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Blood profile, hormones, and telomere responses: potential biomarkers in horses exhibiting abnormal oral behaviour. J Equine Vet Sci 2022; 118:104130. [PMID: 36182046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of abnormal oral behaviour (AOB) in working horses has been linked to management issues and the pathophysiology of this behaviour remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the blood profile, hormones, and telomere length responses between low and high levels of AOB among different horse working groups. A total of 207 healthy horses from various breeds were initially selected from four working groups (leisure riding, equestrian, endurance, and patrolling) and observed for the time spent on AOB. Then, six horses each with higher and lower AOB than the population means were randomly selected from each of the working groups and categorized as high and low AOB horses, respectively. Blood samples were collected for haematology, biochemistry, cortisol, ghrelin, leptin, and relative telomere length analyses. High AOB horses notably had higher values of glucose, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and creatine kinase (CK) compared to low AOB horses. High AOB horses also recorded higher plasma cortisol and ghrelin, but lower leptin concentrations. Among working groups, both endurance and patrolling horses presented the highest values in sodium, potassium, chloride, phosphate, ALT, and CK. While patrolling horses had the lowest levels of urea, ALP, and albumin levels, equestrian and leisure horses recorded the highest and lowest plasma cortisol and leptin concentrations, respectively. Finally, the telomere length of endurance and patrolling horses were significantly greater than leisure and equestrian horses. The present findings suggest that AOB horses had distinctive physiological characteristics that could be linked to improper diet and a demanding workload, while ghrelin and leptin hormones could be potential biomarkers for this behaviour.
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Cerasoli F, Podaliri Vulpiani M, Saluti G, Conte A, Ricci M, Savini G, D’Alterio N. Assessment of Welfare in Groups of Horses with Different Management, Environments and Activities by Measuring Cortisol in Horsehair, Using Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Hybrid Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141739. [PMID: 35883286 PMCID: PMC9312200 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Horses have always been animals used for companionship, work, transportation, and performance purposes over the history of humanity; there are different ways of managing horses, but studies on how horse welfare is influenced by different activities and managements are scanty. Understanding how the management, the environment, and the different uses of horses can affect the level of stress and well-being is important not only for people associated with horses. Three groups of horses with different management, environments, and activities were selected: (1) stabled horses ridden frequently, (2) horses that perform public order service under the Italian state police, and (3) free-ranging horses. Cortisol analysis was carried out on horsehair samples using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS), a laboratory technique used for the first time to quantify horsehair cortisol. The selection of horses to be included in the three groups was carried out by including only subjects with positive welfare assessment in accordance with the horse welfare assessment protocol (AWIN). These analyses demonstrated that the cortisol levels detected in the horsehair of free-ranging animals were significantly higher compared to those detected in stabled and working horses. These results may have been a consequence of complex environmental, managerial, and behavioral factors, which should be worth further investigation
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Szóstek-Mioduchowska AZ, Shiotani H, Yamamoto Y, Sadowska A, Wójtowicz A, Kozai K, Hojo T, Kimura K, Skarzynski DJ, Okuda K. Effects of cortisol on prostaglandin F2α secretion and expression of genes involved in the arachidonic acid metabolic pathway in equine endometrium - In vitro study. Theriogenology 2021; 173:221-229. [PMID: 34399386 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are known to play an important role in maintaining basal and stress-related homeostasis by interacting with endocrine mediators and prostaglandins (PGs). Although a growing body of evidence shows that GCs exert their regulatory action at a multitude of sites in the reproductive axis through corticosteroid receptors, little is known about the direct role of cortisol, an active form of GCs, in the equine endometrium. Thus, the study aimed to determine the effect of cortisol on PGF2α synthesis in the endometrial tissue and cells in vitro. In Exp.1, the immunolocalization and the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GCR) in the endometrium throughout the estrous cycle were established. In Exp. 2 and 3, the effects of cortisol on PGF2α secretion and transcripts associated with the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade in endometrial tissues, and cells were defined. Endometrial tissues obtained from the early, mid, and late luteal phases and the follicular phase of the estrous cycle were exposed to cortisol (100, 200, and 400 nM) for 24 h. Endometrial epithelial and stromal cells (early phase of estrous cycle) were exposed to cortisol (100 nM) for 24 h. Then, PGF2α secretion and transcripts associated with the AA cascade (PLA2G2A, PLA2G4A, PTGS2, and PGFS) were assessed. GCR was expressed in the cytoplasm and the nucleus in the luminal and glandular epithelium as well as in the stroma. Endometrial GCR protein abundance was up-regulated at the late luteal phase compared to the mid-luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Cortisol dose-dependently decreased PGF2α secretion, PLA2G2A and PLA2G4A transcripts in endometrial tissues. Additionally, cortisol treatment decreased PGF2α secretion from endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Moreover, it affected PLA2G2A, PLA2G4A, and PTGS2 transcripts in endometrial stromal cells. These findings suggest that cortisol suppresses the synthesis of PGF2α by affecting the AA cascade in the equine endometrium during the estrous cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Z Szóstek-Mioduchowska
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Haruki Shiotani
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Agnieszka Sadowska
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Wójtowicz
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Keisuke Kozai
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Takuo Hojo
- Livestock and Grassland Research Division, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Koji Kimura
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Dariusz J Skarzynski
- Department of Reproductive Immunology and Pathology Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Kiyoshi Okuda
- Laboratory of Reproductive Physiology, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Japan
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Filho HM, Manso H, Watford M, McKeever K. Abundance of the skeletal muscle Glut-4 glucose transport protein in Standardbred foals during development and exercise. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3920/cep200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in Glut-4 expression in gluteus muscle, and in the plasma concentrations of hormones and metabolites during the suckling period, after weaning, and after exercise training in foals. Our hypotheses were Glut-4 abundance will decrease following metabolite and hormonal concentration between neonatal period and late development but will increase with exercise training. Eight clinically normal Standardbred foals were used in this study, and they stayed with their mothers from birth until weaning at 6 months. After weaning, the foals were randomly divided in two groups: an exercise group (EX) (n=4; ~282 kg) which trained 3 d/wk for 12 wks and a control group (n=4; ~271 kg) without structured exercise. Venous blood samples were obtained immediately after birth (<30 min), at 24 h, at day 7 and day 14, and at 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after parturition. Results were analysed using one-way ANOVA for repeated measures. Post-hoc differences were identified using the Tukey test and correlations were obtained using Pearson product moment analysis. The abundance of Glut-4 in skeletal muscle was highest immediately after birth and with growth and development (P<0.05). Exercise training did not change Glut-4 abundance (P>0.05). Plasma lactate, insulin and cortisol concentrations decreased during the first three months of lactation while glucose and leptin concentrations increased (P<0.05). There were no effects of exercise training on any of the above plasma parameters (P>0.05). In conclusion, Glut-4 abundance in gluteus muscle was highest at the birth and decreased during development and exercise training for 12 weeks did not change its’ abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H.C. Manso Filho
- Equine Science Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers the State University, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171900, PE, Brazil
| | - H.E.C.C.C. Manso
- Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, Dois Irmãos, Recife 52171900, PE, Brazil
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - M. Watford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - K.H. McKeever
- Equine Science Center, Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers the State University, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
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Ferlazzo A, Cravana C, Fazio E, Medica P. The different hormonal system during exercise stress coping in horses. Vet World 2020; 13:847-859. [PMID: 32636578 PMCID: PMC7311877 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.847-859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The review discusses the hormonal changes during exercise stress. The exercise generally produces a rise of adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, glucagon, growth hormone, arginine vasopressine, etc., and a drop of insulin. The hormonal events during reestablishment of homeostasis due to exercise stress can be divided into a catabolic phase, with decreased tolerance of effort, and reversible biochemical, hormonal and immunological changes, and an anabolic phase, with a higher adaptive capacity, and enhanced performance. The two main hormonal axes activated in the catabolic phase are sympathetic–adrenal–medullary system and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, while in the anabolic phase, growth hormone-insulin-like factor I axis, and gonadal axes. The hormonal responses during exercise and recovery can be regarded as regulatory and integrated endocrine responses. The increase of catecholamines and ACTH is dependent on the intensity of exercise; a marked increase in plasma A occurs during exercises with high emotional content. The response of cortisol is correlated with the duration of exercise, while the effect of exercise duration on b-endorphin changes is highly dependent on the type of exercise performed. Cortisol and b-endorphin changes usually occur in phase, but not during exercises with high emotional content. Glucocorticoids and iodothyronines are involved in meeting immediate energy demands, and a model of functional interactions between HPA axis and hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during exercise stress is proposed. A modulation of coping responses to different energy demanding physical activities required for sport activities could be hypothesized. This review supports the proposed regulation of hypophysiotropic TRHergic neurons as metabolic integrators during exercise stress. Many hormonal systems (ghrelin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol) are activated to control substrate mobilizations and utilization. The cardiovascular homeostasis, the fluid and electrolyte balance during exercise are highly dependent on vasoactive hormones (antidiuretic hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone, and prostaglandins) control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ferlazzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Cristina Cravana
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Esterina Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Pietro Medica
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Physiology, Polo Universitario Annunziata, Messina University, 98168 Messina, Italy
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Hair cortisol in horses (Equus caballus) in relation to management regimes, personality, and breed. J Vet Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Józefiak D, Komosa M, Maćkowiak P, Prószyńska - Oszmałek E, Kołodziejski P, Świątkiewicz S, Rawski M, Kierończyk B, Bedford M, Massey O'Neil HV. Exogenous fibrolytic enzymes improve carbohydrate digestion in exercising horses. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/118207/2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Moore JL, Siciliano PD, Pratt-Phillips SE. Effects of Diet Versus Exercise on Morphometric Measurements, Blood Hormone Concentrations, and Oral Sugar Test Response in Obese Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 78:38-45. [PMID: 31203982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.03.214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Weight loss plans in horses typically use dietary restriction, but exercise may have additional benefits. This study aimed to compare the effects of a diet or exercise protocol resulting in comparable caloric restriction in obese horses. Ten obese horses were paired according to sex, age, and breed or breed type. One horse from each pair was randomly assigned to either diet (DIET)-intake restricted to approximately 85% of digestible energy requirements or exercise (EX)-exercised to expend approximately 15% of digestible energy requirements, resulting in 85% of requirements available, for 4 weeks. Body weight (BW), heart girth (HG), girth-to-height ratio (G:H), neck circumference (NC), neck circumference-to-height ratio (NC:H), belly girth (BG), body condition score (BCS), cresty neck score (CNS), serum insulin, plasma leptin, and plasma ghrelin concentrations were measured weekly. An oral sugar test was conducted on days 0 and 28 to measure insulin to glucose ratio (Ins:glc) and 60-minute insulin sensitivity index (ISI60). Results were analyzed using repeated measures. A P ≤ .05 was considered significant, and .05 <P ≤ .10 was considered a tendency. Both groups showed similar decreases over time in BW, HG, G:H, BG, BCS, and CNS, but the EX group showed significantly greater losses in NC (and NC:H). The EX group showed significant improvements in (log) Ins:glc, as well as a tendency for improvements in (log) ISI60 and plasma leptin concentrations, while the DIET group showed no change. Horses showed no changes in (log) plasma ghrelin with weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Moore
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.
| | - Paul D Siciliano
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
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Berryhill EH, Magdesian KG, Tadros EM, Edman JE. Effects of age on serum glucose and insulin concentrations and glucose/insulin ratios in neonatal foals and their dams during the first 2 weeks postpartum. Vet J 2019; 246:1-6. [PMID: 30902183 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining serum glucose concentrations is critical in neonatal foals and is often dysregulated in illness; however, few studies have assessed the effects of age, or variation of glucose and insulin, in neonates and their postpartum dams. This study aimed to serially evaluate serum glucose and insulin concentrations and glucose/insulin (G/I) ratios in seven healthy foals and their dams immediately postpartum and at 1-2 and 10-12days of age. The hypotheses were that: (1) there would be wide temporal variation in hourly glucose and insulin measurements among foals; and (2) measured parameters in foals would differ from those of postpartum mares. Pre-suckle glucose concentrations were lower than post-suckle (5.15±1.61mmol/L and 7.16±3.13mmol/L, respectively, P=0.0377). Glucose remained >5mmol/L but varied hourly by up to 4.22mmol/L and 2.93mmol/L for individual foals 1-2 and 10-12days old, respectively. There were no significant changes in insulin over time (median 8.50 [4.32-18.4]μU/mL, 1-2days old) in foals. The maximum hourly variation of insulin for an individual foal was 7.53μU/mL and 14.78μU/mL (1-2days and 10-12days old, respectively). Glucose/insulin ratios increased from pre- and post-suckle to the 1-2days old period, with no significant changes thereafter. Mares had highest glucose and insulin concentrations and lowest G/I ratios immediately postpartum compared to later time points and to foals (median 7.37 [range, 4.34-8.78]mmol/L, median 30.94 [range, 20.35-49.20]μU/mL, 4.3 [2.43-7.04], respectively). In conclusion, neonatal foals exhibited wide variation in serum glucose and insulin concentrations but were not hypoglycemic. Mares developed transient insulin resistance in the immediate post-partum period.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Berryhill
- William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California, Davis, One Garrod Dr., Davis CA, 95616, USA.
| | - K G Magdesian
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - E M Tadros
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, 4125 Beaumont Rd., Lansing, MI 48910, USA
| | - J E Edman
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, One Shields Ave., Davis, CA 95616, USA
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10
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Effect of intravenous glucose and combined glucose-insulin challenges on energy-regulating hormones concentrations in donkeys. Vet J 2018; 240:40-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Bohák Z, Harnos A, Joó K, Szenci O, Kovács L. Anticipatory response before competition in Standardbred racehorses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201691. [PMID: 30071079 PMCID: PMC6072081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that besides cortisol concentrations, parameters of heart rate variability (HRV) are appropriate indicators of stress in horses. The aim of this study was to determine anticipatory stress in eight Standardbred stallions participating in harness race. Cortisol and HRV responses to a mild exercise performed in training circumstances were compared to a maximal effort exercise performed in real trotting race conditions. Parameters of HRV reflecting vagal (root mean square of the successive differences, RMSSD) and sympathetic nervous system activity (ratio of the low and high frequency component, LF/HF) were recorded before warming up (baseline) and during exercise. Plasma cortisol concentrations were obtained for the following stages of the exercise: before warming up (baseline), after warming up, after the exercise has finished and after a 30-min recovery. Baseline LF/HF ratio was higher before the race compared to the pre-training values (12.0 ± 6.6 vs. 5.9 ± 4.5, P = 0.009), while RMSSD did not show such difference (34.8 ± 15.9 ms vs. 48.0 ± 30.5 ms, P = 0.96). Cortisol level was higher in the case of race for all samples compared to training (P = 0.012). There were no significant differences between plasma cortisol levels obtained for the subsequent stages of race. Horses in the present study showed anticipatory response before race as shown by differences in pre-training (97.3 ± 16.4 nmol/L) and pre-race cortisol levels (171.8 ± 18.7 nmol/L), respectively (P < 0.001). Pre-race HRV only partly confirmed this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsófia Bohák
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Dóra major, Hungary
| | - Andrea Harnos
- Department of Biomathematics and Informatics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Joó
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Dóra major, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Dóra major, Hungary
| | - Levente Kovács
- MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Üllő, Dóra major, Hungary
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Avenatti R, McKeever K, Horohov D, Malinowski K. Effects of age and exercise on inflammatory cytokines, HSP70 and HSP90 gene expression and protein content in Standardbred horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesised that the cortisol response to acute exercise, markers of oxidative stress, expression of inflammatory cytokines, heat shock protein (HSP)70 and HSP90 expression in whole blood and skeletal muscle, and HSP70 and HSP90 protein concentrations in skeletal muscle are altered by age and in response to acute submaximal exercise in horses. Young (n=6; 5.5±2.8 year) and aged (n=6; 22.6±2.25 year) unconditioned Standardbred mares underwent an acute submaximal exercise test. Blood samples were collected and analysed for plasma cortisol and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, and for cytokine and HSP gene expression pre- and post-exercise. Gluteus medius biopsies were obtained for analysis of cytokine and HSP gene expression pre- and at 0, 4, 24 and 48 h post-exercise. Data were analysed for main effects using a two-way ANOVA for repeated measures. Post-hoc comparisons of means were conducted using Student-Neuman-Keuls for pair-wise multiple comparisons where appropriate. Acute submaximal exercise increased plasma cortisol concentration in both young and aged mares, and the duration of the post-exercise rise in cortisol was altered in aged horses. Plasma MDA concentration and expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 were unchanged in blood and muscle. Exercise increased IL-1β expression in whole blood of young and aged mares, with young mares having greater exercise-induced expression at 2 (P<0.001) and 4 (P=0.019) h post-exercise. Both young and aged horses had increased HSP70 expression in whole blood following acute exercise, with young horses exhibiting 3-fold greater HSP70 expression than aged mares at 2 h post-exercise. HSP90 expression in whole blood following exercise was increased only in young horses. Both young and aged horses had increased HSP90 expression in skeletal muscle following exercise, but there was no difference due to age. However, the timing of HSP70 expression was different between young and aged horses. The age-related changes in cortisol and IL-1β expression following acute submaximal exercise can have implications for energy homeostasis and the adaption to such disturbances at a cellular and whole animal level. Quantification of HSP expression in whole blood may be a useful biomarker, with implications for cellular adaptation and survival in aged horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Avenatti
- Department of Animal Science, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Kindred Biosciences, 1555 Old Bayshore Hwy #200, Burlingame, CA 94010, USA
| | - K.H. McKeever
- Department of Animal Science, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - D.W. Horohov
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - K. Malinowski
- Department of Animal Science, Equine Science Center, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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13
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Kędzierski W, Bełkot Z. Does road transport influence plasma leptin concentrations in horses? Preliminary study. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/aoas-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Transport is one of the most common stressors for horses leading to an increase in cortisol secretion. Cortisol promotes leptin synthesis and release. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of short transport on circulating leptin and cortisol concentrations. A total of 16 crossbred naïve horses (7 geldings, 9 mares) aged 2-11 years, and weighing 530-680 kg were included in the study. The horses were transported in a commercial horse-truck to an unknown holding pen for temporary housing. To measure plasma leptin and cortisol concentrations, three blood samples were collected from each horse: before transport, immediately after unloading from the truck, and nine hours after transport at the arrival point. Transport caused a significant increase in mean plasma cortisol concentration determined at unloading, and after nine hours of unloading, in comparison to values obtained before loading. Plasma leptin concentrations did not change during the study. In conclusion, transportation procedures did not influence plasma leptin concentration in horses, despite significantly increased cortisol release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witold Kędzierski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Bełkot
- Department of Food Hygiene of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950 Lublin , Poland
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Kędzierski W, Łopuszyński W, Wydrych J. Age- and Glucocorticoid-Dependent Leptin Release by Horse Adipose Tissue: In Vitro Study. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Jensen R, Blache D, Knudsen KB, Austbø D, Tauson AH. The effect of diet and exercise on plasma metabolite and hormone concentrations in horses measured before and after exercise. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep170004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise influences different endocrine and metabolic parameters, and information in the literature is sparse for some of these hormones and metabolites in the exercising horse. The aim of the present experiment was to study the metabolic response to exercise when feeding diets with varying carbohydrate composition (fibre and starch) under experimental conditions where diet and exercise were standardised and controlled. The response was investigated in a 4×4 Latin square design experiment using four Norwegian Coldblooded trotter horses. The dietary treatments were two fibre based diets, hay only and hay (85% of dry matter intake (DMI)) supplemented with molassed sugar beet pulp (mSBP) (15% of DMI), or two starch based diets of hay (68% of DMI) and barley (32% of DMI), and hay (68% of DMI), barley (26% of DMI) and mSBP (6% of DMI). Each diet was fed for 28 days; 16 days of adaptation followed by 12 days of data collection. 4 h after the morning feeding at 06:00 the horses performed a standardised exercise test (SET) lasting 45 min. Blood samples were taken before feeding the morning meal at 06:00, before the SET (10:00), after the SET (10:45) and after recovery from exercise (15:00), and plasma samples were analysed for relevant metabolites and hormones. Plasma leptin concentrations increased after exercise but were not affected by diet, whereas diet and exercise had no effect on the plasma concentrations of ghrelin and insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Furthermore, diet influenced the plasma concentrations of short-chained fatty acids (SCFA) more than exercise. The results provide important comparative information that can be useful in studies where diet and exercise cannot be controlled, e.g. in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.B. Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - D. Blache
- School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley WA 6009, Australia
| | - K.E. Bach Knudsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - D. Austbø
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - A.-H. Tauson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegaardsvej 3, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Ono A, Matsuura A, Yamazaki Y, Sakai W, Watanabe K, Nakanowatari T, Kobayashi H, Irimajiri M, Hodate K. Influence of riders' skill on plasma cortisol levels of horses walking on forest and field trekking courses. Anim Sci J 2017; 88:1629-1635. [PMID: 28402026 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of rider's skill on the plasma cortisol levels of trekking horses on two courses, walking on field and forest courses (about 4.5 to 5.1 km each). Three riders of different skills did horse trekking (HT) in a tandem line under a fixed order: advanced-leading, beginner-second and intermediate-last. A total of six horses were used and they experienced all positions in both courses; a total of 12 experiments were done. Blood samples were obtained before HT, immediately after and 2 h after HT. As a control, additional blood samples were obtained from the same horses on non-riding days. Irrespective of the course and the rider's skill, the cortisol level before HT was higher than that of control (P < 0.05). In both courses, the cortisol levels immediately after HT ridden by the advanced rider were higher than that of control (P < 0.05). However, in every case, the cortisol level 2 h after HT was closely similar to the level of the control. Thus, we concluded the stress of trekking horse was not sufficient to disturb the circadian rhythm of the cortisol level, irrespective of the course and the rider's skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Ono
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsuura
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yumi Yamazaki
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Wakako Sakai
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kentaro Watanabe
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Kobayashi
- Department of Environmental Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Mami Irimajiri
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
| | - Koichi Hodate
- Department of Animal Science, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, Towada, Aomori, Japan
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Janabi A, Biddle A, Klein D, McKeever K. The effects of acute strenuous exercise on the faecal microbiota in Standardbred racehorses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/cep160030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
While exercise has been found to change the faecal microbiome (FM) in laboratory animals exposed over weeks, no studies have identified immediate changes in the FM associated with short spans of intense exercise, ~5 min. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that acute intense exercise would alter the FM in horses. Each horse performed two rounds of testing undergoing both a graded exercise test (GXT) and a parallel standing control (SC) trial before (GXT1 and SC1) and after (GXT2 and SC2) 12 weeks of exercise training. Rectal faecal samples were taken 24 h before and after testing. Bacterial community analysis was done by sequencing the 16s rRNA (V3-V4) region via Illumina Miseq. The relative abundance of the genus Clostridium significantly decreased in SC1 (P<0.05), with a concurrent decrease in the Shannon diversity index at the species level (P<0.05). At both the genus and species levels the principle coordinate analysis (PCoA) showed significant separation when the samples collected before SC1 were compared to those collected after SC1 (P<0.05). Interestingly, we found that Fusicatenibacter saccharivorans, a bacteria found to be decreased in ulcerative colitis patients, and Treponema zioleckii, a bacteria found to degrade fructan in sheep rumen, were significantly decreased when the samples collected before SC1 were compared to those collected after SC1 (P<0.05). None of the changes observed in SC1 happened in SC2 (P>0.05). Our results indicate that very intense acute exercise does not alter the faecal microbiome of the Standardbred race horse and that 12 weeks of exercise training does not alter that response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.H.D. Janabi
- Microbial Biology Graduate Program, Rutgers – State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Al-Qadisiya University, Diwaniya, Iraq
| | - A.S. Biddle
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - D.J. Klein
- Nutritional Sciences Graduate Program, Rutgers – State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - K.H. McKeever
- Equine Science Center, Department of Animal Science, Rutgers – State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Standardbreds: Effect of Age and Acute Exercise Before and After Training. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Comparative well-being of horses kept under total or partial confinement prior to employment for mounted patrols. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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de Laat MA, Hampson BA, Sillence MN, Pollitt CC. Sustained, Low-Intensity Exercise Achieved by a Dynamic Feeding System Decreases Body Fat in Ponies. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1732-1738. [PMID: 27639952 PMCID: PMC5032883 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity in horses is increasing in prevalence and can be associated with insulin insensitivity and laminitis. Current treatment strategies for obesity include dietary restriction and exercise. However, whether exercise alone is effective for decreasing body fat is uncertain. Hypothesis Our hypothesis was that twice daily use of a dynamic feeding system for 3 months would induce sustained, low‐intensity exercise thereby decreasing adiposity and improving insulin sensitivity (SI). Animals Eight, university‐owned, mixed‐breed, adult ponies with body condition scores (BCS) ≥5/9 were used. Methods Two treatments (“feeder on” or “feeder off”) were administered for a 3‐month period by a randomized, crossover design (n = 4/treatment). An interim equilibration period of 6 weeks at pasture separated the 2 study phases. Measurements of body mass (body weight, BCS, cresty neck score [CrNS], and morphometry), body fat (determined before and after the “feeder on” treatment only), triglycerides, and insulin sensitivity (SI; combined glucose‐insulin test) were undertaken before and after treatments. Results The dynamic feeding system induced a 3.7‐fold increase in the daily distance travelled (n = 6), compared to with a stationary feeder, which significantly decreased mean BCS (6.53 ± 0.94 to 5.38 ± 1.71), CrNS (2.56 ± 1.12 to 1.63 ± 1.06) and body fat (by 4.95%). An improvement in SI did not occur in all ponies. Conclusions and Clinical Importance A dynamic feeding system can be used to induce sustained (daily), low‐intensity exercise that promotes weight loss in ponies. However, this exercise may not be sufficient to substantially improve SI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A de Laat
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, Australia.
| | - B A Hampson
- Sunshine Coast Equine Podiatry Services, Coolum, Qld, Australia
| | - M N Sillence
- Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - C C Pollitt
- Australian Equine Laminitis Research Unit, School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Qld Australia
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Pazzola M, Pira E, Sedda G, Vacca GM, Cocco R, Sechi S, Bonelli P, Nicolussi P. Responses of hematological parameters, beta-endorphin, cortisol, reactive oxygen metabolites, and biological antioxidant potential in horses participating in a traditional tournament. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:1573-80. [PMID: 26020179 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2014-8341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several concerns have been raised over the health of animals used in equestrian games that have their origins in historical or religious events and are currently held in many countries. This study investigated physiological stress response and health status of horses participating in the Sartiglia, a historical horse tournament held in the city of Oristano, Italy, which is principally based on the attempts of masked horsemen at a gallop to run a sword through a hole in a suspended silver star. Blood samples were collected from 21 horses the day before the tournament (D0), during the tournament (D1), and the day after the tournament (D2). Samples were analyzed for complete blood count and biochemical, hormonal, and oxidative stress assays. Data were analyzed using the mixed effect model with sampling session as one of the fixed effects. On the whole, blood parameters evidenced an optimal health status of horses at D0. Significant dehydration and increase of circulating glucose, enzymes, cortisol, and β-endorphin were registered at D1 (P < 0.001) with a complete recovery of physiological values just at D2. The reactive oxygen metabolites (d-ROM), from which the prooxidant activity can be evaluated, showed an increase from D0 to D1 and D2. Concentration of biological antioxidant potential, which measured the antioxidant capacity, was characterized by the maximum level registered during the tournament and counteracted the simultaneous increase of d-ROM. It can be hypothesized that the tournament played an important role in causing high levels of oxidant markers not only because of the physical exercise represented by the gallop but also because the emotional stressors. In conclusion, the tournament caused significant changes of most parameters, which rapidly recovered to baseline values within the day after. These data will certainly be useful for a future implementation of tests in equine medicine and for the improvements of knowledge of changes of blood parameters and health of horses in similar tournaments.
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Abstract
Laminitis is one of the most common and frustrating clinical presentations in equine practice. While the principles of treatment for laminitis have not changed for several decades, there have been some important paradigm shifts in our understanding of laminitis. Most importantly, it is essential to consider laminitis as a clinical sign of disease and not as a disease in its own right. Once this shift in thinking has occurred, it is logical to then question what disease caused the laminitis. More than 90 per cent of horses presented with laminitis as their primary clinical sign will have developed it as a consequence of endocrine disease; most commonly equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). Given the fact that many horses will have painful protracted and/or chronic recurrent disease, a good understanding of the predisposing factors and how to diagnose and manage them is crucial. Current evidence suggests that early diagnosis and effective management of EMS should be a key aim for practising veterinary surgeons to prevent the devastating consequences of laminitis. This review will focus on EMS, its diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Morgan
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - J Keen
- European Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C McGowan
- European Specialist in Equine Internal Medicine, Institute of Aging and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston, Cheshire CH64 7TE, UK
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Ferreira L, Melo S, Diniz A, Vaz S, Abreu J, Manso H, Filho HM. Aerobic exercise produces changes in plasma IL-6 but not IL-1b in four-beat gaited horses. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/cep150012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is an important stressor and is correlated with cytokine production in several tissues. There is little information about changes in interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1b in four-beat gaited horses during a typical aerobic exercise challenge. The objective of this research was to characterise changes in plasma IL-6, IL-1b, cortisol and other blood biomarkers in four-beat gaited horses after a marcha simulation test. We subjected 12 fit horses (approximately 5 years old and 390 kg) to the marcha simulation test (MST) (i.e. a 10 min warm-up, 30 min at marcha and 15 min cool down). Blood samples were collected before the MST, immediately after the MST and 15 and 120 min after the MST (i.e. recovery). Results were analysed with One Way Repeated Measures ANOVA and a Tukey tests with P≤0.05 and Pearson correlation test. The highest value of plasma IL-6 was observed immediately after MST (6.85 pg/ml) (P≥0.05). IL-1 and cortisol did not change (P≥0.05). However, creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase, nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA), glycerol, total cholesterol and glucose were elevated immediately after the MST and at 15 min after the MST (P≤0.05). No change was observed in alanine aminotransferase and triglycerides (P>0.05). Medium correlation was observed between NEFA and glycerol (R=0.64) and glycerol and triglycerides (R=0.50). In conclusion, an increase in IL-6 immediately that occurred after marcha simulation test was associated with elevated concentrations of several energetic metabolites (NEFA, glycerol and glucose). This metabolic adaption may contributed to the horses’ performance during their typical aerobic exercise and was not associated with significant elevation in IL-1b, CK, and cortisol in healthy trained four-beat gaited horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.M.C. Ferreira
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - S.K.M. Melo
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - A.I.A. Diniz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - S.G. Vaz
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - J.M.G. Abreu
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza CE, Brazil
| | - H.E.C.C.C. Manso
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
| | - H.C. Manso Filho
- Núcleo de Pesquisa Equina, Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Rua Dom Manuel de Medeiros s/n, 52.171-900 Recife PE, Brazil
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Schönbom H, Kassens A, Hopster-Iversen C, Klewitz J, Piechotta M, Martinsson G, Kißler A, Burger D, Sieme H. Influence of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examination on salivary cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability in mares. Theriogenology 2014; 83:749-56. [PMID: 25529317 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy diagnostics in equine reproduction are routinely performed using transrectal ultrasonography, although it is also possible to visualize the fetus by transabdominal ultrasound examinations from the 90th day of gestation onward. We hypothesized that ultrasound examinations may stress the mare and that the gestational stage status and lactation may influence the mare's stress reaction. To investigate the stress reaction, 25 thoroughbred mares of different age, pregnancy and lactational status underwent a transrectal examination. In pregnant mares, an additional transabdominal examination was performed. Salivary cortisol concentration, mean heart rate, and heart rate variability of mares were assessed to evaluate the reactions of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and of the autonomic nervous system. Significant differences were observed between lactating and nonlactating mares; with a lower responsiveness to stress in lactating mares. The transrectal ultrasound examination in nonlactating mares induced a significant increase in salivary cortisol (P < 0.05), and in the heart rate variability parameter, ratio of low to high frequencies (P < 0.05). This reflects an activation of the HPA axis and a shift to more sympathetic dominance. In contrast, a transabdominally performed pregnancy check did not induce an activation of the HPA axis over basal level but increased the mean heart rate and low to high frequency ratio. The results of this study indicate that checks of advanced pregnancies can be easily performed by transabdominal ultrasonography. With regard to animal welfare, this technique should be preferred during midgestation in nonlactating mares.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Schönbom
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; National Stud Lower Saxony, Celle, Germany
| | - Ana Kassens
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Charlotte Hopster-Iversen
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jutta Klewitz
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marion Piechotta
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | - Dominik Burger
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Agroscope and University of Berne, Avenches, Switzerland
| | - Harald Sieme
- Clinic for Horses-Unit for Reproductive Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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Age–related rump fat, fat percent, body fat mass, leptin, androgens and semen parameters of Arab stallions. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(14)60024-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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The Effect of Different Physical Exercise on Plasma Leptin, Cortisol, and Some Energetic Parameters Concentrations in Purebred Arabian Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Changes in plasma leptin concentration during different types of exercises performed by horses. Animal 2014; 8:1456-61. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731114001220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Gordon M, Thompson Jr. D, McKeever K. Effects of exogenous ghrelin infusion on feed intake and metabolic parameters of energy homeostasis in Standardbred mares. COMPARATIVE EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/cep144002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Six Standardbred mares (age 12±2 years, body weight 502±63 kg; mean ± standard deviation) were given 1.6 µg/kg acylated human ghrelin or vehicle treatment as an intravenous bolus in a randomised, cross-over design to test the hypothesis that exogenous ghrelin infusion would increase feed intake and alter metabolic parameters of energy homeostasis, leptin, glucose, insulin and cortisol. After the horses had initial access to hay cubes for 1.5 h, doses were given and hay cubes were available once again. Leftover feed was weighed 6 times over each of the 24 h testing periods. Blood samples for measurement of active ghrelin, growth hormone, leptin, glucose, insulin and cortisol were taken at time 0 (immediately before infusion) and 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 240, 480, and 720 min post-infusion. Every 10 min, the horses’ behaviour was recorded for eating, drinking, resting, and other behaviours. Ghrelin infusion did not increase (P≯0.05) feed intake in the mares as a group, but did increase feed intake (P<0.04) in horses that had the highest growth hormone response to ghrelin infusion. Plasma concentrations of active ghrelin growth hormone, glucose, insulin and cortisol were all increased (P<0.05) by ghrelin infusion. There was no significant change in plasma leptin concentration due to treatment. Ghrelin infusion did not cause a significant change in the number of eating episodes either 2 h post-treatment or for the 24 h testing period. Regression analysis suggests that the increase in feed intake in horses with the highest growth hormone response to ghrelin infusion may be due to their lower (P<0.05) body condition score and % body fat compared with horses that did not increase feed intake and had lower growth hormone response to ghrelin infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.E. Gordon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - D.L. Thompson Jr.
- Department of Animal Sciences, 105 J.B. Francioni Hall, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - K.H. McKeever
- Department of Animal Sciences, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey, 84 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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Holcomb KE, Tucker CB, Stull CL. Physiological, behavioral, and serological responses of horses to shaded or unshaded pens in a hot, sunny environment1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5926-36. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- K. E. Holcomb
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine
| | - C. B. Tucker
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis 95616
| | - C. L. Stull
- Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine
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Menzies-Gow NJ, Wray H, Bailey SR, Harris PA, Elliott J. The effect of exercise on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in normal and previously laminitic ponies. Equine Vet J 2013; 46:317-21. [PMID: 23819851 DOI: 10.1111/evj.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The mechanisms underlying predisposition to pasture-associated laminitis remain unclear; chronic inflammation is implicated, and this may be exacerbated by physical inactivity. OBJECTIVES To determine whether exercise affects the inflammatory profile of normal and previously laminitic ponies. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case-control study. METHODS The short (1 day) and longer term (14 days) effects of low intensity (10 min walking and 5 min trotting) exercise on plasma inflammatory marker concentrations in normal (NL) and previously laminitic (PL) nonobese ponies (n = 6/group) was determined. Plasma concentrations of TNF-α, serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, insulin, adiponectin and fibrinogen were assayed by validated/standard methods. Data were analysed using a linear mixed effects model. RESULTS Before exercise, plasma [adiponectin] was significantly (P = 0.0001) lower in PL (mean ± s.d. 2.4 ± 0.1 ng/l) than in NL (4.03 ± 0.2 ng/l), but exercise had no effect. Previous laminitis and exercise had no effect on plasma [TNF-α] or [fibrinogen]. Serum amyloid A concentrations in all ponies were significantly (P = 0.00001) reduced after longer term exercise compared to Day 1 values. Plasma [haptoglobin] was significantly (P = 0.00001) higher in PL compared to NL on Day 1. This difference was no longer apparent after longer term exercise, such that [haptoglobin] in PL had decreased to concentrations similar to NL. Following short-term exercise, all ponies had an initial decrease in serum [insulin] immediately after exercise, followed by an increase peaking 10 min after exercise cessation, before returning to pre-exercise values. On Day 14 these fluctuations were significantly (P = 0.001) reduced in all ponies. CONCLUSIONS Fourteen days of low intensity exercise significantly decreased [SAA] in all ponies and plasma [haptoglobin] in PL such that it was no longer increased compared to NL. Regular low intensity exercise appears to have an anti-inflammatory effect, which is possibly greater in PL and so may be beneficial in reducing this putative risk factor in pasture-associated laminitis.
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Peeters M, Closson C, Beckers JF, Vandenheede M. Rider and Horse Salivary Cortisol Levels During Competition and Impact on Performance. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.05.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Circulating β-Endorphin, Adrenocorticotropin, and Cortisol Concentrations of Horses Before and After Competitive Show Jumping with Different Fence Heights. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Smith RL, Vernon KL, Kelley DE, Gibbons JR, Mortensen CJ. Impact of moderate exercise on ovarian blood flow and early embryonic outcomes in mares1. J Anim Sci 2012; 90:3770-7. [PMID: 22665656 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-4713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. L. Smith
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - K. L. Vernon
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - D. E. Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J. R. Gibbons
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - C. J. Mortensen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
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Plasma concentration of leptin and ghrelin in Standardbred foals as related to the age, sex, exercise and training. Animal 2012; 2:582-7. [PMID: 22443573 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731108001638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of acute exercise was studied in a group of 42 clinically healthy young Standardbred trotters. These trotters had been divided into four groups according to their age. Their ages were from 1.5 to 3 years. Three jugular venous blood samples were collected via venipuncture from each horse. These samples were collected while (1) at rest, (2) after the end of the exercise and (3) 30 min after the end of the exercise. Exercise showed a significant increase in plasma leptin concentration (3.8 ± 0.31 at rest v. 4.3 ± 0.37 just after exercise and 4.4 ± 0.47 ng/ml after a 30-min rest; ANOVA P < 0.05). The difference between values obtained 30 min after exercise and at rest was significantly greater in 1.5-year-old horses than in those aged 2.5 years (+1.3 ± 0.43 v. +0.1 ± 0.15 ng/ml; ANOVA P < 0.05). The mean plasma leptin concentration was higher in fillies than in colts (4.9 ± 0.47 v. 3.5 ± 0.36 ng/ml; ANOVA P < 0.05). A positive correlation between the plasma concentrations of leptin and triacylglycerides measured just after exercise was detected (r = 0.65). The acute exercise significantly increased the plasma concentration of ghrelin that was measured just after exercise (1255 ± 55.9 v. 1127 ± 54.2 pg/ml; ANOVA P < 0.05). The exercise-induced age-related changes in the plasma ghrelin concentration were significantly lower in 2.5-year-old trotters than in 1.5-year olds. To sum up, the changes in plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations during bouts of exertion tend to decrease with age and/or training of Standardbred foals.
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Li G, Lee P, Mori N, Yamamoto I, Arai T. Long term intensive exercise training leads to a higher plasma malate/lactate dehydrogenase (M/L) ratio and increased level of lipid mobilization in horses. Vet Res Commun 2012; 36:149-55. [PMID: 22297553 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-012-9515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Continuous high intensity training may induce alterations to enzyme activities related to glucose and lipid metabolism in horses. In our study, five Thoroughbred race horses (3 male and 2 female, avg age=5 yrs old) were compared against five riding horses (1 male, 1 female, 3 gelding, avg age=13 yrs old) in terms of energy metabolism, by examining plasma malate (MDH) and lactate (LDH) dehydrogenase activities and M/L ratio. MDH is involved in NADH and ATP generation, whereas LDH can convert NADH back into NAD(+) for ATP generation. An increase in plasma M/L ratio can reflect heightened energy metabolism in the liver and skeletal muscle of horses adapted to continuous intensive exercise. Moreover, plasma lipid metabolism analytes (adiponectin, NEFA, total cholesterol (T-Cho), and triglycerides (TG)) can reflect changes to lipolysis rate, which can also indicate a change in energy metabolism. Overall, race horses demonstrated increased MDH and LDH activity in plasma (4x and 2x greater, respectively), in addition to a plasma M/L ratio twice as high as that of riding horses (2.0 vs 1.0). In addition, race horses also demonstrated significantly higher levels of plasma NEFA (50% greater), TG (2x greater), and T-Cho (20% greater) as compared to riding horses. Therefore, race horse muscles may have adapted to prolonged high intensity endurance exercise by gaining a higher oxidative capacity and an increased capacity for fat utilization as an energy source, resulting in heightened energy metabolism and increased rate of lipid mobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebin Li
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashino, Tokyo 180-8602, Japan
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Menéndez MI, Phelps MA, Hothem EA, Bertone AL. Pharmacokinetics of methylprednisolone acetate after intra-articular administration and subsequent suppression of endogenous hydrocortisone secretion in exercising horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1453-61. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.9.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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41
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Wooldridge AA, Edwards HG, Plaisance EP, Applegate R, Taylor DR, Taintor J, Zhong Q, Judd RL. Evaluation of high–molecular weight adiponectin in horses. Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1230-40. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Amato C, Martin L, Dumon H, Jaillardon L, Nguyen P, Siliart B. Variations of plasma leptin in show horses during a work season. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2011; 96:850-9. [PMID: 22129462 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Leptin is an adipocytokine mainly expressed by adipose tissue. Secretion of leptin in healthy animals is closely related to fat mass and metabolic activity. The aim of this study was to investigate plasma leptin variations, in relation to nutritional and exercise parameters in adult show horses during a work season. EDTA-blood samples were taken at rest from 37 Iberian horses. Body weight, body condition score and fat percentage determined by ultrasonic measurement of rump fat thickness were measured. Plasma leptin was determined with a multi-species RIA kit. Linear mixed effects model was used to assess relationship between plasma leptin and other biological parameters. Plasma leptin concentration was <12.6 ng/ml (mean = 2.8 ± 1.6 ng/ml) and was significantly higher during training periods (p < 0.0001) (4.5 ± 1.7 ng/ml) than in show periods (2.0 ± 1.1 ng/ml), despite a significant increase (p < 0.0001) in energy intake. The body weight remained almost constant. The plasma leptin concentrations were significantly affected by exercise (p < 0.0001), body weight (p = 0.04) and BCS (p < 0.0001), but were not affected by percentage of fat. In conclusion, the marked decrease in leptin values observed during a period of intense (i.e. excessive) exercise could result from an adaptation to cumulative alterations in energy balance, to exercise per se or to a combination of both.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Amato
- Nutrition et Endocrinologie, LUNAM Université, Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'alimentation Nantes-Atlantique, Atlanpôle-La Chantrerie, Nantes, France.
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Coelho CS, Gama JA, Lopes PF, Souza VR. Glicemia e concentrações séricas de insulina, triglicérides e cortisol em equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador após exercício físico. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2011. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2011000900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do exercício físico de intensidade submáxima (provas de marcha) sobre as variáveis bioquímicas sanguíneas usadas na avaliação do metabolismo energético em equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador criados no Estado do Espírito Santo. Para tal foram obtidas amostras de soro e plasma de 15 equinos, da raça Mangalarga Marchador, em quatro momentos assim definidos: antes (T0) e com 5 minutos (T1), 30 minutos (T2) e 2 horas (T3) após o término do exercício. A análise dos resultados demonstrou a não influência do exercício físico imposto sobre a glicose plasmática, com valores médios de 117,1±35,8mg/dL, 122,6±59,6mg/dL, 124,8± 48,6mg/dL e 112,9±49,1mg/dL, e sobre a insulina sérica, com valores de mediana de 6,50mUI/mL, 2,00mUI/mL, 5,85mUI/mL e 11,60mUI/mL, respectivamente, nos tempos T0, T1, T2 e T3. De forma oposta, foi possível observar uma influência significativa sobre triglicérides séricos, com valores médios de 25,4±14,9mg/dL, 42,3±17,8mg/dL, 31,4±17,7mg/dL e 25,1±15,1mg/dL, e sobre o cortisol sérico, com valores médios de 7,46±4,37mg/dL, 12,45±3,08mg/dL, 11,40±2,52mg/dL e 6,89±1,78mg/dL, respectivamente nos tempos T0, T1, T2 e T3. A interpretação destes resultados permitiu concluir que a marcha elevou as concentrações séricas de triglicérides e cortisol. Também foi possível destacar que, por tais valores encontrarem-se dentro de intervalos fisiológicos, os equinos usados estavam aptos ao nível de exercício físico imposto na ocasião.
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A review of weight control strategies and their effects on the regulation of hormonal balance. J Nutr Metab 2011; 2011:237932. [PMID: 21822485 PMCID: PMC3147122 DOI: 10.1155/2011/237932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The estimated prevalence of obesity in the USA is 72.5 million adults with costs attributed to obesity more than 147 billion dollars per year. Though caloric restriction has been used extensively in weight control studies, short-term success has been difficult to achieve, with long-term success of weight control being even more elusive. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to control the rates of obesity that are occurring globally. The purpose of this paper is to provide a synopsis of how exercise, sleep, psychological stress, and meal frequency and composition affect levels of ghrelin, cortisol, insulin GLP-1, and leptin and weight control. We will provide information regarding how hormones respond to various lifestyle factors which may affect appetite control, hunger, satiety, and weight control.
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Leahy ER, Burk AO, Greene EA, Williams CA. Nutrition-associated problems facing elite level three-day eventing horses. Equine Vet J 2011:370-4. [PMID: 21059032 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY The main goal of feeding elite 3-day event horses is to deliver nutrients in optimal amounts to allow the horse to maximize its health and performance. However, improper nutritional management and/or physiological stressors related to intense training and competition may increase the risk of nutrition-associated disorders in these horses. An understanding of the nutrition-associated problems contributing to poor performance is critical to the health and welfare of the horse. OBJECTIVES To characterize the nutrition-associated problems affecting top level 3-day event horses during 2008. METHODS Contact information for riders competing in the 2 highest levels of 3-day eventing in 2008 was obtained from the United States Eventing Association. A survey containing 10 questions pertaining to participant demographics and nutrition-associated problems experienced by their horses was mailed and e-mailed to the 81 individuals fitting our criteria of living in USA and Canada. Data was collected in April and May 2009. RESULTS Twenty-nine of 81 riders completed the survey (35.8%). Respondents rode a total of 45 horses in top level 3-day events in 2008. The top 5 nutrition-associated problems that horses faced at a significantly higher level than the other problems (P < 0.0001) were gastric ulcers (42.2%), joint problems (37.7%), decreased appetite (31.1%), weight loss (31.1%) and hyperexcitability (22.2%). There was no significant difference in frequency of problems between home and competition (P = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS Horses competing at a high level of 3-day eventing in 2008 were at risk of reduced performance given the significant rate of gastric ulcers, decreased appetite and weight loss. Research addressing specific causes of and/or feeding management changes that would reduce the incidence of these problems in these horses is needed to ensure optimal health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Leahy
- Department of Animal Science, Rutgers, the State University, New Jersey, USA
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Adams CE, Greenway FL, Brantley PJ. Lifestyle factors and ghrelin: critical review and implications for weight loss maintenance. Obes Rev 2011; 12:e211-8. [PMID: 20604869 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin, the only known appetite-stimulating hormone in humans, may be one factor involved in increased appetite, cravings and food intake following weight loss. Innovative strategies for suppressing ghrelin and decreasing appetite during weight loss maintenance are needed. Recent research has highlighted relationships between ghrelin, stress and lifestyle factors. The purposes of the current review are to (i) describe the current status of knowledge about ghrelin and lifestyle factors; (ii) critically examine research in this area, highlighting inconsistencies and methodological issues and (iii) discuss future directions and implications for obesity treatment. Based on Literature search using PsycINFO and Medline databases, we reviewed experimental studies on relationships between ghrelin, stress, exercise and sleep. Ghrelin levels are positively related to stress hormones, and stress management interventions including exercise and sleep may help to reduce acylated ghrelin and corresponding appetite. Behavioural interventions may offer a practical, cost-effective alternative for reducing or stabilizing ghrelin levels after initial weight loss. Adding behavioural techniques designed to reduce ghrelin to traditional weight loss maintenance protocols may help individuals to maintain weight loss. Future directions for investigating relationships between ghrelin and behavioural factors, examining the efficacy of behavioural programmes in reducing ghrelin and improving weight loss maintenance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Adams
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Kelley DE, Gibbons JR, Smith R, Vernon KL, Pratt-Phillip SE, Mortensen CJ. Exercise affects both ovarian follicular dynamics and hormone concentrations in mares. Theriogenology 2011; 76:615-22. [PMID: 21497892 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objectives were to evaluate the effects of exercise on ovarian folliculogenesis and related hormones in mares. Mares (n = 11) were randomly assigned into a control (non-exercised) or treatment (exercised) group. Treatment mares (n = 5) were moderately exercised for 30 min, 6 d/wk. All mares underwent daily transrectal ultrasonographic examinations and ovarian follicles > 6 mm were measured. Blood samples were collected during the first (Cycle 1) and last (Cycle 4) cycle, and serum concentrations of cortisol, LH, and FSH were determined. Mean cortisol concentrations were elevated (P < 0.05) in exercised mares, 6.29 ± 0.22 compared with 5.62 ± 0.16 ng/dL (mean ± SEM), 30 min post exercise. There were no significant differences between groups in mean FSH concentrations; however, exercised mares had lower (17.3 ± 6.4 vs 41.1 ± 5.5 ng/mL; P < 0.05) peak LH concentrations. Furthermore, exercised mares experienced a longer (24.7 ± 0.8 vs 22.2 ± 0.8 d; P < 0.05) mean interovulatory interval for all cycles combined, fewer (P < 0.05) follicles 6 to 20 mm in diameter, and an increased (P < 0.05) number of follicles >20 mm following deviation. The dominant and largest subordinate follicle in exercised mares had a greater (P < 0.05) mean diameter on the day of deviation, suggesting delayed deviation. Exercised mares also tended (P = 0.06) to have an increased number of cycles with at least two dominant follicles compared to control (62 vs 36%, respectively), indicating a decreased ability of the largest follicle to assert dominance. Under the conditions of this study, moderately exercising mares induced higher cortisol concentrations, lowered peak LH concentrations, and altered ovarian follicular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Kelley
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Florida, USA.
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48
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Hsu YW, Pan YJ, Cho YM, Liou TH, Chou P, Wang PS. Aging effects on exercise-induced alternations in plasma acylated ghrelin and leptin in male rats. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:809-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Fathi R, Ghanbari-Niaki A, Kraemer RR, Talebi-Garakani E, Saghebjoo M. The effect of exercise intensity on plasma and tissue acyl ghrelin concentrations in fasted rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 165:133-7. [PMID: 20542063 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/30/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the effect of exercise training and feeding status on plasma and tissue acyl ghrelin concentrations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty-two, eight-week-old male Wistar rats (185±5g) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: high intensity (HI: 34 m/min ~80-85% VO(2)max), moderate intensity (MI: 28 m/min ~70-75% VO(2)max), low intensity (LI: 20 m/min ~50-55% VO(2)max), and sedentary control (SED) groups. All experimental groups performed a 12-week exercise program consisting of treadmill running on a 0° slope for 1 h/day, 5 days/week at their respective training intensity. Twenty four hours following the last training session the animals completed a 12h fast. Rats were then killed, blood was collected and plasma separated; the fundus and soleus muscle were excised and frozen in liquid nitrogen for later analysis. Fasting levels of circulating acyl ghrelin and acyl ghrelin content in the soleus muscle and fundus, as well as glycogen in the soleus muscle were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. RESULTS Results demonstrated that 12 weeks of exercise training combined with a 12h fast significantly increased plasma as well as soleus muscle concentrations of acyl ghrelin in the HI and MI groups (p<0.05) and reduced acyl ghrelin concentrations in the fundus (p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results of the study indicate that chronic treadmill exercise training enhances fasting plasma acyl ghrelin in an intensity-dependent manner which is accompanied by a significant increase in soleus muscle and reduction in fundus acyl ghrelin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Fathi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
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Endocrinopathic laminitis: reducing the risk through diet and exercise. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2010; 26:371-8. [PMID: 20699181 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain individual animals appear predisposed to recurrent pasture-associated laminitis, but the exact mechanisms underlying their predisposition remain a fundamental question in laminitis research. The risk of endocrinopathic laminitis can be reduced if steps are taken to improve insulin sensitivity and reduce inflammation using strategies based on exercise and diet. Exercise has been shown to reduce insulin resistance and suppress inflammation, and dietary manipulation can significantly affect insulin sensitivity.
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