1
|
Gao X, Xire L, Zhang Z, Quan C, Zhou S, Li K, Song R, Zhao S, Kong X, Naori C, Kulyar MFEA, Bao Y, Li J. Seroprevalence of Cystic Echinococcosis in Yaks and Sheep During 2017 on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:849500. [PMID: 35400089 PMCID: PMC8987501 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.849500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a livestock disease caused by a parasite known as Echinococcus granulosus. It is one of the primary cause for illness and poverty especially for herders on the Qinghai–Tibet plateau, China. Meanwhile, the Qinghai–Tibet plateau has been a key area for echinococcosis control in China. Here in current study, we determined the seroprevalence of E. granulosus in ruminants on this region. A total of 2,730 serum samples (1,638 samples from yaks and 1,092 samples from sheep) were collected on the plateau during the period of 2017. The samples were assayed for E. granulosus antibodies by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Our results exhibited a prevalence percentage of 52.2% in Tibetan yaks and 38.2% in Tibetan sheep. Moreover, there was more chance of being infected with E. granulosus infection in old animals due to more exposure to contaminated sources of infection. However, no significant difference was observed. Furthermore, we observed that the rainfall and presence of several lakes has increased the risk of CE infection in yaks and sheep in the Qinghai, Qinglong, and Baingoin areas. Hence, with this investigation, it was possible to determine the frequency and distribution of CE in yaks and Tibetan sheep on the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, that laying the groundwork for its prevention and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luosong Xire
- Veterinary Biological Medicine Manufacturing Factory of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuxian Quan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shimeng Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kewei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rende Song
- Qinghai Animal and Veterinary Sciences Work Station, Yushu, China
| | - Suonan Zhao
- Haibei Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences Institute, Haibei, China
| | - Xiangying Kong
- Haibei Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences Institute, Haibei, China
| | - Cairang Naori
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science Research Institute of Gannan Prefecture, Gannan, China
| | | | - Yuhua Bao
- Veterinary Biological Medicine Manufacturing Factory of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
- Yuhua Bao
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, China
- *Correspondence: Jiakui Li
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang X, Dai G, Li M, Jia W, Guo Z, Lu J. Prevalence of human alveolar echinococcosis in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1105. [PMID: 32664905 PMCID: PMC7362549 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-08989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human alveolar echinococcosis (HAE), caused by the larvae of Echinococcus multilocularis, is a severe parasitic disease that is a major public health concern. New HAE cases in China account for 91% of the global HAE burden every year. Although there are a few studies and systematic reviews (SRs) on the prevalence of HAE in China, trends in the prevalence have not been estimated. This study aims to describe the overall variation in the trend of HAE prevalence in China, and provide evidence for preventive measures in the future. Methods Thirty-five eligible studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, Wanfang Data, and VIP, and included in the SR and meta-analysis. An adjusted Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist was used to evaluate study quality. The arcsine transformation was used to adjust the individual reported prevalence, and the pooled HAE prevalence was calculated. Heterogeneity was evaluated using the chi-square test and I2 statistic. Forest plots were generated for the meta-analysis, and publication bias of the studies was assessed using the Egger’s test and funnel plots. We conducted subgroup analyses, sensitivity analyses, and meta-regression analyses to analyze the source of heterogeneity and factors potentially influencing the prevalence of HAE. Results The meta-analysis indicated that the pooled HAE prevalence in China was 0.96% (95% CI: 0.71 to 1.25%). Factors potentially influencing HAE prevalence were female sex (OR = 1.60, 95% CI: 1.35 to 1.91, P<0.01), being ≥30 years old (OR = 4.72, 95% CI: 2.29 to 9.75, P<0.01), and being farmers and/or herdsmen (OR = 2.54, 95% CI: 1.60 to 4.02, P<0.01). The results of the meta-regression analysis (R2 = 38.11%, P < 0.01) indicated that HAE prevalence is on a downward trend. Conclusions HAE prevalence has decreased over time and maintained low levels after 2005 in China. This decline was influenced by the utilization of One Health strategies as intervention measures. Therefore, these One Health strategies should be used as references to formulate future programs for HAE control. More high-quality epidemiological investigations and surveillance programs should be conducted in order to improve HAE control in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzhuo Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Guodong Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Wanzhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Zhongmin Guo
- Experimental Animal Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China. .,One Health Research Centre, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang D, Li R, Qiu J, Sun X, Yuan R, Shi Y, Qu Y, Niu Y. Geographical Environment Factors and Risk Mapping of Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Western China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081729. [PMID: 30103558 PMCID: PMC6121593 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to reveal the risk factors and predict the prevalence of human cystic echinococcosis (CE) in Western China. To do this, we analyzed county-wide data relating to the prevalence of human CE in seven provinces of Western China, along with associated human, natural geographical environmental data. We then used spatial analysis and multiple regression analysis to investigate the correlation between the prevalence of human CE and associated environmental factors and to create a risk map of the disease in the seven provinces. Our analysis showed that grassland area ratio and Tibetan population ratio were independent variables positively correlated with the prevalence of human CE and that gross domestic product (GDP) and land surface temperature (LST; Spring) were negative independent variables. We also created a predictive risk map of human CE that revealed that the high-risk areas were mainly located in the south of Qinghai, the Northwest of Sichuan and most of the Tibet Autonomous Region. Knowledge of the spatial distribution and risk factors associated with human CE could help to prevent and control echinococcosis in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duan Huang
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Rendong Li
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
| | - Juan Qiu
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao 266032, China.
| | - Ruixia Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 420000, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yubing Qu
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yingnan Niu
- Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu CN, Xu YY, Cadavid-Restrepo AM, Lou ZZ, Yan HB, Li L, Fu BQ, Gray DJ, Clements AA, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Jia WZ, McManus DP, Yang YR. Estimating the prevalence of Echinococcus in domestic dogs in highly endemic for echinococcosis. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:77. [PMID: 30089510 PMCID: PMC6083587 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0458-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are highly endemic in Xiji County of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR) in China where the control campaign based on dog de-worming with praziquantel has been undertaken over preceding decades. This study is to determine the current prevalence of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis in domestic dogs and monitor the echinococcosis transmission dynamics. METHODS Study villages were selected using landscape patterns (Geographic Information System, GIS) for Echinococcus transmission "hot spots", combined with hospital records identifying risk areas for AE and CE. A survey of 750 domestic dogs, including copro-sampling and owner questionnaires, from 25 selected villages, was undertaken in 2012. A copro-multiplex PCR assay was used for the specific diagnosis of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis in the dogs. Data analysis, using IBM SPSS Statistics, was undertaken, to compare the prevalence of the two Echinococcus spp. in dogs between four geographical areas of Xiji by the χ2 test. Univariate analysis of the combinations of outcomes from the questionnaire and copro-PCR assay data was carried out to determine the significant risk factors for dog infection. RESULTS The highest de-worming rate of 84.0% was found in the northwest area of Xiji County, and significant differences (P < 0.05) in the de-worming rates among dogs from the four geographical areas of Xiji were detected. The highest prevalence (19.7%, 59/300) of E. multilocularis occurred in northwest Xiji, though the highest prevalence (18.1%, 38/210) of E. granulosus occurred in southwest Xiji. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of E. granulosus in dogs from the northwest, southwest, northeast, and southeast of Xiji, but there were significant differences (P < 0.05) between dogs infected with E. multilocularis from the four areas. None of the other independent variables was statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The results from this study indicate a high prevalence of both E. granulosus and E. muiltilocularis in dogs in Xiji County, NHAR. Transmission of E. multilocularis was more impacted by geographical risk-factors in Xiji County than that of E. granulosus. Dogs have the potential to maintain the transmission of both species of Echinococcus within local Xiji communities, and the current praziquantel dosing of dogs appears to be ineffective or poorly implemented in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Nuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang-Yang Xu
- The Human Pathology and Immunology Department, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- Neurosurgery Department, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Angela M. Cadavid-Restrepo
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Zhong-Zi Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Darren J. Gray
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- School of Population Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Archie A. Clements
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Tamsin S. Barnes
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Gail M. Williams
- School of Population Health, Infectious Disease Epidemiology Unit, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Zoonoses of Agriculture Ministry/Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou, 730046 People’s Republic of China
| | - Donald P. McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yu-Rong Yang
- The Human Pathology and Immunology Department, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region People’s Republic of China
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cadavid Restrepo AM, Yang YR, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Clements ACA. Environmental risk factors and changing spatial patterns of human seropositivity for Echinococcus spp. in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29523176 PMCID: PMC5845300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human echinococcoses are parasitic helminth infections that constitute a serious public health concern in several regions across the world. Cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in China represent a high proportion of the total global burden of these infections. This study was conducted to predict the spatial distribution of human seropositivity for Echinococcus species in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), with the aim of identifying communities where targeted prevention and control efforts are required. Methods Bayesian geostatistical models with environmental and demographic covariates were developed to predict spatial variation in the risk of human seropositivity for Echinococcus granulosus (the cause of CE) and E. multilocularis (the cause of AE). Data were collected from three cross-sectional surveys of school children conducted in Xiji County in 2002–2003, 2006–2007 and 2012–2013. Environmental data were derived from high-resolution satellite images and meteorological data. Results The overall seroprevalence of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was 33.4 and 12.2%, respectively, across the three surveys. Seropositivity for E. granulosus was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitation, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of areas covered by forest, shrubland, water and bareland/artificial surfaces. Seropositivity for E. multilocularis was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitations, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of shrubland and water bodies. Spatial correlation occurred over greater distances for E. granulosus than for E. multilocularis. The predictive maps showed that the risk of seropositivity for E. granulosus expanded across Xiji during the three surveys, while the risk of seropositivity for E. multilocularis became more confined in communities located in the south. Conclusions The identification of high-risk areas for seropositivity for these parasites, and a better understanding of the role of the environment in determining the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus spp. may help to guide and monitor improvements in human echinococcosis control strategies by allowing targeted allocation of resources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Cadavid Restrepo
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.
| | - Yu Rong Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, 692 Shengli St, Xingqing, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Programme, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Deplazes P, Rinaldi L, Alvarez Rojas CA, Torgerson PR, Harandi MF, Romig T, Antolova D, Schurer JM, Lahmar S, Cringoli G, Magambo J, Thompson RCA, Jenkins EJ. Global Distribution of Alveolar and Cystic Echinococcosis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:315-493. [PMID: 28131365 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 568] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are severe helminthic zoonoses. Echinococcus multilocularis (causative agent of AE) is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere where it is typically maintained in a wild animal cycle including canids as definitive hosts and rodents as intermediate hosts. The species Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus ortleppi, Echinococcus canadensis and Echinococcus intermedius are the causative agents of CE with a worldwide distribution and a highly variable human disease burden in the different endemic areas depending upon human behavioural risk factors, the diversity and ecology of animal host assemblages and the genetic diversity within Echinococcus species which differ in their zoonotic potential and pathogenicity. Both AE and CE are regarded as neglected zoonoses, with a higher overall burden of disease for CE due to its global distribution and high regional prevalence, but a higher pathogenicity and case fatality rate for AE, especially in Asia. Over the past two decades, numerous studies have addressed the epidemiology and distribution of these Echinococcus species worldwide, resulting in better-defined boundaries of the endemic areas. This chapter presents the global distribution of Echinococcus species and human AE and CE in maps and summarizes the global data on host assemblages, transmission, prevalence in animal definitive hosts, incidence in people and molecular epidemiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Deplazes
- University of Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Rinaldi
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - M F Harandi
- Research centre of Hydatid Disease in Iran, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - T Romig
- University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - D Antolova
- Institute of Parasitology SAS, Kosice, Slovak Republic
| | - J M Schurer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - S Lahmar
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - G Cringoli
- University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - J Magambo
- Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya
| | | | - E J Jenkins
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han J, Bao G, Zhang D, Gao P, Wu T, Craig P, Giraudoux P, Chen X, Xin Q, He L, Chen G, Jing T. A Newly Discovered Epidemic Area of Echinococcus multilocularis in West Gansu Province in China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132731. [PMID: 26186219 PMCID: PMC4505874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a lethal parasitic disease. In Gansu Province of China, all AE cases reported in literature were from Zhang and Min Counties, the southern part of the province. Here, we report the discovery of nine AE cases and one cystic echinococcosis (CE) case from Nanfeng Town of Minle County, in the middle of Hexi Corridor in west Gansu Province. The diagnosis of these cases were confirmed by serology, histopathology, computed tomography, B-ultrasound, immunohistochemistry method, DNA polymerase chain reaction and sequencing analysis. Because eight of nine AE cases came from First Zhanglianzhuang (FZLZ) village, we conducted preliminary epidemiological analyses of 730 persons on domestic water, community and ecology such as 356 dogs’ faeces of FZLZ, in comparison with those of other five villages surrounding FZLZ. Our studies indicate that Nanfeng Town of Minle County is a newly discovered focus of AE in China as a CE and AE co-epidemic area. Further research of Echinococcus multilocularis transmission pattern in the area should be carried for prevention of this parasitic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Han
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The Research Institute of Biomedical Nanotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Genshu Bao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Duoqiang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Ningxia People’s Hospital, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pengcheng Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhangye People’s Hospital, Zhangye, China
| | - Tinjun Wu
- Center for Disease Control of Minle County, Minle, China
| | - Philip Craig
- Cestode Zoonoses Research Group, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Giraudoux
- Chrono-environment lab, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Gen Chen
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Jing
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- The Research Institute of Biomedical Nanotechnology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cleary E, Barnes TS, Xu Y, Zhao H, Clements AC, Gray DJ, McManus DP, Atkinson JAM, Williams GM, Yang Y. Impact of “Grain to Green” Programme on echinococcosis infection in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Vet Parasitol 2014; 205:523-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
McManus DP, Li Z, Yang S, Gray DJ, Yang YR. Case studies emphasising the difficulties in the diagnosis and management of alveolar echinococcosis in rural China. Parasit Vectors 2011; 4:196. [PMID: 21981994 PMCID: PMC3197561 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the accidental ingestion of the eggs of the fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. AE occurs frequently in rural western China due to the poor levels of hygiene, the close contact of people with dogs, and the lack of appropriate facilities for the correct and rapid diagnosis of the disease. Findings We describe a case of a patient with hepatic AE, and AE metastases of the brain. She was mistakenly diagnosed with suspected undifferentiated metastatic cancer of the liver and brain, and with a pulmonary bacterial infection, but was subsequently correctly diagnosed during a follow-up field survey for echinococcosis. The diagnosis of brain AE was confirmed by pathological examination of tissue biopsies removed during neurosurgery. We also briefly describe other symptomatic and asymptomatic AE cases, identified by chance, likely due to the inadequate facilities available in rural communities in China for AE diagnosis and management, since the rapid and accurate diagnosis of metastatic AE requires a high level of expertise in the appropriate diagnostic procedures. Conclusions This report highlights the necessity for an upgrade in the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of AE in rural China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald P McManus
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human alveolar echinococcosis is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis, occurring in at least 42 countries of the northern hemisphere. Recent studies in Europe and Asia have shown that the endemic area of E. multilocularis is larger than previously known and the parasite has regionally expanded from rural to urban areas. Diagnosis of alveolar echinococcosis is supported by results from imaging studies, histopathology and/or nucleic acid detection, and serology. The present review summarizes current understanding of clinical features, knowledge on appropriate treatment, and discusses ways to improve standards of care. RECENT FINDINGS High prevalences of this deadly disease have been discovered in surveys in parts of China. Clinical manifestations, diagnostic tools and the burden of disease were described, and are based on high case numbers. In Europe, excellent tools have been introduced, which improve disease management. Long-term observations in Switzerland provide an optimistic view, as the infection can be well controlled, if patients are cared for in specialized centres. An expert consensus summarizes the current recommendation for diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis by the Informal Working Group on Echinococcosis of the WHO. SUMMARY Diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis remains a challenge for clinicians. The updated WHO-recommendations aim to support decisions on diagnosis and treatment of alveolar echinococcosis. Anti-infective therapy is the backbone of treatment; surgery should be restricted to patients at an early stage of the disease. For the majority of cases continuous chemoprophylaxis with benzimidazoles is cost-effective and leads to a good quality of life for patients with this chronic disease.
Collapse
|
11
|
Impact of increased economic burden due to human echinococcosis in an underdeveloped rural community of the People's Republic of China. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4. [PMID: 20856852 PMCID: PMC2939032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ningxia is located in western People's Republic of China, which is hyperendemic for human cystic echinococcosis (CE) throughout the entire area with alveolar echinococcosis (AE) hyperendemic in the south. This is in part due to its underdeveloped economy. Despite the recent rapid growth in P.R. China's economy, medical expenditure for hospitalization of echinococcosis cases has become one of the major poverty generators in rural Ningxia, resulting in a significant social problem. Methodology/Principal Findings We reviewed the 2000 inpatient records with liver CE in surgical departments of hospitals from north, central and south Ningxia for the period 1996–2002. We carried out an analysis of health care expenditure of inpatient treatment in public hospitals, and examined the financial inequalities relating to human echinococcosis and the variation in per capita income between various socioeconomic groups with different levels of gross domestic product for different years. Hospital charges for Yinchuan, NHAR's capital city in the north, increased approximately 35-fold more than the annual income of rural farmers with the result that they preferred to seek health care in local county hospitals, despite higher quality and more efficient treatment and diagnosis available in the city. Household income levels thus strongly influenced the choice of health care provider and the additional expense impeded access of poor people to better quality treatment. Conclusions/Significance Information on socioeconomic problems arising from echinococcosis, which adds considerably to the burden on patient families and communities, needs to be collected as a prerequisite for developing policies to tackle the disease in rural Ningxia. This paper compares medical expenditure for hospital treatment of echinococcosis in NHAR, western People's Republic of China, for different years, different regions and different socioeconomic groups. The results show that the level of household income strongly influences health care decisions. This study represents an effort to determine the effect of hospital charges for inpatient treatment of echinococcosis on the choice of provider in NHAR, and quantitatively examines this topic for the rural poor. The findings show that low income individuals from rural areas opted to visit a local county hospital rather than an urban hospital for hydatid surgery despite the inferior infrastructure, personnel and general health care facilities available. There are a number of policy implications. For example, enhancing the quality and service of county hospitals in rural areas will benefit those with lower incomes, thus improving access of rural residents to health facilities for higher quality diagnosis and efficient treatment. Thus, we advocate that government policy should be to increase investment in health care in poor rural areas, and to launch relevant medical aid projects to help those in poverty.
Collapse
|
12
|
Conchedda M, Antonelli A, Caddori A, Gabriele F. A retrospective analysis of human cystic echinococcosis in Sardinia (Italy), an endemic Mediterranean region, from 2001 to 2005. Parasitol Int 2010; 59:454-9. [PMID: 20601105 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2010.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
To assess the current impact of human CE in Sardinia (Italy) and to monitor the changes over time, a survey has been carried out for the period 2001-2005 using hospital inpatient discharge reports (HDR) as information source, supplementing data wherever possible with additional information retrieved directly from medical records. The total of 726 admissions with "Echinococcosis" as primary diagnosis (annual rate of 8.9 per 100,000 inhabitants) concerned 540 CE cases with an annual mean incidence rate of 6.62 per 100,000 inhabitants. Male-to-female ratio was 1.36, suggesting a marked risk associated with traditional male occupations. Age-specific incidence showed increasing rates of clinical CE with age for both genders. The liver was found to be the most common localization, affecting 72% of patients, while pulmonary CE was more frequent in males than in females. CE risk was unevenly distributed in the island. The more pastoral areas had the highest probability of humans becoming infected, with an incidence rate of clinical cases of approximately 14.0 per 100,000 for areas with sheep/inhabitants index of >6. Compared to the past, incidence rates appear to be decreasing both for pulmonary and hepatic localizations, while there is a reversal of the CE "urbanization" trend resulting in "ruralization", accompanied by a greater degree of parasite ecological "isolation" and focus-points of infection risk. In spite of this decrease, the cost of hospital care alone (approximately 4 million euros) suggests that the monetary plus non-monetary costs of CE are still very high but not fully recognised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Conchedda
- Sezione di Parassitologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Applicate ai Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, Strada Provinciale Monserrato-Sestu km 0.700, Monserrato (Cagliari), Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Li T, Chen X, Zhen R, Qiu J, Qiu D, Xiao N, Ito A, Wang H, Giraudoux P, Sako Y, Nakao M, Craig PS. Widespread co-endemicity of human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis on the eastern Tibetan Plateau, northwest Sichuan/southeast Qinghai, China. Acta Trop 2010; 113:248-56. [PMID: 19941830 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatid disease is known to be cosmopolitan in its global distribution, while alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a much rarer though more pathogenic hepatic parasitic disease restricted to the northern hemisphere. Both forms of human echinococcosis are known to occur on the Tibetan Plateau, but the epidemiological characteristics remain poorly understood. In our current study, abdominal ultrasound screening programs for echinococcosis were conducted in 31 Tibetan townships in Ganze and Aba Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures of northwest Sichuan Province during 2001-2008. Hospital records (1992-2006) in a major regional treatment centre for echinococcosis in Sichuan Province were also reviewed. Of 10,186 local residents examined by portable ultrasound scan, 645 (6.3%) were diagnosed with echinococcosis: a prevalence of 3.2% for CE, 3.1% for AE and 0.04% for dual infection (both CE and AE). Human cystic and alveolar echinococcosis in pastoral areas was highly co-endemic, in comparison to much lower prevalences in semi-pastoral or farming regions. The high ultrasound prevalence in these co-endemic areas in northwest Sichuan Province was also reflected in the hospital study, and hospital records furthermore indicated another possible highly co-endemic focus in Guoluo Prefecture of Qinghai Province, located at the border of northwest Sichuan. These chronic cestode zoonoses constitute an unparalleled major public health problem for pastoral Tibetan communities, and pose great difficulties for adequate treatment access and effective transmission control in such remote regions.
Collapse
|
14
|
McManus DP. Echinococcosis with Particular Reference to Southeast Asia. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2010; 72:267-303. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(10)72010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|