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Dwivedi V, Shivanna V, Gautam S, Delgado J, Hicks A, Argonza M, Meredith R, Turner J, Martinez-Sobrido L, Torrelles JB, Kulkarni V. Age associated susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection in the K18-hACE2 transgenic mouse model. GeroScience 2024; 46:2901-2913. [PMID: 38388916 PMCID: PMC11009211 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still an ongoing global health crisis. Clinical data indicate that the case fatality rate (CFR) is age dependent, with a higher CFR percentage in the elderly population. We compared the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in young and aged K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. We evaluated morbidity, mortality, viral titers, immune responses, and histopathology in SARS-CoV-2-infected young and old K18-hACE2 transgenic mice. Within the limitation of having a low number of mice per group, our results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in slightly higher morbidity, mortality, and viral replication in the lungs of old mice, which was associated with an impaired IgM response and altered cytokine and chemokine profiles. Results of this study increase our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity and immuno-pathogenesis in the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Dwivedi
- Disease Intervention & Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Shalini Gautam
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Jennifer Delgado
- Disease Intervention & Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Amberlee Hicks
- Disease Intervention & Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Marco Argonza
- Disease Intervention & Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Reagan Meredith
- Disease Intervention & Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA
| | - Joanne Turner
- Host Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA.
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention & Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA.
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA.
- International Center for the Advancement of Research & Education (I•CARE), Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Viraj Kulkarni
- Disease Intervention & Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, 78227, USA.
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2
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Solis-Leal A, Boby N, Mallick S, Cheng Y, Wu F, De La Torre G, Dufour J, Alvarez X, Shivanna V, Liu Y, Fennessey CM, Lifson JD, Li Q, Keele BF, Ling B. Lymphoid tissues contribute to plasma viral clonotypes early after antiretroviral therapy interruption in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadi9867. [PMID: 38091409 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adi9867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The rebound-competent viral reservoir, composed of a virus that is able to persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and mediate reactivation of systemic viral replication and rebound viremia after ART interruption (ATI), remains the biggest obstacle to treating HIV infection. A better understanding of the cellular and tissue origins and the dynamics of viral populations that initiate rebound upon ATI could help develop therapeutic strategies for reducing the rebound-competent viral reservoir. In this study, barcoded simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), SIVmac239M, was used to infect rhesus macaques to enable monitoring of viral barcode clonotypes contributing to virus detectable in plasma after ATI. Blood and tissues from secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and inguinal lymph nodes) and from the colon, ileum, lung, liver, and brain were analyzed using viral barcode sequencing, intact proviral DNA assay, single-cell RNA sequencing, and combined CODEX and RNAscope in situ hybridization. Four of seven animals had viral barcodes detectable by deep sequencing of plasma at necropsy, although plasma viral RNA remained below 22 copies per milliliter. Among the tissues studied, mesenteric lymph nodes, inguinal lymph nodes, and spleen contained viral barcodes detected in plasma. CD4+ T cells were the main cell type harboring viral RNA after ATI. Furthermore, T cell zones in lymphoid tissues showed higher viral RNA abundance than B cell zones for most animals. These findings are consistent with lymphoid tissues contributing to the virus present in plasma early after ATI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Solis-Leal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Nongthombam Boby
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Suvadip Mallick
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Yilun Cheng
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1400 R St, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Fei Wu
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Grey De La Torre
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jason Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, 18703 Three Rivers Rd, Covington, LA 70433, USA
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Yaozhong Liu
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, 1440 Canal St, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Christine M Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, 8560 Progress Drive, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, 8560 Progress Drive, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Qingsheng Li
- Nebraska Center for Virology and School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1400 R St, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, 8560 Progress Drive, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Binhua Ling
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, 8715 W Military Dr, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
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3
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Ye C, Park JG, Chiem K, Dravid P, Allué-Guardia A, Garcia-Vilanova A, Pino Tamayo P, Shivanna V, Kapoor A, Walter MR, Kobie JJ, Plemper RK, Torrelles JB, Martinez-Sobrido L. Immunization with Recombinant Accessory Protein-Deficient SARS-CoV-2 Protects against Lethal Challenge and Viral Transmission. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0065323. [PMID: 37191507 PMCID: PMC10269623 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00653-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led to a worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Despite the high efficacy of the authorized vaccines, there may be uncertain and unknown side effects or disadvantages associated with current vaccination approaches. Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) have been shown to elicit robust and long-term protection by the induction of host innate and adaptive immune responses. In this study, we sought to verify an attenuation strategy by generating 3 double open reading frame (ORF)-deficient recombinant SARS-CoV-2s (rSARS-CoV-2s) simultaneously lacking two accessory ORF proteins (ORF3a/ORF6, ORF3a/ORF7a, and ORF3a/ORF7b). We report that these double ORF-deficient rSARS-CoV-2s have slower replication kinetics and reduced fitness in cultured cells compared with their parental wild-type (WT) counterpart. Importantly, these double ORF-deficient rSARS-CoV-2s showed attenuation in both K18 hACE2 transgenic mice and golden Syrian hamsters. A single intranasal dose vaccination induced high levels of neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and some variants of concern and activated viral component-specific T cell responses. Notably, double ORF-deficient rSARS-CoV-2s were able to protect, as determined by the inhibition of viral replication, shedding, and transmission, against challenge with SARS-CoV-2 in both K18 hACE2 mice and golden Syrian hamsters. Collectively, our results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing the double ORF-deficient strategy to develop safe, immunogenic, and protective LAVs to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and associated COVID-19. IMPORTANCE Live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are able to induce robust immune responses, including both humoral and cellular immunity, representing a very promising option to provide broad and long-term immunity. To develop LAVs for SARS-CoV-2, we engineered attenuated recombinant SARS-CoV-2 (rSARS-CoV-2) that simultaneously lacks the viral open reading frame 3a (ORF3a) in combination with either ORF6, ORF7a, or ORF7b (Δ3a/Δ6, Δ3a/Δ7a, and Δ3a/Δ7b, respectively) proteins. Among them, the rSARS-CoV-2 Δ3a/Δ7b was completely attenuated and able to provide 100% protection against an otherwise lethal challenge in K18 hACE2 transgenic mice. Moreover, the rSARS-CoV-2 Δ3a/Δ7b conferred protection against viral transmission between golden Syrian hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengjin Ye
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kevin Chiem
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Piyush Dravid
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Anna Allué-Guardia
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Andreu Garcia-Vilanova
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Paula Pino Tamayo
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark R. Walter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - James J. Kobie
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Richard K. Plemper
- Center for Translational Antiviral Research, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jordi B. Torrelles
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, and Population Health Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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4
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Solis-Leal A, Boby N, Mallick S, Cheng Y, Wu F, De La Torre G, Dufour J, Alvarez X, Shivanna V, Liu Y, Fennessey CM, Lifson JD, Li Q, Keele BF, Ling B. Lymphoid tissues contribute to viral clonotypes present in plasma at early post-ATI in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. bioRxiv 2023:2023.05.30.542512. [PMID: 37398418 PMCID: PMC10312542 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.30.542512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The rebound-competent viral reservoir (RCVR), comprised of virus that is able to persist during antiretroviral therapy (ART) and mediate reactivation of systemic viral replication and rebound viremia after antiretroviral therapy interruption (ATI), remains the biggest obstacle to the eradication of HIV infection. A better understanding of the cellular and tissue origins and the dynamics of viral populations that initiate rebound upon ATI could help develop targeted therapeutic strategies for reducing the RCVR. In this study, barcoded SIVmac239M was used to infect rhesus macaques to enable monitoring of viral barcode clonotypes contributing to virus detectable in plasma after ATI. Blood, lymphoid tissues (LTs, spleen, mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes), and non-lymphoid tissues (NLTs, colon, ileum, lung, liver, and brain) were analyzed using viral barcode sequencing, intact proviral DNA assay, single-cell RNA sequencing, and combined CODEX/RNAscope/ in situ hybridization. Four of seven animals had viral barcodes detectable by deep sequencing of plasma at necropsy although plasma viral RNA remained < 22 copies/mL. Among the tissues studied, mesenteric and inguinal lymph nodes, and spleen contained viral barcodes detected in plasma, and trended to have higher cell-associated viral loads, higher intact provirus levels, and greater diversity of viral barcodes. CD4+ T cells were the main cell type harboring viral RNA (vRNA) after ATI. Further, T cell zones in LTs showed higher vRNA levels than B cell zones for most animals. These findings are consistent with LTs contributing to virus present in plasma early after ATI. One Sentence Summary The reemerging of SIV clonotypes at early post-ATI are likely from the secondary lymphoid tissues.
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5
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Singh B, Moodley C, Singh DK, Escobedo RA, Sharan R, Arora G, Ganatra SR, Shivanna V, Gonzalez O, Hall-Ursone S, Dick EJ, Kaushal D, Alvarez X, Mehra S. Inhibition of indoleamine dioxygenase leads to better control of tuberculosis adjunctive to chemotherapy. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e163101. [PMID: 36692017 PMCID: PMC9977315 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.163101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a robust immunosuppressant, is significantly induced in macaque tuberculosis (TB) granulomas, where it is expressed on IFN-responsive macrophages and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. IDO expression is also highly induced in human TB granulomas, and products of its activity are detected in patients with TB. In vivo blockade of IDO activity resulted in the reorganization of the granuloma with substantially greater T cells being recruited to the core of the lesions. This correlated with better immune control of TB and reduced lung M. tuberculosis burdens. To study if the IDO blockade strategy can be translated to a bona fide host-directed therapy in the clinical setting of TB, we studied the effect of IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-d-tryptophan adjunctive to suboptimal anti-TB chemotherapy. While two-thirds of controls and one-third of chemotherapy-treated animals progressed to active TB, inhibition of IDO adjunctive to the same therapy protected macaques from TB, as measured by clinical, radiological, and microbiological attributes. Although chemotherapy improved proliferative T cell responses, adjunctive inhibition of IDO further enhanced the recruitment of effector T cells to the lung. These results strongly suggest the possibility that IDO inhibition can be attempted adjunctive to anti-TB chemotherapy in clinical trials.
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6
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Sharan R, Ganatra SR, Singh DK, Cole J, Foreman TW, Thippeshappa R, Peloquin CA, Shivanna V, Gonzalez O, Day CL, Gandhi NR, Dick EJ, Hall-Ursone S, Mehra S, Schlesinger LS, Rengarajan J, Kaushal D. Isoniazid and rifapentine treatment effectively reduces persistent M. tuberculosis infection in macaque lungs. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e161564. [PMID: 35862216 PMCID: PMC9479578 DOI: 10.1172/jci161564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A once-weekly oral dose of isoniazid and rifapentine for 3 months (3HP) is recommended by the CDC for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The aim of this study is to assess 3HP-mediated clearance of M. tuberculosis bacteria in macaques with asymptomatic LTBI. Twelve Indian-origin rhesus macaques were infected with a low dose (~10 CFU) of M. tuberculosis CDC1551 via aerosol. Six animals were treated with 3HP and 6 were left untreated. The animals were imaged via PET/CT at frequent intervals. Upon treatment completion, all animals except 1 were coinfected with SIV to assess reactivation of LTBI to active tuberculosis (ATB). Four of 6 treated macaques showed no evidence of persistent bacilli or extrapulmonary spread until the study end point. PET/CT demonstrated the presence of significantly more granulomas in untreated animals relative to the treated group. The untreated animals harbored persistent bacilli and demonstrated tuberculosis (TB) reactivation following SIV coinfection, while none of the treated animals reactivated to ATB. 3HP treatment effectively reduced persistent infection with M. tuberculosis and prevented reactivation of TB in latently infected macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Shashank R. Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dhiraj K. Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Journey Cole
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Taylor W. Foreman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rajesh Thippeshappa
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Vinay Shivanna
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Neel R. Gandhi
- Emory Tuberculosis Center and
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Edward J. Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Shannan Hall-Ursone
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Tuberculosis Center and
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
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Choudhary S, Kanevsky I, Yildiz S, Sellers RS, Swanson KA, Franks T, Rathnasinghe R, Munoz-Moreno R, Jangra S, Gonzalez O, Meade P, Coskran T, Qian J, Lanz TA, Johnson JG, Tierney CA, Smith JD, Tompkins K, Illenberger A, Corts P, Ciolino T, Dormitzer PR, Dick EJ, Shivanna V, Hall-Ursone S, Cole J, Kaushal D, Fontenot JA, Martinez-Romero C, McMahon M, Krammer F, Schotsaert M, García-Sastre A. Modeling SARS-CoV-2: Comparative Pathology in Rhesus Macaque and Golden Syrian Hamster Models. Toxicol Pathol 2022; 50:280-293. [PMID: 35128980 PMCID: PMC8819578 DOI: 10.1177/01926233211072767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans has a wide range of presentations, ranging from asymptomatic or mild symptoms to severe illness. Suitable animal models mimicking varying degrees of clinical disease manifestations could expedite development of therapeutics and vaccines for COVID-19. Here we demonstrate that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection resulted in subclinical disease in rhesus macaques with mild pneumonia and clinical disease in Syrian hamsters with severe pneumonia. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry, or in situ hybridization. Replicating virus in the lungs was identified using in situ hybridization or virus plaque forming assays. Viral encephalitis, reported in some COVID-19 patients, was identified in one macaque and was confirmed with immunohistochemistry. There was no evidence of encephalitis in hamsters. Severity and distribution of lung inflammation were substantially more in hamsters compared with macaques and exhibited vascular changes and virus-induced cytopathic changes as seen in COVID-19 patients. Neither the hamster nor macaque models demonstrated evidence for multisystemic inflammatory syndrome (MIS). Data presented here demonstrate that macaques may be appropriate for mechanistic studies of mild asymptomatic COVID-19 pneumonia and COVID-19-associated encephalitis, whereas Syrian hamsters may be more suited to study severe COVID-19 pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shambhunath Choudhary
- Pfizer, Pearl River, New York, USA,Shambhunath Choudhary, Pfizer, 401 North Middletown Road, Building 200/3608C, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
| | | | - Soner Yildiz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sonia Jangra
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Olga Gonzalez
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Meade
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward J. Dick
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Journey Cole
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Meagan McMahon
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Mallard MA, Shivanna V, Almes K, Chávez-Peón E, Biller DS, Jugan MC. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 259:1-4. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.19.08.0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In collaboration with the American College of Veterinary Pathologists
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Allison Mallard
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- 2 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Kelli Almes
- 2 Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Erica Chávez-Peón
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - David S. Biller
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Maria C. Jugan
- 1 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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9
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Sharan R, Ganatra SR, Bucsan AN, Cole J, Singh DK, Alvarez X, Gough M, Alvarez C, Blakley A, Ferdin J, Thippeshappa R, Singh B, Escobedo R, Shivanna V, Dick EJ, Hall-Ursone S, Khader SA, Mehra S, Rengarajan J, Kaushal D. Antiretroviral therapy timing impacts latent tuberculosis infection reactivation in a tuberculosis/simian immunodeficiency virus coinfection model. J Clin Invest 2021; 132:153090. [PMID: 34855621 PMCID: PMC8803324 DOI: 10.1172/jci153090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies using the nonhuman primate model of Mycobacteriumtuberculosis/simian immunodeficiency virus coinfection have revealed protective CD4+ T cell–independent immune responses that suppress latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) reactivation. In particular, chronic immune activation rather than the mere depletion of CD4+ T cells correlates with reactivation due to SIV coinfection. Here, we administered combinatorial antiretroviral therapy (cART) 2 weeks after SIV coinfection to study whether restoration of CD4+ T cell immunity occurred more broadly, and whether this prevented reactivation of LTBI compared to cART initiated 4 weeks after SIV. Earlier initiation of cART enhanced survival, led to better control of viral replication, and reduced immune activation in the periphery and lung vasculature, thereby reducing the rate of SIV-induced reactivation. We observed robust CD8+ T effector memory responses and significantly reduced macrophage turnover in the lung tissue. However, skewed CD4+ T effector memory responses persisted and new TB lesions formed after SIV coinfection. Thus, reactivation of LTBI is governed by very early events of SIV infection. Timing of cART is critical in mitigating chronic immune activation. The potential novelty of these findings mainly relates to the development of a robust animal model of human M. tuberculosis/HIV coinfection that allows the testing of underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riti Sharan
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Shashank R Ganatra
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Allison N Bucsan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Journey Cole
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Dhiraj K Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Maya Gough
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Alvarez
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Alyssa Blakley
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Justin Ferdin
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Rajesh Thippeshappa
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Bindu Singh
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Ruby Escobedo
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Edward J Dick
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Shannan Hall-Ursone
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
| | - Shabaana A Khader
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University, St. Louis, St. Louis, United States of America
| | - Smriti Mehra
- Divisions of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, United States of America
| | - Jyothi Rengarajan
- Emory Vaccine Center and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, United States of America
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10
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Sheppard-Olivares SP, Cino-Ozuna AG, Springer NL, Shivanna V, Higginbotham ML. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2021; 257:499-501. [PMID: 32808898 DOI: 10.2460/javma.257.5.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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11
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Plante KS, Dwivedi V, Plante JA, Fernandez D, Mirchandani D, Bopp N, Aguilar PV, Park JG, Tamayo PP, Delgado J, Shivanna V, Torrelles JB, Martinez-Sobrido L, Matos R, Weaver SC, Sastry KJ, Newman RA. Antiviral activity of oleandrin and a defined extract of Nerium oleander against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111457. [PMID: 33721754 PMCID: PMC7927596 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
With continued expansion of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2), both antiviral drugs as well as effective vaccines are desperately needed to treat patients at high risk of life-threatening disease. Here, we present in vitro evidence for significant inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 by oleandrin and a defined extract of N. oleander (designated as PBI-06150). Using Vero cells, we found that prophylactic (pre-infection) oleandrin (as either the pure compound or as the active principal ingredient in PBI-06150) administration at concentrations as low as 0.05 µg/ml exhibited potent antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, with an 800-fold reduction in virus production, and a 0.1 µg/ml concentration resulted in a greater than 3000-fold reduction in infectious virus production. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values were 11.98 ng/ml when virus output was measured at 24 h post-infection, and 7.07 ng/ml measured at 48 h post-infection. Therapeutic (post-infection) treatment up to 24 h after SARS-CoV-2 infection of Vero cells also reduced viral titers, with 0.1 µg/ml and 0.05 µg/ml concentrations causing greater than 100-fold reduction as measured at 48 h, and the 0.05 µg/ml concentration resulting in a 78-fold reduction. Concentrations of oleandrin up to 10 µg/ml were well tolerated in Vero cells. We also present in vivo evidence of the safety and efficacy of defined N. oleander extract (PBI-06150), which was administered to golden Syrian hamsters in a preparation containing as high as 130 µg/ml of oleandrin. In comparison to administration of control vehicle, PBI-06150 provided a statistically significant reduction of the viral titer in the nasal turbinates (nasal conchae). The potent prophylactic and therapeutic antiviral activities demonstrated here, together with initial evidence of its safety and efficacy in a relevant hamster model of COVID-19, support the further development of oleandrin and/or defined extracts containing this molecule for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 and associated COVID-19 disease and potentially also for reduction of virus spread by persons diagnosed early after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Varun Dwivedi
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jessica A Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Diana Fernandez
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Divya Mirchandani
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Nathen Bopp
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Patricia V Aguilar
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Paula Pino Tamayo
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jennifer Delgado
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Jordi B Torrelles
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Population Health and Host-Pathogens Interactions Programs, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
| | - Rick Matos
- Innovar, LLC, Plano, TX 75025, USA; Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc., San Antonio, TX 78217, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - K Jagannadha Sastry
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Robert A Newman
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Phoenix Biotechnology, Inc., San Antonio, TX 78217, USA.
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12
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Bacon R, Shivanna V, Gore M, Henningson J, Ganta C. Angioinvasive lymphoma (lymphomatoid granulomatosis) in a cat, with cutaneous and ocular metastasis. J Vet Diagn Invest 2021; 33:340-344. [PMID: 33568011 DOI: 10.1177/1040638721990119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphomatoid granulomatosis (LYG) is a rare variant of an angioinvasive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder that primarily affects the lungs, with common sites of metastasis including the skin and subcutis. In humans, it is a B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection. Our case is a 7-y-old, spayed female, domestic longhair cat that decompensated and was euthanized following an initial diagnosis of angioinvasive lymphoma from a skin biopsy. Autopsy revealed nodules in the lungs and subcutis, and corneal thickening and cloudiness. Histologic examination of cutaneous nodules, lungs, and eye showed similar angioinvasive cellular infiltrates and pattern to that of the original skin biopsy, consistent with a diagnosis of LYG. The neoplastic cells displayed CD3-positive immunoreactivity in the skin, eye, and lung, and PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) showed T-cell clonality in all tissues tested. This is the third case of LYG to be reported in cats and is the only case in which PARR analysis and immunophenotyping immunohistochemical staining was performed. LYG with ocular involvement has not been reported previously in cats, to our knowledge. Our case demonstrates the necessity for considering LYG when presented with a cat with respiratory signs in conjunction with subcutaneous nodules and ocular lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Jamie Henningson
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Charan Ganta
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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13
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Shivanna V, Cino-Ozuna AG, Heskett C, Marthaler DG, Ganta C. Pseudocowpox virus infection in an American bison (Bison bison). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:241. [PMID: 32660468 PMCID: PMC7359452 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present report describes a case of pseudocowpox virus (PCPV) infection in a seven-year-old female bison euthanized due to a history of declining condition and sores on the vulva and udder. Case presentation External examination revealed multifocal, raised, keratinized plaques (0.5–2 cm) covering the skin of the ventral surface of the tail, perineum, caudoventral abdomen, udder, both inguinal recesses, and the medial aspects of both thighs. No significant gross lesions were present in the reminder of the tissues examined. Histopathological examination of the affected skin showed moderate epidermal hyperplasia with rete pegs, marked parakeratotic hyperkeratosis with crusts of degenerate neutrophils and cell debris, and few epithelial cells undergoing ballooning degeneration with occasional eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (3–5 μm Bollinger body). Negative staining electron microscopy from skin revealed typical Parapoxvirus (PPV) particles, which were also confirmed by real-time PCR (Ct =18.6). Metagenomic analysis of the skin samples revealed only poxviruses. The bison parapox B2L envelope gene clustered with other parapox sequences identified from ruminants. Conclusions This is the first report of PCPV virus infection in an American bison. Identification of novel susceptible hosts of parapox viruses sheds light on the viral evolution and highlights the importance of potential economic impact of this disease to the bison industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shivanna
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - A Giselle Cino-Ozuna
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Cody Heskett
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Douglas G Marthaler
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA
| | - Charan Ganta
- Kansas State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, USA.
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14
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Morozov I, Davis AS, Ellsworth S, Trujillo JD, McDowell C, Shivanna V, Dasen EJ, Nichols R, Martin BK, Monath TP, Richt JA. Comparative evaluation of pathogenicity of three isolates of vesicular stomatitis virus (Indiana serotype) in pigs. J Gen Virol 2020; 100:1478-1490. [PMID: 31553299 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a notifiable disease of livestock affecting cattle, horses, pigs and humans. Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotypes Indiana and New Jersey are endemic to Central America; however, they also cause sporadic and scattered outbreaks in various countries in South and North America, including the USA. In order to develop an effective experimental challenge model for VSV, we compared the pathogenicity of three VSV serotype Indiana isolates in 36 4-5 week-old pigs. Two bovine isolates of Central American origin and one equine isolate from the USA were used for the experimental infections. Each pig was inoculated with a single isolate by both the intradermal and intranasal routes. Clinical signs of VSV infection were recorded daily for 10 days post-inoculation (days p.i.). Nasal and tonsillar swab samples and blood were collected to monitor immune responses, virus replication and shedding. Post-challenge, characteristic signs of VS were observed, including vesicles on the nasal planum and coronary bands, lameness, loss of hoof walls and pyrexia. Pigs inoculated with the Central American isolates showed consistently more severe clinical signs in comparison to the pigs infected with the USA isolate. Genomic RNA was isolated from the original challenge virus stocks, sequenced and compared to VSV genomes available in GenBank. Comparative genome analysis demonstrated significant differences between the VSV isolate from the USA and the two Central American isolates. Our results indicate that the Central American isolates of VSV serotype Indiana used in this study are more virulent in swine than the USA VSV serotype Indiana isolate and represent good candidate challenge strains for future VSV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Steven Ellsworth
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Emily J Dasen
- BioProtection Systems Inc., NewLink Genetics Corp., Ames, IA, USA
| | - Richard Nichols
- BioProtection Systems Inc., NewLink Genetics Corp., Ames, IA, USA
| | - Brian K Martin
- BioProtection Systems Inc., NewLink Genetics Corp., Ames, IA, USA
| | - Thomas P Monath
- BioProtection Systems Inc., NewLink Genetics Corp., Ames, IA, USA
| | - Jurgen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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15
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Endalew AD, Faburay B, Trujillo JD, Gaudreault NN, Davis AS, Shivanna V, Sunwoo SY, Ma W, Drolet BS, McVey DS, Morozov I, Wilson WC, Richt JA. Immunogenicity and efficacy of Schmallenberg virus envelope glycoprotein subunit vaccines. J Vet Sci 2020; 20:e58. [PMID: 31775185 PMCID: PMC6883197 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.e58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an orthobunyavirus that causes abortions, stillbirths, and congenital defects in pregnant sheep and cattle. Inactivated or live attenuated vaccines have been developed in endemic countries, but there is still interest in the development of SBV vaccines that would allow Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). Therefore, an attempt was made to develop novel DIVA-compatible SBV vaccines using SBV glycoproteins expressed in baculovirus. All vaccines and phosphate buffered saline (PBS) controls were prepared with adjuvant and administered subcutaneously to cattle at 6 month of age. The first trial included 2 groups of animals vaccinated with either carboxyl-terminus glycoprotein (Gc) or PBS and boosted after 2 weeks. In the second trial, 3 groups of cattle were administered either Gc, Gc and amino-terminus glycoprotein (Gn), or PBS with a booster vaccination after 3 weeks. The animals were challenged with SBV 9 days after the booster vaccination in the first study, and 3 weeks after the booster vaccination in the second study. Using a SBV Gc-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies were first detected in serum samples 14 days after the first vaccination in both trials, and peaked on days 7 and 9 after the booster in the first and second trials, respectively. Low titers of neutralizing antibodies were detected in serum from only 3/6 and 2/4 animals in the first and second trial, respectively, at 14 days after the first vaccination. The titers increased 2 to 3-fold after the booster vaccination. SBV-specific RNA was detected in the serum and selective tissues in all animals after SBV challenge independent of vaccination status. The SBV candidate vaccines neither prevented viremia nor conferred protection against SBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abaineh D Endalew
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Sun Young Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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16
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Pérez-Núñez D, Sunwoo SY, Sánchez EG, Haley N, García-Belmonte R, Nogal M, Morozov I, Madden D, Gaudreault NN, Mur L, Shivanna V, Richt JA, Revilla Y. Evaluation of a viral DNA-protein immunization strategy against African swine fever in domestic pigs. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 208:34-43. [PMID: 30712790 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes serious disease in domestic pigs for which there is no vaccine currently available. ASFV is a large DNA virus that encodes for more than 150 proteins, thus making the identification of viral antigens that induce a protective immune response difficult. Based on the functional roles of several ASFV proteins found in previous studies, we selected combinations of ASFV recombinant proteins and pcDNAs-expressing ASFV genes, to analyze their ability to induce humoral and cellular immune responses in pigs. Pigs were immunized using a modified prime-boost approach with combinations of previously selected viral DNA and proteins, resulting in induction of antibodies and specific cell-mediated immune response, measured by IFN-γ ELISpots. The ability of antibodies from pigs immunized with various combinations of ASFV-specific antigens to neutralize infection in vitro, and antigen-specific activation of the cellular immune response were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- CBMSO-CSIC-UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K218 Mosier hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Elena G Sánchez
- CBMSO-CSIC-UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Nicholas Haley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA
| | | | - Marisa Nogal
- CBMSO-CSIC-UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K218 Mosier hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Daniel Madden
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K218 Mosier hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K218 Mosier hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Lina Mur
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K218 Mosier hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K218 Mosier hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine & Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, K218 Mosier hall, 1800 Denison Ave, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- CBMSO-CSIC-UAM, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, Campus de Cantoblanco, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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17
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Endalew AD, Morozov I, Davis AS, Gaudreault NN, Wernike K, Bawa B, Ruder MG, Drolet BS, McVey DS, Shivanna V, Ma W, Faburay B, Wilson WC, Richt JA. Virological and Serological Responses of Sheep and Cattle to Experimental Schmallenberg Virus Infection. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:697-703. [PMID: 30109977 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schmallenberg virus (SBV) is an orthobunyavirus in the Simbu serogroup that emerged in Germany in late 2011 and was mostly associated with a mild transient disease of sheep and cattle. SBV is transmitted by biting midges (Culicoides species) and causes abortions, stillbirths, and congenital defects in naïve pregnant ruminants. Two separate studies were conducted with a primary objective of better understanding the virological and serological responses of sheep and cattle to different SBV isolates after experimental infection. The second objective was to produce immunoreagents and challenge materials for use in future vaccine and diagnostics research. These studies were carried out using the following infectious inocula: (i) infectious serum (IS) (ii) cell culture-grown virus, and (iii) infectious lamb brain homogenate. The responses were assessed in both species throughout the course of the experiment. SBV RNA in serum (RNAemia) was detected as early as 2 (in sheep) and 3 (in cattle) days postinfection (dpi) and peaked on 3 and 4 dpi in cattle and sheep, respectively. Cattle had higher levels of RNAemia compared with sheep. Experimental infection with IS resulted in the highest level of RNAemia in both species followed by cell culture-grown virus. A delayed, low level RNAemia was detected in cattle inoculated with infectious sheep brain. Isolation of SBV was only possible from 4 dpi sera from all cattle inoculated with IS and one sheep inoculated with cell culture-derived virus. SBV neutralizing antibodies were first detected on 14 dpi in both species. No specific gross and microscopic lesions were observed in either study. In conclusion, these studies highlight not only the difference in viremia and anti-SBV antibody level against the different SBV isolates, but also the extent of the response in the two host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abaineh D Endalew
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bhupinder Bawa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas.,AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois
| | - Mark G Ruder
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas.,Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - D Scott McVey
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - William C Wilson
- Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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18
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Browning GR, Eshar D, Shivanna V, Cino G. DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGE. J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Ikegami T, Balogh A, Nishiyama S, Lokugamage N, Saito TB, Morrill JC, Shivanna V, Indran SV, Zhang L, Smith JK, Perez D, Juelich TL, Morozov I, Wilson WC, Freiberg AN, Richt JA. Distinct virulence of Rift Valley fever phlebovirus strains from different genetic lineages in a mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189250. [PMID: 29267298 PMCID: PMC5739399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever phlebovirus (RVFV) causes high rates of abortions and fetal malformations in ruminants, and hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, or blindness in humans. Viral transmission occurs via mosquito vectors in endemic areas, which necessitates regular vaccination of susceptible livestock animals to prevent the RVF outbreaks. Although ZH501 strain has been used as a challenge strain for past vaccine efficacy studies, further characterization of other RVFV strains is important to optimize ruminant and nonhuman primate RVFV challenge models. This study aimed to characterize the virulence of wild-type RVFV strains belonging to different genetic lineages in outbred CD1 mice. Mice were intraperitoneally infected with 1x103 PFU of wild-type ZH501, Kenya 9800523, Kenya 90058, Saudi Arabia 200010911, OS1, OS7, SA75, Entebbe, or SA51 strains. Among them, mice infected with SA51, Entebbe, or OS7 strain showed rapid dissemination of virus in livers and peracute necrotic hepatitis at 2-3 dpi. Recombinant SA51 (rSA51) and Zinga (rZinga) strains were recovered by reverse genetics, and their virulence was also tested in CD1 mice. The rSA51 strain reproduced peracute RVF disease in mice, whereas the rZinga strain showed a similar virulence with that of rZH501 strain. This study showed that RVFV strains in different genetic lineages display distinct virulence in outbred mice. Importantly, since wild-type RVFV strains contain defective-interfering RNA or various genetic subpopulations during passage from original viral isolations, recombinant RVFV strains generated by reverse genetics will be better suitable for reproducible challenge studies for vaccine development as well as pathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Ikegami
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aaron Balogh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Shoko Nishiyama
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Nandadeva Lokugamage
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tais B. Saito
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - John C. Morrill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Sabarish V. Indran
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jennifer K. Smith
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David Perez
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Terry L. Juelich
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - William C. Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Alexander N. Freiberg
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Galveston National Laboratory, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, United States of America
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Kim Y, Oh C, Shivanna V, Hesse RA, Chang KO. Trypsin-independent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus US strain with altered virus entry mechanism. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:356. [PMID: 29178878 PMCID: PMC5702120 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1283-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV) is a coronavirus that infects the intestinal tract and causes diarrhea and vomiting in older pigs or extreme dehydration and death that could reach 100% mortality in neonatal piglets. In the US, the first PEDV outbreaks occurred in 2013 and since then US PEDV strains have quickly spread throughout the US and worldwide, causing significant economic and public health concerns. Currently two conditionally approved vaccines exist in the US, but there is no live attenuated vaccine, which is considered the best option in controlling PEDV by inducing transferrable mucosal immunity to susceptible neonatal piglets. In this study, we passaged an US PEDV isolate under various conditions to generate three strains and characterized their growth and antigenicity in cell culture using various assays including Western blot analysis, serum neutralization assay, sequencing analysis and confocal microscopy. Finally, these strains were evaluated for pathogenicity in nursing piglets (1-4 days old). RESULTS One of the PEDV strains generated in this study (designated as PEDV 8aa) is able to replicate in cells without any protease and grows to a high titer of >8 log10 TCID50/ml in cell culture. Interestingly, replication of PEDV 8aa was severely reduced by trypsin and this correlated with the inhibition of virus attachment and entry into the cells. In neonatal nursing piglets, PEDV 8aa (passage number 70 or 105) was found to be fully attenuated with limited virus shedding. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that applying selective pressure during viral passages can facilitate attainment of viral attenuation and that PEDV 8aa warrants further investigation as an attenuated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Changin Oh
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Richard A. Hesse
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Diagnostic Medicine and pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
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21
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Faburay B, Wilson WC, Gaudreault NN, Davis AS, Shivanna V, Bawa B, Sunwoo SY, Ma W, Drolet BS, Morozov I, McVey DS, Richt JA. A Recombinant Rift Valley Fever Virus Glycoprotein Subunit Vaccine Confers Full Protection against Rift Valley Fever Challenge in Sheep. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27719. [PMID: 27296136 PMCID: PMC4906348 DOI: 10.1038/srep27719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne zoonotic pathogen causing disease outbreaks in Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The virus has great potential for transboundary spread due to the presence of competent vectors in non-endemic areas. There is currently no fully licensed vaccine suitable for use in livestock or humans outside endemic areas. Here we report the evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant subunit vaccine based on the RVFV Gn and Gc glycoproteins. In a previous study, the vaccine elicited strong virus neutralizing antibody responses in sheep and was DIVA (differentiating naturally infected from vaccinated animals) compatible. In the current efficacy study, a group of sheep (n = 5) was vaccinated subcutaneously with the glycoprotein-based subunit vaccine candidate and then subjected to heterologous challenge with the virulent Kenya-128B-15 RVFV strain. The vaccine elicited high virus neutralizing antibody titers and conferred complete protection in all vaccinated sheep, as evidenced by prevention of viremia, fever and absence of RVFV-associated histopathological lesions. We conclude that the subunit vaccine platform represents a promising strategy for the prevention and control of RVFV infections in susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonto Faburay
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - William C Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Bhupinder Bawa
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Sun Young Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - D Scott McVey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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22
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Wilson WC, Davis AS, Gaudreault NN, Faburay B, Trujillo JD, Shivanna V, Sunwoo SY, Balogh A, Endalew A, Ma W, Drolet BS, Ruder MG, Morozov I, McVey DS, Richt JA. Experimental Infection of Calves by Two Genetically-Distinct Strains of Rift Valley Fever Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050145. [PMID: 27223298 PMCID: PMC4885100 DOI: 10.3390/v8050145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent outbreaks of Rift Valley fever in ruminant livestock, characterized by mass abortion and high mortality rates in neonates, have raised international interest in improving vaccine control strategies. Previously, we developed a reliable challenge model for sheep that improves the evaluation of existing and novel vaccines in sheep. This sheep model demonstrated differences in the pathogenesis of Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) infection between two genetically-distinct wild-type strains of the virus, Saudi Arabia 2001 (SA01) and Kenya 2006 (Ken06). Here, we evaluated the pathogenicity of these two RVFV strains in mixed breed beef calves. There was a transient increase in rectal temperatures with both virus strains, but this clinical sign was less consistent than previously reported with sheep. Three of the five Ken06-infected animals had an early-onset viremia, one day post-infection (dpi), with viremia lasting at least three days. The same number of SA01-infected animals developed viremia at 2 dpi, but it only persisted through 3 dpi in one animal. The average virus titer for the SA01-infected calves was 1.6 logs less than for the Ken06-infected calves. Calves, inoculated with either strain, seroconverted by 5 dpi and showed time-dependent increases in their virus-neutralizing antibody titers. Consistent with the results obtained in the previous sheep study, elevated liver enzyme levels, more severe liver pathology and higher virus titers occurred with the Ken06 strain as compared to the SA01 strain. These results demonstrate the establishment of a virulent challenge model for vaccine evaluation in calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Wilson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - A Sally Davis
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Natasha N Gaudreault
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Bonto Faburay
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Jessie D Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Sun Young Sunwoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Aaron Balogh
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Abaineh Endalew
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Barbara S Drolet
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Mark G Ruder
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - D Scott McVey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Arthropod Borne Animal Disease Research Unit, 1515 College Ave., Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
| | - Juergen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA.
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Shivanna V, Kim Y, Chang KO. Ceramide formation mediated by acid sphingomyelinase facilitates endosomal escape of caliciviruses. Virology 2015; 483:218-28. [PMID: 25985440 PMCID: PMC4516657 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Our recent results demonstrated that bile acids facilitate virus escape from the endosomes into the cytoplasm for successful replication of porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC). We report a novel finding that bile acids can be substituted by cold treatment for endosomal escape and virus replication. This endosomal escape by cold treatment or bile acids is associated with ceramide formation by acid sphingomyelinase (ASM). ASM catalyzes hydrolysis of sphingomyelin into ceramide, which is known to destabilize lipid bilayer. Treatment of LLC-PK cells with bile acids or cold led to ceramide formation, and small molecule antagonists or siRNA of ASM blocked ceramide formation in the endosomes and significantly reduced PEC replication. Inhibition of ASM resulted in the retention of PEC, feline calicivirus or murine norovirus in the endosomes in correlation with reduced viral replication. These results suggest the importance of viral escape from the endosomes for the replication of various caliciviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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24
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Kim Y, Shivanna V, Narayanan S, Prior AM, Weerasekara S, Hua DH, Kankanamalage ACG, Groutas WC, Chang KO. Broad-spectrum inhibitors against 3C-like proteases of feline coronaviruses and feline caliciviruses. J Virol 2015; 89:4942-50. [PMID: 25694593 PMCID: PMC4403489 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03688-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Feline infectious peritonitis and virulent, systemic calicivirus infection are caused by certain types of feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) and feline caliciviruses (FCVs), respectively, and are important infectious diseases with high fatality rates in members of the Felidae family. While FCoV and FCV belong to two distinct virus families, the Coronaviridae and the Caliciviridae, respectively, they share a dependence on viral 3C-like protease (3CLpro) for their replication. Since 3CLpro is functionally and structurally conserved among these viruses and essential for viral replication, 3CLpro is considered a potential target for the design of antiviral drugs with broad-spectrum activities against these distinct and highly important viral infections. However, small-molecule inhibitors against the 3CLpro enzymes of FCoV and FCV have not been previously identified. In this study, derivatives of peptidyl compounds targeting 3CLpro were synthesized and evaluated for their activities against FCoV and FCV. The structures of compounds that showed potent dual antiviral activities with a wide margin of safety were identified and are discussed. Furthermore, the in vivo efficacy of 3CLpro inhibitors was evaluated using a mouse model of coronavirus infection. Intraperitoneal administration of two 3CLpro inhibitors in mice infected with murine hepatitis virus A59, a hepatotropic coronavirus, resulted in significant reductions in virus titers and pathological lesions in the liver compared to the findings for the controls. These results suggest that the series of 3CLpro inhibitors described here may have the potential to be further developed as therapeutic agents against these important viruses in domestic and wild cats. This study provides important insights into the structure and function relationships of 3CLpro for the design of antiviral drugs with broader antiviral activities. IMPORTANCE Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is the leading cause of death in young cats, and virulent, systemic feline calicivirus (vs-FCV) causes a highly fatal disease in cats for which no preventive or therapeutic measure is available. The genomes of these distinct viruses, which belong to different virus families, encode a structurally and functionally conserved 3C-like protease (3CLpro) which is a potential target for broad-spectrum antiviral drug development. However, no studies have previously reported a structural platform for the design of antiviral drugs with activities against these viruses or on the efficacy of 3CLpro inhibitors against coronavirus infection in experimental animals. In this study, we explored the structure-activity relationships of the derivatives of 3CLpro inhibitors and identified inhibitors with potent dual activities against these viruses. In addition, the efficacy of the 3CLpro inhibitors was demonstrated in mice infected with a murine coronavirus. Overall, our study provides the first insight into a structural platform for anti-FIPV and anti-FCV drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Sanjeev Narayanan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Allan M Prior
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Sahani Weerasekara
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Duy H Hua
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | | | - William C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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25
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Shivanna V, Kim Y, Chang KO. Endosomal acidification and cathepsin L activity is required for calicivirus replication. Virology 2014; 464-465:287-295. [PMID: 25108379 PMCID: PMC4157107 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The role of cellular proteases and endosome maturation in the entry of caliciviruses including porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC), murine norovirus (MNV)-1 and feline calicivirus (FCV) were investigated. Treatment with chloroquine or cathepsin L inhibitors, but not cathepsin B inhibitors, significantly reduced the replication of PEC, MNV and FCV. When concentrated PEC, MNV or FCV were incubated with recombinant cathepsin L, the minor capsid protein VP2 of PEC and the major capsid protein VP1 of MNV and FCV were cleaved by the protease based on the Western blot analysis. Confocal microscopy analysis of PEC and MNV-1 showed that viral capsid proteins were retained in the endosomes in the presence of a cathepsin L inhibitor or chloroquine during virus entry. The results of this study suggest the important role of endosome maturation and cathepsin L in the entry of caliciviruses, and cathepsin L as a potential therapeutic target for calicivirus infection. Endosome maturation and/or cathepsin L are important in the replication of caliciviruses. Inhibition of endosome maturation blocked viral entry by retaining viruses in the endosomes. Cathepsin L facilitates the viral escape from endosome by cleaving calicivirus capsid protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, 1800 Denison Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66506, United States.
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26
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Shivanna V, Kim Y, Chang KO. The crucial role of bile acids in the entry of porcine enteric calicivirus. Virology 2014; 456-457:268-78. [PMID: 24889246 PMCID: PMC4064365 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Replication of porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC) in LLC-PK cells is dependent on the presence of bile acids in the medium. However, the mechanism of bile acid-dependent PEC replication is unknown. Understanding of bile acid-mediated PEC replication may provide insight into cultivating related human noroviruses, currently uncultivable, which are the major cause of viral gastroenteritis outbreaks in humans. Our results demonstrated that while uptake of PEC into the endosomes does not require bile acids, the presence of bile acids is critical for viral escape from the endosomes into cell cytoplasm to initiate viral replication. We also demonstrated that bile acid transporters including the sodium-taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide and the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter are important in exerting the effects of bile acids in PEC replication in cells. In summary, our results suggest that bile acids play a critical role in virus entry for successful replication. Bile acids are essential for the replication of porcine enteric calicivirus (PEC). Bile acids are critical for virus escape from the endosomes for PEC replication. Bile acid transporters are important in bile acid-mediated PEC replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Shivanna
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 1800 Denison Avenue, KS 66506, United States
| | - Yunjeong Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 1800 Denison Avenue, KS 66506, United States
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, 1800 Denison Avenue, KS 66506, United States.
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Sharma H, Shivanna V. Smear layer removal using manual instrumentation of ‘K’ file versus Light speed, Profile and Hero 642 instrumentation : A scanning electron microscope study. Endodontology 2002. [DOI: 10.4103/0970-7212.351824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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28
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Shivanna V, Reddy VV. Tissue response to different composite resin implants in albino-rats. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 1989; 7:10-4. [PMID: 2701234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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