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Ayers VB, Huang YJS, Kohl A, Dunlop JI, Hettenbach SM, Park SL, Higgs S, Vanlandingham DL. Comparison of Immunogenicity Between a Candidate Live Attenuated Vaccine and an Inactivated Vaccine for Cache Valley Virus. Viral Immunol 2023; 36:41-47. [PMID: 36622942 PMCID: PMC9885547 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne bunyavirus that is enzootic throughout the new world. Although CVV is known as an important agricultural pathogen, primarily associated with embryonic lethality and abortions in ruminants, it has recently been recognized for its expansion as a zoonotic pathogen. With the increased emergence of bunyaviruses with human and veterinary importance, there have been significant efforts dedicated to the development of bunyavirus vaccines. In this study, the immunogenicity of a candidate live-attenuated vaccine (LAV) for CVV, which contains the deletion of the nonstructural small (NSs) and nonstructural medium (NSm) genes (2delCVV), was evaluated and compared with an autogenous candidate vaccine created through the inactivation of CVV using binary ethylenimine (BEI) with an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (BEI-CVV) in sheep. Both 2delCVV and BEI-CVV produced a neutralizing antibody response that exceeds the correlate of protection, that is, plaque reduction neutralization test titer >10. However, on day 63 postinitial immunization, 2delCVV was more immunogenic than BEI-CVV. These results warrant further development of 2delCVV as a candidate LAV and demonstrate that the double deletion of the NSs and NSm genes can be applied to the development of vaccines and as a common attenuation strategy for orthobunyaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B. Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S. Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - James I. Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M. Hettenbach
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Dana L. Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA.,Address correspondence to: Dr. Dana L. Vanlandingham, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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Recombinant Ehrlichia canis GP19 Protein as a Promising Vaccine Prototype Providing a Protective Immune Response in a Mouse Model. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9080386. [PMID: 36006302 PMCID: PMC9414908 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9080386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple summary One of the limitations of vaccine development against E. canis infection is the indefinite knowledge of the protective immunity in the host. In this study, recombinant protein GP19 was produced as a vaccine prototype, rGP19, for inducing protective immune responses in a mouse model against E. canis. Antibody responses against E. canis were evaluated and revealed that the immunized mice with rGP19 showed higher antibody levels than in adjuvant-immunized and naive mice, both pre- and post-challenging with E. canis. DNA from blood, liver, and spleen were extracted to determine ehrlichial loads. The rGP19-immunized mice showed significantly lower ehrlichial loads in blood, liver, and spleen DNA compared with adjuvant-immunized mice. This study also detected IFN-γ-producing CD4+ T cells in the rGP19-immunized mice and then were later infected with E. canis on day 14 of the post-infection period using flow cytometry. Additionally, Cytokine mRNA expression was investigated and revealed up-regulation of IFNG and IL1 mRNA expression in rGP19-immunized mice. The present study provides evidence of rGP19 that can eliminate E. canis by manipulating both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in the laboratory animal model. Abstract The intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia canis is the causative pathogen of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) in dogs. Despite its veterinary and medical importance, there is currently no available vaccine against this pathogen. In this study, the recombinant GP19 (rGP19) was produced and used as a recombinant vaccine prototype in a mouse model against experimental E. canis infection. The efficacy of the rGP19 vaccine prototype in the part of stimulating B and T cell responses and conferring protection in mice later challenged with E. canis pathogen were evaluated. The rGP19-specific antibody response was evaluated by ELISA after E. canis challenge exposure (on days 0, 7, and 14 post-challenge), and demonstrated significantly higher mean antibody levels in rGP19-immunized mice compared with adjuvant-immunized and naive mice. Significantly lower ehrlichial loads in blood, liver, and spleen DNA samples were detected in the immunized mice with rGP19 by qPCR. The up-regulation of IFNG and IL1 mRNA expression were observed in mice immunized with rGP19. In addition, this study detected IFN-γ-producing memory CD4+ T cells in the rGP19-immunized mice and later infected with E. canis on day 14 post-infection period using flow cytometry. The present study provided a piece of evidence that rGP19 may eliminate E. canis by manipulating Th1 and B cell roles and demonstrated a promising strategy in vaccine development against E. canis infection in the definitive host for further study.
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Zareitaher T, Sadat Ahmadi T, Latif Mousavi Gargari S. Immunogenic efficacy of DNA and protein-based vaccine from a chimeric gene consisting OmpW, TcpA and CtxB, ofVibrio cholerae. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salem-Bekhit MM, Youssof AME, Alanazi FK, Aleanizy FS, Abdulaziz A, Taha EI, Amara AAAF. Bacteria from Infectious Particles to Cell Based Anticancer Targeted Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1984. [PMID: 34959266 PMCID: PMC8706210 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13121984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial ghosts (BGs) are empty cell envelopes of nonliving evacuated bacterial cells. They are free from their cytoplasmic contents; however, they sustain their cellular 3D morphology and antigenic structures, counting on bioadhesive properties. Lately, they have been tested as an advanced drug delivery system (DDS) for different materials like DNA, peptides, or drugs, either single components or combinations. Different studies have revealed that, BG DDS were paid the greatest attention in recent years. The current review explores the impact of BGs on the field of drug delivery and drug targeting. BGs have a varied area of applications, including vaccine and tumor therapy. Moreover, the use of BGs, their synthesis, their uniqueness as a delivery system and application principles in cancer are discussed. Furthermore, the safety issues of BGs and stability aspects of using ghost bacteria as delivery systems are discussed. Future perspective efforts that must be followed for this important system to continue to grow are important and promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir M. Salem-Bekhit
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.Y.); (F.K.A.); (F.S.A.); (A.A.); (E.I.T.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah M. E. Youssof
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.Y.); (F.K.A.); (F.S.A.); (A.A.); (E.I.T.)
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fars K. Alanazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.Y.); (F.K.A.); (F.S.A.); (A.A.); (E.I.T.)
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fadilah Sfouq Aleanizy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.Y.); (F.K.A.); (F.S.A.); (A.A.); (E.I.T.)
| | - Alsuwyeh Abdulaziz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.Y.); (F.K.A.); (F.S.A.); (A.A.); (E.I.T.)
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industry, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab I. Taha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.E.Y.); (F.K.A.); (F.S.A.); (A.A.); (E.I.T.)
| | - Amro Abd Al Fattah Amara
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
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Bukar AM, Jesse FFA, Abdullah CAC, Noordin MM, Lawan Z, Mangga HK, Balakrishnan KN, Azmi MLM. Immunomodulatory Strategies for Parapoxvirus: Current Status and Future Approaches for the Development of Vaccines against Orf Virus Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:1341. [PMID: 34835272 PMCID: PMC8624149 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV), the prototype species of the parapoxvirus genus, is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma, an extremely devastating skin disease of sheep, goats, and humans that causes enormous economic losses in livestock production. ORFV is known for its ability to repeatedly infect both previously infected and vaccinated sheep due to several immunomodulatory genes encoded by the virus that temporarily suppress host immunity. Therefore, the development of novel, safe and effective vaccines against ORFV infection is an important priority. Although, the commercially licensed live-attenuated vaccines have provided partial protection against ORFV infections, the attenuated viruses have been associated with major safety concerns. In addition to safety issues, the persistent reinfection of vaccinated animals warrants the need to investigate several factors that may affect vaccine efficacy. Perhaps, the reason for the failure of the vaccine is due to the long-term adaptation of the virus in tissue culture. In recent years, the development of vaccines against ORFV infection has achieved great success due to technological advances in recombinant DNA technologies, which have opened a pathway for the development of vaccine candidates that elicit robust immunity. In this review, we present current knowledge on immune responses elicited by ORFV, with particular attention to the effects of the viral immunomodulators on the host immune system. We also discuss the implications of strain variation for the development of rational vaccines. Finally, the review will also aim to demonstrate future strategies for the development of safe and efficient vaccines against ORFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhaji Modu Bukar
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, School Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Ramat Polytechnic Maiduguri, Maiduguri 1070, Borno, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Mustapha M. Noordin
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Zaharaddeen Lawan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Hassana Kyari Mangga
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Krishnan Nair Balakrishnan
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
| | - Mohd-Lila Mohd Azmi
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (M.M.N.); (Z.L.); (H.K.M.); (K.N.B.)
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Effect of GP19 Peptide Hyperimmune Antiserum on Activated Macrophage during Ehrlichia canis Infection in Canine Macrophage-like Cells. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082310. [PMID: 34438767 PMCID: PMC8388390 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In terms of its veterinary importance, vaccine development against Ehrlichia canis is needed. However, the effect of developing vaccines on humoral immune response against E. canis infection is still unknown. Novel GP194-43 was synthesized according to E. canis GP19 epitope prediction. To restrict any loss and/or illness in the host animal, rabbits were used in this study to produce GP194-43 hyperimmune sera. The effect of GP194-43 hyperimmune sera on neutralization was examined in vitro by determining the inhibition of E. canis infection of the macrophage-like cell line (DH82) in the presence of the sera. Four groups of DH82 cells received differing treatments. These included E. canis experimentally infected DH82 cells, E. canis-infected DH82 cells with control rabbit serum (untreated group), E. canis-infected DH82 cells with GP194-43 rabbit antiserum (treated group) and uninfected cells (negative control group), respectively. The treated group developed a decrease (p < 0.01) in the percentage of E. canis infected cells after 3 days post-infection at 48.57 ± 1.28. In addition, real-time PCR analyses of cytokine mRNA expression involved with the macrophage, humoral, and cellular immune responses were conducted. The findings revealed an upregulated expression of IFNG in the treated group during the infection. This study demonstrated neutralization in the GP194-43 peptide hyperimmune sera of immunized rabbits. Notably, IFN-γ production could be effectively promoted in canine macrophages in relation to the activation of macrophages and adaptive immune responses. The results of this study indicate the potential for the use of this immunogen in further investigations involving immunized and infected dogs as E. canis host species.
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Phan HT, Pham VT, Ho TT, Pham NB, Chu HH, Vu TH, Abdelwhab EM, Scheibner D, Mettenleiter TC, Hanh TX, Meister A, Gresch U, Conrad U. Immunization with Plant-Derived Multimeric H5 Hemagglutinins Protect Chicken against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus H5N1. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E593. [PMID: 33050224 PMCID: PMC7712794 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2003, H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) have not only caused outbreaks in poultry but were also transmitted to humans with high mortality rates. Vaccination is an efficient and economical means of increasing immunity against infections to decrease the shedding of infectious agents in immunized animals and to reduce the probability of further infections. Subunit vaccines from plants are the focus of modern vaccine developments. In this study, plant-made hemagglutinin (H5) trimers were purified from transiently transformed N. benthamiana plants. All chickens immunized with purified H5 trimers were fully protected against the severe HPAIV H5N1 challenge. We further developed a proof-of-principle approach by using disulfide bonds, homoantiparallel peptides or homodimer proteins to combine H5 trimers leading to production of H5 oligomers. Mice vaccinated with crude leaf extracts containing H5 oligomers induced neutralizing antibodies better than those induced by crude leaf extracts containing trimers. As a major result, eleven out of twelve chickens (92%) immunized with adjuvanted H5 oligomer crude extracts were protected from lethal disease while nine out of twelve chickens (75%) vaccinated with adjuvanted H5 trimer crude extracts survived. The solid protective immune response achieved by immunization with crude extracts and the stability of the oligomers form the basis for the development of inexpensive protective veterinary vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Trong Phan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Van Thi Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Thuong Thi Ho
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
| | - Ngoc Bich Pham
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Ha Hoang Chu
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Trang Huyen Vu
- Institute of Biotechnology (IBT), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (V.T.P.); (T.T.H.); (N.B.P.); (H.H.C.); (T.H.V.)
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Graduate University of Science and Technology (GUST), VAST, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.M.A.); (D.S.); (T.C.M.)
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.M.A.); (D.S.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, D-17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (E.M.A.); (D.S.); (T.C.M.)
| | - Tran Xuan Hanh
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company (NAVETCO), 29 Nguyen Dinh Chieu, Dist 1, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Armin Meister
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Ulrike Gresch
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.); (U.G.)
| | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), D-06466 Seeland OT Gatersleben, Germany; (A.M.); (U.G.)
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Schmallenberg Virus: To Vaccinate, or Not to Vaccinate? Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020287. [PMID: 32521621 PMCID: PMC7349947 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), a teratogenic orthobunyavirus that infects predominantly ruminants, emerged in 2011 in Central Europe, spread rapidly throughout the continent, and subsequently established an endemic status with re-circulations to a larger extent every 2 to 3 years. Hence, it represents a constant threat to the continent’s ruminant population when no effective countermeasures are implemented. Here, we discuss potential preventive measures to protect from Schmallenberg disease. Previous experiences with other arboviruses like bluetongue virus have already demonstrated that vaccination of livestock against a vector-transmitted disease can play a major role in reducing or even stopping virus circulation. For SBV, specific inactivated whole-virus vaccines have been developed and marketing authorizations were granted for such preparations. In addition, candidate marker vaccines either as live attenuated, DNA-mediated, subunit or live-vectored preparations have been developed, but none of these DIVA-capable candidate vaccines are currently commercially available. At the moment, the licensed inactivated vaccines are used only to a very limited extent. The high seroprevalence rates induced in years of virus re-occurrence to a larger extent, the wave-like and sometimes hard to predict circulation pattern of SBV, and the expenditures of time and costs for the vaccinations presumably impact on the willingness to vaccinate. However, one should bear in mind that the consequence of seronegative young animals and regular renewed virus circulation might be again more cases of fetal malformation caused by an infection of naïve dams during one of their first gestations. Therefore, an appropriate and cost-effective strategy might be to vaccinate naïve female animals of all affected species before the reproductive age.
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An Intranasal Vaccination with a Recombinant Outer Membrane Protein H against Haemorrhagic Septicemia in Swamp Buffaloes. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:3548973. [PMID: 32547726 PMCID: PMC7271248 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3548973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is an important infectious disease in cattle and buffaloes, caused by Pasteurella multocida B:2 and E:2. The intranasal recombinant OmpH-based vaccine was successfully used to protect dairy cattle from HS in a previous study. Thus, this study aimed to examine the protective ability of that vaccine among buffaloes. Four groups of Thai swamp buffaloes received different vaccines and were labeled as 100 or 200 μg of the rOmpH with CpG-ODN2007, commercial HS bacterin vaccine, and nonvaccinated control groups. Sera and whole blood were collected to examine the antibody levels and cellular immune response using indirect ELISA and MTT assay, respectively. Challenge exposure was performed with virulent P. multocida strain M-1404 serotype B:2 on day 72 of the experiment. The antibody titers to P. multocida among immunized buffaloes were significantly higher than in the control group (p < 0.01), especially the 200 μg of the rOmpH group. The stimulation index (SI) of the intranasally vaccinated groups revealed significantly higher levels than the nonvaccinated group (p < 0.01), but not different from the intramuscularly commercial HS vaccine. The clinical signs and high fever were observed after challenge exposure in the nonvaccinated group, while it was not observed among the 200 μg of rOmpH immunized buffaloes. The other immunized groups showed partial protection with transient fever. In conclusion, the rOmpH-based intranasal vaccine could elicit protective ability and induce antibody- and cell-mediated immune response against virulent P. multocida strain among swamp buffaloes.
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Endalew AD, Faburay B, Trujillo JD, Gaudreault NN, Davis AS, Shivanna V, Sunwoo SY, Ma W, Drolet BS, McVey DS, Morozov I, Wilson WC, Richt JA. Immunogenicity and efficacy of Schmallenberg virus envelope glycoprotein subunit vaccines. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e58. [PMID: 31775185 PMCID: PMC6883197 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an orthobunyavirus that causes abortions, stillbirths, and congenital defects in pregnant sheep and cattle. Inactivated or live attenuated vaccines have been developed in endemic countries, but there is still interest in the development of SBV vaccines that would allow Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). Therefore, an attempt was made to develop novel DIVA-compatible SBV vaccines using SBV glycoproteins expressed in baculovirus. All vaccines and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) controls were prepared with adjuvant and administered subcutaneously to cattle at 6 month of age. The first trial included 2 groups of animals vaccinated with either carboxyl-terminus glycoprotein (Gc) or PBS and boosted after 2 weeks. In the second trial, 3 groups of cattle were administered either Gc, Gc and amino-terminus glycoprotein (Gn), or PBS with a booster vaccination after 3 weeks. The animals were challenged with SBV 9 days after the booster vaccination in the first study, and 3 weeks after the booster vaccination in the second study. Using a SBV Gc-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies were first detected in serum samples 14 days after the first vaccination in both trials, and peaked on days 7 and 9 after the booster in the first and second trials, respectively. Low titers of neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum from only 3/6 and 2/4 animals in the first and second trial, respectively, at 14 days after the first vaccination. The titers increased 2 to 3-fold after the booster vaccination. SBV-specific RNA was detected in the serum and selective tissues in all animals after SBV challenge independent of vaccination status. The SBV candidate vaccines neither prevented viremia nor conferred protection against SBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abaineh D Endalew
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sun Young Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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11
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Nimmanapalli R, Gupta V. Vaccines the tugboat for prevention-based animal production. GENOMICS AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES IN VETERINARY, POULTRY, AND FISHERIES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149732 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816352-8.00020-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The world population is growing at a faster rate day-by-day and the demands for animal products are also increasing to meet the food security worldwide. For sustained production of animals products, healthy livestock and poultry farming are the major concerns as animals are susceptible to various infectious agents viz. bacteria, virus, and parasites leading to huge economical losses in the form of livestock’s morbidity and mortality. Besides, zoonotic nature of some infectious pathogens of animals is also raising concern for human safety. Vaccination of animals against various diseases present in different geographical regions is a best known strategy for prevention of different disease outbreaks both in organized and unorganized livestock and poultry sectors. Vaccines had played a major role in eradication of different dreaded diseases of livestock sectors globally. In this article we have discussed different vaccine types, various vaccine strategies used for the development of more efficacious and safe vaccines and commercially available vaccines for livestock and poultry.
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12
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Kumar R, Kumar P. Yeast-based vaccines: New perspective in vaccine development and application. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5298404. [PMID: 30668686 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In presently licensed vaccines, killed or attenuated organisms act as a source of immunogens except for peptide-based vaccines. These conventional vaccines required a mass culture of associated or related organisms and long incubation periods. Special requirements during storage and transportation further adds to the cost of vaccine preparations. Availability of complete genome sequence, well-established genetic, inherent natural adjuvant and non-pathogenic nature of yeast species viz. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia pastoris makes them an ideal model system for the development of vaccines both for public health and for on-farm consumption. In this review, we compile the work in this emerging field during last two decades with major emphases on S. cerevisiae and P. pastoris which are routinely used worldwide for expression of heterologous proteins with therapeutic value against infectious diseases along with possible use in cancer therapy. We also pointed towards the developments in use of whole recombinant yeast, yeast surface display and virus-like particles as a novel strategy in the fight against infectious diseases and cancer along with other aspects including suitability of yeast in vaccines preparations, yeast cell wall component as an immune stimulator or modulator and present status of yeast-based vaccines in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Piyush Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, Maharashtra, India
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13
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Yatoo MI, Parray OR, Bhat RA, Nazir QU, Haq AU, Malik HU, Fazilli MUR, Gopalakrishnan A, Bashir ST, Tiwari R, Khurana SK, Chaicumpa W, Dhama K. Novel Candidates for Vaccine Development Against Mycoplasma Capricolum Subspecies Capripneumoniae (Mccp)-Current Knowledge and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E71. [PMID: 31340571 PMCID: PMC6789616 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exploration of novel candidates for vaccine development against Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp), the causative agent of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), has recently gained immense importance due to both the increased number of outbreaks and the alarming risk of transboundary spread of disease. Treatment by antibiotics as the only therapeutic strategy is not a viable option due to pathogen persistence, economic issues, and concerns of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, prophylactics or vaccines are becoming important under the current scenario. For quite some time inactivated, killed, or attenuated vaccines proved to be beneficial and provided good immunity up to a year. However, their adverse effects and requirement for larger doses led to the need for production of large quantities of Mccp. This is challenging because the required culture medium is costly and Mycoplasma growth is fastidious and slow. Furthermore, quality control is always an issue with such vaccines. Currently, novel candidate antigens including capsular polysaccharides (CPS), proteins, enzymes, and genes are being evaluated for potential use as vaccines. These have shown potential immunogenicity with promising results in eliciting protective immune responses. Being easy to produce, specific, effective and free from side effects, these novel vaccine candidates can revolutionize vaccination against CCPP. Use of novel proteomic approaches, including sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry, tandem mass spectroscopy, fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), bioinformatics, computerized simulation and genomic approaches, including multilocus sequence analysis, next-generation sequencing, basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), gene expression, and recombinant expression, will further enable recognition of ideal antigenic proteins and virulence genes with vaccination potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iqbal Yatoo
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
| | - Oveas Raffiq Parray
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Riyaz Ahmed Bhat
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Qurat Un Nazir
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Abrar Ul Haq
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Hamid Ullah Malik
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Mujeeb Ur Rehman Fazilli
- Mycoplasma Laboratory, Division of Veterinary Clinical Complex, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Jammu and Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Arumugam Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Madras Veterinary College, Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Vepery 600007, India
| | - Shah Tauseef Bashir
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences, Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU), Mathura 281001, India
| | - Sandip Kumar Khurana
- ICAR-Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Sirsa Road, Hisar 125001, India
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
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14
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Kumar R. Investigating the long-term stability of protein immunogen(s) for whole recombinant yeast-based vaccines. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 18:5049006. [PMID: 29982546 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Even today vaccine(s) remains a mainstay in combating infectious diseases. Many yeast-based vaccines are currently in different phases of clinical trials. Despite the encouraging results of whole recombinant yeast and yeast display, the systematic study assessing the long-term stability of protein antigen(s) in yeast cells is still missing. Therefore, in the present study, I investigate the stability of heterologous protein antigen in the cellular environment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae through Escherichia coli surface protein (major curlin or CsgA). Present biochemical data showed that the stationary-phase yeast cells were able to keep the antigen stable for almost 1 year when stored at 2°C-8°C and 23°C-25°C. Further, iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics of yeast whole cell lysate showed that the level of heterologous fusion protein was low in cells stored at 23°C-25°C compared to those at 2°C-8°C. In the end, I also proposed a workable strategy to test the integrity or completeness of heterologous protein in the yeast cell. I believe that the observations made in the present study will be really encouraging for those interested in the development of a whole recombinant yeast-based vaccine(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Kumar
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
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15
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Perdrizet JA, Shiau DS, Xie H. The serological response in dogs inoculated with canine distemper virus vaccine at the acupuncture point governing vessel-14: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine 2019; 37:1889-1896. [PMID: 30799157 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of immunity to vaccination has historically focused on manipulation of antigen presentation rather than the host. Immune modulation by stimulating specific acupuncture points along the Meridian System has been practiced in Traditional Chinese Medicine. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively determine whether acupoint vaccination, in which vaccine is administered at an acupuncture point in dogs, has the potential to enhance the immune response. A randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of acupoint vaccination versus a conventional method, based on humoral immune response in dogs given Canine Distemper Vaccine (CDV). One hundred client-owned dogs were admitted to the study with following characteristics: (1) passed a routine physical exam, (2) aged between 1 and 10 years old, (3) had no history of chronic disease, and (4) were not on immunomodulating medications. Dogs were randomly assigned to either the Acupuncture group inoculated at the acupoint Governing Vessel (GV)-14, or to the Control group inoculated conventionally at a non-acupuncture site. Mean changes from Day0 to Day14 of the response to CDV vaccination, measured by serum neutralization (SN) titers with log-transformation for reducing outlier effects, were compared between groups. No significant difference was found between groups in age, weight, or sex (all p >0.2). Both groups had significant increases of CDV SN titer post-vaccination (p < 0.001). The mean increase in Acupuncture group (0.72; SD = 0.79) was significantly greater than that of the Control group (0.36; SD = 0.67); p = 0.019. Inference on percentage of change in raw SN titer data further revealed that the effects in the Acupuncture group was significantly greater than the Control group (242% vs. 83%; p = 0.02). This study demonstrated that Acupoint vaccination at GV-14 resulted in a significantly elevated humoral immune response to CDV vaccine compared to Controls, which suggests the potential of acupoint vaccination to enhance the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Perdrizet
- The Sanctuary Animal Clinic, 210 Linden St., Holyoke, Ma. 01040, USA.
| | - Deng-Shan Shiau
- Chi Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Reddick, FL. 32686, USA
| | - Huisheng Xie
- Chi Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Reddick, FL. 32686, USA; Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 32610, USA.
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16
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Wernike K, Mundt A, Link EK, Aebischer A, Schlotthauer F, Sutter G, Fux R, Beer M. N-terminal domain of Schmallenberg virus envelope protein Gc delivered by recombinant equine herpesvirus type 1 and modified vaccinia virus Ankara: Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in cattle. Vaccine 2018; 36:5116-5123. [PMID: 30049630 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV), which emerged in 2011 in Central Europe and subsequently spread very rapidly throughout the continent, affects predominantly ruminants. SBV is transmitted by insect vectors, and therefore vaccination is one of the major tools of disease control. Only recently, a domain connected to virus neutralization has been identified at the amino-terminal part of the viral envelope protein Gc. Here, this Gc domain delivered by recombinant EHV-1 or MVA vector viruses was tested in a vaccination-challenge trial in cattle, one of the major target species of SBV. The EHV-1-based vaccine conferred protection in two of four animals, whereas immunization using the MVA vector vaccine efficiently induced an SBV-specific antibody response and full protection against SBV challenge infection in all the vaccinated animals. Moreover, due to the absence of antibodies against SBVs N-protein, both vector vaccines enable the differentiation between vaccinated and field-infected animals making them to a promising tool to control SBV spread as well as to prevent disease in domestic ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany.
| | - Alice Mundt
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre, Bemeroder Str. 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ellen Kathrin Link
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Felicia Schlotthauer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre, Bemeroder Str. 31, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Fux
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Veterinärstraße 13, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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17
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Abstract
Veterinary vaccine development has several similarities with human vaccine development to improve the overall health and well-being of species. However, veterinary goals lean more toward feasible large-scale administration methods and low cost to high benefit immunization. Since the respiratory mucosa is easily accessible and most infectious agents begin their infection cycle at the mucosa, immunization through the respiratory route has been a highly attractive vaccine delivery strategy against infectious diseases. Additionally, vaccines administered via the respiratory mucosa could lower costs by removing the need of trained medical personnel, and lowering doses yet achieving similar or increased immune stimulation. The respiratory route often brings challenges in antigen delivery efficiency with enough potency to induce immunity. Nanoparticle (NP) technology has been shown to enhance immune activation by producing higher antibody titers and protection. Although specific mechanisms between NPs and biological membranes are still under investigation, physical parameters such as particle size and shape, as well as biological tissue distribution including mucociliary clearance influence the protection and delivery of antigens to the site of action and uptake by target cells. For respiratory delivery, various biomaterials such as mucoadhesive polymers, lipids, and polysaccharides have shown enhanced antibody production or protection in comparison to antigen alone. This review presents promising NPs administered via the nasal or pulmonary routes for veterinary applications specifically focusing on livestock animals including poultry.
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18
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Wu HC, Yeh PH, Hsueh KJ, Yang WJ, Chu CY. Recombinant ApxIV protein enhances protective efficacy against Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in mice and pigs. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 124:1366-1376. [PMID: 29431246 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Available bacterins, commercial or autogenous, for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae disease control have, thus far, shown debatable protective efficacy and only in homologous challenges. Our study sought to determine whether the addition of reombinant protein ApxIV to the multicomponent vaccine could enhance protection against homologous and heterologous challenge of A. pleuropneumoniae. METHODS AND RESULTS The virulence of ApxI, ApxII, ApxIV and OMP were cloned and expressed using a prokaryotic system; these recombinant proteins were combined with inactivated A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 to formulate different multicomponent vaccines. Immune response and protective efficacy of the vaccines were evaluated in mice and pigs. A protection rate of 67% was observed against heterologous challenge in mice vaccinated with the rApxIV formulation. Piglets vaccinated with vaccine containing ApxIV produced significantly higher antibody titre and provided complete protection and reduced gross lesions by 67% when compared with the nonimmunized group after homologous challenge. Additionally, flow cytometry analysis showed significant cellular immune response. CONCLUSIONS The results of our vaccination experiments revealed that a combination of inactivated bacteria and the recombinant antigens rApxI, rApxII, rApxIV and rOMP can provide effective protection against heterologous A. pleuropneumoniae challenge. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The addition of ApxIV to the multicomponent vaccine could enhance homologous and heterologous protection in mice and pigs, respectively, against challenge by A. pleuropneumoniae.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-C Wu
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - P-H Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - K-J Hsueh
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - W-J Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National University of Kaohsiung, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - C-Y Chu
- Graduate Institute of Animal Vaccine Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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19
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Muangthai K, Tankaew P, Varinrak T, Uthi R, Rojanasthien S, Sawada T, Sthitmatee N. Intranasal immunization with a recombinant outer membrane protein H based Haemorrhagic septicemia vaccine in dairy calves. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 80:68-76. [PMID: 29109353 PMCID: PMC5797862 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemorrhagic septicemia (HS) is a contagious disease in cattle with high morbidity and mortality rates. HS vaccine in Thailand is an oil-adjuvant formulation, and is difficult to administer. The present study aimed to
formulate and evaluate the protection in dairy calves conferred by immunization with an in-house intranasal HS vaccine. The intranasal vaccine was formulated in a total volume of 500 µl containing either
50 or 100 µg of the recombinant outer membrane protein H (rOmpH) of Pasteurella multocida strain M-1404 (serovar B:2), and 10 µg of Cytosine-phosphate-guanosine
oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) as a mucosal adjuvant. Intranasal immunizations were conducted three times at three-week intervals. The antibodies post-immunization were detected by indirect ELISA and demonstrated
efficient in vitro activity in suppressing a P. multocida strain from the complement-mediated killing assay. An intranasal vaccine induced both the serum IgG and secretory IgA levels
that were significantly higher than the level conferred by the parenteral vaccine (P<0.05). Challenge exposure was conducted with a P. multocida strain M-1404 at day 72 of the
experiments. The immunized calves had reduced clinical signs after challenge exposure that would normally result in disease proliferation. We conclude that intranasal vaccination of calves with rOmpH with CpG-ODN 2007
stimulated serum and secretory antibodies to rOmpH and whole cells of P. multocida strain M-1404 antigen. Moreover, it would result in protection in calves against artificial P.
multocida infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korkiat Muangthai
- Bureau of Veterinary Biologics, Department of Livestock Developments, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Nakhon Ratchasima 30130, Thailand
| | - Pallop Tankaew
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
| | - Thanya Varinrak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand
| | - Ratchanee Uthi
- Bureau of Veterinary Biologics, Department of Livestock Developments, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperative, Nakhon Ratchasima 30130, Thailand
| | | | - Takuo Sawada
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand.,Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
| | - Nattawooti Sthitmatee
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100 Thailand.,Excellence Center in Veterinary Bioscience, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50100, Thailand
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20
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Varinrak T, Poolperm P, Sawada T, Sthitmatee N. Cross-protection conferred by immunization with an rOmpH-based intranasal fowl cholera vaccine. Avian Pathol 2017; 46:515-525. [PMID: 28421815 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2017.1321105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A previous study demonstrated that a recombinant outer membrane protein H (rOmpH)-based intranasal fowl cholera vaccine elicited efficient homologous protection against the Pasteurella multocida strain X-73 (A:1) in chickens. The present study aimed to determine the cross-protectivity against heterologous P. multocida strains. The rOmpH was purified via electroelution and formulated with two kinds of adjuvants. The vaccine formulations in a total volume of 100 µl were 100 µg rOmpH with 3 µg of Escherichia coli enterotoxin B or 10 µg of CpG ODN2007. Chickens were assigned to three experimental groups depending on bacterial strain challenge exposure as well as three control groups. The chickens were immunized intranasally three times at three-week intervals. Challenge exposures were conducted by inoculation with homologous strain X-73 or heterologous strains P-1059 (A:3) or P-1662 (A:4) at four weeks after the final immunization. The specific antibody against rOmpH was produced in vaccinated birds. Sera IgY and secretory IgA antibody titres were significantly increased (P < 0.05) post-immunization. The stimulation index values of the vaccinated groups were significantly different from stimulation index values of the non-vaccinated groups (P < 0.05). Chicken survival rates after exposure to avian P. multocida strains ranged from 70% to 100%. There was no significant difference in protection between two kinds of adjuvants in vaccine formulations. Statistical analysis indicated no significant differences in protection among avian P. multocida strains challenge exposure. We conclude that an in-house rOmpH-based intranasal fowl cholera vaccine produced efficient cross-protectivity against heterologous strains of P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanya Varinrak
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Pichayanut Poolperm
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Takuo Sawada
- a Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology , Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University , Tokyo , Japan
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21
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Solanki AK, Bhatia B, Kaushik H, Deshmukh SK, Dixit A, Garg LC. Clostridium perfringens beta toxin DNA prime-protein boost elicits enhanced protective immune response in mice. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:5699-5708. [PMID: 28523396 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8333-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens beta toxin (CPB) is the primary pathogenic factor responsible for necrotic enteritis in sheep, cattle and humans. Owing to rapid progression of the disease, vaccination is the only possible recourse to avoid high mortality in animal farms and huge economic losses. The present study reports evaluation of a cpb gene-based DNA vaccine encoding the beta toxin of C. perfringens with homologous as well as heterologous booster strategy. Immunization strategy employing heterologous booster with heat-inactivated rCPB mounted stronger immune response when compared to that generated by homologous booster. Antibody isotyping and cytokine ELISA demonstrated the immune response to be Th1-biased mixed immune response. While moderate protection of immunized BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice against rCPB challenge was observed with homologous booster strategy, heterologous booster strategy led to complete protection. Thus, beta toxin-based DNA vaccine using the heterologous prime-boosting strategy was able to generate better immune response and conferred greater degree of protection against high of dose rCPB challenge than homologous booster regimen, making it an effective vaccination approach against C. perfringens beta toxin.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Vaccines/immunology
- Clostridium perfringens/immunology
- Clostridium perfringens/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/immunology
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/microbiology
- Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous/prevention & control
- Enterocytes/microbiology
- Immunization/methods
- Immunization, Secondary
- Intestines/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Solanki
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Bharati Bhatia
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Himani Kaushik
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sachin K Deshmukh
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aparna Dixit
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Lalit C Garg
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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22
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Gifre L, Arís A, Bach À, Garcia-Fruitós E. Trends in recombinant protein use in animal production. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:40. [PMID: 28259156 PMCID: PMC5336677 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant technologies have made possible the production of a broad catalogue of proteins of interest, including those used for animal production. The most widely studied proteins for the animal sector are those with an important role in reproduction, feed efficiency, and health. Nowadays, mammalian cells and fungi are the preferred choice for recombinant production of hormones for reproductive purposes and fibrolytic enzymes to enhance animal performance, respectively. However, the development of low-cost products is a priority, particularly in livestock. The study of cell factories such as yeast and bacteria has notably increased in the last decades to make the new developed reproductive hormones and fibrolytic enzymes a real alternative to the marketed ones. Important efforts have also been invested to developing new recombinant strategies for prevention and therapy, including passive immunization and modulation of the immune system. This offers the possibility to reduce the use of antibiotics by controlling physiological processes and improve the efficacy of preventing infections. Thus, nowadays different recombinant fibrolytic enzymes, hormones, and therapeutic molecules with optimized properties have been successfully produced through cost-effective processes using microbial cell factories. However, despite the important achievements for reducing protein production expenses, alternative strategies to further reduce these costs are still required. In this context, it is necessary to make a giant leap towards the use of novel strategies, such as nanotechnology, that combined with recombinant technology would make recombinant molecules affordable for animal industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Àlex Bach
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), 08140 Caldes de Montbui, Spain
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Wernike K, Aebischer A, Roman-Sosa G, Beer M. The N-terminal domain of Schmallenberg virus envelope protein Gc is highly immunogenic and can provide protection from infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42500. [PMID: 28211908 PMCID: PMC5304187 DOI: 10.1038/srep42500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is transmitted by insect vectors, and therefore vaccination is one of the most important tools of disease control. In our study, novel subunit vaccines on the basis of an amino-terminal domain of SBV Gc of 234 amino acids (“Gc Amino”) first were tested and selected using a lethal small animal challenge model and then the best performing formulations also were tested in cattle. We could show that neither E. coli expressed nor the reduced form of “Gc Amino” protected from SBV infection. In contrast, both, immunization with “Gc Amino”-encoding DNA plasmids and “Gc-amino” expressed in a mammalian system, conferred protection in up to 66% of the animals. Interestingly, the best performance was achieved with a multivalent antigen containing the covalently linked Gc domains of both, SBV and the related Akabane virus. All vaccinated cattle and mice were fully protected against SBV challenge infection. Furthermore, in the absence of antibodies against the viral N-protein, differentiation between vaccinated and field-infected animals allows an SBV marker vaccination concept. Moreover, the presented vaccine design also could be tested for other members of the Simbu serogroup and might allow the inclusion of additional immunogenic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Andrea Aebischer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Gleyder Roman-Sosa
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
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24
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The development of veterinary vaccines: a review of traditional methods and modern biotechnology approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biori.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Forster KM, Hartwig DD, Oliveira TL, Bacelo KL, Schuch R, Amaral MG, Dellagostin OA. DNA prime-protein boost based vaccination with a conserved region of leptospiral immunoglobulin-like A and B proteins enhances protection against leptospirosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:989-95. [PMID: 26676320 PMCID: PMC4708018 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic spirochetes of
theLeptospira genus. Vaccination with bacterins has severe
limitations. Here, we evaluated the N-terminal region of the leptospiral
immunoglobulin-like B protein (LigBrep) as a vaccine candidate against leptospirosis
using immunisation strategies based on DNA prime-protein boost, DNA vaccine, and
subunit vaccine. Upon challenge with a virulent strain ofLeptospira
interrogans, the prime-boost and DNA vaccine approaches induced
significant protection in hamsters, as well as a specific IgG antibody response and
sterilising immunity. Although vaccination with recombinant fragment of LigBrep also
produced a strong antibody response, it was not immunoprotective. These results
highlight the potential of LigBrep as a candidate antigen for an effective vaccine
against leptospirosis and emphasise the use of the DNA prime-protein boost as an
important strategy for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine M Forster
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Daiane D Hartwig
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Thaís L Oliveira
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Kátia L Bacelo
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Schuch
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Marta G Amaral
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Odir A Dellagostin
- Núcleo de Biotecnologia, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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Savard C, Gagnon CA, Chorfi Y. Deoxynivalenol (DON) naturally contaminated feed impairs the immune response induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) live attenuated vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:3881-6. [PMID: 26117152 PMCID: PMC7127064 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cereal commodities are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins produced by the secondary metabolism of fungal infection. Among these contaminants, deoxynivalenol (DON), also known as vomitoxin, is the most prevalent type B trichothecene mycotoxin worldwide. Pigs are very sensitive to the toxic effects of DON and are frequently exposed to naturally contaminated feed. Recently, DON naturally contaminated feed has been shown to decrease porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) specific antibody responses following experimental infection. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of DON naturally contaminated feed on the immune response generated following vaccination with PRRSV live attenuated vaccine. Eighteen pigs were randomly divided into three experimental groups of 6 animals based on DON content of the diets (0, 2.5 and 3.5mg DON/kg). They were fed these rations one week prior to the vaccination and for all the duration of the immune response evaluation. All pigs were vaccinated intra-muscularly with one dose of Ingelvac(®) PRRSV modified live vaccine (MLV). Blood samples were collected at day -1, 6, 13, 20, 27 and 35 post vaccination (pv) and tested for PRRSV RNA by RT-qPCR and for virus specific antibodies by ELISA. Results showed that ingestion of DON-contaminated diets significantly decreased PRRSV viremia. All pigs fed control diet were viremic while only 1 (17%) and 3 (50%) out of 6 pigs were viremic in the groups receiving 3.5 and 2.5mg of DON/kg, respectively. Subsequently, all pigs fed control diet developed PRRSV specific antibodies while only viremic pigs that were fed contaminated diets have developed PRRSV specific antibodies. These results suggest that feeding pigs with DON-contaminated diet could inhibit vaccination efficiency of PRRSV MLV by severely impairing viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Savard
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP); Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Carl A Gagnon
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses du porc (GREMIP); Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Younes Chorfi
- Département de biomédecine vétérinaire, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.
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Deletion mutants of Schmallenberg virus are avirulent and protect from virus challenge. J Virol 2014; 89:1825-37. [PMID: 25410877 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02729-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Since its emergence, Schmallenberg virus (SBV), a novel insect-transmitted orthobunyavirus which predominantly infects ruminants, has caused a large epidemic in European livestock. Newly developed inactivated vaccines are available, but highly efficacious and safe live vaccines are still not available. Here, the properties of novel recombinant SBV mutants lacking the nonstructural protein NSs (rSBVΔNSs) or NSm (rSBVΔNSm) or both of these proteins (rSBVΔNSs/ΔNSm) were tested in vitro and in vivo in type I interferon receptor knockout mice (IFNAR(-/-)) and in a vaccination/challenge trial in cattle. As for other bunyaviruses, both nonstructural proteins of SBV are not essential for viral growth in vitro. In interferon-defective BHK-21 cells, rSBVΔNSs and rSBVΔNSm replicated to levels comparable to that of the parental rSBV; the double mutant virus, however, showed a mild growth defect, resulting in lower final virus titers. Additionally, both mutants with an NSs deletion induced high levels of interferon and showed a marked growth defect in interferon-competent sheep SFT-R cells. Nevertheless, in IFNAR(-/-) mice, all mutants were virulent, with the highest mortality rate for rSBVΔNSs and a reduced virulence for the NSm-deleted virus. In cattle, SBV lacking NSm caused viremia and seroconversion comparable to those caused by the wild-type virus, while the NSs and the combined NSs/NSm deletion mutant induced no detectable virus replication or clinical disease after immunization. Furthermore, three out of four cattle immunized once with the NSs deletion mutant and all animals vaccinated with the virus lacking both nonstructural proteins were fully protected against a challenge infection. Therefore, the double deletion mutant will provide the basis for further developments of safe and efficacious modified live SBV vaccines which could be also a model for other viruses of the Simbu serogroup and related orthobunyaviruses. IMPORTANCE SBV induces only mild clinical signs in adult ruminants but causes severe fetal malformation and, thereby, can have an important impact on animal welfare and production. As SBV is an insect-transmitted pathogen, vaccination will be one of the most important aspects of disease control. Here, mutant viruses lacking one or two proteins that essentially contribute to viral pathogenicity were tested as modified live vaccines in cattle. It could be demonstrated that a novel recombinant double deletion mutant is a safe and efficacious vaccine candidate. This is the first description of a putative modified live vaccine for the complete genus Orthobunyavirus, and in addition, such a vaccine type has never been tested in cattle for any virus of the entire family Bunyaviridae. Therefore, the described vaccine also represents the first model for a broad range of related viruses and is of high importance to the field.
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Co-expression of EtMic2 protein and chicken interleukin-18 for DNA vaccine against chicken coccidiosis. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:64-70. [PMID: 24856455 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a naked EtMIC2 DNA vaccine, a ChIL-18 expression vector and a EtMIC2 and ChIL-18 co-expression DNA vaccine were constructed and their protective efficacies against homologous challenge were compared and evaluated by examining the body weight gain, oocyst shedding, cecal lesion, ACI as well as specific anti-EtMic2 antibody level, the proliferation ability and percentages of CD4+ and CD8+ of splenocytes. The results showed the naked EtMIC2 DNA vaccine could increase the weight gain and decrease the oocyst shedding, but could not alleviate the cecal lesion of immunized chickens compared to unimmunized chickens. Chickens immunized with the co-expression vector pVAX1-MIC2-IL-18 exhibited much improved immune protection against challenge compared to chickens immunized with naked EtMIC2 DNA vaccine, or with naked EtMIC2 DNA vaccine and ChIL-18 expression vector applied separately. These results suggest that the co-expression of ChIL-18 with EtMic2 together could significantly improve the immune protection of the EtMic2 protein.
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29
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Sun H, Wang L, Wang T, Zhang J, Liu Q, Chen P, Chen Z, Wang F, Li H, Xiao Y, Zhao X. Display of Eimeria tenella EtMic2 protein on the surface of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a potential oral vaccine against chicken coccidiosis. Vaccine 2014; 32:1869-76. [PMID: 24530147 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
S. cerevisiae is generally regarded as safe and benign organism and its surface display system may be used as a unique eukaryotic expression system that is suitable for expressing eukaryotic antigen. In addition to the convenience of vaccine delivery, the yeast cell wall has been shown to enhance the innate immunity when immunized with the yeast live oral vaccine. In the present study, we expressed the chicken coccidian E. tenella EtMic2, a microneme protein, on the surface of the S. cerevisiae and evaluated it as a potential oral vaccine for chicken against E. tenella challenge. The protective efficacy against a homologous challenge was evaluated by body weight gains, lesion scores and fecal oocyst shedding. The results showed that the live oral vaccine can improve weight gains, reduced cecal pathology and lower oocyst fecal shedding compared with non immunized controls. In addition, the yeast oral vaccine could stimulate humoral as well as cell mediate immune responses. These results suggested that EtMic2 displayed on the cell surface of S. cerevisiae could be used as potential live vaccine against chicken coccidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Longjiang Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Peipei Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Zhengtao Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Fangkun Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Taian City, Shandong Province 271018, China.
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Shin MK, Yoo HS. Animal vaccines based on orally presented yeast recombinants. Vaccine 2013; 31:4287-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sharma S, Hinds LA. Formulation and delivery of vaccines: Ongoing challenges for animal management. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:258-66. [PMID: 23248557 PMCID: PMC3523519 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.103231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a commercially successful animal vaccine is not only influenced by various immunological factors, such as type of antigen but also by formulation and delivery aspects. The latter includes the need for a vector or specific delivery system, the choice of route of administration and the nature of the target animal population and their habitat. This review describes the formulation and delivery aspects of various types of antigens such as killed microorganisms, proteins and nucleic acids for the development of efficacious and safe animal vaccines. It also focuses on the challenges associated with the different approaches that might be required for formulating and delivering species specific vaccines, particularly if their intended use is for improved animal management with respect to disease and/or reproductive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Sharma
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Division of Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Peréz Aguirreburualde MS, Gómez MC, Ostachuk A, Wolman F, Albanesi G, Pecora A, Odeon A, Ardila F, Escribano JM, Dus Santos MJ, Wigdorovitz A. Efficacy of a BVDV subunit vaccine produced in alfalfa transgenic plants. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 151:315-24. [PMID: 23291101 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is considered an important cause of economic loss within bovine herds worldwide. In Argentina, only the use of inactivated vaccines is allowed, however, the efficacy of inactivated BVDV vaccines is variable due to its low immunogenicity. The use of recombinant subunit vaccines has been proposed as an alternative to overcome this difficulty. Different studies on protection against BVDV infection have focused the E2 protein, supporting its putative use in subunit vaccines. Utilization of transgenic plants expressing recombinant antigens for the formulation of experimental vaccines represents an innovative and cost effective alternative to the classical fermentation systems. The aim of this work was to develop transgenic alfalfa plants (Medicago sativa, L.) expressing a truncated version of the structural protein E2 from BVDV fused to a molecule named APCH, that target to antigen presenting cells (APCH-tE2). The concentration of recombinant APCH-tE2 in alfalfa leaves was 1 μg/g at fresh weight and its expression remained stable after vegetative propagation. A methodology based an aqueous two phases system was standardized for concentration and partial purification of APCH-tE2 from alfalfa. Guinea pigs parentally immunized with leaf extracts developed high titers of neutralizing antibodies. In bovine, the APCH-tE2 subunit vaccine was able to induce BVDV-specific neutralizing antibodies. After challenge, bovines inoculated with 3 μg of APCH-tE2 produced in alfalfa transgenic plants showed complete virological protection.
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Shin MK, Kang ML, Jung MH, Cha SB, Lee WJ, Kim JM, Kim DH, Yoo HS. Induction of protective immune responses against challenge of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by oral administration with Saccharomyces cerevisiae expressing Apx toxins in pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012. [PMID: 23206402 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, a highly contagious endemic disease of pigs worldwide, inducing significant economic losses worldwide. Apx toxins, which are correlated with the virulence of A. pleuropneumoniae, were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its possible use as an oral vaccine has been confirmed in our previous studies using a murine model. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that oral immunization using S. cerevisiae expressing either ApxI or ApxII could protect pigs against A. pleuropneumoniae as an effective way of inducing both mucosal and systemic immune responses. The surface-displayed ApxIIA#5 expressing S. cerevisiae was selected as an oral vaccine candidate by finding on induction of higher immune responses in mice after oral vaccination. The surface-displayed ApxIIA#5 expressing S. cerevisiae and the ApxIA expressing S. cerevisiae were developed to serve as an oral vaccine in pigs. The vaccinated pigs showed higher specific IgG- and IgA-related antibody activities than the non-treated control and vector control pigs. Additionally, the induced immune responses were found to protect pigs infected with A. pleuropneumoniae according to the analysis of clinical signs and the gross and microscopic pulmonary lesions. These results suggested that the surface-displayed ApxIIA#5 and ApxIA in S. cerevisiae might be a potential oral vaccine to protect pigs against porcine pleuropneumonia. Thus the present study is expected to contribute to the development of a live oral vaccine against porcine pleuropneumonia as an alternative to current conventional vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyoung Shin
- Department of Infectious Disease, College of Veterinary Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Seixas A, Oliveira P, Termignoni C, Logullo C, Masuda A, da Silva Vaz I. Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus embryo proteins as target for tick vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 148:149-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2011.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Immunization and challenge experiments with a new modified live bovine herpesvirus type 1 marker vaccine prototype adjuvanted with a co-polymer. Vaccine 2010; 28:5871-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.06.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Haptoglobin serum concentration is a suitable biomarker to assess the efficacy of a feed additive in pigs. Animal 2010; 4:1561-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731109991418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Gamage LN, Ellis J, Hayes S. Immunogenicity of bacteriophage lambda particles displaying porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV2) capsid protein epitopes. Vaccine 2009; 27:6595-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2009] [Revised: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Grabowska AK, Lipińska AD, Rohde J, Szewczyk B, Bienkowska-Szewczyk K, Rziha HJ. New baculovirus recombinants expressing Pseudorabies virus (PRV) glycoproteins protect mice against lethal challenge infection. Vaccine 2009; 27:3584-91. [PMID: 19464538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2009] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates the protective potential of novel baculovirus recombinants, which express the glycoproteins gB, gC, or gD of Pseudorabies virus (PRV; Alphaherpesvirus of swine) and additionally contain the glycoprotein G of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV-G) in the virion (Bac-G-PRV). To evaluate the protective capacity, mixtures of equal amounts of the PRV gB-, gC-, and gD-expressing baculoviruses were used for immunization. Three intramuscular immunizations with that Bac-G-PRV mixture could protect mice against a lethal PRV challenge infection. To achieve complete protection high titers of Bac-G-PRV and three immunizations were necessary. This immunization with Bac-G-PRV resulted in the induction of high titers of PRV-specific serum antibodies of the IgG2a subclass and of interferon (IFN)-gamma, indicating a Th1-type immune response. Moreover, splenocytes of immunized mice exhibited natural killer cell activity accompanied by the production of IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma. Collectively, the presented data demonstrate for the first time that co-expression of VSV-G in baculovirus recombinant vaccines can improve the induction of a protective immune response against foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Grabowska
- Dept. of Mol. Virology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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Hartikka J, Geall A, Bozoukova V, Kurniadi D, Rusalov D, Enas J, Yi JH, Nanci A, Rolland A. Physical characterization and in vivo evaluation of poloxamer-based DNA vaccine formulations. J Gene Med 2008; 10:770-82. [PMID: 18425981 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccines have generated significant interest for the prevention or treatment of infectious diseases. Broader applications may benefit from the identification of safe and potent vaccine adjuvants. This report describes the development of a novel polymer-based formulation to enhance the immunogenicity of pDNA-based vaccines. METHODS Plasmid DNA was formulated with a nonionic block copolymer, poloxamer CRL1005, and the cationic surfactant benzalkonium chloride (BAK) to produce a thermodynamically stable, self-assembling system. The influence of parameters such as polymer concentration and BAK composition on the immune responses was evaluated in mice vaccinated with pDNA encoding influenza nucleoprotein. RESULTS At concentrations of 7.5 mg/ml CRL1005, 0.3 mM BAK and 5 mg/ml pDNA, CRL1005/BAK/pDNA particles had a mean diameter of 261 +/- 0.2 nm and a surface charge of - 11.6 +/- 0.9 mV. The negative surface charge and atomic force microscopy images suggested that pDNA binds to BAK adsorbed to the surface of poloxamer particles. The CRL1005/BAK/pDNA formulation significantly enhanced antigen-specific cellular and humoral immune responses, and increased transgene levels in muscle and serum. The complexity of the formulation was reduced by replacing the commercial BAK, which is a mixture of four alkyl chains, with a C14 BAK homolog. The substitution yielded an analytically preferable formulation with equivalent physical characteristics and immunogenicity. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the CRL1005/BAK/pDNA formulation may enhance immunogenicity by improving the delivery of pDNA-based vaccines. This formulation is currently being evaluated for the prevention of CMV-associated disease in a phase 2 clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Hartikka
- Vical Incorporated, 10390 Pacific Center Court, San Diego, CA 92121-4340, USA.
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DNA vaccines and their applications in veterinary practice: current perspectives. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:341-56. [PMID: 18425596 PMCID: PMC7089108 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Inoculation of plasmid DNA, encoding an immunogenic protein gene of an infectious agent, stands out as a novel approach for developing new generation vaccines for prevention of infectious diseases of animals. The potential of DNA vaccines to act in presence of maternal antibodies, its stability and cost effectiveness and the non-requirement of cold chain have heightened the prospects. Even though great strides have been made in nucleic acid vaccination, still there are many areas that need further research for its wholesome practical implementation. Major areas of concern are vaccine delivery, designing of suitable vectors and cytotoxic T cell responses. Also, the induction of immune responses by DNA vaccines is inconclusive due to the lack of knowledge regarding the concentration of the protein expressed in vivo. Alternative delivery systems having higher transfection efficiency and the use of cytokines, as immunomodulators, needs to be further explored. Recently, efforts are being made to modulate and prolong the active life of dendritic cells, in order to make antigen presentation a more efficacious one. For combating diseases like acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), influenza, malaria and tuberculosis in humans; and foot and mouth disease, Aujesky’s disease, swine fever, rabies, canine distemper and brucellosis in animals, DNA vaccine clinical trials are underway. This review highlights the salient features of DNA vaccines, and measures to enhance their efficacy so as to devise an effective and novel vaccination strategy against animal diseases.
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Meeusen ENT, Walker J, Peters A, Pastoret PP, Jungersen G. Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clin Microbiol Rev 2007; 20:489-510, table of contents. [PMID: 17630337 PMCID: PMC1932753 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00005-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els N T Meeusen
- Animal Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Building 13f, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Wolf MC, Negrete OA, Lee B. Pathobiology of henipavirus entry: insights into therapeutic strategies. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.3.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The recently emerged paramyxoviruses, Nipah (NiV) and Hendra (HeV), designated as Biosafety Level 4 pathogens, can cause lethal respiratory and neurological disease in both animals and humans. NiV outbreaks have been associated with efficient transmission amongst livestock (pigs) and mortality rates exceeding 70%, with documented cases of human-to-human transmission. Without vaccines or effective therapeutics, NiV and HeV continue to present an impending threat to global health and economies. The current understanding of henipavirus pathobiology has led to the development of small animal models reflecting certain aspects of the human pathology. In this review, we discuss how these animal models have been critical in testing vaccination strategies and in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the envelope glycoproteins. Additionally, the discovery of the viral receptor and development of pseudotyped-viral systems have allowed us to explore the multiple opportunities for therapeutic intervention existing within the individual steps of the henipavirus entry pathway. Current research shows promise for the future development of effective strategies to limit the impact of these biological threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike C Wolf
- UCLA, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, 609 Charles Young Dr. 3821, Molecular Science Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Oscar A Negrete
- UCLA, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, 609 Charles Young Dr. 3821, Molecular Science Building, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Benhur Lee
- UCLA, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, 609 Charles Young Dr. 3825, Molecular Science Building Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Floss DM, Falkenburg D, Conrad U. Production of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies for veterinary applications in transgenic plants: an overview. Transgenic Res 2007; 16:315-32. [PMID: 17436059 PMCID: PMC7089296 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9095-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, antibodies, antibody derivatives and vaccines have been developed for therapeutic and diagnostic applications in human and veterinary medicine. Numerous species of dicot and monocot plants have been genetically modified to produce antibodies or vaccines, and a number of diverse transformation methods and strategies to enhance the accumulation of the pharmaceutical proteins are now available. Veterinary applications are the specific focus of this article, in particular for pathogenic viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic parasites. We focus on the advantages and remaining challenges of plant-based therapeutic proteins for veterinary applications with emphasis on expression platforms, technologies and economic considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Manuela Floss
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben, 06466 Germany
| | | | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, Gatersleben, 06466 Germany
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Seixas FK, Fernandes CH, Hartwig DD, Conceição FR, Aleixo JAG, Dellagostin OA. Evaluation of different ways of presenting LipL32 to the immune system with the aim of developing a recombinant vaccine against leptospirosis. Can J Microbiol 2007; 53:472-9. [PMID: 17612601 DOI: 10.1139/w06-138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira , is a direct zoonosis with wide geographical distribution. The implications in terms of public health and the economical losses caused by leptospirosis justify the use of a vaccine against Leptospira in human or animal populations at risk. In this study, we used the external membrane protein LipL32 as a model antigen, as it is highly immunogenic. The LipL32 coding sequence was cloned into several expression vectors: (i) pTarget, to create a DNA vaccine; (ii) pUS973, pUS974, and pUS977 for expression in BCG (rBCG); and (iii) pAE, to express the recombinant protein in Escherichia coli , for a subunit vaccine. Mice were immunized with the various constructs, and the immune response was evaluated. The highest humoral immune response was elicited by the subunit vaccine (rLipL32). However, with rBCG, the titer was still rising at the end of the experiment. The serum of vaccinated animals was able to recognize LipL32 on the membrane of the Leptospira, detected by indirect immunofluorescence. A monoclonal antibody anti-LipL32 was shown to inhibit the growth of Leptospira in vitro, indicating potential protection induced by the LipL32 antigen.
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Vordermeier M, Hogarth P. Vaccine development in the 21st century: A time of living dangerously. Vet J 2005; 170:271-2. [PMID: 16266840 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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