1
|
Song Y, Day CM, Afinjuomo F, Tan JQE, Page SW, Garg S. Advanced Strategies of Drug Delivery via Oral, Topical, and Parenteral Administration Routes: Where Do Equine Medications Stand? Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010186. [PMID: 36678815 PMCID: PMC9861747 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
While the global market for veterinary products has been expanding rapidly, there is still a lack of specialist knowledge of equine pharmaceutics. In many cases, the basic structure of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and integumentary system of the horse shares similarities with those of humans. Generally, the dosage form developed for humans can be repurposed to deliver equine medications; however, due to physiological variation, the therapeutic outcomes can be unpredictable. This is an area that requires more research, as there is a clear deficiency in literature precedence on drug delivery specifically for horses. Through a careful evaluation of equine anatomy and physiology, novel drug delivery systems (NDDSs) can be developed to adequately address many of the medical ailments of the horse. In addition to this, there are key considerations when delivering oral, topical, and parenteral drugs to horses, deriving from age and species variation. More importantly, NDDSs can enhance the duration of action of active drugs in animals, significantly improving owner compliance; and ultimately, enhancing the convenience of product administration. To address the knowledge gap in equine pharmaceutical formulations, this paper begins with a summary of the anatomy and physiology of the equine gastrointestinal, integumentary, and circulatory systems. A detailed discussion of potential dosage-form related issues affecting horses, and how they can be overcome by employing NDDSs is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunmei Song
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Candace M. Day
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Franklin Afinjuomo
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jin-Quan E. Tan
- SA Pharmacy, Flinders Medical Centre, Southern Adelaide Local Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5042, Australia
| | - Stephen W. Page
- Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Sanjay Garg
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Innovation (CPI), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-8302-1575
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Del Río-Sancho S, Concas D, Oreste P, Zoppetti G, Briggs PH, Kalia YN. Topical delivery of diclofenac into and across equine skin from a novel liquid diclofenac epolamine formulation. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 39:578-583. [PMID: 27030162 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to investigate diclofenac delivery into and across equine skin in vitro using Franz diffusion cells from a novel diclofenac epolamine (DIC-EP; 1.3%) formulation and to compare the results to those of Surpass® (1% diclofenac sodium liposomal cream) and a 1% aqueous solution of diclofenac sodium. Skin was harvested from the lower legs of Freiberger geldings immediately after slaughter and sliced to a thickness of ~2 mm. Skin samples were divided into two groups [Group 1: 1 year old (n = 2) and Group 2: 6-8 years old (n = 3)]. Cumulative permeation of diclofenac in Groups 1 and 2 after 24 h using diclofenac sodium solution was 1.91 ± 0.27 and 1.76 ± 0.34 μg/cm2 , respectively. The values for Surpass® and DIC-EP were 3.2 ± 0.8/3.3 ± 0.7 μg/cm2 and 230 ± 59/89.2 ± 32.5 μg/cm2 , respectively. Thus, diclofenac permeation from DIC-EP was significantly greater and appeared to show an age-dependent effect. Mathematical modelling showed that the DIC-EP formulation significantly increased diclofenac partitioning into the skin and a linear correlation was observed between steady-state flux and the partition parameter. Greater skin deposition of diclofenac was also observed with DIC-EP. These preliminary results suggest that the DIC-EP formulation may be effective in treating inflammatory conditions in horses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Del Río-Sancho
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D Concas
- Wezen Bio AG, Fondation pour Recherches Médicales, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - P H Briggs
- Alkhalediah Equine Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Y N Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva and University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hamed R, Basil M, AlBaraghthi T, Sunoqrot S, Tarawneh O. Nanoemulsion-based gel formulation of diclofenac diethylamine: design, optimization, rheological behavior and in vitro diffusion studies. Pharm Dev Technol 2015; 21:980-989. [PMID: 26369621 DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2015.1086372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic oral administration of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac diethylamine (DDEA), is often associated with gastrointestinal ulcers and bleeding. As an alternative to oral administration, a nanoemulsion-based gel (NE gel) formulation of DDEA was developed for topical administration. An optimized formulation for the o/w nanoemulsion of oil, surfactant and cosurfactant was selected based on nanoemulsion mean droplet size, clarity, stability, and flowability, and incorporated into the gelling agent Carbopol® 971P. Rheological studies of the DDEA NE gel were conducted and compared to those of conventional DDEA gel and emulgel. The three gels exhibited an elastic behavior, where G' dominated G″ at all frequencies, indicating the formation of strong gels. NE gel exhibited higher G' values than conventional gel and emulgel, which indicated the formation of a stronger gel network. Strat-M® membrane, a synthetic membrane with diffusion characteristics that are well correlated to human skin, was used for the in vitro diffusion studies. The release of DDEA from conventional gel, emulgel and NE gel showed a controlled release pattern over 12 h, which was consistent with the rheological properties of the gels. DDEA release kinetics from the three gels followed super case II transport as fitted by Korsmeyer-Peppas model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rania Hamed
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Marwa Basil
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Tamadur AlBaraghthi
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Suhair Sunoqrot
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| | - Ola Tarawneh
- a Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy , Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan , Amman , Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Aldwaikat M, Alarjah M. Investigating the sonophoresis effect on the permeation of diclofenac sodium using 3D skin equivalent. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 22:580-587. [PMID: 24916997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound temporally increases skin permeability by altering stratum corneum SC function (sonophoresis). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of variable ultrasound conditions on the permeation of diclofenac sodium DS with range of physicochemical properties through EpiDerm™. Permeation studies were carried out in vitro using Franz diffusion cell. HPLC method was used for the determination of the concentration of diclofenac sodium in receiving compartment. Parameters like ultrasound frequency, application time, amplitude, and mode of sonication and distance of ultrasound horn from skin were investigated, and the conditions where the maximum enhancement rate obtained were determined. Application of ultrasound enhanced permeation of diclofenac sodium across EpiDerm™ by fivefolds. The most effective enhancing parameters were power sonication of 20kHz frequency, 20% amplitude at continuous mode for 5min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai Aldwaikat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Alarjah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aciksoz SB, Ozturk L, Yazici A, Cakmak I. Inclusion of urea in a 59FeEDTA solution stimulated leaf penetration and translocation of 59Fe within wheat plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:348-357. [PMID: 24673110 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The role of urea in the translocation of (59) Fe from (59) FeEDTA-treated leaves was studied in durum wheat (Triticum durum) grown for 2 weeks in nutrient solution and until grain maturation in soil culture. Five-cm long tips of the first leaf of young wheat seedlings or flag leaves at the early milk stage were immersed twice daily for 10 s in (59) FeEDTA solutions containing increasing amounts of urea (0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.8% w/v) over 5 days. In the experiment with young wheat seedlings, urea inclusion in the (59) FeEDTA solution increased significantly translocation of (59) Fe from the treated leaf into roots and the untreated part of shoots. When (59) Fe-treated leaves were induced into senescence by keeping them in the dark, there was a strong (59) Fe translocation from these leaves. Adding urea to the (59) Fe solution did not result in an additional increase in Fe translocation from the dark-induced senescent leaves. In the experiment conducted in the greenhouse in soil culture until grain maturation, translocation of (59) Fe from the flag leaves into grains was also strongly promoted by urea, whereas (59) Fe translocation from flag leaves into the untreated shoot was low and not affected by urea. In conclusion, urea contributes to transportation of the leaf-absorbed Fe into sink organs. Probably, nitrogen compounds formed after assimilation of foliar-applied urea (such as amino acids) contributed to Fe chelation and translocation to grains in wheat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seher Bahar Aciksoz
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghanbarzadeh S, Arami S. Enhanced transdermal delivery of diclofenac sodium via conventional liposomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:616810. [PMID: 23936825 PMCID: PMC3725948 DOI: 10.1155/2013/616810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to improve the transdermal permeation of Diclofenac sodium, a poorly water-soluble drug, employing conventional liposomes, ethosomes, and transfersomes. The prepared formulations had been characterized for the loaded drug amount and vesicle size. The prepared vesicular systems were incorporated into 1% Carbopol 914 gel, and a survey of in vitro drug release and drug retention into rat skin has been done on them using a modified Franz diffusion cell. The cumulative amount of drug permeated after 24 h, flux, and permeability coefficient were assessed. Stability studies were performed for three months. The size of vesicles ranged from 145 to 202 nm, and the encapsulation efficiency of the Diclofenac sodium was obtained between 42.61% and 51.72%. The transfersomes and ethosomes provided a significantly higher amount of cumulative permeation, steady state flux, permeability coefficient, and residual drug into skin compared to the conventional liposomes, conventional gel, or hydroethanolic solution. The in vitro release data of all vesicular systems were well fit into Higuchi model (RSD > 0.99). Stability tests indicated that the vesicular formulations were stable over three months. Results revealed that both ethosome and transfersome formulations can act as drug reservoir in skin and extend the pharmacologic effects of Diclofenac sodium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ghanbarzadeh
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
| | - Sanam Arami
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Azevedo MS, De La Côrte FD, Brass KE, Dalmora SL, Machado FT, Pompermayer E, Dau SL, Santa'Ana LA. Bioavailability and Tolerability of Topical and Oral Diclofenac Sodium Administration in Healthy Ponies. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
8
|
Gansen P, Dittgen M. Polyurethanes as self adhesive matrix for the transdermal drug delivery of testosterone. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2011; 38:597-602. [DOI: 10.3109/03639045.2011.620965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|