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Varrà MO, Lorenzi V, Zanardi E, Menotta S, Fedrizzi G, Angelone B, Gasparini M, Fusi F, Foschini S, Padovani A, Ghidini S. Safety Evaluation and Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Cow Milk Produced in Northern Italy According to Dioxins and PCBs Contamination Levels. Foods 2023; 12:foods12091869. [PMID: 37174407 PMCID: PMC10178383 DOI: 10.3390/foods12091869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Contamination levels of dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were monitored over 2018-2021 in 214 bovine milk samples from farms located in two regions in northern Italy (Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna). The average concentrations of the sum of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs (0.78 ± 0.55 pg TEQ/g fat) and six non-dioxin-like PCBs (6.55 ± 2.24 ng/g fat) were largely below the maximum, and action limits established at European level, confirming a decreasing trend observed both locally and across Europe in recent years. The impact of contamination levels on chronic dietary exposure of the Italian population to dioxins and PCBs was found to be highly variable based on the type of cow milk (skimmed, semi-skimmed, or whole-fat milk) and the population age group considered. Indeed, a first-tier screening of the potential exposure via determinist methods allowed for the identification of the youngest population as the group with the worst risk profile. The refinement of exposure assessment via Monte Carlo probabilistic methods suggested that, at the less pessimistic middle-bound simulation scenario, infants, toddlers, and children consuming whole cow milk may be exposed to dioxins and PCBs levels above the toxicological reference values with a probability of 76, 56, and 22%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Olga Varrà
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Zanardi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Simonetta Menotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Fedrizzi
- Chemical Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Angelone
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Mara Gasparini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Fusi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Foschini
- Unità Organizzativa Veterinaria, Direzione Generale Welfare Regione Lombardia, 20124 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Padovani
- Area Sanità Veterinaria e Igiene degli Alimenti, Settore Prevenzione Collettiva e Sanità Pubblica, Direzione Generale Cura della Persona, Salute e Welfare, Regione Emilia Romagna, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sergio Ghidini
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
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Sethi S, Chen X, Kass PH, Puschner B. Polychlorinated biphenyl and polybrominated diphenyl ether profiles in serum from cattle, sheep, and goats across California. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:63-73. [PMID: 28426942 PMCID: PMC5494844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been previously been shown by our lab and others that persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are contaminants in milk produced for human consumption. To further this research we determined the concentration of 21 PCB and 14 PBDE congeners in livestock serum, mainly bovine, across California. Congeners were extracted from serum using solid phase extraction (SPE), cleaned up by silica cartridge and quantified using gas chromatography-triple quadruple mass spectrometry. We detected significant differences among species and the production class of cattle (beef or dairy). The sum of all 21 PCB congeners (ΣPCBs) in caprine and ovine sera had a mean value of 9.26 and 9.13 ng/mL, respectively, compared to 3.98 ng/mL in bovine sera. The mean value for the sum of all 14 PBDE congeners (ΣPBDEs) in caprine and ovine sera was 2.82 and 2.39 ng/mL, respectively, compared to 0.91 ng/mL in bovine sera. Mean ΣPCBs in dairy cattle was 5.92 ng/mL compared to 2.70 ng/mL in beef cattle. Mean ΣPBDEs in dairy cattle was 1.33 ng/mL compared to 0.70 ng/mL in beef cattle. There were no regional differences in the ΣPCBs or ΣPBDEs in cattle distributed across California. These results highlight the fact that livestock are still being exposed to these pollutants yet little is known about where this exposure may be coming from.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sethi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - X Chen
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - P H Kass
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - B Puschner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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Rimayi C, Chimuka L, Odusanya D, de Boer J, Weiss JM. Source characterisation and distribution of selected PCBs, PAHs and alkyl PAHs in sediments from the Klip and Jukskei Rivers, South Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:327. [PMID: 28600683 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6043-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A study of the distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) utilising 16 priority PAHs, benzo(e)pyrene, perylene, 19 alkylated PAHs and 31 ortho substituted PCBs in South Africa is presented. It was aimed to (a) deduce characteristic contamination patterns for both PCBs and PAHs and (b) provide the first comprehensive dataset for establishment of source characterisation of PCBs and PAHs. This is in line with new South African legislation on mandatory monitoring of PCB and PAH emissions. Bar charts, principal component analysis (PCA) and biplots were utilised to identify signature contamination patterns and distribution of PCBs and PAHs within the Jukskei and Klip Rivers. Sediments from the Jukskei and Klip River catchments both showed distinct contamination signatures for hexa to nonachlorinated PCBs, characteristic of contamination by Aroclor 1254 and 1260 technical mixtures. PCB signature patterns in order of abundance were 138 > 180 > 206 > 153 > 187 > 149 and 138 > 153 > 180 > 149 > 187 > 110 > 170 for the Jukskei and Klip River sediments, respectively. The upstream Alberton point had the highest Σ31 PCB and Σ (parent+alkyl) PAH concentrations in the Klip River of 61 and 6000 μg kg-1 dry weight (dw), respectively. In the Jukskei River, the upstream Marlboro point had the highest Σ31 PCB concentration of 19 μg kg-1 dw and the N14 site recorded the highest Σ (parent+alkyl) PAH concentration of 2750 μg kg-1 dw. PAH concentrations in both the Jukskei and Klip Rivers were significantly higher than the PCB concentrations. Fluoranthene, phenanthrene and pyrene were found in the highest concentrations in both the Jukskei and Klip River sediments. Both the Jukskei and Klip River sediments showed trends of a mixed pyrogenic-petrogenic PAH source contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius Rimayi
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1087, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Luke Chimuka
- School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P. Bag 3, Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - David Odusanya
- Department of Water and Sanitation, Resource Quality Information Services (RQIS), Roodeplaat, P. Bag X313, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1087, 1081HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
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Rocha DAM, Torres JPM, Reichel K, Novotny EH, Estrella LF, Medeiros RO, Netto ADP. Determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in Brazilian cow milk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 572:177-184. [PMID: 27497035 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The determination of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in raw cow milks have never been reported in Brazil. Since the consumption of food of animal origin, including milk and dairy products, is the major source of human exposure to these compounds, this study aimed to establish the levels and profile of seven PCDDs and ten PCDFs in raw cow milk samples collected in eight Brazilian states which among the major milk producer states. Raw milk samples were collected in 34 different dairy cattle farms during the summer of 2013. All PCDD/Fs congeners were found at least in some of the 34 samples studied. The octa-chlorinated congeners (OCDD and OCDF) were ubiquitous and also present in high concentrations. The mean values of WHO-TEQ1998;2005 were respectively 1.66 and 1.36pgTEQg-1 fat and samples taken in São Paulo showed the highest WHO-TEQ values (2.46 TEQ1998g-1 fat and 2.10pgTEQ2005g-1 fat). Although all samples showed some contamination level, all values were below the limit established by European Union for total PCDD/Fs in cow milk (3pgWHO-TEQ1998g-1 fat). Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed that OCDD and OCDF were responsible for 73% and 20% of the total data variance, respectively and they presented an independent behavior, probably as a result of distinct origins. The use of TEQ as weights in the PCA, revealed the importance of the penta-chloro congeners and it was possible to identify sample distribution patterns probably associated with the main PeCDD and PeCDF. The importance of local sources to PCDD/Fs concentrations is still to be evaluated and determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayse A M Rocha
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil; Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Integrated Petroleum Expertise-IPEXCo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - João P M Torres
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Klaus Reichel
- Integrated Petroleum Expertise-IPEXCo, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo F Estrella
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rebeca O Medeiros
- Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Bertocchi L, Ghidini S, Fedrizzi G, Lorenzi V. Case-study and risk management of dioxins and PCBs bovine milk contaminations in a high industrialized area in Northern Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9775-85. [PMID: 25637240 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4146-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Milk supplied to a dairy plant in Brescia City (Northern Italy) was found to be contaminated by dioxin like PCBs at levels above the European (EU) action limit (2 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat). As a consequence, 14 dairy farms were sampled individually, in order to identify and possibly eliminate the source of contamination. All the farms were located in Brescia or just nearby, an area that is characterized by a strong industrialization. Four out of the 14 farms showed contamination levels above the legal maximum limit set by European Commission at 5.5 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat for the sum of dioxins and DL-PCBs. Concentrations of 8.16, 6.83, 5.71 and 5.65 pg WHO-TEQ/g fat were detected. In the three most polluted farms, cow ration was substituted with feed coming from uncontaminated areas and the time needed to reduce milk pollution was evaluated. In all the three farms, contamination levels dropped below the EU legal limit after only 1 month from the removal of the pollution source. In each sampled farm, DL-PCBs were the major contributors to the total WHO-TEQ level, with percentages up to 87% in the most contaminated one. PCB 126 WHO-TEQ value explained by itself large part of this contamination, and its decrease was fundamental for the reduction of milk contamination levels. This study provides an example of an on-field successful emergency intervention that succeeded in decontamination of dairy cows, allowing a fast restart of their production activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Bertocchi
- Primary Production Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "Bruno Ubertini", Via Bianchi, 9, 25124, Brescia, Italy
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Desiato R, Bertolini S, Baioni E, Crescio MI, Scortichini G, Ubaldi A, Sparagna B, Cuttica G, Ru G. Data on milk dioxin contamination linked with the location of fodder croplands allow to hypothesize the origin of the pollution source in an Italian valley. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 499:248-56. [PMID: 25194902 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) have similar toxic, endocrine-disrupting, and carcinogenic activity. They are classified as persistent organic pollutants accumulating in the environment and the tissues of living organisms. High concentrations of PCDD/F and dl-PCB have been detected in bovine milk collected in a Piedmont valley (Northwestern Italy) since 2004. This geographic study describes the local distribution of pollution from PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs. Since their presence in animal products could be traced back to the ingestion of contaminated fodder, dioxin levels in cow milk were related to the distribution of fodder cropland parcels. Specifically, the aim of the study was to determine, through an exploratory approach, whether the contamination was consistent with one common point source of contamination or different scattered sources. Data for PCDD/F and dl-PCB concentrations in the bulk milk from 27 herds, sampled over a 4-year period (2004-2007), were matched to the georeferenced land parcels the dairy farmers used for growing fodder. Isopleth maps of dioxin concentrations were estimated with ordinary kriging. The highest level of pollution for both PCDD/Fs and dl-PCBs was geographically juxtaposed: in both instances, the location of the local steel plant was within this extremely highly polluted area. The study results support the hypothesis for one common point source of contamination in the valley. The exploratory spatial analysis applied in this research may provide a valuable, novel approach to straightforward identification of a highly likely source of dioxin contamination of dairy products (even in the absence of top soil contamination data).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Desiato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy.
| | - Silvia Bertolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy
| | - Maria Ines Crescio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Ubaldi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Regioni Lazio e Toscana, Italy
| | - Bruno Sparagna
- ASL TO 3, Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Collegno e Pinerolo, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Ru
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Italy
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Leong YH, Chiang PN, Jaafar HJ, Gan CY, Majid MIA. Contamination of food samples from Malaysia with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and estimation of human intake. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:711-8. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.880519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kim DG, Kim M, Jang JH, Bong YH, Kim JH. Monitoring of environmental contaminants in raw bovine milk and estimates of dietary intakes of children in South Korea. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:561-566. [PMID: 23866173 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are ubiquitous residual contaminants in the environment and in the food chain. Milk is an important matrix for monitoring POP contamination. This study determined the concentrations of POPs including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) in raw bovine milk, and the data was used to estimate dietary intakes in South Korea. The average concentrations of PBDEs, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs in raw milk were 0.29 ng g(-1)fat, 0.50 ng g(-1)fat, 0.27 pg TEQ g(-1)fat, and 0.33 pg TEQ g(-1)fat, respectively. No significant relationship was found between the concentrations of analytes and the regions sampled. The dietary intakes of PBDEs from the consumption of milk was calculated to be 0.26, 0.10, and 0.05ng kg(-1)bwd(-1) for the group of ages 0-6, 7-12, and 13-19, respectively. The dietary intakes of HCB was calculated to be 0.44, 0.16, and 0.09 ng kg(-1)bwd(-1) for the group of ages 0-6, 7-12, and 13-19, respectively. The dietary intakes of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs was calculated to be 0.78, 0.29, and 0.16pgTEQ kg(-1)bwd(-1) for the group of ages 0-6, 7-12, and 13-19, respectively. These results indicated that the residual levels of PBDEs, HCB, PCDD/Fs, and DL-PCBs in raw bovine milk were within safe levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Gyu Kim
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, 175 Anyang-ro, Manan-gu, Anyang 480-757, Republic of Korea
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