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Djiman TA, Biguezoton AS, Saegerman C. Tick-Borne Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Pathogens, Research Focus, and Implications for Public Health. Pathogens 2024; 13:697. [PMID: 39204297 PMCID: PMC11356977 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa, with its hot and humid climate, is a conducive zone for tick proliferation. These vectors pose a major challenge to both animal and human health in the region. However, despite the relevance of emerging diseases and evidence of tick-borne disease emergence, very few studies have been dedicated to investigating zoonotic pathogens transmitted by ticks in this area. To raise awareness of the risks of tick-borne zoonotic diseases in sub-Saharan Africa, and to define a direction for future research, this systematic review considers the trends of research on tick-borne bacteria, parasites, and viruses from 2012 to 2023, aiming to highlight the circulation of these pathogens in ticks, cattle, sheep, goats, and humans. For this purpose, three international databases were screened to select 159 papers fitting designed inclusion criteria and used for qualitative analyses. Analysis of these studies revealed a high diversity of tick-borne pathogens in sub-Saharan Africa, with a total of 37 bacterial species, 27 parasite species, and 14 viruses identified. Among these, 27% were zoonotic pathogens, yet only 11 studies investigated their presence in humans. Furthermore, there is growing interest in the investigation of bacteria and parasites in both ticks and ruminants. However, research into viruses is limited and has only received notable interest from 2021 onwards. While studies on the detection of bacteria, including those of medical interest, have focused on ticks, little consideration has been given to these vectors in studies of parasites circulation. Regarding the limited focus on zoonotic pathogens transmitted by ticks, particularly in humans, despite documented cases of emerging zoonoses and the notable 27% proportion reported, further efforts should be made to fill these gaps. Future studies should prioritize the investigation of zoonotic pathogens, especially viruses, which represent the primary emerging threats, by adopting a One Health approach. This will enhance the understanding of their circulation and impact on both human and animal health. In addition, more attention should be given to the risk factors/drivers associated to their emergence as well as the perception of the population at risk of infection from these zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tidjani A. Djiman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 454, Burkina Faso;
| | - Abel S. Biguezoton
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 454, Burkina Faso;
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Applied to Veterinary Sciences (UREAR-ULiège), Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals and Health (FARAH) Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, 4000 Liège, Belgium;
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Seasonal survey, risk factor's analysis and genotyping of Theileria annulata infecting cattle in Punjab province, Pakistan. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106587. [PMID: 35803338 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Theileriosis is one of the most frequently reported tick borne diseases in tropical and subtropical regions and leads to annual economic losses, such as the reduced dairy products and increased casualties. Tropical theileriosis is caused by Theileria annulata and the present study was designed to improve our knowledge of Theileria annulata infection in Pakistani cattle. In order to assess the prevalence of Theileria annulata on cattle from Multan district in the Punjab province (Pakistan) according to seasons and other risk factors, a total of 1020 blood samples (340 samples each from cross, Holstein Frisian and Sahiwal breed) were collected between 2020 and 2022. Based on Tams-1 partial sequence amplification, the overall T. annulata prevalence was estimated at 11.3% (115/1020). The highest prevalence was observed in autumn season (14.1%), followed by winter (12.9%), summer (11.4%) and spring (6.7%) season. Sahiwal cattle were most susceptible to T. annulata infection (13.2%) followed by Crossbred (11.8%) and Holstein Frisian (8.8%). Epidemiological factor analysis revealed that female cattle, cattle rose with other dairy animals at farm, tick infested cattle, and cattle raised with dogs infested with ticks were associated with the prevalence of T. annulata. White blood cells, lymphocyte (%), Monocyte (%) hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and platelet count were significantly affected blood parameters in T. annulata positive cattle of all three breeds. Representative partial Tams-1 sequences of four Pakistani T. annulata isolates revealed a single genotype genetically close to those infecting cattle from neighboring countries like Iran, Turkey and Egypt. Longitudinal survey and phylogenetic positioning of T. annulata is recommended for epidemiological correlation, diagnosis and treatment of theileriosis in such an agricultural region of Pakistan.
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Kaba T. Geographical distribution of ixodid ticks and tick-borne pathogens of domestic animals in Ethiopia: a systematic review. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:108. [PMID: 35346354 PMCID: PMC8961985 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Ethiopia, ixodid ticks and associated tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) are of great importance from both a veterinary and public health point of view. This review aimed at compiling available published data on the distribution of ixodid tick species and TBPs in the country. METHODS A standard review approach was employed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Published peer-reviewed articles and theses/dissertations reporting on ixodid ticks and TBPs in Ethiopia were searched using different keywords in many electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, African Journals OnLine, and institutional repositories. Articles were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria using the PRISMA flowchart. Data were retrieved from eligible articles and recorded in a preformed data record sheet. Descriptive statistics were employed to present data using graphs. QGIS (Quantum GIS) software version 3.4.5 was used to show the distribution of ixodid tick species and TBPs. RESULTS Overall, 35 articles that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Of these, 24 articles report only on ixodid ticks of domestic animals, six articles report only on TBPs in livestock or ticks, and five articles report on both ticks and TBPs in either animals or ticks. Of these studies, 54% were in the Oromia region, while only 3% of studies were in the Benishangul-Gumuz region. The Gambela region lacked studies on ticks and TBPs. At least 19 ixodid tick species have been recorded from different domestic animals including cattle, small ruminants, donkeys, horses, camels, dogs, and cats. Morphological characterization appears to be the sole method of tick species identification in the country. The distribution and abundance of specific tick species depend on geographical locations and agroecological factors. Sixteen molecularly confirmed TBPs have been identified in animal and tick tissue using molecular methods from only four administrative regions, despite the wide distribution of ticks. Among TBPs, five Anaplasma, two Ehrlichia, two Rickettsia, five Theileria, two Babesia, and one Coxiella species are the major pathogens in both livestock and humans. CONCLUSIONS Many ixodid ticks circulate in a wide geographical zone of Ethiopia. However, the limited reports on TBPs at the country level in general, and the absence of either tick or TBP reports around the border region with neighboring countries in particular, highlights the need for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamirat Kaba
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, College of Agricultural Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch, Ethiopia.
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Iweriebor BC, Afolabi KO, Nqoro A, Obi LC. Emergence of Theileria species in ticks from free-ranging domestic animals in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality, South Africa. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09085. [PMID: 35295661 PMCID: PMC8919220 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ticks infestation and diseases associated with it, are becoming a major life threatening concern to wildlife, domesticated animals and human health in general. Besides causing skin damage, ticks infestations have become a growing burden in food security and transmission of multiple pathogens. There is paucity of data on the occurrence of etiologic agents of tick-borne diseases in the Eastern Cape Province South Africa. We therefore carried out a molecular surveillance on Babesia and Theileria species in ticks obtained from livestock in Raymond Mhlaba District Municipality of the Province. A total of 962 ticks were collected and were morphologically identified and processed for DNA extraction using commercial DNA extraction kit. The extracted DNA samples were used to molecular identification of the ticks, and also to assess the occurrence of the Babesia and Theileria spp by PCR using genus specific primers. Positive amplicons obtained were sequenced, processed and characterised using appropriate bioinformatics tools. The molecular and morphological identifications of ticks obtained from the domestic animals in the study areas revealed that they belong to three different genera namely: Haemophalis, Rhipicephalus, and Amblyomma in ascending order of their abundance. Furthermore, the DNA of Theileria spp. was detected from 10 out of 962 ticks screened, with an overall infection of about 1% for Rhipicephalus spp., while none of the ticks was positive for Babesia spp. The phylogenetic analysis of the 10 theilerial sequences showed that nine (9) clustered distinctly within the T. orientalis complex clade, while only one (1) sequence formed a cluster with reference sequences of T. velifera. The findings from this study therefore expand the knowledge on recent emergence of Theileria spp. in livestock reared in the study area. This calls for an urgent effort in curbing the further spread of the pathogens in the area and beyond. Distribution of ticks' species in domestic animals was described. Emergence of theilerial parasites in ticks from free-ranging domestic animals was observed Rhipicephalus spp. of ticks serve as the major transmission vector for Theileria spp. in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa
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Affiliation(s)
- Benson Chuks Iweriebor
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Ayabulela Nqoro
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Larry Chikwelu Obi
- Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa
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Identification and isolation of pathogenic Theileria orientalis Ikeda genotype from confined dairy cattle, in Hebei, China. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:395-402. [PMID: 34993636 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Theileria orientalis is known to be a group of benign cattle parasites with a cosmopolitan distribution, and has been classified into 11 genotypes through MPSP gene phylogenetic analysis. In China, T. orientalis is the most prevalent Theileria species, with several genotypes, but few fatal cases have been reported. In June 2020, dairy cattle in Zhangjiakou, Hebei Province, showed clinical symptoms of piroplasmosis, causing many animals to die. Blood smears and PCR detection results confirmed T. orientalis infection with a 66.7% positive rate of collected blood samples. The MPSP sequences analysis revealed parasite genotypes 1 (Chitose) and 2 (Ikeda). Aiming to isolate the pathogens, experimental animal was infected with T. orientalis via inoculation of the positive blood samples. The results has shown that only T. orientalis genotype 2 (Ikeda) was obtained that has confirmed by MPSP and 18S rRNA sequences analysis, indicating that the Ikeda type was predominant and responsible for the disease. Although many T. orientalis genotypes are present in China, the possibility of T. orientalis genotypes 1 and 2 infections in confined dairy cattle should be considered to avoid additional economic losses.
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Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Abound in the Cattle Population of the Rabat-Sale Kenitra Region, Morocco. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121594. [PMID: 34959550 PMCID: PMC8703448 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tick-borne pathogens cause the majority of diseases in the cattle population in Morocco. In this study, ticks were collected from cattle in the Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region of Morocco and identified morphologically, while tick-borne pathogens were detected in cattle blood samples via polymerase chain reaction assay and sequencing. A total of 3394 adult ixodid ticks were collected from cattle and identified as eight different tick species representing two genera, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. The collected ticks consisted of Hyalomma marginatum, Hyalomma anatolicum excavatum, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, Rhipicephalus bursa, Hyalomma detritum, Hyalomma lusitanicum, Hyalomma dromedarii, and Hyalomma impeltatum. The overall prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in blood samples was 63.8%, with 29.3% positive for Babesia/Theileria spp., 51.2% for Anaplasma/Ehrlichia spp., and none of the samples positive for Rickettsia spp. Sequencing results revealed the presence of Theileria annulata, Babesia bovis, Anaplasma marginale, Theileria buffeli, Theileria orientalis, Babesia occultans, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Anaplasma capra, Anaplasma platys, Anaplasma bovis, Ehrlichia minasensis, and one isolate of an unknown bovine Anaplasma sp. Crossbreeds, females, older age, and high tick infestation were the most important risk factors for the abundance of tick-borne pathogens, which occurred most frequently in Jorf El Melha, Sidi Yahya Zaer, Ait Ichou, and Arbaoua locations.
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Agina OA, Shaari MR, Isa NMM, Ajat M, Zamri-Saad M, Mazlan M, Muhamad AS, Kassim AA, Ha LC, Rusli FH, Masaud D, Hamzah H. Molecular detection of Theileria species, Anaplasma species, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, Trypanosoma evansi and first evidence of Theileria sinensis-associated bovine anaemia in crossbred Kedah-Kelantan x Brahman cattle. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:246. [PMID: 34275459 PMCID: PMC8286590 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02902-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serious disease outbreaks in cattle are usually associated with blood pathogens. This study aims to detect blood pathogens namely Theileria species, Anaplasma species, Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos and Trypanosoma evansi, and determine their phylogenetic relationships and haemato-biochemical abnormalities in naturally infected cattle. METHODS Molecular analysis was achieved by PCR amplification and sequencing of PCR amplicons of 18SrRNA gene of Theileria species, 16SrRNA genes of Anaplasma and Mycoplasma species, MPSP genes of T. orientalis and T. sinensis, MSP4 gene of A. marginale, 16SrRNA gene of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, and RoTat1.2 VSG gene of Trypanosoma evansi, in sixty-one (61) clinically ill Kedah-Kelantan x Brahman cattle in Pahang, Malaysia. RESULTS A total of 44 (72.13%) cattle were infected with more than one blood pathogen. Theileria species was the blood pathogen with the highest molecular detection rate (72.13, 95% CI 59.83-81.81%). Nucleotide blast analyses of all sequences demonstrated high degree of molecular similarity (98-100%) in comparison with their respective reference sequences. Analysis of 18SrRNA gene sequences of Theileria species and 16SrRNA gene sequences of Anaplasma species revealed Theileria sinensis and Anaplasma platys respectively as additional species detected in these cattle. MPSP-PCR analysis was conducted for further confirmation of T. sinensis. The blood picture of eight infected cattle groups revealed poikilocytosis, anisocytosis, rouleaux formation and degenerative left shift. High mean erythrocyte fragility values were common in infected cattle groups. Anaemia of the macrocytic normochromic type and spherocytes were observed in the T. evansi and Anaplasma platys + Theileria sinensis double species co-infected cattle group. Normocytic normochromic anaemia was observed in the T. sinensis infected cattle group. Significant (p < 0.05) increases in serum liver and kidney parameters, total protein, globulin, total and unconjugated bilirubin and decreased albumin values were observed in the T. evansi infected cattle when compared to clinically healthy cattle. CONCLUSION We present the first evidence of Theileria sinensis-associated bovine anaemia (TSABA) in Malaysian cattle. Because of the high occurrence of bovine theileriosis and detection of A. platys, there is an urgent need for appropriate preventive and control measures against these blood pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Rosly Shaari
- Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Headquarters, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Mahiza Md Isa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azim Salahuddin Muhamad
- University Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Afrah Alhana Kassim
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar, Pejabat KTS Zon Pahang Timur, 26700, Muadzam Shah, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Lee Chai Ha
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar, Pejabat KTS Zon Pahang Timur, 26700, Muadzam Shah, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Fairuz Hazwani Rusli
- Jabatan Perkhidmatan Veterinar, Pejabat KTS Zon Pahang Timur, 26700, Muadzam Shah, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Darulmuqaamah Masaud
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Scoles GA, Lohmeyer KH, Ueti MW, Bonilla D, Lahmers KK, Piccione J, Rogovskyy AS. Stray Mexico origin cattle captured crossing into Southern Texas carry Babesia bovis and other tick-borne pathogens. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2021; 12:101708. [PMID: 34175736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cattle fever ticks, Rhipicephalus microplus and R. annulatus have been eradicated from the United States and inspectors from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Cattle Fever Tick Eradication Program (CFTEP) monitor the quarantine zone along the Texas border to prevent the introduction of livestock carrying cattle fever ticks from Mexico. Stray livestock apprehended by CFTEP in the zone are checked for ticks and tested for infectious disease-causing pathogens but are not evaluated for evidence of infection with tick-borne pathogens. We tested blood samples collected from stray cattle by CFTEP inspectors for evidence of infection with tick-borne pathogens. As a comparison group representing U.S. resident cattle, we tested blood samples that had been sent to the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL) for unrelated testing. Both sets of blood samples were evaluated using the same specific and broad-spectrum PCR assays. For the border cattle the overall prevalence of infection with one or more tick-borne pathogen was 58.5 % (79/135) with many co-infections, including 30 cattle positive for Babesia bovis and/or Babesia bigemina (22.2 %) and 77 cattle positive for Anaplasma marginale (57 %), three of these animals were also positive for Borrelia theileri. No resident cattle represented by the TVMDL samples were infected with either of the Babesia spp., or with Borrelia theileri, but three were positive for Theileria orientalis and 7.3 % (7/96) were positive for A. marginale. These data show that cattle originating in Mexico have a higher prevalence of infection with tick-borne pathogens relative to resident U.S. cattle and specifically, a proportion are infected with bovine Babesia, which is absent from U.S. cattle populations. Consequently, these stray cattle may be a reservoir of tick-borne pathogens and if populations of Boophilus ticks become reestablished in areas where they had previously been eradicated, could pose a significant risk to the U.S. Cattle industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen A Scoles
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | - Kimberly H Lohmeyer
- USDA, ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX, United States.
| | - Massaro W Ueti
- USDA, ARS, Animal Disease Research Unit, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | - Denise Bonilla
- USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Services, Fort Collins, CO, United States.
| | - Kevin K Lahmers
- Virginia Tech Animal Laboratory Services, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, United States.
| | - Julie Piccione
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Lab, College Station, TX, United States.
| | - Artem S Rogovskyy
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States.
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Parveen A, Ashraf S, Aktas M, Ozubek S, Iqbal F. Molecular epidemiology of Theileria annulata infection of cattle in Layyah District, Pakistan. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 83:461-473. [PMID: 33599889 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00595-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is the cause of tropical theileriosis in cattle in Pakistan, where it has a significant impact on the cattle industry. Here we report the molecular detection and seasonal prevalence and blood parameters of T. annulata infection in crossbred, Holstein Frisian and Sahiwal breed in Layyah District in the Punjab. In total, 844 blood samples (cross = 244, Holstein Frisian = 300, Sahiwal breed = 300) collected in 2017 and 2018 were tested. Blood smear screening revealed 125/844 (15%) of cattle positive for Theileria species. PCR amplification of cytochrome b gene indicated an overall T. annulata prevalence of 21% (174/844). The highest prevalence was observed in autumn season (53%), followed by winter (20%), summer (14%) and spring (3%). Crossbred cattle were the most susceptible to T. annulata (28%) followed by Sahiwal (19%) and Holstein Frisian. Representative partial cytochrome b gene sequences of T. annulata revealed phylogenetic similarities with sequences submitted from India, Iran, China, Turkey and Spain. Small numbers of ticks, including Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma excavatum, Rhipicephalus microplus, and Haemaphysalis punctata, were identified from cattle but none of them was found PCR positive for the presence of T. annulata. Analysis of the hematology data indicated that red blood cell, hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, lymphocyte (%), monocyte (%) and platelet count were significantly altered in T. annulata-positive cattle of all three breeds. Screening of cattle by PCR for the detection of T. annulata is recommended for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asia Parveen
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Sehrish Ashraf
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, 60800, Pakistan
| | - Munir Aktas
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Fırat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Sezayi Ozubek
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Fırat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Furhan Iqbal
- Department of Parasitology, Veterinary Faculty, Fırat University, 23119, Elazig, Turkey.
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Lakew BT, Kheravii SK, Wu SB, Eastwood S, Andrew NR, Jenkins C, Walkden-Brown SW. Endemic infection of cattle with multiple genotypes of Theileria orientalis on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales despite limited presence of ticks. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 12:101645. [PMID: 33388554 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine theileriosis, caused by the Theileria orientalis complex, causes a mild persistent infection with the severity dependent on the infecting genotype and host exposure status. Clinical theileriosis was first detected on the Northern Tablelands of NSW in 2009 and a high prevalence of infection in cattle reported in 2013. However, the parasite was not genotyped and likely vectors not investigated. In response to ongoing clinical cases, here we identify the Theileria genotypes present in the region and potential vectors. Genotype-specific multiplex qPCR of 90 blood samples from eight farms revealed a 100 % prevalence of T. orientalis in individual cattle with concurrent infection with all three genotypes present in 73 % of cases. The prevalence of the pathogenic genotype (Ikeda) differed significantly between farms; however, the level of parasitemia was not affected by genotype or associated with clinical disease. Parasitaemia levels were higher in heifers than cows. Questing tick collection on six of the farms between November 2017 and May 2019 yielded 358 questing ticks from one farm, all of which were morphologically identified as Haemaphysalis bancrofti. Larvae accounted for 59 % of the ticks followed by nymphs (34 %) and adults (7%). Theileria was detected only in nymphs with Ikeda and Buffeli genotypes each being detected in one of four pools of ticks. The high prevalence of co-infection with three genotypes of T. orientalis indicates that they are now endemic in the region and confirms the lack of cross-protection between genotypes. This is the first detection of T. orientalis in questing H. bancrofti ticks: indicating that it may be a vector for T. orientalis in this region. However, the high prevalence of bovine infection is at odds with the absence of captured ticks or history of tick infestation on five of the six farms raising the possibility that other vectors or transmission pathways play key roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biniam T Lakew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia; College of Veterinary Medicine, Haramaya University, P. O. Box 138, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia.
| | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Steve Eastwood
- Local Land Services, Northern Tablelands, Armidale, 2350, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel R Andrew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia; Insect Ecology Lab, Zoology, Centre for Behavioural and Physiological Ecology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Adelabu OA, Iweriebor BC, Okoh AI, Obi LC. Genomic Profiling for Piroplasms in Feeding Ixodid Ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9121061. [PMID: 33353073 PMCID: PMC7767023 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9121061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Importation of tick-infected animals and the uncontrollable migration of birds and wild animals across borders can lead to geographical expansion and redistribution of ticks and pathogen vectors, thus leading to the emergence and re-emergence of tick-borne diseases in humans and animals. Comparatively, little is known about the occurrence of piroplasms in ixodid ticks in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, thus necessitating this study, which is aimed at detecting piroplasms (Theileria and Babesia) from feeding tick samples collected from cattle, sheep, and goats in selected sites in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A total of 1200 feeding ixodid ticks collected from farm animals at selected homesteads were first subjected to molecular identification using mitochondrial 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene by PCR and were further tested for the presence of piroplasms through amplification of the 18S rRNA gene via nested-PCR followed by sequencing of the PCR products. The results indicated that 853 (71.1%) corresponded to the genus Rhipicephalus, 335 (27.9%) corresponded to genus Amblyomma, and 12 (1%) corresponded to genus Haemaphysalis. Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus appendiculatus were the most common identified ticks from this study. The 18S rRNA nested-PCR revealed that 44 (3.7%) samples were confirmed positive for Theileria. A homology search for the generated sequences revealed a high percentage identity of 98–98.9% similarity to T. buffeli, T. orientalis, and T. sergenti in the GenBank. Based on the results obtained herein, we conclude that there is a big diversity of Theileria species; therefore, we suggest that this research should cover more geographical areas in order to reveal the true prevalence of this pathogen in the studied area because this will be a great step in the possible prevention of an outbreak that could have devastating effects on livestock production and human health in both the studied areas and South Africa at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusesan Adeyemi Adelabu
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Benson Chuks Iweriebor
- School of Science and Technology Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (B.C.I.); (L.C.O.)
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa;
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa
| | - Larry Chikwelu Obi
- School of Science and Technology Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria 0204, South Africa; (B.C.I.); (L.C.O.)
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12
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Agina OA, Shaari MR, Isa NMM, Ajat M, Zamri-Saad M, Hamzah H. Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E697. [PMID: 32854179 PMCID: PMC7558346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Rosly Shaari
- Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Headquarters, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Mahiza Md Isa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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Koehler AV, Jabbar A, Hall RS, Gasser RB. A Targeted "Next-Generation" Sequencing-Informatic Approach to Define Genetic Diversity in Theileria orientalis Populations within Individual Cattle: Proof-of-Principle. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060448. [PMID: 32517045 PMCID: PMC7350381 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriental theileriosis is an economically important tickborne disease of bovines, caused by some members of the Theileria orientalis complex. Currently, 11 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs), or genotypes, are recognized based on their major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene sequences. Two of these genotypes (i.e., chitose and ikeda) are recognized as pathogenic in cattle, causing significant disease in countries of the Asia-Pacific region. However, the true extent of genetic variation and associated virulence/pathogenicity within this complex is unknown. Here, we undertook a proof-of-principle study of a small panel of genomic DNAs (n = 13) from blood samples originating from individual cattle known to harbor T. orientalis, in order to assess the performance of a targeted “next-generation” sequencing-informatic approach to identify genotypes. Five genotypes (chitose, ikeda, buffeli, type 4, and type 5) were defined; multiple genotypes were found within individual samples, with dominant and minor sequence types representing most genotypes. This study indicates that this sequencing-informatic workflow could be useful to assess the nature and extent of genetic variation within and among populations of T. orientalis on a large scale, and to potentially employ panels of distinct gene markers for expanded molecular epidemiological investigations of socioeconomically important protistan pathogens more generally.
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Gebrekidan H, Perera PK, Ghafar A, Abbas T, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. An appraisal of oriental theileriosis and the Theileria orientalis complex, with an emphasis on diagnosis and genetic characterisation. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:11-22. [PMID: 31811422 PMCID: PMC7223495 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06557-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oriental theileriosis, a tick-borne disease of bovids caused by members of the Theileria orientalis complex, has a worldwide distribution. Globally, at least 11 distinct genotypes of T. orientalis complex, including type 1 (chitose), type 2 (ikeda), type 3 (buffeli), types 4 to 8, and N1-N3, have been described based on the sequence of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene. Of these 11 genotypes, mainly ikeda and chitose are known to be pathogenic and cause considerable morbidity (including high fever, anaemia, jaundice and abortion), production losses and/or mortality in cattle. Mixed infections with two or more genotypes of T. orientalis is common, but do not always lead to a clinical disease, posing challenges in the diagnosis of asymptomatic or subclinical forms of oriental theileriosis. The diagnosis of oriental theileriosis is usually based on clinical signs, the detection of piroplasms of T. orientalis in blood smears, and/or the use of serological or molecular techniques. This paper reviews current methods used for the diagnosis of T. orientalis infections and the genetic characterisation of members of the T. orientalis complex, and proposes that advanced genomic tools should be established for investigations of these and related haemoparasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagos Gebrekidan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piyumali K Perera
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Abdul Ghafar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tariq Abbas
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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15
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Wang J, Yang J, Liu J, Wang X, Xu J, Liu A, Li Y, Liu Z, Ren Q, Luo J, Guan G, Yin H. Molecular detection and genetic diversity of Theileria orientalis in cattle in China. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3689-3694. [PMID: 30056555 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The apicomplexan parasite Theileria orientalis is a tick-borne intracellular protozoan parasite that is widely distributed throughout China. It causes bovine theileriosis in infected cattle, which results in huge economic losses to the cattle industry. In this study, the infection status of T. orientalis was determined in 260 blood samples from cattle from seven provinces across China. Results of a major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP)-PCR assay revealed that an average of 36.5% (95/260) of cattle was positive for T. orientalis infection. Based on the MPSP gene sequences, phylogenetic analysis revealed that these isolates of T. orientalis comprised of eight MPSP types, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, N1, and N2. This is the first report of new T. orientalis MPSP genotypes N1 and N2 in cattle in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianlin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonose, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Song R, Wang Q, Guo F, Liu X, Song S, Chen C, Tu C, Wureli H, Wang Y. Detection of Babesia spp., Theileria spp. and Anaplasma ovis in Border Regions, northwestern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65:1537-1544. [PMID: 29932497 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Babesia spp., Theileria spp. and Anaplasma ovis are important intracellular agents that are transmitted by tick bites. However, Babesia spp., Theileria spp. and A. ovis in ticks have not been systematically reported along the border of northwestern China. In this study, a total of 1,084 adult ticks, including 134 Haemaphysalis punctata, 337 Hyalomma asiaticum, 233 Dermacentor nuttalli, 69 Rhipicephalus turanicus and 265 Dermacentor marginatus were collected from 11 counties or cities of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The ticks were identified from morphological and molecular characteristics. Two fragments of 18S rRNA gene were used to determine the species level of Babesia and Theileria. Msp4 gene encoding major surface protein 4 was used to determine A. ovis. Of the 1,084 samples, five species of Babesia (B. occultans, B. caballi, B. motasi, B. major and Babesia sp. detected in this study), two kinds of Theileria (Theileria ovis and Theileria sp. detected in this study) and A. ovis with six phylogenic branches were detected in the border of northwestern China. Babesia occultans, first found in China, was first molecularly detected in D. nuttalli. Babesia caballi and Babesia sp. detected in this study were first molecularly detected in Hy. asiaticum. Genotype III of A. ovis was predominant in the border regions of northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Song
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Q Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - F Guo
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - X Liu
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - S Song
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - C Chen
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - C Tu
- Institue of Veterinary Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - H Wureli
- School of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Y Wang
- School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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17
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Bogema DR, Micallef ML, Liu M, Padula MP, Djordjevic SP, Darling AE, Jenkins C. Analysis of Theileria orientalis draft genome sequences reveals potential species-level divergence of the Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli genotypes. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:298. [PMID: 29703152 PMCID: PMC5921998 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-4701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Theileria orientalis (Apicomplexa: Piroplasmida) has caused clinical disease in cattle of Eastern Asia for many years and its recent rapid spread throughout Australian and New Zealand herds has caused substantial economic losses to production through cattle deaths, late term abortion and morbidity. Disease outbreaks have been linked to the detection of a pathogenic genotype of T. orientalis, genotype Ikeda, which is also responsible for disease outbreaks in Asia. Here, we sequenced and compared the draft genomes of one pathogenic (Ikeda) and two apathogenic (Chitose, Buffeli) isolates of T. orientalis sourced from Australian herds. RESULTS Using de novo assembled sequences and a single nucleotide variant (SNV) analysis pipeline, we found extensive genetic divergence between the T. orientalis genotypes. A genome-wide phylogeny reconstructed to address continued confusion over nomenclature of this species displayed concordance with prior phylogenetic studies based on the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene. However, average nucleotide identity (ANI) values revealed that the divergence between isolates is comparable to that observed between other theilerias which represent distinct species. Analysis of SNVs revealed putative recombination between the Chitose and Buffeli genotypes and also between Australian and Japanese Ikeda isolates. Finally, to inform future vaccine studies, dN/dS ratios and surface location predictions were analysed. Six predicted surface protein targets were confirmed to be expressed during the piroplasm phase of the parasite by mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS We used whole genome sequencing to demonstrate that the T. orientalis Ikeda, Chitose and Buffeli variants show substantial genetic divergence. Our data indicates that future researchers could potentially consider disease-associated Ikeda and closely related genotypes as a separate species from non-pathogenic Chitose and Buffeli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Bogema
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Melinda L Micallef
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael Liu
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P Djordjevic
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron E Darling
- The ithree institute, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Cheryl Jenkins
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, Australia.
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Occurrence of tick-borne haemoparasites in cattle in the Mungwi District, Northern Province, Zambia. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:707-717. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Multiplexed Tandem PCR (MT-PCR) Assay Using the Major Piroplasm Surface Protein Gene for the Diagnosis of Theileria orientalis Infection in Cattle. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01661-17. [PMID: 29237791 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01661-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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20
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Kim S, Yu DH, Chae JB, Choi KS, Kim HC, Park BK, Chae JS, Park J. Pathogenic genotype of major piroplasm surface protein associated with anemia in Theileria orientalis infection in cattle. Acta Vet Scand 2017; 59:51. [PMID: 28750636 PMCID: PMC5532781 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-017-0318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Serious disease outbreaks in cattle caused by Theileria orientalis have emerged in the Asia-Pacific region. Genetic variables of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) expressed on the surface of the piroplasm inside T. orientalis-infected erythrocytes are considered to be associated with variation in the pathogenicity of T. orientalis. Our study describes the clinically relevant MPSP types associated with anemia in Theileria-infected cattle. These results revealed that MPSP expression plays an important role in hematological alterations in Theileria-infected cattle, and that MPSP type 1 is strongly associated with bovine anemia, which can be a potential target for the prevention of bovine theileriosis.
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21
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Assessing the performance of multiplexed tandem PCR for the diagnosis of pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis using pooled blood samples from cattle. Mol Cell Probes 2017; 31:70-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
This study reports an outbreak of oriental theileriosis in dairy cattle imported to Vietnam from Australia. Following clinical and pathological diagnoses, a total of 112 cattle blood samples were divided into three groups and tested using multiplexed tandem PCR. Group 1 were from aborted heifers in Vietnam; group 2 were from cattle before shipment from group 1 cattle and group 3 were from the same batch of cattle but transported to Taiwan. Theileria orientalis DNA was detected in 72·3% cattle. The prevalences of T. orientalis in groups 1, 2 and 3 were 77·6, 86·9 and 57·5%, respectively, and the difference in prevalence was significant between groups 1 and 3 (P < 0·0001). The infection intensities of genotypes chitose and ikeda of T. orientalis were higher in groups 1 (57 721 and 33 709, respectively) and 3 (5897 and 61 766, respectively) than those in group 2 (2071 and 6331, respectively). Phylogenetic analyses of the major piroplasm surface protein sequences revealed that genotypes chitose and ikeda determined herein were closely related to those previously reported from Australia. This first report of an outbreak of oriental theileriosis in imported cattle emphasizes improved measures for the export and import of cattle infected with T. orientalis.
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23
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Inadequate Differentiation of Theileria orientalis Genotypes buffeli and ikeda in a Multiplexed Tandem PCR (MT-PCR) Assay Using the p23 Gene as a Marker. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 55:641-644. [PMID: 27927924 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02017-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Gebrekidan H, Abbas T, Wajid M, Ali A, Gasser RB, Jabbar A. Molecular characterisation of Theileria orientalis in imported and native bovines from Pakistan. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 47:19-25. [PMID: 27838527 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological aspects of Theileria orientalis in Pakistan are unknown; therefore, investigations using sensitive and precise molecular techniques are required. This study reports the first molecular characterisation of T. orientalis detected from imported (Bos taurus) and native cattle (Bos indicus×Bos taurus) and buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) selected from four districts of Punjab, Pakistan. DNA samples from blood (n=246) were extracted and tested using conventional PCR utilising the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene and multiplexed tandem PCR (MT-PCR). Theileria orientalis DNA was detected (15%; 22/147) only in imported cattle by conventional PCR, whereas 24.5% (36/147), 6% (3/50) and 6.1% (3/49) of the imported cattle and native Pakistani cattle and buffaloes, respectively were test-positive for T. orientalis using MT-PCR. Using MT-PCR, the prevalence of T. orientalis was significantly higher (P<0.0001) in imported cattle compared to that of detected in native Pakistani bovines. The prevalence of T. orientalis and DNA copies of chitose and ikeda were significantly higher (P<0.05) in imported cattle than those detected in native Pakistani bovines. DNA sequencing of amplicons of the conventional PCR revealed the presence of buffeli, chitose and ikeda genotypes of T. orientalis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the MPSP sequences of buffeli, chitose and ikeda from imported cattle were closely related to those sequences reported previously from Australia and other regions. This study provides the first survey of T. orientalis infection in imported and native bovines in Pakistan, and highlights the need for future studies to understand the spread of transboundary animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hagos Gebrekidan
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tariq Abbas
- University College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Wajid
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia.
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