsils in children. The works present modern approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of children with fungal adenoiditis and tonsillomycosis, depending on the selected genus and the type of fungus. Based on the conducted research, performed on the basis of "The Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute", we found that the incidence of fungal adenoiditis in children is 16.4%, and the incidence of tonsillomicosis in children with chronic tonsillitis is 21.5%. The most frequently detected strain in this pathology is C. albicans. In the presented study, a justification of the chosen treatment regimen was made on the basis of the data obtained during microbiological (bacteriological and mycological) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Kriukov
- 'The Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute', Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117152; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117997
| | - V Ya Kunelskaya
- 'The Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute', Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117152
| | - A Ju Ivoylov
- 'The Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute', Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117152; Children's city hospital named after G.N. Speransky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 123317; Children's city hospital named after G.N. Speransky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 123317
| | - G N Izotova
- 'The Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute', Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117152
| | - G B Shadrin
- 'The Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute', Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117152
| | - A I Machulin
- 'The Sverzhevskiy Otorhinolaryngology Healthcare Research Institute', Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 117152; Children's city hospital named after G.N. Speransky, Moscow Department of Healthcare, Moscow, Russian Federation, 123317
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Rossoni RD, Ribeiro FDC, dos Santos HFS, dos Santos JD, Oliveira NDS, Dutra MTDS, de Lapena SAB, Junqueira JC. Galleria mellonella as an experimental model to study human oral pathogens. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 101:13-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Davaadorj M, Ser-Od T, Al-Wahabi A, Kokubu E, Inoue T. Effect of Mongolian Herbal Tea on Growth of Candida albicans. THE BULLETIN OF TOKYO DENTAL COLLEGE 2019; 60:61-66. [PMID: 30700645 DOI: 10.2209/tdcpublication.2018-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans, one of the main pathogens in the oral cavity, is involved in the development of oral candidiasis. Various components of tea, and especially polyphenols, are believed to be effective against the growth of yeast or bacteria. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of polyphenols in Mongolian herbal tea on growth of C. albicans. Tea extract was prepared from Mongolian herbal tea and diluted with distilled water (DW) at concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50%. Distilled water was used as the control. Acidification of the medium was determined by measuring its pH; the presence of polyphenols by the Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetric method; and growth of C. albicans by absorbance at a wavelength of 630 nm at 0-, 6-, 12-, and 24-hr intervals. The pH of the medium was 5.2 to 5.27 in all experimental groups compared with 7.1 in the control group. Polyphenols were present in all experimental groups, and at significantly higher levels than in the control group. Growth of C. albicans showed a significant and time-dependent increase in the control and all experimental groups. Growth of C. albicans in all the experimental groups was higher than that in the control group. These results suggest that Mongolian herbal tea promotes the growth of C. albicans, despite the presence of polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murun Davaadorj
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Akram Al-Wahabi
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College
| | | | - Takashi Inoue
- Department of Clinical Pathophysiology, Tokyo Dental College.,Oral Health Science Center, Tokyo Dental College
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Shetti A, Nair V. Diversity and clinical presentation of Candida species in human immunodeficiency virus patients with oral candidiasis. SAUDI JOURNAL OF ORAL SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/sjos.sjoralsci_74_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Abstract
Communication between and within communities of cells or independent organisms is a crucial prerequisite for species survival. In response to variations in the extracellular environment, the collective behavior of cell populations can be coordinated by regulating community-level gene expression. This mechanism is strongly conserved during evolution, being shared both by bacterial communities and central nervous system cells. Notably, cyclic dipeptides (CDPs) are molecules that are implicated in these quorum sensing behaviors in both settings. Bacteria coordinate their collective behavior by producing CDPs (quorum sensing inducers) that enhance the capacity of individual members of the community to detect these signals and thus amplify the community-level response. In this review, we highlight recent data indicating that strikingly similar molecular mechanisms control communications between glial and neuronal cells to maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system, with a specific focus on the role of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone—derived CDP cyclo(His-Pro) in the protection against neurotoxic insults.
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Candida albicans Cannot Acquire Sufficient Ethanolamine from the Host To Support Virulence in the Absence of De Novo Phosphatidylethanolamine Synthesis. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00815-17. [PMID: 29866908 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00815-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans mutants for phosphatidylserine (PS) synthase (cho1ΔΔ) and PS decarboxylase (psd1ΔΔ psd2ΔΔ) are compromised for virulence in mouse models of systemic infection and oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). Both of these enzymes are necessary to synthesize phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) by the de novo pathway, but these mutants are still capable of growth in culture media, as they can import ethanolamine from media to synthesize PE through the Kennedy pathway. Given that the host has ethanolamine in its serum, the exact mechanism by which virulence is lost in these mutants is not clear. There are two competing hypotheses to explain their loss of virulence. (i) PE from the Kennedy pathway cannot substitute for de novo-synthesized PE. (ii) The mutants cannot acquire sufficient ethanolamine from the host to support adequate PE synthesis. These hypotheses can be simultaneously tested if ethanolamine availability is increased for Candida while it is inside the host. We accomplish this by transcomplementation of C. albicans with the Arabidopsis thaliana serine decarboxylase gene (AtSDC), which converts cytoplasmic serine to ethanolamine. Expression of AtSDC in either mutant restores PE synthesis, even in the absence of exogenous ethanolamine. AtSDC also restores virulence to cho1ΔΔ and psd1ΔΔ psd2ΔΔ strains in systemic and OPC infections. Thus, in the absence of de novo PE synthesis, C. albicans cannot acquire sufficient ethanolamine from the host to support virulence. In addition, expression of AtSDC restores PS synthesis in the cho1ΔΔ mutant, which may be due to causing PS decarboxylase to run backwards and convert PE to PS.
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Romo JA, Pierce CG, Esqueda M, Hung CY, Saville SP, Lopez-Ribot JL. In Vitro Characterization of a Biaryl Amide Anti-virulence Compound Targeting Candida albicans Filamentation and Biofilm Formation. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:227. [PMID: 30042929 PMCID: PMC6048184 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously identified a small molecule compound, N-[3-(allyloxy)-phenyl]-4-methoxybenzamide (9029936), that exerts potent inhibitory activity against filamentation and biofilm formation by the Candida albicans SC5314 strain and represents a lead candidate for the development of anti-virulence approaches against C. albicans infections. Here we present data from a series of experiments to further characterize its in vitro activity and drug-like characteristics. We demonstrate the activity of this compound against a panel of C. albicans clinical isolates, including several displaying resistance to current antifungals; as well as against a set of C. albicans gain of function strains in key transcriptional regulators of antifungal drug resistance. The compound also inhibits filamentation and biofilm formation in the closely related species C. dubliniensis, but not C. glabrata or C. tropicalis. Combinatorial studies reveal the potential of compound 9029936 to be used together with currently available conventional antifungals. Results of serial passage experiments indicate that repeated exposure to this compound does not elicit resistance. Viability staining of C. albicans in the presence of high concentrations of compound 9029936 confirms that the compound is not toxic to fungal cells, and cytological staining using image flow cytometry analysis reveals that treatment with the lead compound affects hyphal length, with additional effects on cell wall and integrity of the membrane system. In vitro pharmacological profiling provides further evidence that the lead compound displays a safe profile, underscoring its excellent “drug-like” characteristics. Altogether these results confirm the potential of this compound to be further developed as a true anti-virulence agent for the treatment of C. albicans infections, including those refractory to treatment with conventional antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Romo
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Christopher G Pierce
- Department of Biology, University of the Incarnate Word, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Marisol Esqueda
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Chiung-Yu Hung
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Stephen P Saville
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
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Bandara HMHN, Panduwawala CP, Samaranayake LP. Biodiversity of the human oral mycobiome in health and disease. Oral Dis 2018; 25:363-371. [PMID: 29786923 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The organisms that colonize the human body over a lifetime are diverse, extensive and gargantuan. A fair proportion of the microbiota that constitutes this human microbiome live within our oral cavities mostly as harmonious associates causing only sporadic disease. An important core constituent of the microbiome is the mycobiome, representing various fungal genera. Up until recently, only a few species of fungi, mainly Candida species, were thought to constitute the human oral mycobiome. The reasons for this are manifold, although the uncultivable nature of many fungi in conventional laboratory media, and their complex genetic composition seem to be the major factors which eluded their detection over the years. Nevertheless, recent advances in computing and high-throughput sequencing such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms have provided us a panoramic view of a totally new world of fungi that are human oral cohabitués. Their diversity is perplexing, and functionality yet to be deciphered. Here, we provide a glimpse of what is currently known of the oral mycobiome, in health and disease, with some future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chamila P Panduwawala
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Lakshman Perera Samaranayake
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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Abstract
Candida carriage was reported to be common in oral cancer patients, with C. albicans being the predominant species. The prevalence of diseases caused by Candida species have been found to increase in recent years. AIM The aim of our study was to find the antifungal activities at MIC of selected fifteen plant leaves extracts prepared in three different solutions (methanol and ethanol) against the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans isolated from oral cavity infections. It may also help the clinician to treat the patient not only for the particular lesion that is present, but also to treat the infection by Candida albicans so as to reduce its potential to malignant transformation. Material n methods: Leaves extract of selected plant prepared in methanolic and eethanolic solution have been chosen for the investigation of in vitro antifungal activity which acts as expectorant and not having toxic properties on humans while for comparison or control, antifungal drugs have been taken. Results showed that Candida albicans shows most sensitivity towards the standard antibiotic cotrimoazol but very less towards other drugs like Fluconazole, minocycline, erythromycin respectively which indicated Candida albicans shows some resistance character towards drugs while the herbal extracts of Lawsonia inermis, Withania somnifer, Curcuma longa, Cymbopogon citrates and Zingiber officinale gives the best inhibitory effect and they have the potential to control growth of Candida albicans.
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