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Hartung BF, Mueller RS, Gauss J, Weitzer T, Boehm TMSA, Palić J, Schulz B. Reactions to environmental allergens in cats with feline lower airway disease. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1267496. [PMID: 38130436 PMCID: PMC10734688 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1267496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Aeroallergens have been discussed as potential triggers for feline asthma (FA), which can be induced experimentally by allergen sensitization. To date, only few studies have investigated reactions to environmental allergens in cats with naturally occurring feline lower airway disease (FLAD). The aim of the study was to compare results of intradermal testing (IDT) and serum allergen-specific immunoglobulin E-(IgE) testing (SAT) in cats with FLAD, and to investigate possible associations with allergen exposure. Material and methods Eight cats with eosinophilic airway inflammation (EI), ten cats with mixed inflammation (MI), six with neutrophilic inflammation (NI), and 24 healthy cats (HC) were included. Cats diagnosed with FLAD were assigned to the different inflammatory groups based on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BLAF) cytology. SAT was performed in all cats; IDT was only carried out in cats with FLAD. Information about the cats' environment and potential allergen exposure was obtained using an owner questionnaire. Results In comparison to 83% of HC with positive reactions on SAT only 52% of cats with FLAD had positive responses (p = 0.051). Significantly more positive reactions per cat were detected on IDT than on SAT (p = 0.001). No significant difference was found for positive reactions per cat on SAT when compared between HC, NI, EI, and MI (p = 0.377). Only "slight" agreement was found for most allergens when reactions obtained in both tests in cats with FLAD were compared, except for "moderate" agreement for English plantain (k = 0.504) and Alternaria alternata (k = 0.488). Overall, no clear association between the cats' environment and allergen reactions were detected. Conclusions and clinical importance Interpretation of allergy test results in cats with FLAD should be done in the context of clinical signs and individual factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte F. Hartung
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jana Gauss
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Weitzer
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Hörner-Schmid L, Palić J, Mueller RS, Schulz B. Serum Allergen-Specific Immunoglobulin E in Cats with Inflammatory Bronchial Disease. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3226. [PMID: 37893950 PMCID: PMC10603667 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The etiology of feline inflammatory bronchial disease is poorly understood. This study compares the degree of allergen-specific serum IgE responses between cats with feline asthma, chronic bronchitis, mixed inflammation, and clinically healthy cats (HCs). The retrospective case-control study used serum from eighteen cats with eosinophilic inflammation (EI), ten with neutrophilic inflammation (NI), six with mixed inflammation (MI), and fourteen HCs. Affected cats were categorized into groups based on bronchoalveolar lavage cytology. The measurement of IgE for 34 different allergens including fungal organisms, weeds, grasses, trees, mites, and insects was performed using an indirect ELISA. Positive reactions to allergens were detected in the serum of 17/18 cats with EI, 8/10 with NI, 6/6 with MI, and 11/14 HCs (p = 0.364). When overall positive reactions were compared between groups, cats with MI (p = <0.01) had significantly more positive reactions against mite allergens than HCs. Blood eosinophils inversely correlated with the absolute amount of allergen-specific serum IgE expressed in ELISA absorbance units (EAs) (p = 0.014). Sensitization against dust mites seems to be more prevalent in cats with MI. However, positive IgE reactions can be observed in healthy and diseased cats, and, therefore, need to be interpreted in the light of clinical findings and environmental conditions of individual patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jelena Palić
- Vet Med Labor GmbH Division of IDEXX Laboratories, 70806 Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Ralf S. Mueller
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- LMU Small Animal Clinic, University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
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Barchilon M, Reinero CR. Breathe easy: inhalational therapy for feline inflammatory airway disease. J Feline Med Surg 2023; 25:1098612X231193054. [PMID: 37675792 PMCID: PMC10812033 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x231193054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline inflammatory airway diseases, including (but not limited to) asthma, chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis, are common and incurable disorders. These diseases require lifelong therapy and may result in substantial morbidity and, in some cases, mortality. Goals of therapy include reduction or resolution of clinical signs and the underlying pathologic processes driving those clinical signs. Inhalational therapy has the advantage of topical delivery of drugs to target tissues at higher doses with fewer systemic effects than oral medications. There are multiple options for delivery devices, and proper selection and training on the use of these devices - including acclimation of the cat to the device - can maximize therapeutic efficacy. AIM As inhalational therapy is uncommonly used by many veterinarians and owners, this review article provides a foundation on the selection and use of devices and inhalant medications for specific feline inflammatory airway diseases. Cats present a unique challenge with respect to the use of inhalers, and easy-to-follow steps on acclimating them to the devices are provided. The review also discusses the mechanics of inhalational therapy and helps clarify why certain medications, such as albuterol (salbutamol), fluticasone or budesonide, are chosen for certain diseases. The ultimate aim is that the practitioner should feel more comfortable managing common airway diseases in cats. EVIDENCE BASE In compiling their review, the authors searched the veterinary literature for articles in English that discuss inhalational therapy in cats, and which focus primarily on inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators. While most literature on inhalational therapy in cats is based on experimental feline asthma models, there are some studies demonstrating successful treatment in cats with naturally occurring inflammatory airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Barchilon
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- University of Missouri, College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Fernández-Parra R, Pey P, Reinero C, Malvè M. Salbutamol transport and deposition in healthy cat airways under different breathing conditions and particle sizes. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1176757. [PMID: 37533457 PMCID: PMC10391164 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1176757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Salbutamol is a bronchodilatator commonly used for the treatment of feline inflammatory lower airway disease, including asthma or acute bronchospasm. As in humans, a pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) is used in conjunction with a spacer and a spherical mask to facilitate salbutamol administration. However, efficacy of inhalation therapy is influenced by different factors including the non-cooperative character of cats. In this study, the goal was to use computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to analyze the impact of breathing patterns and salbutamol particle size on overall drug transport and deposition using a specific spherical mask and spacer designed for cats. A model incorporating three-dimensional cat airway geometry, a commercially available spherical mask, and a 10 cm spacer, was used for CFD analysis. Two peak inspiratory flows were tested: 30 mL/s and 126 mL/s. Simulations were performed with 30s breathing different inspiratory and expiratory times, respiratory frequencies and peaks. Droplet spray transport and deposition were simulated with different particle sizes typical of the drug delivery therapies (1, 5, 10, and 15 μm). The percentage of particle deposition into the device and upper airways decreased with increasing particle diameter during both flows imposed in this cat model. During increased mean ventilatory rate (MVR) conditions, most of the salbutamol was lost in the upper airways. And during decreased MVR conditions, most of the particles remained in suspension (still in hold-up) between the mask and the carina, indicating the need for more than 30 s to be transported. In both flows the percentage of particles traveling to the lung was low at 1.5%-2.3%. In conclusion, in contrast to what has been described in the human literature, the results from this feline model suggest that the percentage of particles deposited on the upper airway decreases with increasing particle diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Fernández-Parra
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Carol Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mauro Malvè
- Department of Engineering, Public University of Navarre (UPNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Xi J, Si XA, Malvè M. Nasal anatomy and sniffing in respiration and olfaction of wild and domestic animals. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1172140. [PMID: 37520001 PMCID: PMC10375297 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1172140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have been widely utilized as surrogate models for humans in exposure testing, infectious disease experiments, and immunology studies. However, respiratory diseases affect both humans and animals. These disorders can spontaneously affect wild and domestic animals, impacting their quality and quantity of life. The origin of such responses can primarily be traced back to the pathogens deposited in the respiratory tract. There is a lack of understanding of the transport and deposition of respirable particulate matter (bio-aerosols or viruses) in either wild or domestic animals. Moreover, local dosimetry is more relevant than the total or regionally averaged doses in assessing exposure risks or therapeutic outcomes. An accurate prediction of the total and local dosimetry is the crucial first step to quantifying the dose-response relationship, which in turn necessitates detailed knowledge of animals' respiratory tract and flow/aerosol dynamics within it. In this review, we examined the nasal anatomy and physiology (i.e., structure-function relationship) of different animals, including the dog, rat, rabbit, deer, rhombus monkey, cat, and other domestic and wild animals. Special attention was paid to the similarities and differences in the vestibular, respiratory, and olfactory regions among different species. The ventilation airflow and behaviors of inhaled aerosols were described as pertinent to the animals' mechanisms for ventilation modulation and olfaction enhancement. In particular, sniffing, a breathing maneuver that animals often practice enhancing olfaction, was examined in detail in different animals. Animal models used in COVID-19 research were discussed. The advances and challenges of using numerical modeling in place of animal studies were discussed. The application of this technique in animals is relevant for bidirectional improvements in animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, United States
| | - Xiuhua April Si
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Mauro Malvè
- Department of Engineering, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Woodrow JS, Sheats MK, Cooper B, Bayless R. Asthma: The Use of Animal Models and Their Translational Utility. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071091. [PMID: 37048164 PMCID: PMC10093022 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic lower airway inflammation that results in airway remodeling, which can lead to a permanent decrease in lung function. The pathophysiology driving the development of asthma is complex and heterogenous. Animal models have been and continue to be essential for the discovery of molecular pathways driving the pathophysiology of asthma and novel therapeutic approaches. Animal models of asthma may be induced or naturally occurring. Species used to study asthma include mouse, rat, guinea pig, cat, dog, sheep, horse, and nonhuman primate. Some of the aspects to consider when evaluating any of these asthma models are cost, labor, reagent availability, regulatory burden, relevance to natural disease in humans, type of lower airway inflammation, biological samples available for testing, and ultimately whether the model can answer the research question(s). This review aims to discuss the animal models most available for asthma investigation, with an emphasis on describing the inciting antigen/allergen, inflammatory response induced, and its translation to human asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Seymour Woodrow
- Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - M Katie Sheats
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Bethanie Cooper
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Rosemary Bayless
- Comparative Medicine Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
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Grotheer M, Hirschberger J, Palić J, Hartmann K, Castelletti N, Schulz B. [Evaluierung der Langzeittherapie bei Katzen mit felinem Asthma und chronischer Bronchitis]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2023; 51:73-81. [PMID: 37230112 DOI: 10.1055/a-2031-2731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
GEGENSTAND UND ZIEL Felines Asthma (FA) und chronische Bronchitis (CB) sind häufige entzündliche Erkrankungen der Atemwege der Katze. Obwohl beide Krankheitsbilder durch eine Infiltration mit unterschiedlichen Entzündungszelltypen gekennzeichnet sind, sind die therapeutischen Maßnahmen oft ähnlich. Über mögliche Unterschiede im therapeutischen Management dieser beiden Atemwegserkrankungen ist wenig bekannt. Ziel der Studie war es daher, bei Katzen mit FA und CB die Erst- und Langzeitbehandlung, Therapieerfolg, Nebenwirkungen und Besitzerzufriedenheit zu vergleichen. MATERIAL UND METHODEN 35 Katzen mit FA und 11 Katzen mit CB wurden in die retrospektive Querschnittstudie eingeschlossen. Einschlusskriterien waren kompatible klinische und radiologische Befunde sowie der zytologische Nachweis einer eosinophilen Entzündung (FA) oder einer sterilen neutrophilen Entzündung (CB) in der bronchoalveolären Lavage-Flüssigkeit (BALF). Katzen mit CB wurden ausgeschlossen, wenn Hinweise auf pathologische Bakterien vorlagen. Besitzer wurden gebeten einen standardisierten Fragebogen zum therapeutischen Management und Ansprechen auf die Behandlung auszufüllen. ERGEBNISSE Im Gruppenvergleich wurden keine statistisch signifikanten Unterschiede der Therapie festgestellt. Die meisten Katzen wurden anfänglich mit Kortikosteroiden mittels einer oralen (FA 63%/CB 64%, p=1), inhalativen (FA 34%/CB 55%, p=0,296) oder injizierbaren Applikationsform (FA 20%/CB 0%, p=0,171) behandelt. Zusätzlich wurden in einigen Fällen orale Bronchodilatatoren (FA 43%/CB 45%, p=1) und Antibiotika (FA 20%/CB 27%, p=0,682) verabreicht. In der Langzeittherapie erhielten 43% der Katzen mit FA und 36% der Katzen mit CB inhalative Kortikosteroide (p=1), orale Kortikosteroide (FA 17%/CB 36%, p=0,220) und orale Bronchodilatatoren (FA 6%/CB 27%, p=0,084) sowie phasenweise Antibiotika (FA 6%/CB 18%, p=0,238). Behandlungsbedingte Nebenwirkungen (Polyurie/Polydipsie, Pilzinfektion im Gesicht und Diabetes mellitus) wurden bei 4 Katzen mit FA und 2 Katzen mit CB registriert. Die Mehrheit der Besitzer gab an, mit dem Ansprechen auf die Behandlung äußerst oder sehr zufrieden zu sein (FA 57%/CB 64%, p=1). SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG Signifikante Unterschiede hinsichtlich des Managements und des Therapieansprechens konnten bei beiden Erkrankungen laut Besitzerbefragung nicht festgestellt werden. KLINISCHE RELEVANZ Laut Besitzerumfrage können chronische Bronchialerkrankungen der Katze wie Asthma und chronische Bronchitis können mit einer ähnlichen Behandlungsstrategie erfolgreich therapiert werden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Grotheer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | | | - Jelena Palić
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Germany
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Whitney J, Keir I. Clinical review of high-flow nasal oxygen therapy in human and veterinary patients. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1070881. [PMID: 36950541 PMCID: PMC10027015 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxygen therapy is the first-line treatment for hypoxemic acute respiratory failure. In veterinary medicine this has traditionally been provided via mask, low-flow nasal oxygen cannulas, oxygen cages and invasive positive pressure ventilation. Traditional non-invasive modalities are limited by the maximum flow rate and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) that can be delivered, variability in oxygen delivery and patient compliance. The invasive techniques are able to provide higher FiO2 in a more predictable manner but are limited by sedation/anesthesia requirements, potential complications and cost. High-flow nasal oxygen therapy (HFNOT) represents an alternative to conventional oxygen therapy. This modality delivers heated and humidified medical gas at adjustable flow rates, up to 60 L/min, and FiO2, up to 100%, via nasal cannulas. It has been proposed that HFNOT improves pulmonary mechanics and reduces respiratory fatigue via reduction of anatomical dead space, provision of low-level positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP), provision of constant FiO2 at rates corresponding to patient requirements and through improved patient tolerance. Investigations into the use of HFNOT in veterinary patients have increased in frequency since its clinical use was first reported in dogs with acute respiratory failure in 2016. Current indications in dogs include acute respiratory failure associated with pulmonary parenchymal disease, upper airway obstruction and carbon monoxide intoxication. The use of HFNOT has also been advocated in certain conditions in cats and foals. HFNOT is also being used with increasing frequency in the treatment of a widening range of conditions in humans. Although there remains conflict regarding its use and efficacy in some patient groups, overall these reports indicate that HFNOT decreases breathing frequency and work of breathing and reduces the need for escalation of respiratory support. In addition, they provide insight into potential future veterinary applications. Complications of HFNOT have been rarely reported in humans and animals. These are usually self-limiting and typically result in lower morbidity and mortality than those associated with invasive ventilation techniques.
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Paulin MV, Caney SMA, Cosford KL. Online survey to determine client perceptions of feline chronic lower airway disease management: response to therapy, side effects and challenges encountered. J Feline Med Surg 2022; 24:1219-1227. [PMID: 35125012 PMCID: PMC9743080 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x211070988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The first aim of this survey was to report client experiences associated with the administration of common medications, particularly glucocorticoids and bronchodilators, in managing cats with feline lower airway disease (FLAD). The second aim was to ascertain client perception of response to treatment and level of satisfaction. METHODS This was a prospective cross-sectional study. An online survey was distributed worldwide to cat owners caring for cats with a chronic cough. Only cats reported to have FLAD were included. RESULTS A total of 153 complete responses describing cats with FLAD were analyzed. Glucocorticoids and bronchodilators were the predominantly prescribed therapeutics for 140/153 (92%) and 80/153 (52%) of FLAD cats, respectively. Oral and inhalant administration routes were reported most commonly: glucocorticoids (64% oral and 75% inhalant) and bronchodilators (21% oral and 88% inhalant). A review of how air quality could be improved was conducted for 54% of cats. Almost half (43%) of owners reported adverse effects secondary to glucocorticoid administration, the most frequent being polyphagia (26%) and polydipsia (21%). Only 10% of owners reported bronchodilator-associated side effects, with restlessness (9%) being the most common. Difficulties giving glucocorticoid or bronchodilator tablets orally were reported for 33% and 71% of owners, respectively. Glucocorticoid or bronchodilator inhalant therapies were difficult to administer for 28% and 31% of owners, respectively. Frequency and severity of coughing were significantly lower after at least 2 months of treatment, with median numerical input on a slider scale (0-100) of 48 and 42 before, and 10 and 7 after treatment, respectively (P <0.0001). Median numerical input of owner satisfaction was 83%. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Despite significant improvements in client-reported responses to treatment, challenges associated with the administration of medications and their adverse effects still exist. Promoting awareness of client experiences can facilitate appropriate follow-up, guidance and empathy to further optimize outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu V Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,Mathieu Victor Paulin DVM, IPSAV, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B2, Canada Emails:
| | - Sarah MA Caney
- Vet Professionals, Midlothian Innovation Centre, Pentlandfield, Roslin, UK
| | - Kevin L Cosford
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Gareis H, Hörner-Schmid L, Zablotski Y, Palić J, Schulz B. Evaluation of barometric whole-body plethysmography for therapy monitoring in cats with feline lower airway disease. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276927. [PMID: 36301875 PMCID: PMC9612479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline lower airway disease (FLAD) is a common respiratory condition in cats. Traditionally, response to therapy is monitored only by evaluation of clinical signs and radiographic examination of the lungs. Barometric whole-body plethysmography (BWBP) is considered a non-invasive, well-tolerated form of measuring airway reactivity in cats. The aim of the study was to assess pulmonary function testing by BWBP for non-invasive evaluation of response to therapy in cats with FLAD and to investigate whether BWBP parameters correlate with clinical severity. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective study included 25 client-owned cats, diagnosed with FLAD on the basis of their medical history, clinical signs, radiographic findings, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) examination. At three time points (day 0, 14, and 60), a standardised owner questionnaire, a clinical examination and BWBP measurements were carried out. Results of the questionnaire and the clinical examination were evaluated using a clinical 12-point score. Individual therapy was administered to all patients after diagnosis, based on the severity of disease and compliance of the cat. RESULTS The total clinical score significantly improved over the entire study period (p<0.001). Significant improvement was detected for the frequency of coughing (p = 0.009), respiratory distress (p = 0.001), lung auscultation findings (p = 0.002), and general condition and appetite (p = 0.045). The BWBP parameter Penh, an indicator of bronchoconstriction, improved significantly under initial therapy between day 0 and 14 (p = 0.009). A significant correlation between Penh and the severity of auscultation findings was seen on day 0 (r = 0.40; p = 0.013). CONCLUSION The study supports the role of Penh as a non-invasive parameter for monitoring initial treatment response in cats with FLAD. Further studies are needed to address whether other BWBP parameters might be suitable for non-invasive therapy monitoring of FLAD. Clinical evaluation is always essential in cats with FLAD to evaluate treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gareis
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Lina Hörner-Schmid
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yury Zablotski
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jelena Palić
- Division of IDEXX Laboratories, Vet Med Labor GmbH, Kornwestheim, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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11
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Klenk FK, Schulz B. [Inhalation therapy in dogs and cats with chronic lower airway disease - a literature review]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2022; 50:279-292. [PMID: 36067770 DOI: 10.1055/a-1910-3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases are prevalent medical conditions in dogs and cats requiring lifelong treatment. Mainstay of therapy for chronic inflammatory respiratory diseases are glucocorticoids. Concurrent treatment with bronchodilators may be necessary to control clinical signs sufficiently. Due to the successful use in people as well as subsequent reduction of adverse effects of long-term glucocorticoid therapy, inhalative therapy has become increasingly important in veterinary medicine as well. Primarily spacers or valved holding chambers, in combination with metered dose inhalers, are used in dogs and cats. The technical properties of these devices, as well as their use and maintenance will be described in the following article. Furthermore, the existing literature regarding efficacy of inhalative medications for therapy of chronic inflammatory airway diseases in dogs and cats will be summarized.
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12
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Chalifoux NV, Drobatz KJ, Reineke EL. Predictors of inflammatory lower airway disease in cats presented to the emergency room in respiratory distress: a case-control study. J Feline Med Surg 2021; 23:1098-1108. [PMID: 33645320 PMCID: PMC10812157 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x21996145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to identify whether venous blood gas (VBG) variables may serve as a predictor of inflammatory lower airway disease (ILAD) in cats presenting with respiratory distress. A secondary objective of this study was to compare the diagnostic utility of patient signalment, history and physical examination findings, as compared with VBG variables. METHODS The medical records of cats presenting with respiratory distress secondary to ILAD (54 cases) and non-ILAD (121 controls) were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS No admission VBG variables were predictive of a final diagnosis of ILAD. Comparatively, multivariable analysis identified a history of a cough (P <0.001), increased respiratory rate (P = 0.001), the presence of an abdominal component to respiration (P = 0.007) and the absence of pleural effusion (P <0.01) to be independently associated with a final diagnosis of ILAD. Cats with a history of a cough and an abdominal component to respiration had 7.86 and 5.81 greater odds of being diagnosed with ILAD, respectively. Cats with pleural effusion had 7.43 lower odds of having this final diagnosis. For every 10 breaths/min increase in respiratory rate, cats had 1.48 greater odds of being diagnosed with ILAD. Cats diagnosed with ILAD had a survival rate of 94% (95% CI 84-99%) vs 61% (95% CI 51-70%) for non-ILAD controls (P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this study found patient history and physical examination findings to be more useful predictors of a final diagnosis of ILAD in comparison with VBG variables at presentation. A history of a cough, an abdominal component to respiration and a lack of pleural effusion were found to be significant predictors of this diagnosis. Further investigation into the role of respiratory rate in ILAD is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolan V Chalifoux
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kenneth J Drobatz
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erica L Reineke
- Department of Clinical Sciences & Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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13
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Gareis H, Schulz B. [Pulmonary function testing in the cat - an overview]. TIERARZTLICHE PRAXIS. AUSGABE K, KLEINTIERE/HEIMTIERE 2021; 49:441-454. [PMID: 34861722 DOI: 10.1055/a-1640-4123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of currently available pulmonary function tests in cats, divided into invasive and non-invasive methods. Invasive techniques comprise arterial blood gas analysis and measurement of pulmonary mechanics. Non-invasive techniques include pulse oximetry and capnography, as well as methods not yet integrated into everyday practice such as tidal breathing airflow-volume loops, whole-body barometric plethysmography and thorax compression. In this article, the background, execution, interpretation, and limitations of each test are discussed. Proper performance and assessment of pulmonary function measurements may aid in understanding the pathophysiology of feline respiratory disease and in increasing objectivity when assessing the existing disease and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Gareis
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Medizinische Kleintierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München
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14
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Salbutamol Transport and Deposition in the Upper and Lower Airway with Different Devices in Cats: A Computational Fluid Dynamics Approach. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082431. [PMID: 34438888 PMCID: PMC8388725 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Administration of inhaled salbutamol via metered-dose inhalers can effectively treat bronchoconstriction. Different devices are used for the delivery of this drug in cats, either in the hospital or at home, for long-term treatment. Effective drug administration may depend on the drug delivery device as well as patient cooperation. By using non-invasive computational fluid dynamics techniques, the impact of these devices on the deposition and transport of salbutamol particles in the cat airways was simulated and assessed. The results confirm a variable drug distribution depending on the device used. The percentage of particles reaching the lung was reduced when using spacers and increased when applied directly into an endotracheal tube. Abstract Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDI) with or without spacers are commonly used for the treatment of feline inflammatory airway disease. During traditional airways treatments, a substantial amount of drugs are wasted upstream of their target. To study the efficiency of commonly used devices in the transport of inhaled salbutamol, different computational models based on two healthy adult client-owned cats were developed. Computed tomographic images from one cat were used to generate a three-dimensional geometry, and two masks (spherical and conical shapes) and two spacers (10 and 20 cm) completed the models. A second cat was used to generate a second model having an endotracheal tube (ETT) with and without the same spacers. Airflow, droplet spray transport, and deposition were simulated and studied using computational fluid dynamics techniques. Four regions were evaluated: device, upper airways, primary bronchi, and downstream lower airways/parenchyma (“lung”). Regardless of the model, most salbutamol is deposited in devices and/or upper airways. In general, particles reaching the lung varied between 5.8 and 25.8%. Compared with the first model, pMDI application through the ETT with or without a spacer had significantly higher percentages of particles reaching the lung (p = 0.006).
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15
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Halliwell R, Banovic F, Mueller RS, Olivry T. Immunopathogenesis of the feline atopic syndrome. Vet Dermatol 2021; 32:13-e4. [PMID: 33470018 DOI: 10.1111/vde.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline diseases of possible allergic origin with similar clinical phenotypes can have a varied underlying pathogenesis. Clinical phenotype, precise aetiology and underlying immunopathogenesis all need to be considered if advances in this neglected area of dermatology are to be made. OBJECTIVES To document the status of research into the immunopathogenesis of the diseases that fall within the spectrum of the feline atopic syndrome (FAS ), to summarize the conclusions, identify the limitations and recommend future research directions. METHODS AND MATERIALS A search of the literature was undertaken. The strengths and validity of the data and the contributions to our current understanding of the immunopathogenesis were analysed. Skin diseases of presumed allergic aetiology and asthma were assessed separately, as was the role of antibodies, cells and cytokines in each. RESULTS The research varied in its quality and its impact often was limited by a failure to employ strict criteria in case selection. This reflected the difficulties of skin reaction patterns associated with a number of inciting causes. Research into feline asthma was handicapped by the difficulties of investigating clinical material, and much of the useful information was derived from experimental models. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The evidence reviewed was supportive of a role for immunoglobulin (Ig)E in the pathogenesis of both feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS) and asthma, albeit not strongly so. The inflammation noted in both FASS and asthma is accompanied by eosinophils and lymphocytes, and these findings, together with the cytokine expression, are suggestive in some (not all) cats of T-helper type 2 immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Halliwell
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Roslin, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Frane Banovic
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Veterinaerstr 13, Munich, Germany
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA
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16
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van Eeden ME, Vientós-Plotts AI, Cohn LA, Reinero CR. Serum allergen-specific IgE reactivity: is there an association with clinical severity and airway eosinophilia in asthmatic cats? J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:1129-1136. [PMID: 32167403 PMCID: PMC10814376 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x20907178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of serum allergen-specific IgE testing in cats with a clinical diagnosis of asthma and to determine if the number of allergens with positive IgE reactivity and magnitude of positive IgE responses would be associated with the severity of clinical signs or airway eosinophilia. METHODS Medical records from 2008 to 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion required a diagnosis of feline asthma based on consistent clinicopathologic features and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cytology with >10% eosinophils; additionally, cats needed to have the results of serum allergen-specific IgE tests. RESULTS Eighteen cases satisfied the inclusion criteria. Median age was 5 years and the most common presenting clinical sign was cough (n = 10/18). Most cats lived exclusively indoors (n = 13/18). The median percentage of BAL eosinophils was 47%. Serum allergen-specific IgE testing supported an underlying allergic etiology in 14/18 (78%) cats, with all but one having polysensitization. The severity of clinical signs and magnitude of airway eosinophilia did not correlate with the degree of positive IgE reactivity. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study identified a strong association between the identification of allergen-specific IgE and cats with asthma, and the majority of these cats were polysensitized. However, larger numbers of allergens with positive IgE reactivity or magnitude of IgE reactivity were not significantly associated with clinical severity or airway eosinophilia. Knowledge of positive allergen-specific IgE results could guide allergen avoidance, regardless of the magnitude of IgE reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E van Eeden
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Aida I Vientós-Plotts
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, MO, USA
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17
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Grotheer M, Hirschberger J, Hartmann K, Castelletti N, Schulz B. Comparison of signalment, clinical, laboratory and radiographic parameters in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis. J Feline Med Surg 2020; 22:649-655. [PMID: 31483195 PMCID: PMC10814432 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x19872428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline asthma (FA) and feline chronic bronchitis (CB) are common respiratory conditions in cats, frequently referred to as 'feline lower airway disease'. However, the aetiologies of both inflammatory airway diseases are probably different. Little is known about the differences in signalment, clinical signs, laboratory abnormalities and radiographic features between cats with these two airway diseases. The aim of the study was to investigate whether certain parameters can help in differentiating between both diseases, as distinguished by airway cytology. METHODS Seventy-three cats with FA and 24 cats with CB were included in the retrospective study. Inclusion criteria were compatible clinical signs and a cytological evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid indicating either FA (eosinophilic inflammation) or CB (neutrophilic inflammation) without cytological or microbiological evidence of bacterial infection. Parameters of signalment, physical examination, haematology and thoracic radiographs of both disease groups were compared statistically (P <0.05). RESULTS The median age of cats with FA was 6 years, and was 7.5 years in cats with CB (P = 0.640). The most commonly reported clinical signs in both groups were a cough (95% FA/96% CB; P = 1.000), pathological pulmonary auscultatory sounds (82% FA/79% CB; P = 0.766) and dyspnoea (73% FA/79% CB; P = 0.601). Abnormal radiographic lung patterns were detected in 94% of cats with FA and 91% with CB (P = 0.629), respectively. Blood eosinophilia was significantly more common in cats with FA (40%) compared with CB (27%) (P = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The study indicates that a differentiation of FA and CB by means of signalment, a single clinical sign, and haematological and radiographic findings is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Grotheer
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirschberger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Noemi Castelletti
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bianka Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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18
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Abstract
Asthma is an important allergic lower-airway disease in cats affecting approximately 1% to 5% of the pet cat population. New diagnostics are being developed to help better differentiate asthma from other lower-airway diseases and improve monitoring. In addition, new treatments are being developed to help in refractory cases or in those cases in which traditional therapeutics are contraindicated. This article discusses potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of asthma. In addition, current literature investigating new diagnostic tests and therapies for feline asthma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Trzil
- IndyVet Emergency and Specialty Hospital, 5425 Victory Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46203, USA.
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19
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Dias IE, Pinto PO, Barros LC, Viegas CA, Dias IR, Carvalho PP. Mesenchymal stem cells therapy in companion animals: useful for immune-mediated diseases? BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:358. [PMID: 31640767 PMCID: PMC6805418 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent cells, with capacity for self-renewal and differentiation into tissues of mesodermal origin. These cells are possible therapeutic agents for autoimmune disorders, since they present remarkable immunomodulatory ability.The increase of immune-mediated diseases in veterinary medicine has led to a growing interest in the research of these disorders and their medical treatment. Conventional immunomodulatory drug therapy such as glucocorticoids or other novel therapies such as cyclosporine or monoclonal antibodies are associated with numerous side effects that limit its long-term use, leading to the need for developing new therapeutic strategies that can be more effective and safe.The aim of this review is to provide a critical overview about the therapeutic potential of these cells in the treatment of some autoimmune disorders (canine atopic dermatitis, feline chronic gingivostomatitis, inflammatory bowel disease and feline asthma) compared with their conventional treatment.Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy in autoimmune diseases has been showing that this approach can ameliorate clinical signs or even cause remission in most animals, with the exception of canine atopic dermatitis in which little to no improvement was observed.Although mesenchymal stem cells present a promising future in the treatment of most of these disorders, the variability in the outcomes of some clinical trials has led to the current controversy among authors regarding their efficacy. Mesenchymal stem cell-based therapy is currently requiring a deeper and detailed analysis that allows its standardization and better adaptation to the intended therapeutic results, in order to overcome current limitations in future trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Esteves Dias
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Olivério Pinto
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra University Veterinary Hospital, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís Carlos Barros
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Antunes Viegas
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Isabel Ribeiro Dias
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs – Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pires Carvalho
- CIVG - Vasco da Gama Research Center, Vasco da Gama University School, Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes 197, Campus Universitário - Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210 Coimbra, Portugal
- Vetherapy, 479 St, San Francisco, CA 94103 USA
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20
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Garrity S, Lee-Fowler T, Reinero C. Feline asthma and heartworm disease: Clinical features, diagnostics and therapeutics. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:825-834. [PMID: 31446863 PMCID: PMC10814146 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18823348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE For feline practitioners, the cat with a cough or respiratory distress and thoracic radiographs with a bronchial or bronchointerstitial pattern suggests lower airway disease. Two important differentials, allergic asthma and heartworm disease (HWD), have many overlapping clinicopathologic features, but also clear and important differences in terms of cause and disease progression, treatment and prognosis. Notably, asthma is readily treatable and HWD is preventable. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Feline HWD comprises two clinical syndromes: the comparatively recently described heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) and adult HWD. The former is much more common; very few cats with HARD develop adult HWD. In HARD, following death of immature worms, pulmonary lesions may improve over time ('self-cure'). Lesions of adult HWD also improve over time as long as reinfection does not occur; however, with death of adult heartworms, mortality is high, and the prognosis is guarded. In asthma, morbidity is relatively high, but mortality is low, with an overall good to excellent prognosis. DISEASE RECOGNITION Feline asthma is encountered worldwide. In the authors' impression, feline HWD is often under-recognized. AIMS The aim of this review is to assist clinicians in differentiating feline asthma from feline HWD; as such, the emphasis is on distinguishing clinical features, as well as on diagnostics, therapy and prognosis. In differentiating these conditions, clinicians can attempt the goal of properly managing these diseases and can best educate owners on prognosis. EVIDENCE BASE For both feline asthma and feline HWD, the authors have drawn on the available peer-reviewed literature studies involving experimental models as well as spontaneous disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Garrity
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Tekla Lee-Fowler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Carol Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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21
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Reinero CR, Masseau I, Grobman M, Vientos-Plotts A, Williams K. Perspectives in veterinary medicine: Description and classification of bronchiolar disorders in cats. J Vet Intern Med 2019; 33:1201-1221. [PMID: 30982233 PMCID: PMC6524100 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This Perspectives in Veterinary Medicine article seeks to define, describe putative causes, and discuss key diagnostic tests for primary and secondary bronchiolar disorders to propose a classification scheme in cats with support from a literature review and case examples. The small airways (bronchioles with inner diameters <2 mm), located at the transitional zone between larger conducting airways and the pulmonary acinus, have been overlooked as major contributors to clinical syndromes of respiratory disease in cats. Because the trigger for many bronchiolar disorders is environmental and humans live in a shared environment with similar susceptibility, understanding these diseases in pet cats has relevance to One Health. Thoracic radiography, the major imaging modality used in the diagnostic evaluation of respiratory disease in cats, has low utility in detection of bronchiolar disease. Computed tomography (CT) with paired inspiratory and expiratory scans can detect pathology centered on small airways. In humans, treatment of bronchiolar disorders is not well established because of heterogeneous presentations and often late definitive diagnosis. A review of the human and veterinary medical literature will serve as the basis for a proposed classification scheme in cats. A case series of cats with CT or histopathologic evidence of bronchiolar lesions or both, either as a primary disorder or secondary to extension from large airway disease or interstitial lung disease, will be presented. Future multi‐institutional and multidisciplinary discussions among clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists will help refine and develop this classification scheme to promote early and specific recognition and optimize treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Isabelle Masseau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri.,Department of Sciences Cliniques, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Megan Grobman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Aida Vientos-Plotts
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Kurt Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
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22
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Reinero C. Interstitial lung diseases in dogs and cats part II: Known cause and other discrete forms. Vet J 2018; 243:55-64. [PMID: 30606440 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) can occur secondary to known causes or be classified as discrete syndromes. Also known as diffuse parenchymal lung diseases, the ILDs represent a heterogenous group of non-infectious, non-neoplastic disorders characterized by varied patterns of inflammation and fibrosis. Characteristically associated with the true interstitium (i.e. the anatomic space lined by alveolar epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells and the loose-binding connective tissue), it is important to understand ILDs are associated with pathology of the distal lung parenchyma and thus lesions can be bronchiolocentric or resemble alveolar filling disorders. Injury to the distal lung can occur via inhalation or hematogenous routes. This review will build on a proposed classification scheme adapted from human medicine to describe known cause and discrete forms of ILDs in dogs and cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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23
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Rosenberg HF, Druey KM. Modeling asthma: Pitfalls, promises, and the road ahead. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:41-48. [PMID: 29451705 PMCID: PMC6134392 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr1117-436r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic, heterogeneous, and recurring inflammatory disease of the lower airways, with exacerbations that feature airway inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Asthma has been modeled extensively via disease induction in both wild-type and genetically manipulated laboratory mice (Mus musculus). Antigen sensitization and challenge strategies have reproduced numerous important features of airway inflammation characteristic of human asthma, notably the critical roles of type 2 T helper cell cytokines. Recent models of disease induction have advanced to include physiologic aeroallergens with prolonged respiratory challenge without systemic sensitization; others incorporate tobacco, respiratory viruses, or bacteria as exacerbants. Nonetheless, differences in lung size, structure, and physiologic responses limit the degree to which airway dynamics measured in mice can be compared to human subjects. Other rodent allergic airways models, including those featuring the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) might be considered for lung function studies. Finally, domestic cats (Feline catus) and horses (Equus caballus) develop spontaneous obstructive airway disorders with clinical and pathologic features that parallel human asthma. Information on pathogenesis and treatment of these disorders is an important resource.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene F. Rosenberg
- Inflammation Immunobiology Section Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kirk M. Druey
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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24
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Bonniaud P, Fabre A, Frossard N, Guignabert C, Inman M, Kuebler WM, Maes T, Shi W, Stampfli M, Uhlig S, White E, Witzenrath M, Bellaye PS, Crestani B, Eickelberg O, Fehrenbach H, Guenther A, Jenkins G, Joos G, Magnan A, Maitre B, Maus UA, Reinhold P, Vernooy JHJ, Richeldi L, Kolb M. Optimising experimental research in respiratory diseases: an ERS statement. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:13993003.02133-2017. [PMID: 29773606 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02133-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Experimental models are critical for the understanding of lung health and disease and are indispensable for drug development. However, the pathogenetic and clinical relevance of the models is often unclear. Further, the use of animals in biomedical research is controversial from an ethical perspective.The objective of this task force was to issue a statement with research recommendations about lung disease models by facilitating in-depth discussions between respiratory scientists, and to provide an overview of the literature on the available models. Focus was put on their specific benefits and limitations. This will result in more efficient use of resources and greater reduction in the numbers of animals employed, thereby enhancing the ethical standards and translational capacity of experimental research.The task force statement addresses general issues of experimental research (ethics, species, sex, age, ex vivo and in vitro models, gene editing). The statement also includes research recommendations on modelling asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary fibrosis, lung infections, acute lung injury and pulmonary hypertension.The task force stressed the importance of using multiple models to strengthen validity of results, the need to increase the availability of human tissues and the importance of standard operating procedures and data quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bonniaud
- Service de Pneumologie et Soins Intensifs Respiratoires, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.,Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.,INSERM U866, Dijon, France
| | - Aurélie Fabre
- Dept of Histopathology, St Vincent's University Hospital, UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,CNRS UMR 7200, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France.,Labex MEDALIS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christophe Guignabert
- INSERM UMR_S 999, Le Plessis-Robinson, France.,Université Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Mark Inman
- Dept of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St Joseph's Health Care MDCL 4011, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tania Maes
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wei Shi
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, The Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Dept of Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Martin Stampfli
- Dept of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St Joseph's Health Care MDCL 4011, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Dept of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University
| | - Stefan Uhlig
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eric White
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Martin Witzenrath
- Dept of Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine And Division of Pulmonary Inflammation, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Département de Médecine nucléaire, Plateforme d'imagerie préclinique, Centre George-François Leclerc (CGFL), Dijon, France
| | - Bruno Crestani
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat, DHU FIRE, Service de Pneumologie A, Paris, France.,INSERM UMR 1152, Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Dept of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Heinz Fehrenbach
- Priority Area Asthma & Allergy, Research Center Borstel, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany.,Member of the Leibniz Research Alliance Health Technologies
| | - Andreas Guenther
- Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Universitary Hospital Giessen, Agaplesion Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, German Center for Lung Research, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gisli Jenkins
- Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Respiratory Research Unit, City Campus, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Guy Joos
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Antoine Magnan
- Institut du thorax, CHU de Nantes, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Bernard Maitre
- Hôpital H Mondor, AP-HP, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Créteil, Service de Pneumologie et de Pathologie Professionnelle, DHU A-TVB, Université Paris Est - Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Ulrich A Maus
- Hannover School of Medicine, Division of Experimental Pneumology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis at the 'Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut' (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | - Juanita H J Vernooy
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+), AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Richeldi
- UOC Pneumologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli", Rome, Italy
| | - Martin Kolb
- Dept of Medicine, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health at St Joseph's Health Care MDCL 4011, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Hahn H, Specchi S, Masseau I, Reinero C, Benchekroun G, Rechy J, Seiler G, Pey P. The computed tomographic “tree-in-bud” pattern: Characterization and comparison with radiographic and clinical findings in 36 cats. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2017; 59:32-42. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Hahn
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Swan Specchi
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Veterinary Institute of Novara; Strada Provinciale 9, 28060, Granozzo con Monticello (NO) Italy
| | - Isabelle Masseau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire; Université de Montréal; Saint-Hyacinthe QC Canada
| | - Carol Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery and Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Missouri; Columbia MO
| | - Ghita Benchekroun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
| | - Jaime Rechy
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - Gabriela Seiler
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC
| | - Pascaline Pey
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Université Paris-Est; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort; Maisons-Alfort France
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Feline asthma or feline heartworm disease: Does the diagnosis matter? Vet J 2017; 223:71-72. [PMID: 28671076 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Equine Welfare during Exercise: An Evaluation of Breathing, Breathlessness and Bridles. Animals (Basel) 2017; 7:ani7060041. [PMID: 28587125 PMCID: PMC5483604 DOI: 10.3390/ani7060041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Horses have superior athletic capabilities due largely to their exceptional cardiorespiratory responses during exercise. This has particular relevance to horses’ potential to experience breathlessness, especially when their athletic performance is reduced by impaired respiratory function. Breathlessness, incorporating three types of unpleasant experiences, has been noted as of significant animal welfare concern in other mammals. However, the potential for breathlessness to occur in horses as usually ridden wearing bitted bridles has not yet been evaluated in detail. Accordingly, key physiological responses to exercise and the consequences of impaired respiratory function are outlined. Then the physiological control of breathing and the generation of the aversive experiences of breathlessness are explained. Finally, the potential for horses with unimpaired and impaired respiratory function to experience the different types of breathlessness is evaluated. This information provides a basis for considering the circumstances in which breathlessness may have significant negative welfare impacts on horses as currently ridden wearing bitted bridles. Potential beneficial impacts on respiratory function of using bitless bridles are then discussed with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms and their relevance to breathlessness. It is noted that direct comparisons of cardiorespiratory responses to exercise in horses wearing bitless and bitted bridles are not available and it is recommended that such studies be undertaken. Abstract Horses engaged in strenuous exercise display physiological responses that approach the upper functional limits of key organ systems, in particular their cardiorespiratory systems. Maximum athletic performance is therefore vulnerable to factors that diminish these functional capacities, and such impairment might also lead to horses experiencing unpleasant respiratory sensations, i.e., breathlessness. The aim of this review is to use existing literature on equine cardiorespiratory physiology and athletic performance to evaluate the potential for various types of breathlessness to occur in exercising horses. In addition, we investigate the influence of management factors such as rein and bit use and of respiratory pathology on the likelihood and intensity of equine breathlessness occurring during exercise. In ridden horses, rein use that reduces the jowl angle, sometimes markedly, and conditions that partially obstruct the nasopharynx and/or larynx, impair airflow in the upper respiratory tract and lead to increased flow resistance. The associated upper airway pressure changes, transmitted to the lower airways, may have pathophysiological sequelae in the alveolae, which, in their turn, may increase airflow resistance in the lower airways and impede respiratory gas exchange. Other sequelae include decreases in respiratory minute volume and worsening of the hypoxaemia, hypercapnia and acidaemia commonly observed in healthy horses during strenuous exercise. These and other factors are implicated in the potential for ridden horses to experience three forms of breathlessness—”unpleasant respiratory effort”, “air hunger” and “chest tightness”—which arise when there is a mismatch between a heightened ventilatory drive and the adequacy of the respiratory response. It is not known to what extent, if at all, such mismatches would occur in strenuously exercising horses unhampered by low jowl angles or by pathophysiological changes at any level of the respiratory tract. However, different combinations of the three types of breathlessness seem much more likely to occur when pathophysiological conditions significantly reduce maximal athletic performance. Finally, most horses exhibit clear behavioural evidence of aversion to a bit in their mouths, varying from the bit being a mild irritant to very painful. This in itself is a significant animal welfare issue that should be addressed. A further major point is the potential for bits to disrupt the maintenance of negative pressure in the oropharynx, which apparently acts to prevent the soft palate from rising and obstructing the nasopharynx. The untoward respiratory outcomes and poor athletic performance due to this and other obstructions are well established, and suggest the potential for affected animals to experience significant intensities of breathlessness. Bitless bridle use may reduce or eliminate such effects. However, direct comparisons of the cardiorespiratory dynamics and the extent of any respiratory pathophysiology in horses wearing bitted and bitless bridles have not been conducted. Such studies would be helpful in confirming, or otherwise, the claimed potential benefits of bitless bridle use.
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Arcaro I, Fischer BL, Lascola KM, Clark-Price SC. Effects of intravenous terbutaline on heart rate, arterial pressure and blood gases in anesthetized horses breathing air. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:70-76. [PMID: 27125331 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of intravenous (IV) administration of terbutaline on PaO2, PaCO2, pH, heart rate (HR) and arterial pressures in healthy, laterally recumbent horses breathing ambient air under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS Eight healthy adult horses were enrolled. Six horses, four mares and two geldings weighing 433-624 kg, completed the study. METHODS Horses were sedated with xylazine (1.0 mg kg-1) IV for placement of arterial and venous catheters. Anesthesia was induced with midazolam (0.1 mg kg-1) and ketamine (2.2 mg kg-1) IV and maintained with an IV infusion of guaifenesin (50 mg mL-1), ketamine (2 mg mL-1) and xylazine (0.5 mg mL-1) at 1.9 ± 0.3 mL kg-1 hour-1. Horses were in left lateral recumbency and breathed air spontaneously. Arterial blood was collected for pH and blood gas analysis during xylazine sedation, 15 minutes after induction of anesthesia, immediately before and 5, 15 and 30 minutes after administration of terbutaline (2 μg kg-1), and when the horse was standing after recovery from anesthesia. HR, systolic (SAP), mean (MAP) and diastolic (DAP) arterial pressures were recorded at 5 minute intervals during anesthesia. Normal data were analyzed with anova and non-normal data were analyzed with a Friedman test with a p < 0.05 considered significant. RESULTS The mean PaO2 decreased from baseline to <60 mmHg (8.0 kPa) during anesthesia (p < 0.0001) and did not improve after administration of terbutaline. After terbutaline administration, HR increased (p = 0.002), and SAP, MAP and DAP decreased (p < 0.001) with the greatest changes occurring immediately after terbutaline administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Terbutaline (2 μg kg-1) IV did not improve PaO2 and was associated with adverse cardiovascular effects during TIVA in healthy, laterally recumbent horses breathing air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isla Arcaro
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Berit L Fischer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Kara M Lascola
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stuart C Clark-Price
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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Lin CH, Lo PY, Tsai HJ, Wang LC, Liaw BS, Hsieh OF, Chang YS, Tsai YC, Yu SC, Chueh LL. Dirofilaria immitis exposure status in client-owned cats with or without lower airway/lung-associated signs: case-control study in a canine heartworm-endemic area. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:153-157. [PMID: 26620647 PMCID: PMC10816568 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15618704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Heartworm-associated respiratory disease (HARD) is a recently recognised pathological manifestation in cats caused by Dirofilaria immitis exposure. This study aimed to estimate the percentage of cats at risk of developing HARD in a heartworm-endemic area (Taipei, Taiwan), and to test the correlation of heartworm exposure and the presence of lower airway/lung clinical signs (LA/L signs). Methods This was a prospective case-control study. The study design called for the enrolment of at least 80 cats with LA/L signs and at least 80 cats without such clinical signs in a 1 year period. The D immitis antibody seroprevalence of the two cohorts was compared. Results From February 2014 to January 2015, 187 client-owned cats were prospectively enrolled: 83 clinical cases with LA/L signs and 104 cats without such signs. Antibody seropositivity was approximately twice as frequent in cats with LA/L signs (13.3%) than in cats without signs (7.8%) (odds ratio [OR] 1.814); nevertheless, no statistically significant difference between the two cohorts ( P = 0.22) was found. We used 41 frozen samples from free-roaming cats to examine the possibility of different exposure rates to mosquito bites between client-owned cats and stray cats, finding the seroprevalence to be 7.5% in free-roaming cats - a result not statistically different to that in client-owned cats ( P = 0.60). Outdoor access was a significant risk factor for heartworm exposure in client-owned cats (OR 3.748; P = 0.03); however, living entirely indoors did not provide complete protection from exposure/infection. Conclusions and relevance Our results did not show statistically significant differences in antibody seroprevalence between cats with and without LA/L signs. LA/L signs were not always present under conditions of natural exposure. However, exposure to D immitis is not rare among client-owned cats, suggesting that heartworm prophylactics should be a part of routine care in all cats living in areas endemic for canine heartworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ying Lo
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ju Tsai
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chiann Wang
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Olivia F Hsieh
- Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | - Ling-Ling Chueh
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Byrne P, Berman JS, Allan GS, Chau J, Barrs VR. CT findings in two cats with broncholithiasis. JFMS Open Rep 2016; 2:2055116916676176. [PMID: 28491443 PMCID: PMC5362856 DOI: 10.1177/2055116916676176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Case series summary Chronic inflammatory airway disease with secondary broncholithiasis was diagnosed in two cats from CT and bronchoalveolar lavage cytological findings. In one cat with progressively worsening lower respiratory tract signs, more than 80 discrete, highly attenuating endobronchial opacities were detected on thoracic CT. The broncholiths were distributed throughout the right middle, and left and right caudal lung lobes, and the caudal part of the left cranial and accessory lobes. In the other cat broncholithiasis was an incidental finding on thoracic radiographs taken during diagnostic investigation of inappetence. On thoracic CT, 25 calcified endobronchial opacities were detected in the left caudal lung lobe in secondary and tertiary bronchi. CT features of chronic inflammatory airway disease were present in both cases, including bronchiectasis, atelectasis, flattening of the diaphragm and bronchial wall thickening. Relevance and novel information This is the first report to document CT features of broncholithiasis in cats. Feline broncholithiasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any case where calcified endobronchial material is evident on thoracic radiographs or CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Byrne
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S Berman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jennifer Chau
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vanessa R Barrs
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Gentry CM, Messinger L. Comparison of intradermal and percutaneous testing to histamine, saline and nine allergens in healthy adult cats. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:370-e92. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Gentry
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado 3550 South Jason Street Englewood CO 80110 USA
| | - Linda Messinger
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado 3550 South Jason Street Englewood CO 80110 USA
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Hoffman AM, Dow SW. Concise Review: Stem Cell Trials Using Companion Animal Disease Models. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1709-29. [PMID: 27066769 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Studies to evaluate the therapeutic potential of stem cells in humans would benefit from more realistic animal models. In veterinary medicine, companion animals naturally develop many diseases that resemble human conditions, therefore, representing a novel source of preclinical models. To understand how companion animal disease models are being studied for this purpose, we reviewed the literature between 2008 and 2015 for reports on stem cell therapies in dogs and cats, excluding laboratory animals, induced disease models, cancer, and case reports. Disease models included osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, dilated cardiomyopathy, inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's fistulas, meningoencephalomyelitis (multiple sclerosis-like), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (Sjogren's syndrome-like), atopic dermatitis, and chronic (end-stage) kidney disease. Stem cells evaluated in these studies included mesenchymal stem-stromal cells (MSC, 17/19 trials), olfactory ensheathing cells (OEC, 1 trial), or neural lineage cells derived from bone marrow MSC (1 trial), and 16/19 studies were performed in dogs. The MSC studies (13/17) used adipose tissue-derived MSC from either allogeneic (8/13) or autologous (5/13) sources. The majority of studies were open label, uncontrolled studies. Endpoints and protocols were feasible, and the stem cell therapies were reportedly safe and elicited beneficial patient responses in all but two of the trials. In conclusion, companion animals with naturally occurring diseases analogous to human conditions can be recruited into clinical trials and provide realistic insight into feasibility, safety, and biologic activity of novel stem cell therapies. However, improvements in the rigor of manufacturing, study design, and regulatory compliance will be needed to better utilize these models. Stem Cells 2016;34:1709-1729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hoffman
- Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven W Dow
- Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Williams K, Roman J. Studying human respiratory disease in animals--role of induced and naturally occurring models. J Pathol 2016; 238:220-32. [PMID: 26467890 DOI: 10.1002/path.4658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory disorders like asthma, emphysema, and pulmonary fibrosis affect millions of Americans and many more worldwide. Despite advancements in medical research that have led to improved understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions and sometimes to new therapeutic interventions, these disorders are for the most part chronic and progressive; current interventions are not curative and do not halt disease progression. A major obstacle to further advancements relates to the absence of animal models that exactly resemble the human condition, which delays the elucidation of relevant mechanisms of action, the unveiling of biomarkers of disease progression, and identification of new targets for intervention in patients. There are currently many induced animal models of human respiratory disease available for study, and even though they mimic features of human disease, discoveries in these models have not always translated into safe and effective treatments in humans. A major obstacle relates to the genetic, anatomical, and functional variations amongst species, which represents the major challenge to overcome when searching for appropriate models of respiratory disease. Nevertheless, rodents, in particular mice, have become the most common species used for experimentation, due to their relatively low cost, size, and adequate understanding of murine genetics, among other advantages. Less well known is the fact that domestic animals also suffer from respiratory illnesses similar to those found in humans. Asthma, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis are among the many disorders occurring naturally in dogs, cats, and horses, among other species. These models might better resemble the human condition and are emphasized here, but further investigations are needed to determine their relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Williams
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Jesse Roman
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology & Toxicology, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences Center and Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Grobman M, Graham A, Outi H, Dodam JR, Reinero CR. Chronic neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism fails to ameliorate clinical signs, airway hyper-responsiveness or airway eosinophilia in an experimental model of feline asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:273-9. [PMID: 25964466 PMCID: PMC11112248 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15581406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline allergic asthma is a common chronic lower airway disease characterized by clinical signs attributed to eosinophilic inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and airway remodeling. Tachykinins released from sensory nerves and immune cells bind neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors in the lung. The resultant neurogenic airway inflammation has been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. In mouse models and spontaneous human asthma, NK receptor antagonists reduce bronchospasm and inflammation. We hypothesized that chronic administration of maropitant, an NK-1 receptor antagonist, would decrease clinical signs of asthma, AHR and eosinophilic inflammation in experimentally asthmatic cats. METHODS Cats (n = 6) induced to have asthma using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) were enrolled in a randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled crossover design study. Cats received either oral maropitant (2 mg/kg) or placebo q48h for 4 weeks; following a 2 week washout, cats were crossed-over to the alternate treatment. Study endpoints included subjective clinical scoring systems after BGA challenge, ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics to assess AHR after bronchoprovocation with methacholine, and collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to quantify airway eosinophilia. Statistical analysis was performed using a Mann-Whitney rank sum test with P <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS Administration of maropitant for 1 month in experimentally asthmatic cats produced no significant difference in clinical scoring scheme (P = 0.589 and P = 1.0), AHR (P = 0.818) or airway eosinophilia (P = 0.669) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Chronic administration of maropitant was ineffective at blunting clinical signs, AHR and airway eosinophilia in experimental feline asthma and thus cannot be recommended as a novel treatment for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Grobman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Amber Graham
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hilton Outi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Grobman M, Krumme S, Outi H, Dodam JR, Reinero CR. Acute neurokinin-1 receptor antagonism fails to dampen airflow limitation or airway eosinophilia in an experimental model of feline asthma. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:176-81. [PMID: 25964467 PMCID: PMC11149008 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15581405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Feline allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the lower airways that may manifest with acute, life-threatening clinical signs. Tachykinins released from sensory nerves and immune cells binding neurokinin (NK)-1, NK-2 and NK-3 receptors have been implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Maropitant, an NK-1 receptor antagonist, blocks neuroimmune pathways and may be a viable treatment option for cats in asthmatic crisis. Using an experimental chronic allergic feline asthma model, we hypothesized that a single dose of maropitant given immediately after allergen challenge would blunt clinical signs, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway eosinophilia. METHODS Cats (n = 7) induced to have an asthmatic phenotype using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA) were enrolled in a prospective, placebo-controlled crossover design study. Cats randomly received maropitant (2 mg/kg SC) or placebo (saline SC) immediately post-BGA challenge, followed 12 h later by pulmonary mechanics testing and measurement of airway eosinophils. After a 2 week washout, cats were crossed-over to the alternate treatment. Study endpoints included subjective clinical scoring systems post-BGA challenge, ventilator-acquired pulmonary mechanics to assess AHR after bronchoprovocation with methacholine and collection of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid to quantify airway eosinophilia. Data were analyzed using a Mann-Whitney rank sum test with P <0.05 considered significant. RESULTS A single injection of maropitant failed to diminish clinical composite score (P = 0.902), visual analogue scale scoring (P = 0.710), AHR (P = 0.456) or airway eosinophilia (P = 0.165) compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A single injection of maropitant given immediately post-allergen challenge was ineffective at blunting clinical signs, AHR and airway eosinophilia, and cannot be recommended as treatment for feline status asthmaticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Grobman
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Stacy Krumme
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Hilton Outi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Carol R Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Nafe LA, Leach SB. Treatment of feline asthma with ciclosporin in a cat with diabetes mellitus and congestive heart failure. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:1073-6. [PMID: 25527351 PMCID: PMC10816346 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14563342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A 5-year-old domestic shorthair cat that had been previously diagnosed with diabetes mellitus was presented for episodes of coughing and respiratory distress. Diagnostic testing revealed congestive heart failure secondary to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and concurrent asthma. All clinical signs and eosinophilic airway inflammation resolved with oral ciclosporin while the cat was concurrently receiving medications for treatment of heart failure (furosemide and enalapril). Ciclosporin should be considered for treatment of feline asthma in patients with concurrent diseases (eg, diabetes mellitus, severe heart disease) that may contraindicate use of oral glucocorticoid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Nafe
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Stacey B Leach
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Trzil JE, Masseau I, Webb TL, Chang CH, Dodam JR, Cohn LA, Liu H, Quimby JM, Dow SW, Reinero CR. Long-term evaluation of mesenchymal stem cell therapy in a feline model of chronic allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:1546-57. [PMID: 25220646 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) decrease airway eosinophilia, airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), and remodelling in murine models of acutely induced asthma. We hypothesized that MSCs would diminish these hallmark features in a chronic feline asthma model. OBJECTIVE To document effects of allogeneic, adipose-derived MSCs on airway inflammation, AHR, and remodelling over time and investigate mechanisms by which MSCs alter local and systemic immunologic responses in chronic experimental feline allergic asthma. METHODS Cats with chronic, experimentally induced asthma received six intravenous infusions of MSCs (0.36-2.5 × 10E7 MSCs/infusion) or placebo bimonthly at the time of study enrollment. Cats were evaluated at baseline and longitudinally for 1 year. Outcome measures included: bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytology to assess airway eosinophilia, pulmonary mechanics and clinical scoring to assess AHR, and thoracic computed tomographic (CT) scans to assess structural changes (airway remodelling). CT scans were evaluated using a scoring system for lung attenuation (LA) and bronchial wall thickening (BWT). To assess mechanisms of MSC action, immunologic assays including allergen-specific IgE, cellular IL-10 production, and allergen-specific lymphocyte proliferation were performed. RESULTS There were no differences between treatment groups or over time with respect to airway eosinophilia or AHR. However, significantly lower LA and BWT scores were noted in CT images of MSC-treated animals compared to placebo-treated cats at month 8 of the study (LA P = 0.0311; BWT P = 0.0489). No differences were noted between groups in the immunologic assays. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE When administered after development of chronic allergic feline asthma, MSCs failed to reduce airway inflammation and AHR. However, repeated administration of MSCs at the start of study did reduce computed tomographic measures of airway remodelling by month 8, although the effect was not sustained at month 12. Further study of MSC therapy including repeated MSC administration is warranted to assess impact on remodelling in chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Trzil
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Masseau I, Banuelos A, Dodam J, Cohn LA, Reinero C. COMPARISON OF LUNG ATTENUATION AND HETEROGENEITY BETWEEN CATS WITH EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ALLERGIC ASTHMA, NATURALLY OCCURRING ASTHMA AND NORMAL CATS. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 56:595-601. [PMID: 26095161 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Airway remodeling is a prominent feature of feline allergic asthma but requires biopsy for characterization. Computed tomography (CT) has appeal as a minimally invasive diagnostic test. The purpose of this prospective case-control study was to compare indices of airway remodeling between cats with experimentally induced, spontaneous asthma and healthy unaffected cats using CT. We hypothesized that experimental and spontaneous feline asthma would have similar CT airway remodeling characteristics and that these would be significantly different in healthy cats. Experimentally induced asthmatic research cats (n = 5), spontaneously asthmatic pet cats (n = 6), and healthy research cats (n = 5) were scanned unrestrained using a 64-detector row CT scanner. Inspiratory breath-hold CT scans were also performed in experimentally induced asthmatic and healthy cats. Mean ± extent variation of lung attenuation for each cat was determined using an airway inspector software program and CT images were scored for lung heterogeneity by a board-certified veterinary radiologist who was unaware of cat group status. Groups were compared using one-way ANOVA (unrestrained scans) and the Student's t-test (anesthetized scans) with significance defined as P < 0.10. Experimentally asthmatic and spontaneously asthmatic cats had significantly (P = 0.028 and P = 0.073, respectively) increased lung attenuation compared to healthy cats. Heterogeneity scores were higher in experimentally induced asthmatic cat than in healthy cats. Objective quantification of lung heterogeneity and lung volume did not differ among the three groups (P = 0.311, P = 0.181, respectively). Findings supported our hypothesis. Inspiratory breath-hold anesthetized CT scans facilitated discrimination between asthmatic and healthy cats in comparison to unrestrained CT scans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Masseau
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Alina Banuelos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - John Dodam
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Leah A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - Carol Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
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Schulz BS, Richter P, Weber K, Mueller RS, Wess G, Zenker I, Hartmann K. Detection of feline Mycoplasma species in cats with feline asthma and chronic bronchitis. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:943-9. [PMID: 24574148 PMCID: PMC11104086 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14524969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the aetiology of inflammatory lower airway disease in cats. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of Mycoplasma species in cats with feline asthma (FA) and chronic bronchitis (CB). The study population consisted of 17 cats with FA/CB, and 14 sick cats without clinical and historical signs of respiratory disease, which were euthanased for various other reasons. Nasal swabs, nasal lavage and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were taken from patients from both groups. Mycoplasma species culture with modified Hayflick agar and Mycoplasma polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on all samples followed by sequencing of all Mycoplasma species-positive samples for differentiation of subspecies. PCR testing detected significantly more Mycoplasma species-positive BALF samples than Mycoplasma culture (P = 0.021). When cats with oropharyngeal contamination were excluded from comparison, the numbers of Mycoplasma species-positive BALF samples in the group with FA/CB (6/17) and the control group (4/9) were not significantly different (P = 0.6924). While all nasal samples of the cats with FA/CB were negative for Mycoplasma organisms, five samples in the control group (P = 0.041) were positive on PCR. Sequencing revealed Mycoplasma felis in all PCR-positive samples. Mycoplasma species can be detected in the lower airways of cats with FA/CB, as well as in the BALF of sick cats without respiratory signs. Further studies are warranted to investigate the possibility that Mycoplasma species represent commensals of the lower respiratory tract of cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianka S Schulz
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Richter
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Weber
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf S Mueller
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerhard Wess
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Isabella Zenker
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Lin CH, Wu HD, Lee JJ, Liu CH. Functional phenotype and its correlation with therapeutic response and inflammatory type of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in feline lower airway disease. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 29:88-96. [PMID: 25417806 PMCID: PMC4858113 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, functional assessment to monitor therapeutic response in feline lower airway disease (FLAD) has limited application. Objectives To evaluate if expiratory indices derived from pseudo‐tidal breathing flow‐volume loop (pTBFVL) representing lower airway obstruction would decrease after clinical improvement and to investigate the correlation between functional phenotype and inflammatory cell type in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Animals Nineteen client‐owned cats with FLAD. Methods Prospective observational study. Functional assessment with pTBFVL indices (eg, peak to mid‐expiratory flow; PEF/EF50) and conventional barometric whole body plethysmography (BWBP) parameters (eg, enhanced pause) was carried out before receiving treatment. BAL was performed to analyze inflammatory cell types. Signs were assessed by scoring. The cats were treated with glucocorticoids daily and functional testing was repeated. Results Loop indices PEF/EF50 and PEF/EF25 were significantly decreased after treatment (P < .001). Conventional BWBP parameters were not significantly different before and after treatment. Cats with PEF/EF50 > 1.51 before treatment had a significantly higher granulocyte (eosinophil plus neutrophil) percentage in BAL fluid (P = .014). Granulocyte percentage in BAL fluid was strongly correlated with PEF/EF25 (P = .001, rs = 0.74) and moderately correlated with PEF/EF50 (P = .022, rs = 0.57), whereas eosinophil or neutrophil percentage alone had no significant correlation with functional parameters. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Functional parameters including PEF/EF50 and PEF/EF25 can be used for monitoring therapeutic response. The presence of airflow limitation during mid‐ to late expiration is affected by the overall extent of granulocyte infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dillon AR, Tillson DM, Wooldridge A, Cattley R, Brawner B, Cole R, Welles B, Christopherson PW, Lee-Fowler T, Borderlon S, Barney S, Wells SZ, Diffie EB, Schachner ER. Effects of intravenous and subcutaneous heartworm homogenate from doxycycline-treated and untreated donor dogs on bronchial reactivity and lung in cats. Vet Parasitol 2014; 206:14-23. [PMID: 25458120 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A controlled, blind research study was conducted to define the innate response of lungs in specific pathogen free (SPF) cats to intravenous (n=10) or subcutaneous (n=4) administration of homogenate of adult Dirofilaria immitis from donor dogs compared with lung response in control cats (n=6). There was no difference in cats that received heartworm homogenate IV for 18 days from donor dogs treated with doxycycline for 1 month compared with cats given heartworm homogenate from untreated donor dogs. Cats did not develop clinical signs, and no radiographic changes were noted. Cats given SC heartworm homogenate at lower concentration than IV groups did not develop histologic changes. Cats that received IV heartworm homogenate for 18 days developed mild interstitial and peribronchial myofibrocyte proliferation and smooth muscle proliferation of the pulmonary arteries. Bronchial ring contractility in vitro was blunted in the IV homogenate cats to the agonists acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Cats in the SC group had increased sensitivity to histamine at high concentrations but normal contractility and relaxation responses to other agonists. No increase in mast cells was noted in lung tissues of cats given homogenate. In the absence of bronchial wall remodeling, cats given IV homogenate had blunted responses to bronchial constriction, but normal relaxation to nitroprusside and substance P and increased sensitivity to histamine. In the absence adult heartworms, the homogenate of adult heartworms in the circulation of SPF cats induced a direct effect on lung parenchyma and altered bronchial ring reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ray Dillon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA.
| | - D M Tillson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - A Wooldridge
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - R Cattley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - B Brawner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - R Cole
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - B Welles
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - P W Christopherson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - T Lee-Fowler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - S Borderlon
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - S Barney
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - S Z Wells
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - E B Diffie
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36830, USA
| | - E R Schachner
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Ivester KM, Couëtil LL, Zimmerman NJ. Investigating the link between particulate exposure and airway inflammation in the horse. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28:1653-65. [PMID: 25273818 PMCID: PMC4895611 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalant exposure to airborne irritants commonly encountered in horse stables is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory airway disease (IAD) and recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), non‐infectious, inflammatory pulmonary disorders that impact the health and performance of horses across all equine disciplines. IAD and RAO have overlapping clinical, cytological, and functional manifestations of the pulmonary response to organic dust and noxious gases encountered in the barn environment. Study of these diseases has provided important but incomplete understanding of the effect of air quality upon the respiratory health of horses. In this review, the principles of particulate exposure assessment, including health‐related aerosol size fractions and size‐selective sampling, the factors influencing air quality in equine environments, and the effect of air quality on the equine respiratory tract are discussed. The objective of this review is to provide the reader with a summary of the most common chronic inflammatory airway diseases in the horse and the principles of air sampling that are essential to the planning, interpretation, and assessment of equine respiratory health‐related exposure studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Ivester
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, IN
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Lin CH, Lee JJ, Liu CH. Functional assessment of expiratory flow pattern in feline lower airway disease. J Feline Med Surg 2014; 16:616-22. [PMID: 24327372 PMCID: PMC11164168 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13515461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Feline lower airway disease (FLAD) is a chronic respiratory disease of which there is a lack of information on functional assessment in current veterinary medicine. The purposes of this study were to investigate expiratory pattern and evaluate the diagnostic utility of functional parameters in cats with FLAD. Thirty-three client-owned cats (23 FLAD cats and 10 control cats) were studied. Under quiet tidal breathing, pseudo-tidal breathing flow-volume loop (pTBFVL) was obtained from a barometric whole body plethysmography (BWBP) device. There were significant differences in the shapes of expiratory, but not inspiratory, curves between FLAD and control cats. The incidence of the presence of concave expiratory curve indicating lower airway obstruction was 74% in FLAD cats. To assess the diagnostic utility of pTBFVL indices in cats with FLAD, area under the receiver-operator curve was 0.86 for PEF/EF50 (peak expiratory flow divided by expiratory flow at end expiratory volume plus 50% tidal volume); a cuff-off value of PEF/EF50 >1.51 distinguished normal from FLAD (73.9% sensitivity, 100% specificity). There were no significant differences in traditionally measured BWBP parameters (ie, enhanced pause) between cats with and without FLAD in the present study. In conclusion, underlying change on expiratory flow pattern during natural tidal breathing existed in FLAD cats, and selected pTBFVL indices were useful in discriminating FLAD from normal cats. Tidal breathing pattern depicted by pseudoflow-pseudovolume loops from a BWBP system could be a non-invasive tool for functional assessment in client-owned cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Hui Lin
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Jih-Jong Lee
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Section of Small Animal Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Hsuan Liu
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Graduate Institute of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan Section of Diagnostic Pathology, National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taiwan
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Shibly S, Klang A, Galler A, Schwendenwein I, Christian M, Guija A, Tichy A, Hirt RA. Architecture and inflammatory cell composition of the feline lung with special consideration of eosinophil counts. J Comp Pathol 2013; 150:408-15. [PMID: 24529513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
An increase in the number of eosinophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) is a hallmark of feline asthma; however, a wide range in the percentage of eosinophils in BALF has been documented in healthy cats. In this study, BALF and lung tissue were collected from 15 cats without respiratory disease, BALF was taken from 15 cats with asthma and lung tissue was collected from six different asthmatic cats. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC) and inflammatory cell percentages were measured in BALF and lung tissue was evaluated microscopically. Asthmatic cats had a significantly higher eosinophil count in lung tissue, but BALF TNCC did not differ significantly between groups. Cats without respiratory signs had significantly more numerous macrophages and lymphocytes in BALF than asthmatics, but significantly lower percentages of eosinophils (4.2 ± 7.8% versus 49.4 ± 20.6%, P <0.001). In healthy feline airways a BALF eosinophil percentage of <5% can be expected. Dominant microscopical findings in feline asthma include high eosinophil counts, airway remodelling and inflammation. There is good correlation between the findings in BALF and tissue in feline asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Shibly
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - A Klang
- Department for Pathobiology, Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Galler
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - I Schwendenwein
- Department for Pathobiology, Central Diagnostic Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Christian
- Department for Pathobiology, Central Diagnostic Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Guija
- Department for Pathobiology, Central Diagnostic Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Tichy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Platform of Biostatistics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - R A Hirt
- Department for Small Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of feline asthma. The authors discuss the potential pitfalls in the diagnosis of feline asthma. In addition, current literature investigating new therapies for the treatment of feline asthma is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Trzil
- Comparative Internal Medicine Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, 900 East Campus Drive, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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48
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Galler A, Shibly S, Bilek A, Hirt RA. Inhaled budesonide therapy in cats with naturally occurring chronic bronchial disease (feline asthma and chronic bronchitis). J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:531-6. [PMID: 24000786 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To describe the long term use of inhaled budesonide in cats with naturally occurring asthma and chronic bronchitis and to measure its effects. METHODS Owners of 43 cats diagnosed with asthma or chronic bronchitis, which had been prescribed 400 µg of inhaled budesonide twice daily, were contacted and information was retrieved by a questionnaire. Nineteen cats still receiving inhaled budesonide after more than 2 months were re-evaluated clinically and underwent barometric whole body plethysmography and adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulation testing. RESULTS In 20 of the cats, therapy had been withdrawn by the owners. Cats (n=23) still receiving inhaled budesonide improved clinically and 19 cats that were reevaluated had significantly lower basal PENH (P=0·048) and higher PCPenh300 (P=0·049) values than before treatment. Corticosteroid-induced side effects were not observed in any cats but hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression was detected in 3 of 15 cases. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Treatment with inhaled budesonide was well tolerated, resulting in improvement of clinical signs and barometric whole body plethysmography parameters. Although inhaled budesonide therapy was found to cause suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in some cats, no cats showed clinical signs attributable to corticosteroid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galler
- Department for Companion Animals and Horses, Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
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Rossi MA, Messinger L, Olivry T, Hoontrakoon R. A pilot study of the validation of percutaneous testing in cats. Vet Dermatol 2013; 24:488-e115. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Messinger
- Veterinary Referral Center of Colorado (Dermatology/Allergy); 3550 South Jason Street; Englewood; CO; 80110; USA
| | - Thierry Olivry
- Department of Clinical Sciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; North Carolina State University; 1060 William Moore Drive; Raleigh; NC; 27607; USA
| | - Raweewan Hoontrakoon
- Premier Allergy and Asthma; 18525 East Smoky Hill Road Suite C; Aurora; CO; 80015; USA
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Allerton FJW, Leemans J, Tual C, Bernaerts F, Kirschvink N, Clercx C. Correlation of bronchoalveolar eosinophilic percentage with airway responsiveness in cats with chronic bronchial disease. J Small Anim Pract 2013; 54:258-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. W. Allerton
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - J. Leemans
- Section of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Department for Functional Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - C. Tual
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - F. Bernaerts
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
| | - N. Kirschvink
- Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Sciences; University of Namur; Namur Belgium
| | - C. Clercx
- Department for Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Liege; Liege Belgium
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