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Alcalá-Gómez J, Alcalá-Gómez G, Balleza-Díaz Barriga KG, Vite-Méndez GDJ, Reyes-Hernández M. Beauveria bassiana native strains affect the reproductive index of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 93:485-496. [PMID: 38980594 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00942-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus poses a significant economic threat due to its role in transmitting Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma marginale. Chemical control methods, commonly employed, encounter challenges like resistance, high costs, and environmental concerns. Emerging as an alternative, entomopathogenic fungi, particularly Beauveria bassiana, present a promising avenue for biological control. Molecular identification using the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8-ITS4) region ensures accurate species identification. This study investigated two B. bassiana strains, assessing their molecular characterization, impact on R. microplus mortality, and reproductive effects on adult females. The Reproductive Aptitude Index (RAI) is employed to evaluate tick egg viability post-treatment, providing insights into the potential of these fungi for tick control. Results indicate the BbLn2021-1 strain causes 96% mortality, and BbSf2021-1 induces 100% mortality. The commercial strain exhibited 28% mortality, while the control treatment showed 12%. Statistical analysis reveals a significant difference between treatments (p < 0.01). The Reproductive Efficiency Index (REI) underscores BbSf2021-1is superiority, yielding lower egg weights than other treatments. Regarding the RAI, BbLn2021-1 and BbSf2021-1 show no significant differences but differ significantly from the commercial and control (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that strains isolated and characterized from the natural environment could have potential applications in field trials, serving as a biocontrol alternative for R. microplus ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Alcalá-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Zoología, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan, 45129, México
| | - Gabriela Alcalá-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Zoología, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan, 45129, México
| | - Karol Georgina Balleza-Díaz Barriga
- Laboratorio de Zoología, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan, 45129, México
| | - Ghierana de Jesus Vite-Méndez
- Laboratorio de Zoología, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan, 45129, México
| | - Martha Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Zoología, Departamento de Biotecnológicas y Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Av. Patria 1201, Zapopan, 45129, México.
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Lima VH, Matugawa AT, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK. Complex nitrogen sources from agro-industrial byproducts: impact on production, multi-stress tolerance, virulence, and quality of Beauveria bassiana blastospores. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0404023. [PMID: 38700331 PMCID: PMC11237575 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04040-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigated the impact of various complex organic nitrogen sources on the submerged liquid fermentation of Beauveria bassiana, a versatile entomopathogenic fungus known for producing hydrophilic yeast-like single cells called blastospores. Specifically, we examined yeast extract, autolyzed yeast, inactive yeast, cottonseed flour, corn bran, and corn gluten meal as nitrogen compounds with different carbon-to-nitrogen (C:N) ratios. Our comprehensive analysis encompassed blastospore production, tolerance to abiotic stresses, shelf stability after drying, and virulence against mealworm larvae, crucial attributes for developing effective blastospore-based biopesticides. Notably, cottonseed flour emerged as the optimal nitrogen source, yielding up to 2.5 × 109 blastospores/mL within 3 days in a bioreactor. These blastospores exhibited the highest tolerance to heat stress and UV-B radiation exposure. The endogenous C:N ratio in blastospore composition was also impacted by nitrogen sources. Bioassays with mealworm larvae demonstrated that blastospores from cottonseed flour were the most virulent, achieving faster lethality (lower LT50) and requiring a lower inoculum (LC50). Importantly, blastospores produced with cottonseed flour displayed extended viability during storage, surpassing the retention of viability compared to those from autolyzed yeast over 180 days at 4°C. Despite differences in storage viability, both nitrogen sources conferred similar long-term blastospore bioactivity against mealworms. In summary, this research advances our understanding of the crucial impact of complex organic nitrogen selection on the phenotypic traits of blastospores in association with their intracellular C:N ratio, contributing to the production of ecologically fit, shelf-stable, and virulent propagules for effective pest biocontrol programs. IMPORTANCE Biological control through entomopathogenic fungi provides essential ecological services in the integrated management of agricultural pests. In the context of submerged liquid fermentation, the nutritional composition significantly influences the ecological fitness, virulence and quality of these fungi. This study specifically explores the impact of various complex organic nitrogen sources derived from agro-industrial byproducts on the submerged liquid fermentation of Beauveria bassiana, a versatile entomopathogenic fungus known for producing hydrophilic yeast-like blastospores. Notably, manipulating the nitrogen source during submerged cultivation can influence the quality, fitness, and performance of blastospores. This research identifies cottonseed flour as the optimal low-cost nitrogen source, contributing to increased production yields, enhanced multi-stress tolerance, heightened virulence with extended shelf life and long-term bioactivity. These findings deepen our understanding of the critical role of nitrogen compound selection in liquid media formulation, facilitating the production of ecologically fit and virulent blastospores for more effective pest biocontrol programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valesca Henrique Lima
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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de Lima PPDABM, Fiorotti J, Paulino PG, Corval ARDC, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Lopes ADSC, Oliveira RJVD, Santos HA, Bittencourt VREP, Angelo IDC, Golo PS. Metarhizium pingshaense photolyase expression and virulence to Rhipicephalus microplus after UV-B exposure. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:94-105. [PMID: 37696778 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the impact of ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation in Metarhizium pingshaense blastospores' photolyase expression and their virulence against Rhipicephalus microplus. Blastospores were exposed to UV under laboratory and field conditions. Ticks were treated topically with fungal suspension and exposed to UV-B in the laboratory for three consecutive days. The expression of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers (CPDs)-photolyase gene maphr1-2 in blastospores after UV exposure followed by white light exposure was accessed after 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Average relative germination of blastospores 24 h after in vitro UV exposure was 8.4% lower than 48 h. Despite this, the relative germination of blastospores exposed to UV in the field 18 h (95.7 ± 0.3%) and 28 h (97.3 ± 0.8%) after exposure were not different (p > 0.05). Ticks treated with fungus and not exposed to UV exhibited 0% survival 10 days after the treatment, while fungus-treated ticks exposed to UV exhibited 50 ± 11.2% survival. Expression levels of maphr1-2 8, 12, and 24 h after UV-B exposure were not different from time zero. Maphr1-2 expression peak in M. pingshaense blastospores occurred 36 h after UV-B exposure, in the proposed conditions and times analyzed, suggesting repair mechanisms other than CPD-mediated-photoreactivation might be leading blastospores' germination from 0 to 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamella Pryscila de A B M de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Fiorotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia G Paulino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda R da C Corval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís A Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriani da S C Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael José V de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste (CETENE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Huarrisson A Santos
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabele da C Angelo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Golo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mesquita E, Hu S, Lima TB, Golo PS, Bidochka MJ. Utilization of Metarhizium as an insect biocontrol agent and a plant bioinoculant with special reference to Brazil. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1276287. [PMID: 38186633 PMCID: PMC10768067 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1276287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Brazil has a long history of using biological control and has the largest program in sugarcane agriculture to which a biocontrol program has been applied. This achievement is at least partly due to the utilization of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium. This well-known fungal genus exhibits pathogenicity against a broad range of arthropod hosts and has been used globally as a biocontrol agent. This fungus is also a root symbiont, and in this capacity, it is a plant growth promoter. However, this feature (i.e., as a plant symbiont) has yet to be fully explored and implemented in Brazil, although the number of reports demonstrating Metarhizium's utility as a plant bioinoculant is increasing. The Brazilian bioproduct industry targets agricultural pests, and is limited to two Metarhizium species represented by four fungal isolates as active ingredients. Entomopathogenic fungi have also been successful in controlling arthropods of public health concern, as shown in their control of mosquitoes, which are vectors of diseases. The isolation of new indigenous Metarhizium isolates from a variety of substrates such as soil, insects, and plants shows the wide genetic diversity within this fungal genus. In this review, we emphasize the significance of Metarhizium spp. for the biological control of insects in Brazil. We also suggest that the experience and success of biological control with fungi in Brazil is an important resource for developing integrated pest management and sustainable strategies for pest control worldwide. Moreover, the future implementation prospects of species of Metarhizium being used as bioinoculants and possible new advances in the utility of this fungus are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mesquita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Shasha Hu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Tais B. Lima
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Patricia Silva Golo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropedica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michael J. Bidochka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Basso V, Pinheiro Dillon AJ, Toldi M, Gonçalves Kramer C, Vicenço Bonato C. Beauveria bassiana submerged spores for control of two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)): production, stability, and virulence. Arch Microbiol 2023; 206:23. [PMID: 38103058 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03759-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, IBCB 66, IBCB 868, and CBMAI 1306 isolates of Beauveria bassiana were grown in liquid culture for 4 days, leading to elevated submerged spores (SS) levels. The influence of the addition of different glycerol concentrations (0, 3, and 6%) (v/v) in the liquid culture was investigated regarding the stability (at 4 and 27 °C) of dried formulations. The virulence of SS was compared with aerial spores (AS) against Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae). The results demonstrate the potential of using SS to control T. urticae. CBMAI 1306 and IBCB 868 isolates caused T. urticae mortality rates of 91.11% and 88.89% 5 days after treatment, respectively, when applied at concentrations of 1 × 108 SS mL-1. The median Lethal Time (LT50) values for these strains were 2.64 and 2.61 days, respectively. The dried formulations showed potential acaricidal activity. Higher glycerol concentrations in the liquid culture medium reduced formulation stability at 27 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Basso
- University of Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Dillon Biotecnologia LTDA, Estrada Municipal Olimpio Miotto, 95062-600, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Aldo José Pinheiro Dillon
- University of Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Dillon Biotecnologia LTDA, Estrada Municipal Olimpio Miotto, 95062-600, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maicon Toldi
- University of Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Dillon Biotecnologia LTDA, Estrada Municipal Olimpio Miotto, 95062-600, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Gonçalves Kramer
- University of Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Dillon Biotecnologia LTDA, Estrada Municipal Olimpio Miotto, 95062-600, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Camila Vicenço Bonato
- University of Caxias do Sul, Rua Francisco Getúlio Vargas, 1130, 95070-560, Caxias do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Esparza-Mora MA, Mazumdar T, Jiang S, Radek R, Thiem JN, Feng L, Petrašiūnaitė V, Banasiak R, Golian M, Gleske M, Lucas C, Springer A, Buellesbach J, McMahon DP. Defensive behavior is linked to altered surface chemistry following infection in a termite society. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20606. [PMID: 37996442 PMCID: PMC10667546 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42947-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The care-kill response determines whether a sick individual will be treated or eliminated from an insect society, but little is known about the physiological underpinnings of this process. We exploited the stepwise infection dynamics of an entomopathogenic fungus in a termite to explore how care-kill transitions occur, and identify the chemical cues behind these shifts. We found collective responses towards pathogen-injected individuals to vary according to severity and timing of pathogen challenge, with elimination, via cannibalism, occurring sooner in response to a severe active infection. However, injection with inactivated fungal blastospores also resulted in increased albeit delayed cannibalism, even though it did not universally cause host death. This indicates that the decision to eliminate an individual is triggered before pathogen viability or terminal disease status has been established. We then compared the surface chemistry of differently challenged individuals, finding increased amounts of long-chained methyl-branched alkanes with similar branching patterns in individuals injected with both dead and viable fungal blastospores, with the latter showing the largest increase. This coincided with the highest amounts of observed cannibalism as well as signs of severe moribundity. Our study provides new mechanistic insight into the emergent collective behaviors involved in the disease defense of a termite society.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Esparza-Mora
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilottama Mazumdar
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shixiong Jiang
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Renate Radek
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julian N Thiem
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linshan Feng
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vesta Petrašiūnaitė
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ronald Banasiak
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marek Golian
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Gleske
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christophe Lucas
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (UMR7261), CNRS-University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Andreas Springer
- Core Facility BioSupraMol, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Buellesbach
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dino P McMahon
- Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Straße 1-3, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Department for Materials and Environment, BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany.
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Mascarin GM, Kobori NN, Coleman JJ, Jackson MA. Impact of osmotic stress on production, morphology, and fitness of Beauveria bassiana blastospores. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s00253-023-12631-z. [PMID: 37358812 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12631-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana is a cosmopolitan entomopathogenic fungus that can infect over 1000 insect species. During growth inside the host, B. bassiana transitions from hyphal to yeast-like unicellular growth as blastospores. Blastospores are well suited as an active ingredient in biopesticides due to their ease of production by liquid fermentation. Herein, we investigated the impact of hyperosmotic growth environments mediated by ionic and non-ionic osmolytes on two strains of B. bassiana (ESALQ1432 and GHA) relevant to growth morphology, blastospore production, desiccation tolerance, and insecticidal activity. Polyethylene glycol (PEG200) increased osmotic pressure in submerged cultures leading to decreased blastospore size but higher blastospore yields for one strain. Morphologically, decreased blastospore size was linked to increased osmotic pressure. However, smaller blastospores from PEG200 supplemented cultures after air-drying exhibited delayed germination. Ionic osmolytes (NaCl and KCl) generated the same osmotic pressure (2.5-2.7 MPa) as 20% glucose and boosted blastospore yields (> 2.0 × 109 blastospores mL-1). Fermentation performed in a bench-scale bioreactor consistently promoted high blastospore yields when using NaCl (2.5 MPa) amended media within 3 days. Mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) were similarly susceptible to NaCl-grown blastospores and aerial conidia in a dose-time-dependent manner. Collectively, these results demonstrate the use of hyperosmotic liquid culture media in triggering enhanced yeast-like growth by B. bassiana. Understanding the role of osmotic pressure on blastospore formation and fitness will hasten the development of viable commercial fungal biopesticides. KEY POINTS: • Osmotic pressure plays a critical role in submerged fermentation of B. bassiana. • Ionic/non-ionic osmolytes greatly impact blastospore morphology, fitness, and yield. • Desiccation tolerance and bioefficacy of blastospores are affected by the osmolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP 340, Km 127.5, Jaguariúna, SP, 13918-110, Brazil.
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA.
| | - Nilce Naomi Kobori
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Coleman
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Mark Alan Jackson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL, 61604, USA
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da Paixão FRS, Muniz ER, Catão AML, Santos TR, Luz C, Marreto RN, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK. Microsclerotial pellets of Metarhizium spp.: thermotolerance and bioefficacy against the cattle tick. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2263-2275. [PMID: 36929189 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), is a multi-billion dollar ectoparasite of global importance affecting beef and milk production. Submerged cultures of cosmopolitan entomopathogenic fungal species of the genus Metarhizium typically produce microsclerotia that provide both long-term survival and environmental resistance. Microsclerotia hold great potential as an unconventional active propagule to control this tick under laboratory and semi-field conditions. However, heat stress caused especially by elevated temperatures poses a critical environmental constraint for the successful development and efficacy of microsclerotia under tropical conditions. First, we screened six strains of Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium robertsii and Metarhizium humberi for their ability to produce microsclerotia by submerged liquid cultivation. In addition, we assessed the biological fitness and bioefficacy of dried microsclerotial pellets under amenable (27 °C) and heat-stressed (32 °C) incubation against engorged adult females of R. microplus. Microsclerotia in pelletized formulation prepared with carriers based on diatomaceous earth and microcrystalline cellulose exhibited conidial production at different extents according to the fungal strain and the incubation temperature, but most strains displayed reduced sporogenesis when exposed to 32 °C. Engorged tick females exposed to sporulated microsclerotia from pelletized M. anisopliae CG47 or IP 119 had fewer number of hatching larvae in comparison to the control group, irrespective of the incubation temperature tested. The minimum dosage of microsclerotial pellets that effectively reduced hatchability of tick larvae was estimated to be 2 mg per plate (equivalent to 6.0 kg per hectare). Metarhizium microsclerotial pellets exhibited significant tolerance to 32 °C and pronounced acaricidal activity against this economically important ectoparasite of cattle, even under simulated environmental heat stress. KEY POINTS: • Heat stress affects conidial production by microsclerotia of most pelletized Metarhizium strains • Heat stress does not impair the acaricidal performance of pelletized microsclerotia • Pellet formulation of Metarhizium microsclerotia is a promising mycoacaricide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Santos da Paixão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Elen Regozino Muniz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Alaine Maria Lopes Catão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Embrapa Environment, SP 340 Road, Km 127.5, Tanquinho Velho, Jaguariúna, SP, 13918-110, Brazil.
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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9
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Bitencourt RDOB, dos Santos-Mallet JR, Lowenberger C, Ventura A, Gôlo PS, Bittencourt VREP, Angelo IDC. A Novel Model of Pathogenesis of Metarhizium anisopliae Propagules through the Midguts of Aedes aegypti Larvae. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14040328. [PMID: 37103143 PMCID: PMC10146130 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae against Aedes aegypti. Conidia of M. anisopliae strains CG 489, CG 153, and IBCB 481 were grown in Adamek medium under different conditions to improve blastospore production. Mosquito larvae were exposed to blastospores or conidia of the three fungal strains at 1 × 107 propagules mL-1. M. anisopliae IBCB 481 and CG 153 reduced larval survival by 100%, whereas CG 489 decreased survival by about 50%. Blastospores of M. anisopliae IBCB 481 had better results in lowering larval survival. M. anisopliae CG 489 and CG 153 reduced larval survival similarly. For histopathology (HP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), larvae were exposed to M. anisopliae CG 153 for 24 h or 48 h. SEM confirmed the presence of fungi in the digestive tract, while HP confirmed that propagules reached the hemocoel via the midgut, damaged the peritrophic matrix, caused rupture and atrophy of the intestinal mucosa, caused cytoplasmic disorganization of the enterocytes, and degraded the brush border. Furthermore, we report for the first time the potential of M. anisopliae IBCB 481 to kill Ae. aegypti larvae and methods to improve the production of blastospores.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacenir Reis dos Santos-Mallet
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, IOC-FIOCRUZ-RJ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, IOC-FIOCRUZ-PI, Teresina 64001-350, PI, Brazil
- Laboratory of Surveillance and Biodiversity in Health, Iguaçu University-UNIG, Nova Iguaçu 28300-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carl Lowenberger
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Adriana Ventura
- Department of Animal Biology, Institute of Health and Biological Sciences, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silva Gôlo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Isabele da Costa Angelo
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, RJ, Brazil
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10
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Marzouk AS, Ali AAB. A comparison between the effectiveness of the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae for the control of Argas persicus with the emphasis of histopathological changes in the integument. Vet Parasitol 2023; 317:109906. [PMID: 36940590 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Argas persicus is an important ectoparasite of domestic fowl that causes heavy economic losses to the poultry industry. The present study was carried out to compare and assess the effects induced by spraying the fungi Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae separately, on the mobility and viability of semifed adult A. persicus, also to follow the histopathological effect induced by a selected concentration of 1010 conidia/ml of B. bassiana on the integument. Biological studies revealed a more or less similar pattern of response in adults treated with either of the two fungi (Increasing concentration resulting in more death along with examined period). As the estimated LC50 and LC95 of B. bassiana were recorded 5 × 109 and 4.6 × 1012 conidia/ml, respectively, and for M. anisopliae were 3 × 1011 and 2.7 × 1016 conidia/ml respectively, the fungus B. bassiana was more efficient than M. anisopliae when applied at the same concentrations. The study revealed that spraying of Beauveria at 1012 conidia/ml is sufficient to control A. persicus as it recorded 100% efficacy, so it might be selected to be the effective dose. Histological investigation of the integument treated with B. bassiana revealed the dispersal of the hyphal network on the after 11 days of treatment, accompanied by other changes. Results from our study verify the susceptibility of A. persicus to the pathogenic effect induced by spraying B. bassiana, which is sufficient for its control with the recording better results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleya Soliman Marzouk
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Postal Code 11566 Cairo, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Ali Baioumy Ali
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, Postal Code 11566 Cairo, Egypt.
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11
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Ribeiro-Silva CS, Muniz ER, Lima VH, Bernardo CC, Arruda W, Castro RN, Gôlo PS, Angelo IC, Fernandes ÉKK. Cuticular Lipids as a First Barrier Defending Ixodid Ticks against Fungal Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1177. [PMID: 36354944 PMCID: PMC9698823 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The chemical composition of tick cuticles acts as a barrier to pathogens and may limit infection by entomopathogenic fungi. This study characterized the cuticular neutral lipids (NL) and hydrocarbons (HCs) of four ixodid ticks that are widely distributed in Brazil. HC extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and used to challenge Beauveria bassiana IP361 and Metarhizium robertsii IP146; the effect of cuticular extracts in fungal growth were evaluated by disk diffusion and conidial viability assays. In addition, conidial germination on the tick cuticle was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, and NL from ticks treated with fungi were assessed by thin layer chromatography. Six HCs were exclusively identified in Amblyomma sculptum. Additionally, cuticle extracts from Dermacentor nitens and A. sculptum inhibited the growth of M. robertsii IP146 and reduced conidial germination of B. bassiana IP361 to 70% and 49%, respectively; the same extracts also produced cytotoxic effects, with conidial death above 30% and 60%. Electron micrographs showed a delayed germination of conidia incubated for 48 h or 72 h on D. nitens and A. sculptum. The lipid profile of A. sculptum treated with fungi was not significantly altered; triacylglycerol was not detected in the cuticle extracts of any other tick species. Finally, A. sculptum and D. nitens cuticles have lipid components that may limit the development of M. robertsii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cárita S. Ribeiro-Silva
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Elen R. Muniz
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Valesca H. Lima
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Walquíria Arruda
- Departamento de Histologia, Embriologia e Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Rosane N. Castro
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S. Gôlo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Isabele C. Angelo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica 23890-000, Brazil
| | - Éverton K. K. Fernandes
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia 74690-900, Brazil
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12
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Delivery and effectiveness of entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito and tick control: current knowledge and research challenges. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106627. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Silva DM, de Souza VHM, Moral RDA, Delalibera Júnior I, Mascarin GM. Production of Purpureocillium lilacinum and Pochonia chlamydosporia by Submerged Liquid Fermentation and Bioactivity against Tetranychus urticae and Heterodera glycines through Seed Inoculation. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:511. [PMID: 35628766 PMCID: PMC9145524 DOI: 10.3390/jof8050511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pochoniachlamydosporia and Purpureocilliumlilacinum are fungal bioagents used for the sustainable management of plant parasitic nematodes. However, their production through submerged liquid fermentation and their use in seed treatment have been underexplored. Therefore, our goal was to assess the effect of different liquid media on the growth of 40 isolates of P. lilacinum and two of P. chlamydosporia. The most promising isolates tested were assessed for plant growth promotion and the control of the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) and the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines). Most isolates produced > 108 blastospores mL−1 and some isolates produced more than 104 microsclerotia mL−1. Microsclerotia of selected isolates were used to inoculate common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds in greenhouse trials. All fungal isolates reduced the T. urticae fecundity in inoculated plants through seed treatment, while P. chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 and P. lilacinum ESALQ2593 decreased cyst nematode population. Purpureocillium lilacinum was more frequently detected in soil, whereas P. chlamydosporia colonized all plant parts. Pochonia chlamydosporia ESALQ5406 improved the root development of bean plants. These findings demonstrate the possibility of producing submerged propagules of P. chlamydosporia and P. lilacinum by liquid culture, and greenhouse trials support the applicability of fungal microsclerotia in seed treatment to control P. vulgaris pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Milanez Silva
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Victor Hugo Moura de Souza
- Crop Science Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Lawrence Weaver Rd., Cambridge CB30 LE, UK;
| | - Rafael de Andrade Moral
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Maynooth University, W23 F2H6 Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil; (D.M.S.); (I.D.J.)
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP 340, KM 127.5, Jaguariúna 13918-110, SP, Brazil
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14
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Ali AAB. Effect of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) on eggs and eclosing larvae of the tick Argas (Persicargas) persicus (Oken). Vet Parasitol 2022; 306:109714. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2022.109714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Carneiro ADS, Mesquita E, Meirelles LN, Bittencourt VREP, Golo PS. Compatibility of different Metarhizium spp. propagules with synthetic acaricides for controlling Rhipicephalus microplus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e018221. [PMID: 35384990 PMCID: PMC9901882 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The inappropriate use of synthetic acaricides has selected resistant Rhipicephalus microplus populations. The present study evaluated the compatibility of different Metarhizium spp. propagules (conidia, blastospores, and microsclerotia) by incubating them with synthetic acaricides (amitraz, deltamethrin, and a combination of cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos, and citronellal) for 1 h, 5 h, 10 h, and 24 h. Conidia and microsclerotia of the tested isolates were usually more tolerant to synthetic acaricides than blastospores. Our study also analyzed the in vitro effect of deltamethrin associated with fungal propagules for controlling a population of R. microplus females that were not susceptible to this synthetic acaricide. The use of entomopathogenic fungi in association with deltamethrin in this tick population caused a greater tick control than did the use of the fungus or the synthetic acaricide separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriani da Silva Carneiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | - Laura Nóbrega Meirelles
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
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16
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Baioumy AA, Swelim HH, Ibrahim AA, Mohamed FES, Marzouk AS, El-Alfy SH. Acaricidal and pathogenic effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on engorged females of the fowl tick, Argas persicus (Argasidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2021; 85:331-354. [PMID: 34751842 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-021-00671-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acaricidal, histopathological and genotoxic effects of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana on engorged females of the fowl tick, Argas persicus. The acaricidal effect of B. bassiana (at 106-1010 conidia/mL) was concentration- and time-dependent. At 106 conidia/mL, the accumulated mortality of treated females ranged from 3.33 ± 3.3 to 13.33 ± 3.3% over 21 days. However, the mortality was remarkably increased after the application of 1010 conidia/mL, ranging from 6.67 ± 3.3 to 80 ± 5.8%. Females treated with various conidial concentrations exhibited complete inhibition of oviposition. Light and electron microscopic examination of the ovary of engorged female ticks at 3, 6 and 9 days after treatment with 107 conidia/mL revealed that the oocytes exhibited drastic changes that affected their growth and development. The overall damage observed in the ovary included loss of grape-like appearance, distortion of oocytes, cytoplasmic vacuolation, degeneration of organelles and myelin figure formation. Previtellogenic oocyte progression was completely inhibited as the vitellogenic phase was not observed. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD-PCR) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) methods were used to assess the genotoxic effects of B. bassiana at 107 conidia/mL on engorged female A. persicus over 3 weeks. The lowest percentage of genomic template stability was recorded in paralyzed ticks after 3 weeks. The study demonstrated the efficacy of B. bassiana as a biocontrol agent against A. persicus as it interfered with its reproduction, movement and viability and disrupted its normal tissue and DNA integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ali Baioumy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hamdy Hamed Swelim
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Adly Ibrahim
- Bioinsecticides Production Unit, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Sherif Helmy El-Alfy
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taibah University, Almadina Almunawara, Saudi Arabia.
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17
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How Dopamine Influences Survival and Cellular Immune Response of Rhipicephalus microplus Inoculated with Metarhizium anisopliae. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110950. [PMID: 34829237 PMCID: PMC8622812 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a biogenic monoamine reported to modulate insect hemocytes. Although the immune functions of DA are known in insects, there is a lack of knowledge of DA’s role in the immune system of ticks. The use of Metarhizium anisopliae has been considered for tick control, driving studies on the immune response of these arthropods challenged with fungi. The present study evaluated the effect of DA on the cellular immune response and survival of Rhipicephalus microplus inoculated with M. anisopliae blastospores. Exogenous DA increased both ticks’ survival 72 h after M. anisopliae inoculation and the number of circulating hemocytes compared to the control group, 24 h after the treatment. The phagocytic index of tick hemocytes challenged with M. anisopliae did not change upon injection of exogenous DA. Phenoloxidase activity in the hemolymph of ticks injected with DA and the fungus or exclusively with DA was higher than in untreated ticks or ticks inoculated with the fungus alone, 72 h after treatment. DA was detected in the hemocytes of fungus-treated and untreated ticks. Unveiling the cellular immune response in ticks challenged with entomopathogenic fungi is important to improve strategies for the biological control of these ectoparasites.
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18
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Muniz ER, Ribeiro-Silva CS, Arruda W, Keyhani NO, Fernandes ÉKK. The Msn2 Transcription Factor Regulates Acaricidal Virulence in the Fungal Pathogen Beauveria bassiana. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:690731. [PMID: 34354961 PMCID: PMC8329533 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana holds promise as a feasible biological control agent for tick control. The B. bassiana stress–response transcription factor Msn2 is known to contribute to fungal growth, conidiogenesis, stress–response and virulence towards insects; however, little is known concerning whether Msn2 is involved in infection across Arthropoda classes. We evaluated the effects of Msn2 on B. bassiana virulence against Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari, Ixodidae) using wild-type, targeted gene knockout (ΔBbmsn2) and complemented mutant (ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2) strains. Reproductive parameters of R. microplus engorged females treated topically or by an intra-hemocoel injection of conidial suspensions were assessed. Treated cuticles of engorged females were analyzed by microscopy, and proteolytic activity of B. bassiana on cuticles was assessed. Topically treated engorged females showed high mean larval hatching (>84%) in control and ΔBbmsn2 treatments, whereas treatment with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains resulted in significantly decreased (lowered egg viability) larval hatching. Percent control of R. microplus topically treated with ΔBbmsn2 was lower than in the groups treated with wild-type (56.1%) or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains. However, no differences on reproductive parameters were detected when R. microplus were treated by intra-hemocoel injection using low (800 conidia/tick) doses for all strains tested; R. microplus injected with high doses of wild-type or mutant strains (106 conidia/tick) died before laying eggs (~48 h after treatment). SEM analyses of B. bassiana infection showed similar conidial germination and formation of pseudo-appressoria on tick cuticle. Histological sections of ticks treated with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains showed fungal penetration through the cuticle, and into the tick interior. Hyphae of ΔBbmsn2, however, did not appear to penetrate or breach the tick exocuticle 120 h after treatment. Protease activity was lower on tick cuticles treated with ΔBbmsn2 than those treated with the wild-type or ΔBbmsn2/Bbmsn2 strains. These data show that loss of the Msn2 transcription factor reduced B. bassiana virulence against R. microplus, but did not interfere with conidial germination, appressoria formation or sporulation on tick cadavers, and plays only a minimal role once the cuticle is breached. Our results indicate that the BbMsn2 transcription factor acts mainly during the fungal penetration process and that decreased protease production may be one mechanism that contributes to the inability of the mutant strain to breach the tick cuticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elen R Muniz
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Cárita S Ribeiro-Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Walquíria Arruda
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nemat O Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil.,Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
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19
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Ebani VV, Mancianti F. Entomopathogenic Fungi and Bacteria in a Veterinary Perspective. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060479. [PMID: 34071435 PMCID: PMC8229426 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Several fungal species are well suited to control arthropods, being able to cause epizootic infection among them and most of them infect their host by direct penetration through the arthropod’s tegument. Most of organisms are related to the biological control of crop pests, but, more recently, have been applied to combat some livestock ectoparasites. Among the entomopathogenic bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, innocuous for humans, animals, and plants and isolated from different environments, showed the most relevant activity against arthropods. Its entomopathogenic property is related to the production of highly biodegradable proteins. Entomopathogenic fungi and bacteria are usually employed against agricultural pests, and some studies have focused on their use to control animal arthropods. However, risks of infections in animals and humans are possible; thus, further studies about their activity are necessary. Abstract The present study aimed to review the papers dealing with the biological activity of fungi and bacteria against some mites and ticks of veterinary interest. In particular, the attention was turned to the research regarding acarid species, Dermanyssus gallinae and Psoroptes sp., which are the cause of severe threat in farm animals and, regarding ticks, also pets. Their impact on animal and human health has been stressed, examining the weaknesses and strengths of conventional treatments. Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae are the most widely employed agents. Their activities have been reviewed, considering the feasibility of an in-field application and the effectiveness of the administration alone or combined with conventional and alternative drugs is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Virginia Ebani
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-6968
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, viale delle Piagge 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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20
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Mascarin GM, Iwanicki NS, Ramirez JL, Delalibera Í, Dunlap CA. Transcriptional Responses of Beauveria bassiana Blastospores Cultured Under Varying Glucose Concentrations. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:644372. [PMID: 33842391 PMCID: PMC8024584 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.644372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Culturing the entomopathogenic fungus, Beauveria bassiana, under high glucose concentrations coupled with high aeration results in a fungal developmental shift from hyphal growth to mostly blastospores (yeast-like cells). The underlying molecular mechanisms involved in this shift remain elusive. A systematic transcriptome analysis of the differential gene expression was preformed to uncover the fungal transcriptomic response to osmotic and oxidative stresses associated with the resulting high blastospore yield. Differential gene expression was compared under moderate (10% w/v) and high (20% w/v) glucose concentrations daily for three days. The RNAseq-based transcriptomic results depicted a higher proportion of downregulated genes when the fungus was grown under 20% glucose than 10%. Additional experiments explored a broader glucose range (4, 8, 12, 16, 20% w/v) with phenotype assessment and qRT-PCR transcript abundance measurements of selected genes. Antioxidant, calcium transport, conidiation, and osmosensor-related genes were highly upregulated in higher glucose titers (16-20%) compared to growth in lower glucose (4-6%) concentrations. The class 1 hydrophobin gene (Hyd1) was highly expressed throughout the culturing. Hyd1 is known to be involved in spore coat rodlet layer assembly, and indicates that blastospores or another cell type containing hydrophobin 1 is expressed in the haemocoel during the infection process. Furthermore, we found implications of the HOG signaling pathway with upregulation of homologous genes Ssk2 and Hog1 for all fermentation time points under hyperosmotic medium (20% glucose). These findings expand our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms behind blastospore development and may help facilitate large-scale industrial production of B. bassiana blastospores for pest control applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, Brazil
| | - Natasha Sant'Anna Iwanicki
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Jose Luis Ramirez
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Peoria, IL, United States
| | - Ítalo Delalibera
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture/University of São Paulo (ESALQ/USP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Christopher A Dunlap
- Crop Bioprotection Research Unit, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, United States Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, Peoria, IL, United States
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21
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Marciano AF, Mascarin GM, Franco RFF, Golo PS, Jaronski ST, Fernandes ÉKK, Bittencourt VREP. Innovative granular formulation of Metarhizium robertsii microsclerotia and blastospores for cattle tick control. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4972. [PMID: 33654152 PMCID: PMC7925645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus poses a serious threat to the cattle industry, resulting in economic losses aggravated by tick resistance to chemical acaricides. Strains of Metarhizium spp., a well-known group of entomopathogenic fungi, can contribute to managing this ectoparasite. We explored two novel granular, microsclerotia- or blastospores-based formulations of Metarhizium robertsii for R. microplus control under semi-field conditions. Fungal persistence in soil was also observed for 336 days. The experiment used pots of Urochloa decumbens cv. Basilisk grass, treated with 0.25 or 0.5 mg of granular formulation/cm2 (25 or 50 kg/ha) applied to the soil surface prior to transferring engorged tick females onto the treated soil. The fungal granules yielded more conidia with subsequent sporulation under controlled indoor conditions than in the outdoor environment, where the levels of fungus rapidly declined over time. Metarhizium-root colonization ranged from 25 to 66.7% depending on the propagule and rate. Fungal formulations significantly reduced the number of tick larvae during the humid season, reaching at least 64.8% relative efficacy. Microsclerotia or blastospores-granular formulations of M. robertsii can reduce the impact of R. microplus, and thus prove to be a promising tool in the control of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Felipe Marciano
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Jaguariúna, São Paulo, 13918-110, Brazil.
| | - Renato Felipe Ferreira Franco
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, 23897-000, Brazil
| | | | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás (UFG), Goiânia, Goiás, 74690-900, Brazil
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22
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Corval ARC, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Silva CDSR, Bitencourt RDOB, Fernandes ÉKK, Bittencourt VREP, Roberts DW, Gôlo PS. UV-B tolerances of conidia, blastospores, and microsclerotia of Metarhizium spp. entomopathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 2020; 61:15-26. [PMID: 33616987 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze ten native Metarhizium spp. isolates as to their UV-B tolerances. Comparisons included: different fungal propagules (conidia, blastospores, or microsclerotia [MS]); conidia in aqueous suspensions or in 10% mineral oil-in-water emulsions; and conidia mixed with different types of soil. The UV-B effect was expressed as the germination of conidia or culturability of blastospores and MS relative to nongerminated propagules. Metarhizium anisopliae LCM S05 exhibited high tolerance as blastospores and/or MS, but not as conidia; LCM S10 and LCM S08 had positive results with MS or conidia but not blastospores. The formulations with 10% mineral oil did not always protect Metarhizium conidia against UV-B. Conidia of LCM S07, LCM S08, and LCM S10 exhibited the best results when in aqueous suspensions, 24 h after UV-B exposure. In general, conidia mixed with soil and exposed to UV-B yielded similar number of colony forming units as conidia from unexposed soil, regardless the soil type. It was not possible to predict which type of propagule would be the most UV-B tolerant for each fungal isolate; in conclusion, many formulations and propagule types should be investigated early in the development of new fungal biocontrol products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R C Corval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís A Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cárita de S R Silva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Ricardo de O B Bitencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Éverton K K Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia S Gôlo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Shin TY, Lee MR, Park SE, Lee SJ, Kim WJ, Kim JS. Pathogenesis-related genes of entomopathogenic fungi. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 105:e21747. [PMID: 33029869 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All living things on Earth experience various diseases such as those caused by viruses, bacteria, and fungi. Insects are no exception to this rule, and fungi that cause disease in insects are called entomopathogenic fungi. These fungi have been developed as microbial insecticides and are used to control various pests. Generally, the mode of action of entomopathogenic fungi is divided into the attachment of conidia, germination, penetration, growth, and generation of secondary infectious conidia. In each of these steps, that entomopathogenic fungi use genes in a complex manner (specific or diverse) has been shown by gene knock-out and RNA-sequencing analysis. In this review, the information mechanism of entomopathogenic fungi was divided into six steps: (1) attachment of conidia to host, (2) germination and appressorium, (3) penetration, (4) fungal growth in hemolymph, (5) conidia production on host, and (6) transmission and dispersal. The strategy used by the fungi in each step was described at the genetic level. In addition, an approach for studying the mode of action of the fungi is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Young Shin
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Rong Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - So Eun Park
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Su Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Republic of Korea
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24
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Lorenz SC, Humbert P, Patel AV. Chitin increases drying survival of encapsulated Metarhizium pemphigi blastospores for Ixodes ricinus control. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2020; 11:101537. [PMID: 32993946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ticks, like Ixodes ricinus, have negative impacts on human and animal health in Germany and worldwide, with almost no specific scientifically proven biological control agent commercially available. Biological control agents containing entomopathogenic fungi present many advantages over chemical acaricides but usually high doses of aerial conidia (1013-1014 conidia/ha) are required to control arthropod pests in the field. A suitable formulation containing nutrients not only makes sensitive blastospores applicable but also functions as a microfermenter to multiply the biomass and thus significantly reduce the required application dosage. For this approach, Metarhizium pemphigi X1c blastospores were encapsulated in calcium alginate beads with granular corn starch or chitin powder as nutrients to ensure formation of aerial conidia on the surface and were then dried. The highest concentration was obtained with moist beads containing chitin (4.68 ± 0.71∙107 conidia∙bead-1). The highest drying survival was also obtained with chitin as the additive (14.7 ± 2.18%). Newly formed aerial conidia of all formulations showed high virulence and caused 100% mortality of I. ricinus nymphs. Altogether, this study paves the way for a lower dose and cost-effective application of blastospores for the control of above ground arthropod pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sissy-Christin Lorenz
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, WG Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Interaktion 1, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Pascal Humbert
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, WG Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Interaktion 1, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Anant V Patel
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, WG Fermentation and Formulation of Biologicals and Chemicals, Interaktion 1, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany.
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25
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Iwanicki NS, Júnior ID, Eilenberg J, De Fine Licht HH. Comparative RNAseq Analysis of the Insect-Pathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae Reveals Specific Transcriptome Signatures of Filamentous and Yeast-Like Development. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2020; 10:2141-2157. [PMID: 32354703 PMCID: PMC7341153 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Metarhizium anisopliae is a facultative insect pathogen used as biological control agent of several agricultural pests worldwide. It is a dimorphic fungus that is able to display two growth morphologies, a filamentous phase with formation of hyphae and a yeast-like phase with formation of single-celled blastospores. Blastospores play an important role for M. anisopliae pathogenicity during disease development. They are formed solely in the hemolymph of infected insects as a fungal strategy to quickly multiply and colonize the insect's body. Here, we use comparative genome-wide transcriptome analyses to determine changes in gene expression between the filamentous and blastospore growth phases in vitro to characterize physiological changes and metabolic signatures associated with M. anisopliae dimorphism. Our results show a clear molecular distinction between the blastospore and mycelial phases. In total 6.4% (n = 696) out of 10,981 predicted genes in M. anisopliae were differentially expressed between the two phases with a fold-change > 4. The main physiological processes associated with up-regulated gene content in the single-celled yeast-like blastospores during liquid fermentation were oxidative stress, amino acid metabolism (catabolism and anabolism), respiration processes, transmembrane transport and production of secondary metabolites. In contrast, the up-regulated gene content in hyphae were associated with increased growth, metabolism and cell wall re-organization, which underlines the specific functions and altered growth morphology of M. anisopliae blastospores and hyphae, respectively. Our study revealed significant transcriptomic differences between the metabolism of blastospores and hyphae. These findings illustrate important aspects of fungal morphogenesis in M. anisopliae and highlight the main metabolic activities of each propagule under in vitro growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sant'Anna Iwanicki
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, ESALQ- University of São Paulo, Av Padua Dias, 11-P.O. Box 9-13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil and
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, ESALQ- University of São Paulo, Av Padua Dias, 11-P.O. Box 9-13418-900, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil and
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Henrik H De Fine Licht
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Bernardo CDC, Pereira-Junior RA, Luz C, Mascarin GM, Kamp Fernandes ÉK. Differential susceptibility of blastospores and aerial conidia of entomopathogenic fungi to heat and UV-B stresses. Fungal Biol 2020; 124:714-722. [PMID: 32690253 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the comparative susceptibility to heat and UV-B radiation of blastospores and aerial conidia of Metarhizium spp. (Metarhizium robertsii IP 146, Metarhizium anisopliae s.l. IP 363 and Metarhizium acridum ARSEF 324) and Beauveria bassiana s.l. (IP 361 and CG 307). Conidia and blastospores were produced in solid or liquid Adámek-modified medium, respectively, and then exposed to heat (45 ± 0.2 °C) in a range of 0 (control) to 360 min; the susceptibility of fungal propagules to heat exposures was assessed to express relative viability. Similarly, both propagules of each isolate were also exposed to a range of 0 (control) to 8.1 kJ m-2 under artificial UV-B radiation. Our results showed that fungal isolates, propagule types and exposure time or dose of the stressor source play critical roles in fungal survival challenged with UV-B and heat. Conidia of ARSEF 324, IP 363, IP 146 and IP 361 exposed to heat survived significantly longer than their blastospores, except for blastospores of CG 307. Conidia and blastospores of IP 146 and IP 363 were equally tolerant to UV-B radiation. We claim that blastospores of certain isolates may be promising candidates to control arthropod pests in regions where heat and UV-B are limiting environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia das Chagas Bernardo
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Alves Pereira-Junior
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Christian Luz
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, SP, 13820-000, Brazil
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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Iwanicki NSA, Mascarin GM, Moreno SG, Eilenberg J, Delalibera Júnior I. Growth kinetic and nitrogen source optimization for liquid culture fermentation of Metarhizium robertsii blastospores and bioefficacy against the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:71. [PMID: 32350696 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cosmopolitan entomopathogenic and root endophytic fungus Metarhizium robertsii has a versatile lifestyle and during liquid fermentation undergoes a dimorphic transformation from hyphae to conidia or microsclerotia, or from hyphae to blastospores. In all cases, these processes are mediated by environmental and nutritional cues. Blastospores could be used in spray applications to control arthropod pests above ground and may serve as an attractive alternative to the traditional solid-grown aerial conidial spores of Metarhizium spp. found in commercial products. Nitrogen is a vital nutrient in cell metabolism and growth; however, it is the expensive component in liquid cultures of entomopathogenic fungi. Our goals in this study were to optimize nitrogen sources and titers for maximum production of M. robertsii blastospores cultured in shake flasks at highly aerated conditions and to further determine their virulence against the corn leafhopper Dalbulus maidis, an important vector of serious pathogens in maize crops worldwide. Our fermentation studies revealed that the low-cost corn steep liquor (CSL) was the most suitable nitrogen source to improve blastospore growth in M. robertsii. The growth kinetic assays determined the optimal titer of 80 g L-1 and a yield up to 4.7 × 108 cells mL-1 within 5 days of cultivation (3 days preculture and 2 days culture), at a total cost of US$0.30 L-1. Moreover, the blastospore growth kinetic was strongly dependent on glucose and nitrogen consumptions accompanied by a slight drop in the culture pH. Insect bioassays evidenced a high virulence of these blastospores, either as dried or fresh cells, to D. maidis adults fed on maize plants. Our findings provide insights into the nutritional requirements for optimal and cost-efficient production of M. robertsii blastospores and elucidate the potential of blastospores as an ecofriendly tool against the corn leafhopper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Sant Anna Iwanicki
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, Embrapa Environment, Rodovia SP 340, Km 127.5, Jaguariúna, 13820-000, Brazil.
| | - Sara Giro Moreno
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Jørgen Eilenberg
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Italo Delalibera Júnior
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", University of São Paulo (ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, 11, C.P. 9, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
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Fernández-Salas A, Alonso-Díaz MA, Alonso-Morales RA. Effect of entomopathogenic native fungi from paddock soils against Rhipicephalus microplus larvae with different toxicological behaviors to acaricides. Exp Parasitol 2019; 204:107729. [PMID: 31348914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study are to: (1) evaluate the in vitro acaricidal effect of 54 Metarhizium anisopliae strains, six Beauveria bassiana strains and one Purpureocilium lilacinum strain, against the larvae of two populations of Rhipicephalus microplus (multi-resistant and susceptible to chemical acaricides); and (2) determine the lethal concentrations required to eliminate the 50% (LC50) and 99% (LC99) of larvae through the use of entomopathogenic fungi (EF) with high acaricidal effects. The mortality percentage was evaluated by larval immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/mL for each fungal strain. For calculating LC50 and LC99, four doses (1 × 108, 1 × 107, 1 × 106 and 1 × 105) were used. Nine strains of M. anisopliae and the P. lilacinum strain showed a high mortality percentage in the R. microplus larvae of both populations. The best strains that showed the lowest values of LC50 and LC99 for tick elimination were MaV50 and PlV01. In conclusion, several strains of entomopathogenic fungi showed a high acaricidal effect against the R. microplus larvae of both populations, suggesting that these fungi might be a promissory adjuvant in the control of R. microplus, including those who are resistant. Finally, the discovery of a P. lilacinum strain with a high acaricidal effect is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Fernández-Salas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de La Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de La Torre, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de La Torre, C.P. 93600, Martínez de La Torre, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | - Rogelio Alejandro Alonso-Morales
- Departamento de Genética y Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, D.F, Mexico
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Zhou Q, Shao Y, Chen A, Li W, Wang J, Wang Y. In vivo transcriptomic analysis of Beauveria bassiana reveals differences in infection strategies in Galleria mellonella and Plutella xylostella. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:1443-1452. [PMID: 30443979 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insect pests have evolved various defense mechanisms to combat fungal infection, and fungi have developed multiple strategies to overcome the immune defense responses of insects. However, transcriptomic analysis of fungal strategies for infecting different pests has not been reported. RESULTS Transcriptomic profiling of Beauveria bassiana was performed at 12, 24 and 48 h after infecting Galleria mellonella and Plutella xylostella, and 540, 847 and 932 differentially expressed genes were detected, respectively. Functional categorization showed that most of these genes are involved in the ribosome, nitrogen metabolism and oxidative phosphorylation pathways. Thirty-one differentially expressed virulence genes (including genes involved in adhesion, degradation, host colonization and killing, and secondary metabolism) were found, suggesting that different molecular mechanisms were used by the fungus during the infection of different pests, which was further confirmed by disrupting creA and fkh2. Virulence assay results showed that ΔcreA and Δfkh2 strains of B. bassiana had distinct fold changes in their 50% lethal time (LT50 ) values (compared with the control stains) during infection of G. mellonella (ΔcreA: 1.38-fold > Δfkh2: 1.18-fold) and P. xylostella (ΔcreA: 1.44-fold < Δfkh2: 2.25-fold). creA was expressed at higher levels during the infection of G. mellonella compared with P. xylostella, whereas fkh2 showed the opposite expression pattern, demonstrating that creA and Fkh2 have different roles in B. bassiana during the infection of G. mellonella and P. xylostella. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that B. bassiana regulates different genes to infect different insects, advancing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of Beauveria-pest interactions. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiumei Zhou
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Shao
- Jiangsu Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Anhui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Construction Laboratory of Food Resource Development and Quality Safe, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Microbial Fermentation Anhui Province, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, China
| | - Jiuxiang Wang
- Experimental Center of Clinical Research, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement of Anhui Province/Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei, China
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