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Santana-da-Silva MN, Sena-dos-Santos C, Cáceres-Durán MÁ, de Souza FG, Gobbo AR, Pinto P, Salgado CG, dos Santos SEB. ncRNAs: an unexplored cellular defense mechanism in leprosy. Front Genet 2023; 14:1295586. [PMID: 38116294 PMCID: PMC10729009 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1295586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Leprosy is an infectious disease primarily caused by the obligate intracellular parasite Mycobacterium leprae. Although it has been considered eradicated in many countries, leprosy continues to be a health issue in developing nations. Besides the social stigma associated with it, individuals affected by leprosy may experience nerve damage leading to physical disabilities if the disease is not properly treated or early diagnosed. Leprosy is recognized as a complex disease wherein socioenvironmental factors, immune response, and host genetics interact to contribute to its development. Recently, a new field of study called epigenetics has emerged, revealing that the immune response and other mechanisms related to infectious diseases can be influenced by noncoding RNAs. This review aims to summarize the significant advancements concerning non-coding RNAs in leprosy, discussing the key perspectives on this novel approach to comprehending the pathophysiology of the disease and identifying molecular markers. In our view, investigations on non-coding RNAs in leprosy hold promise and warrant increased attention from researches in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Natália Santana-da-Silva
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Imunologia, Seção de Virologia (SAVIR), Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Camille Sena-dos-Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Miguel Ángel Cáceres-Durán
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Felipe Gouvea de Souza
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Angelica Rita Gobbo
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Pablo Pinto
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Claudio Guedes Salgado
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
| | - Sidney Emanuel Batista dos Santos
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
- Laboratório de Dermato-Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas (ICB), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém, Brazil
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Mandal M, Pires D, Catalão MJ, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Anes E. Modulation of Cystatin F in Human Macrophages Impacts Cathepsin-Driven Killing of Multidrug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1861. [PMID: 37513033 PMCID: PMC10385253 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11071861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) treatment relies primarily on 70-year-old drugs, and prophylaxis suffers from the lack of an effective vaccine. Among the 10 million people exhibiting disease symptoms yearly, 450,000 have multidrug or extensively drug-resistant (MDR or XDR) TB. A greater understanding of host and pathogen interactions will lead to new therapeutic interventions for TB eradication. One of the strategies will be to target the host for better immune bactericidal responses against the TB causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Cathepsins are promising targets due to their manipulation of Mtb with consequences such as decreased proteolytic activity and improved pathogen survival in macrophages. We recently demonstrated that we could overcome this enzymatic blockade by manipulating protease inhibitors such as cystatins. Here, we investigate the role of cystatin F, an inhibitor that we showed previously to be strongly upregulated during Mtb infection. Our results indicate that the silencing of cystatin F using siRNA increase the proteolytic activity of cathepsins S, L, and B, significantly impacting pathogen intracellular killing in macrophages. Taken together, these indicate the targeting of cystatin F as a potential adjuvant therapy for TB, including MDR and XDR-TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Anes E, Pires D, Mandal M, Azevedo-Pereira JM. ESAT-6 a Major Virulence Factor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:968. [PMID: 37371548 DOI: 10.3390/biom13060968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of human tuberculosis (TB), is one of the most successfully adapted human pathogens. Human-to-human transmission occurs at high rates through aerosols containing bacteria, but the pathogen evolved prior to the establishment of crowded populations. Mtb has developed a particular strategy to ensure persistence in the host until an opportunity for transmission arises. It has refined its lifestyle to obviate the need for virulence factors such as capsules, flagella, pili, or toxins to circumvent mucosal barriers. Instead, the pathogen uses host macrophages, where it establishes intracellular niches for its migration into the lung parenchyma and other tissues and for the induction of long-lived latency in granulomas. Finally, at the end of the infection cycle, Mtb induces necrotic cell death in macrophages to escape to the extracellular milieu and instructs a strong inflammatory response that is required for the progression from latency to disease and transmission. Common to all these events is ESAT-6, one of the major virulence factors secreted by the pathogen. This narrative review highlights the recent advances in understanding the role of ESAT-6 in hijacking macrophage function to establish successful infection and transmission and its use as a target for the development of diagnostic tools and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Pires D, Mandal M, Matos AI, Peres C, Catalão MJ, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Satchi-Fainaro R, Florindo HF, Anes E. Development of Chitosan Particles Loaded with siRNA for Cystatin C to Control Intracellular Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12040729. [PMID: 37107091 PMCID: PMC10135320 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12040729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The golden age of antibiotics for tuberculosis (TB) is marked by its success in the 1950s of the last century. However, TB is not under control, and the rise in antibiotic resistance worldwide is a major threat to global health care. Understanding the complex interactions between TB bacilli and their host can inform the rational design of better TB therapeutics, including vaccines, new antibiotics, and host-directed therapies. We recently demonstrated that the modulation of cystatin C in human macrophages via RNA silencing improved the anti-mycobacterial immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Available in vitro transfection methods are not suitable for the clinical translation of host-cell RNA silencing. To overcome this limitation, we developed different RNA delivery systems (DSs) that target human macrophages. Human peripheral blood-derived macrophages and THP1 cells are difficult to transfect using available methods. In this work, a new potential nanomedicine based on chitosan (CS-DS) was efficiently developed to carry a siRNA-targeting cystatin C to the infected macrophage models. Consequently, an effective impact on the intracellular survival/replication of TB bacilli, including drug-resistant clinical strains, was observed. Altogether, these results suggest the potential use of CS-DS in adjunctive therapy for TB in combination or not with antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana I Matos
- Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carina Peres
- Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv P.O. Box 39040, Israel
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Drug Delivery and Immunoengineering Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Pires D, Mandal M, Pinho J, Catalão MJ, Almeida AJ, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Gaspar MM, Anes E. Liposomal Delivery of Saquinavir to Macrophages Overcomes Cathepsin Blockade by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Helps Control the Phagosomal Replicative Niches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021142. [PMID: 36674655 PMCID: PMC9863908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is able to establish a chronic colonization of lung macrophages in a controlled replication manner, giving rise to a so-called latent infection. Conversely, when intracellular bacteria undergo actively uncontrolled replication rates, they provide the switch for the active infection called tuberculosis to occur. Our group found that the pathogen is able to manipulate the activity of endolysosomal enzymes, cathepsins, directly at the level of gene expression or indirectly by regulating their natural inhibitors, cystatins. To provide evidence for the crucial role of cathepsin manipulation for the success of tuberculosis bacilli in their intracellular survival, we used liposomal delivery of saquinavir. This protease inhibitor was previously found to be able to increase cathepsin proteolytic activity, overcoming the pathogen induced blockade. In this study, we demonstrate that incorporation in liposomes was able to increase the efficiency of saquinavir internalization in macrophages, reducing cytotoxicity at higher concentrations. Consequently, our results show a significant impact on the intracellular killing not only to reference and clinical strains susceptible to current antibiotic therapy but also to multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb strains. Altogether, this indicates the manipulation of cathepsins as a fine-tuning strategy used by the pathogen to survive and replicate in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jacinta Pinho
- Advanced Technologies for Drug Delivery, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria João Catalão
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António José Almeida
- Advanced Technologies for Drug Delivery, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Manuela Gaspar
- Advanced Technologies for Drug Delivery, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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6
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Anes E, Azevedo-Pereira JM, Pires D. Cathepsins and Their Endogenous Inhibitors in Host Defense During Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:726984. [PMID: 34421929 PMCID: PMC8371317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.726984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The moment a very old bacterial pathogen met a young virus from the 80's defined the beginning of a tragic syndemic for humanity. Such is the case for the causative agent of tuberculosis and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Syndemic is by definition a convergence of more than one disease resulting in magnification of their burden. Both pathogens work synergistically contributing to speed up the replication of each other. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and HIV infections are in the 21st century among the leaders of morbidity and mortality of humankind. There is an urgent need for development of new approaches for prevention, better diagnosis, and new therapies for both infections. Moreover, these approaches should consider Mtb and HIV as a co-infection, rather than just as separate problems, to prevent further aggravation of the HIV-TB syndemic. Both pathogens manipulate the host immune responses to establish chronic infections in intracellular niches of their host cells. This includes manipulation of host relevant antimicrobial proteases such as cathepsins or their endogenous inhibitors. Here we discuss recent understanding on how Mtb and HIV interact with cathepsins and their inhibitors in their multifactorial functions during the pathogenesis of both infections. Particularly we will address the role on pathogen transmission, during establishment of intracellular chronic niches and in granuloma clinical outcome and tuberculosis diagnosis. This area of research will open new avenues for the design of innovative therapies and diagnostic interventions so urgently needed to fight this threat to humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Peters JS, Ismail N, Dippenaar A, Ma S, Sherman DR, Warren RM, Kana BD. Genetic Diversity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Clinical Isolates and Resulting Outcomes of Tuberculosis Infection and Disease. Annu Rev Genet 2020; 54:511-537. [PMID: 32926793 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-022820-085940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis claims more human lives than any other bacterial infectious disease and represents a clear and present danger to global health as new tools for vaccination, treatment, and interruption of transmission have been slow to emerge. Additionally, tuberculosis presents with notable clinical heterogeneity, which complicates diagnosis, treatment, and the establishment of nonrelapsing cure. How this heterogeneity is driven by the diversity ofclinical isolates of the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has recently garnered attention. Herein, we review advances in the understanding of how naturally occurring variation in clinical isolates affects transmissibility, pathogenesis, immune modulation, and drug resistance. We also summarize how specific changes in transcriptional responses can modulate infection or disease outcome, together with strain-specific effects on gene essentiality. Further understanding of how this diversity of M. tuberculosis isolates affects disease and treatment outcomes will enable the development of more effective therapeutic options and vaccines for this dreaded disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S Peters
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; ,
| | - Nabila Ismail
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; ,
| | - Anzaan Dippenaar
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; , .,Family Medicine and Population Health (FAMPOP), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, 2000, Belgium;
| | - Shuyi Ma
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - David R Sherman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA; ,
| | - Robin M Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa; ,
| | - Bavesh D Kana
- Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand and the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa; ,
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Alipoor SD, Adcock IM, Tabarsi P, Folkerts G, Mortaz E. MiRNAs in tuberculosis: Their decisive role in the fate of TB. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173529. [PMID: 32919937 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most lethal global infectious diseases. Despite the availability of much higher levels of technology in health and medicine, tuberculosis still remains a serious global health problem. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has the capacity for prolonged survival inside macrophages by exploiting host metabolic and energy pathways and perturbing autophagy and apoptosis of infected cells. The mechanism(s) underlying this process are not completely understood but evidence suggests that mycobacteria subvert the host miRNA network to enable mycobacterial survival. We present here a comprehensive review on the role of miRNAs in TB immune escape mechanisms and the potential for miRNA-based TB therapeutics. Further validation studies are required to (i) elucidate the precise effect of TB on host miRNAs, (ii) determine the inhibition of mycobacterial burden using miRNA-based therapies and (iii) identify novel miRNA biomarkers that may prove useful in TB diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamila D Alipoor
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Hunter Medical Research Institute, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Payam Tabarsi
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gert Folkerts
- Division of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esmaeil Mortaz
- Clinical Tuberculosis and Epidemiology Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Zhang X, Liang Z, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Zhu Y, Li S, Zhao W, Hu X, Wang J. Specific PIWI-interacting small noncoding RNA expression patterns in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Epigenomics 2019; 11:1779-1794. [PMID: 31755303 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) play crucial roles in germline development and carcinogenesis. The expression patterns of piRNAs in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) are still unclear. Materials & methods: Small RNA sequencing was applied to investigate peripheral blood piRNA expression patterns in PTB patients and healthy individuals. Results: A total of 428 upregulated and 349 downregulated piRNAs were identified from PTB patients. Target genes of dysregulated piRNAs were mainly involved in transcription and protein binding. Dysregulated piRNAs were enriched in many pathways related with immunity. Many target genes were regulated by the same piRNAs. Nucleotide bias of these piRNAs showed that piRNAs in peripheral blood may be formed from the primary biogenesis pathway. Conclusion: Findings demonstrated that the PIWI-piRNA pathway is active in human peripheral blood, where it may represent a new player in the PTB pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yunshan Zhang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Yueping Zhu
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, PR China
| | - Sumei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Weifeng Zhao
- Department of Tuberculosis, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou 215000, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Ji Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou 215000, PR China
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10
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Agarwal RG, Sharma P, Nyati KK. microRNAs in Mycobacterial Infection: Modulation of Host Immune Response and Apoptotic Pathways. Immune Netw 2019; 19:e30. [PMID: 31720041 PMCID: PMC6829074 DOI: 10.4110/in.2019.19.e30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Our current knowledge of mycobacterial infections in humans has progressively increased over the past few decades. The infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis (TB) disease, which has reasoned for excessive morbidity and mortality worldwide, and has become a foremost issue of health problem globally. Mycobacterium leprae, another member of the family Mycobacteriaceae, is responsible for causing a chronic disease known as leprosy that mainly affects mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, skin, peripheral nerves, and eyes. Ample amount of existing data suggests that pathogenic mycobacteria have skilled in utilizing different mechanisms to escape or offset the host immune responses. They hijack the machinery of immune cells through the modulation of microRNAs (miRs), which regulate gene expression and immune responses of the host. Evidence shows that miRs have now gained considerable attention in the research, owing to their involvement in a broad range of inflammatory processes that are further implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. However, the knowledge of functions of miRs during mycobacterial infections remains limited. This review summarises recent findings of differential expression of miRs, which are used to good advantage by mycobacteria in offsetting host immune responses generated against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riddhi Girdhar Agarwal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
| | - Kishan Kumar Nyati
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur 342005, India
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Zheng Y, Xiao Z, Li F. Integrated bioinformatics analysis and validation revealed potential immune-regulatory miR-892b, miR-199b-5p and miR-582-5p as diagnostic biomarkers in active tuberculosis. Microb Pathog 2019; 134:103563. [PMID: 31175974 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most prevalent pulmonary diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). MiRNAs (miRNAs) participate in TB progression by modulating the host-pathogen interaction. Bioinformatics advancements provide basis for exploring novel immunoregulatory miRNAs and their performance as diagnostic biomarkers. Gene and miRNA expression datasets, GSE29190 and GSE54992, were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Based on fold changes and statistical significance, a total of 7463 differentially expressed mRNAs (DE-mRNAs) and 38 differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) were screened. Function annotation and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network were constructed to reveal underlying mechanisms of TB pathogenesis. Functional annotation identified the MAPK signalling pathway and leukocyte migration as the top enriched processes. The PPI and MGIP networks indicated that chemokine ligands like CXCL1/CXCL2 and receptors, like CCR7 were important down-regulated genes, implying that a protective mechanism against overdue inflammation induced cell death. MiRNA-gene-immune processes (MGIP) network enriched 7 deregulated miRNAs, and their expression was further examined with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), in PBMC samples of 20 active TB patients and 20 healthy donors. The diagnostic performance was evaluated with ROC curves. MiR-892b; miR-199b-5p and miR-582-5p were significantly deregulated in TB patients, compared with healthy participants. The best overall performance was from miR-892b, with an area under curve (AUC) of 0.77, 55% sensitivity and 90% specificity. AUC of miR-199b-5p and miR-582-5p were 0.71 and 0.70, respectively. MiR-892b, miR-199b-5p and miR-582-5p could be considered promising novel diagnostic biomarkers for active tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbin Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China; Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Respirology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhangyan Zhao
- Department of Respirology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Yuling Zheng
- Department of Respirology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China
| | - Zhen Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, 200234, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Respirology, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
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12
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Huang Z, Su R, Qing C, Peng Y, Luo Q, Li J. Plasma Circular RNAs hsa_circ_0001953 and hsa_circ_0009024 as Diagnostic Biomarkers for Active Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2010. [PMID: 30214434 PMCID: PMC6126419 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that circular RNAs (circRNAs) could serve as potential molecular markers for disease diagnosis; however, little is known about their diagnostic value in active tuberculosis (TB). This study first performed a microarray screening of circRNA changes in plasma samples from 3 patients with active pulmonary TB and 3 healthy controls. Then, candidate circRNAs were selected for validation on a quantitative real-time PCR system. Of the 61 differentially expressed circRNAs recorded, 43 and 18 were upregulated and downregulated in the TB group, respectively. Validation assays demonstrated that plasma levels of 6 circRNAs, including hsa_circ_0009024, hsa_circ_0001953, hsa_circ_0008297, hsa_circ_0003528, hsa_circ_0003524 and hsa_circ_0015879 were remarkably increased in TB patients. Plasma levels of hsa_circ_0001953 and hsa_circ_0009024 were correlated with TB severity. Next, hsa_circ_0001953 and hsa_circ_0009024 were assessed in an independent cohort consisting of 120 TB patients and 100 control individuals. An area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.915 (95% confidence interval 0.880-0.951; P < 0.001) was obtained for detecting TB, with hsa_circ_0001953 and hsa_circ_0009024 used in combination. Additionally, plasma levels of hsa_circ_0001953 and hsa_circ_0009024 were reduced significantly in patients after treatment (P < 0.001). The present findings indicate that the circRNAs hsa_circ_0001953 and hsa_circ_0009024 may represent novel plasma biomarkers for active TB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zikun Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rigu Su
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cheng Qing
- Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yiping Peng
- Department of Tuberculosis, Jiangxi Chest Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Junming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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13
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Shi G, Mao G, Xie K, Wu D, Wang W. MiR-1178 regulates mycobacterial survival and inflammatory responses in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages partly via TLR4. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:7449-7457. [PMID: 29781535 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is chronic respiratory infectious disease and is caused by the infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Macrophages play an important role in host immune response against M.tb infection, which is regulated by various factors, including microRNAs (miRNAs). The present study aimed to examine the in vitro functional role of miR-1178 in mycobacterial survival and inflammatory responses induced by M.tb infection in human macrophages. Our results showed that M.tb infection increased the expression of miR-1178 in human macrophages (HTP-1 and U937 cells) in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. Overexpression of miR-1178 enhanced the intracellular growth of mycobacteria during M.tb infection, while knockdown of miR-1178 suppressed the mycobacteria survival. Overexpression of miR-1178 also significantly attenuated the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the M.tb-infected macrophages, while knockdown of miR-1178 caused enhancement in these proinflammatory cytokines in the M.tb-infected macrophage. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay showed that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was a direct target of miR-1178, and miR-1178 negatively regulated the expression of TLR4. In addition, enforced expression of TLR4 attenuated the effects of miR-1178 overexpression on promoting the production of proinflammatory cytokines including IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α in the M.tb-infected macrophages. Collectively, our findings showed that overexpression of miR-1178 promoted mycobacteria survival and miR-1178 also modulated the immune response of M.tb-infected macrophages partly via targeting TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Shi
- Clinical Testing Center, the Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Guofeng Mao
- Clinical Testing Center, the Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Kejie Xie
- Clinical Testing Center, the Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Clinical Testing Center, the Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery (Quality Control), the Shaoxing People's Hospital, Shaoxing Hospital of Zhejiang University, Shaoxing, China
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14
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Pires D, Bernard EM, Pombo JP, Carmo N, Fialho C, Gutierrez MG, Bettencourt P, Anes E. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Modulates miR-106b-5p to Control Cathepsin S Expression Resulting in Higher Pathogen Survival and Poor T-Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1819. [PMID: 29326705 PMCID: PMC5741618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The success of tuberculosis (TB) bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), relies on the ability to survive in host cells and escape to immune surveillance and activation. We recently demonstrated that Mtb manipulation of host lysosomal cathepsins in macrophages leads to decreased enzymatic activity and pathogen survival. In addition, while searching for microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in posttranscriptional gene regulation during mycobacteria infection of human macrophages, we found that selected miRNAs such as miR-106b-5p were specifically upregulated by pathogenic mycobacteria. Here, we show that miR-106b-5p is actively manipulated by Mtb to ensure its survival in macrophages. Using an in silico prediction approach, we identified miR-106b-5p with a potential binding to the 3'-untranslated region of cathepsin S (CtsS) mRNA. We demonstrated by luminescence-based methods that miR-106b-5p indeed targets CTSS mRNA resulting in protein translation silencing. Moreover, miR-106b-5p gain-of-function experiments lead to a decreased CtsS expression favoring Mtb intracellular survival. By contrast, miR-106b-5p loss-of-function in infected cells was concomitant with increased CtsS expression, with significant intracellular killing of Mtb and T-cell activation. Modulation of miR-106b-5p did not impact necrosis, apoptosis or autophagy arguing that miR-106b-5p directly targeted CtsS expression as a way for Mtb to avoid exposure to degradative enzymes in the endocytic pathway. Altogether, our data suggest that manipulation of miR-106b-5p as a potential target for host-directed therapy for Mtb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elliott M. Bernard
- Host-Pathogen Interactions in Tuberculosis Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - João Palma Pombo
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Carmo
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Fialho
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Paulo Bettencourt
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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15
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Abebe F, Belay M, Legesse M. IFN-γ against the 38-kDa antigen of Mycobacterium tuberculosis discriminates pulmonary tuberculosis from infection and infection from exposure: evidence from a study of human population in a high endemic setting. APMIS 2017; 126:135-142. [PMID: 29235156 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) 38-kDa antigen is an immunogenic lipoprotein that induces strong T-cell responses in experimental animals. However, there is limited information on the role of this antigen in human population. In this article, we present the dynamics of pro-inflammatory (IFN-γ and TNF-α) and anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) against the 38 kDa in cohorts of pulmonary TB (PTB) patients, household contacts (HHCs), and community controls (CCs) in a high endemic setting. Whole blood assay was used to determine the levels of cytokines in 149 patients, 149 HHCs, and 68 CCs at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. At baseline, the level of IFN-γ was significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in CCs and HHCs than in untreated patients. CCs had significantly (p < 0.05) higher level of IFN-γ than HHCs. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated patients, and there was no significant change in HHCs over 12 months. At baseline, the levels of IL-10 and TNF-α were significantly (p < 0.0001) higher in patients than in HHCs and CCs. No significant change was observed between treated patients and untreated patients and HHCs over time. The study shows that IFN-γ against the 38 kDa discriminates clinical TB from infection and infection from exposure, suggesting its potential for immune protection and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fekadu Abebe
- Department of Community Medicine and Global health, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Health and Society, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mulugeta Belay
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Center for Immuno-biology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mengistu Legesse
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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16
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Characterization of a novel panel of plasma microRNAs that discriminates between Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and healthy individuals. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184113. [PMID: 28910318 PMCID: PMC5598944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cavities are important in clinical diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in the regulation of inflammation, the relation between plasma miRNA and pulmonary tuberculosis with cavity remains unknown. In this study, plasma samples were derived from 89 cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (CP-TB) patients, 89 non-cavitary pulmonary tuberculosis (NCP-TB) patients and 95 healthy controls. Groups were matched for age and gender. In the screening phase, Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was employed to analyze miRNA profiles in plasma samples pooled from CP-TB patients, NCP-TB patients and healthy controls. During the training and verification phases, quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) was conducted to verify the differential expression of selected miRNAs among groups. Illumina high-throughput sequencing identified 29 differentially expressed plasma miRNAs in TB patients when compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis validated miR-769-5p, miR-320a and miR-22-3p as miRNAs that were differently present between TB patients and healthy controls. ROC curve analysis revealed that the potential of these 3 miRNAs to distinguish TB patients from healthy controls was high, with the area under the ROC curve (AUC) ranged from 0.692 to 0.970. Moreover, miR-320a levels were decreased in drug-resistant TB patients than pan-susceptible TB patients (AUC = 0.882). In conclusion, we identified miR-769-5p, miR-320a and miR-22-3p as potential blood-based biomarkers for TB. In addition, miR-320a may represent a biomarker for drug-resistant TB.
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17
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Screening and identification of four serum miRNAs as novel potential biomarkers for cured pulmonary tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2017. [PMID: 29523324 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient methods for the determination of cured pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) are lacking. We screened serum miRNAs using the Solexa sequencing method among untreated TB patients, two-month treated TB patients, cured TB patients, and healthy controls. A total of 100 differentially expressed miRNAs were identified in cured TB patients, including 37 up-regulated (fold change >1.50, P < 0.05) and 63 down-regulated (fold change <0.60, P < 0.05) miRNAs. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that most of the predicted genes were present in the nucleus with a strong protein binding function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis strongly suggested alterations in the metabolic pathways. Following quantitative real time chain reaction (qRT-PCR), significantly reduced expression levels of miR-21-5p (0.30, P < 0.001), miR-92a-3p (0.63, P < 0.001), and miR-148b-3p (0.17, P < 0.001) were found in the cured TB patients compared with the untreated TB patients, while significantly increased expression levels of miR-21-5p (2.09, P = 0.001), miR-92a-3p (1.40, P = 0.005), and miR-148b-3p (4.80, P = 0.003) were found in the untreated TB patients compared with the healthy controls. And significantly increased level of miR-125a-5p was found between two-month treated TB patients and untreated TB patients (1.81, P = 0.004). We established a cured TB model with 83.96% accuracy by four miRNAs (miR-21-5p, miR-92a-3p, miR-148b-3p, and miR-125a-5p), and also established a diagnostic model with 70.09% accuracy. Our study provides experimental data for establishing objective indicators of cured TB, and also provides a new experimental basis to understand the pathogenesis and prognosis of TB.
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18
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Piedade D, Azevedo-Pereira JM. MicroRNAs as Important Players in Host-Adenovirus Interactions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1324. [PMID: 28769895 PMCID: PMC5511817 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are powerful regulators of gene expression and fine-tuning genes in all tissues. Cellular miRNAs can control 100s of biologic processes (e.g., morphogenesis of embryonic structures, differentiation of tissue-specific cells, and metabolic control in specific cell types) and have been involved in the regulation of nearly all cellular pathways. Inherently to their involvement in different physiologic processes, miRNAs deregulation has been associated with several diseases. Moreover, several viruses have been described as either, avoid and block cellular miRNAs or synthesize their own miRNA to facilitate infection and pathogenesis. Adenoviruses genome encodes two non-coding RNAs, known as viral-associated (VA) RNAI and VA RNAII, which seem to play an important role either by blocking important proteins from miRNA pathway, such as Exportin-5 and Dicer, or by targeting relevant cellular factors. Drastic changes in cellular miRNA expression profile are also noticeable and several cellular functions are affected by these changes. This review focuses on the mechanisms underlying the biogenesis and molecular interactions of miRNAs providing basic concepts of their functions as well as in the interplay between miRNAs and human adenoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Piedade
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - José M Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Unit, iMed.ULisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
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19
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Correia CN, Nalpas NC, McLoughlin KE, Browne JA, Gordon SV, MacHugh DE, Shaughnessy RG. Circulating microRNAs as Potential Biomarkers of Infectious Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:118. [PMID: 28261201 PMCID: PMC5311051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding endogenous RNA molecules that regulate a wide range of biological processes by post-transcriptionally regulating gene expression. Thousands of these molecules have been discovered to date, and multiple miRNAs have been shown to coordinately fine-tune cellular processes key to organismal development, homeostasis, neurobiology, immunobiology, and control of infection. The fundamental regulatory role of miRNAs in a variety of biological processes suggests that differential expression of these transcripts may be exploited as a novel source of molecular biomarkers for many different disease pathologies or abnormalities. This has been emphasized by the recent discovery of remarkably stable miRNAs in mammalian biofluids, which may originate from intracellular processes elsewhere in the body. The potential of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers of disease has mainly been demonstrated for various types of cancer. More recently, however, attention has focused on the use of circulating miRNAs as diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers of infectious disease; for example, human tuberculosis caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, sepsis caused by multiple infectious agents, and viral hepatitis. Here, we review these developments and discuss prospects and challenges for translating circulating miRNA into novel diagnostics for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina N Correia
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Nicolas C Nalpas
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Kirsten E McLoughlin
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - John A Browne
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin, Ireland
| | - David E MacHugh
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, UCD School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; University College Dublin, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ronan G Shaughnessy
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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20
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Dkhil MA, Al-Quraishy SA, Abdel-Baki AAS, Delic D, Wunderlich F. Differential miRNA Expression in the Liver of Balb/c Mice Protected by Vaccination during Crisis of Plasmodium chabaudi Blood-Stage Malaria. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2155. [PMID: 28123381 PMCID: PMC5225092 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are increasingly recognized as epigenetic regulators for outcome of diverse infectious diseases and vaccination efficacy, but little information referring to this exists for malaria. This study investigates possible effects of both protective vaccination and P. chabaudi malaria on the miRNome of the liver as an effector against blood-stage malaria using miRNA microarrays and quantitative PCR. Plasmodium chabaudi blood-stage malaria takes a lethal outcome in female Balb/c mice, but a self-healing course after immunization with a non-infectious blood-stage vaccine. The liver robustly expresses 71 miRNA species at varying levels, among which 65 miRNA species respond to malaria evidenced as steadily increasing or decreasing expressions reaching highest or lowest levels toward the end of the crisis phase on day 11 p.i. in lethal malaria. Protective vaccination does not affect constitutive miRNA expression, but leads to significant (p < 0.05) changes in the expression of 41 miRNA species, however evidenced only during crisis. In vaccination-induced self-healing infections, 18 miRNA-species are up- and 14 miRNA-species are down-regulated by more than 50% during crisis in relation to non-vaccinated mice. Vaccination-induced self-healing and survival of otherwise lethal infections of P. chabaudi activate epigenetic miRNA-regulated remodeling processes in the liver manifesting themselves during crisis. Especially, liver regeneration is accelerated as suggested by upregulation of let-7a-5p, let-7b-5p, let-7c-5p, let-7d-5p, let-7f-5p, let-7g-5p, let-7i-5p, miR-26a, miR-122-5p, miR30a, miR27a, and mir-29a, whereas the up-regulated expression of miR-142-3p by more than 100% is compatible with the view of enhanced hepatic erythropoiesis, possibly at expense of megakaryopoiesis, during crisis of P. chabaudi blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Dkhil
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology and Entomology, Faculty of Science, Helwan UniversityCairo, Egypt
| | - Saleh A Al-Quraishy
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdel-Azeem S Abdel-Baki
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud UniversityRiyadh, Saudi Arabia; Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef UniversityBeni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Denis Delic
- Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma Biberach, Germany
| | - Frank Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany
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21
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Kim JK, Kim TS, Basu J, Jo EK. MicroRNA in innate immunity and autophagy during mycobacterial infection. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27794209 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fine-tuning of innate immune responses is an important aspect of host defenses against mycobacteria. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs, play essential roles in regulating multiple biological pathways including innate host defenses against various infections. Accumulating evidence shows that many miRNAs regulate the complex interplay between mycobacterial survival strategies and host innate immune pathways. Recent studies have contributed to understanding the role of miRNAs, the levels of which can be modulated by mycobacterial infection, in tuning host autophagy to control bacterial survival and innate effector function. Despite considerable efforts devoted to miRNA profiling over the past decade, further work is needed to improve the selection of appropriate biomarkers for tuberculosis. Understanding the roles and mechanisms of miRNAs in regulating innate immune signaling and autophagy may provide insights into new therapeutic modalities for host-directed anti-mycobacterial therapies. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the recent literature regarding miRNA profiling in tuberculosis and the roles of miRNAs in modulating innate immune responses and autophagy defenses against mycobacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Tae Sung Kim
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Joyoti Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.,Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
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22
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Denisenko E, Ho D, Tamgue O, Ozturk M, Suzuki H, Brombacher F, Guler R, Schmeier S. IRNdb: the database of immunologically relevant non-coding RNAs. DATABASE-THE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL DATABASES AND CURATION 2016; 2016:2630531. [PMID: 31414702 PMCID: PMC5091335 DOI: 10.1093/database/baw138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and other functional non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have emerged as pivotal regulators involved in multiple biological processes. Recently, ncRNA control of gene expression has been identified as a critical regulatory mechanism in the immune system. Despite the great efforts made to discover and characterize ncRNAs, the functional role for most remains unknown. To facilitate discoveries in ncRNA regulation of immune system-related processes, we developed the database of immunologically relevant ncRNAs and target genes (IRNdb). We integrated mouse data on predicted and experimentally supported ncRNA-target interactions, ncRNA and gene annotations, biological pathways and processes and experimental data in a uniform format with a user-friendly web interface. The current version of IRNdb documents 12 930 experimentally supported miRNA-target interactions between 724 miRNAs and 2427 immune-related mouse targets. In addition, we recorded 22 453 lncRNA-immune target and 377 PIWI-interacting RNA-immune target interactions. IRNdb is a comprehensive searchable data repository which will be of help in studying the role of ncRNAs in the immune system. Database URL:http://irndb.org
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Denisenko
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Albany, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Ho
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Albany, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
| | - Ousman Tamgue
- University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- Division of Genomic Technologies, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Sebastian Schmeier
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Massey University, Albany, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +64 9 2136538; E-mail:
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