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Huang Z, Li N, Zhang X, Xiao Y. Mitochondria-Anchored Molecular Thermometer Quantitatively Monitoring Cellular Inflammations. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5081-5088. [PMID: 33729754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Temperature in mitochondria can be a critical indicator of cell metabolism. Given the highly dynamic and inhomogeneous nature of mitochondria, it remains a big challenge to quantitatively monitor the local temperature changes during different cellular processes. To implement this task, we extend our strategy on mitochondria-anchored thermometers from "on-off" probe Mito-TEM to a ratiometric probe Mito-TEM 2.0 based on the Förster resonance energy transfer mechanism. Mito-TEM 2.0 exhibits not only a sensitive response to temperature through the ratiometric changes of dual emissions but also the specific immobilization in mitochondria via covalent bonds. Both characters support accurate and reliable detection of local temperature for a long time, even in malfunctioning mitochondria. By applying Mito-TEM 2.0 in fluorescence ratiometric imaging of cells and zebrafishes, we make a breakthrough in the quantitative visualization of mitochondrial temperature rises in different inflammation states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xinfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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Investigation of innate immune function in adult and geriatric horses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 235:110207. [PMID: 33735821 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In order to better understand the influence of age on innate immune function in horses, blood was collected from twelve adult horses (aged 10-16 years; mean: 13 years) and ten geriatric horses (aged 18-26 years; mean: 21.7 years) for analysis of plasma myeloperoxidase, complete blood counts, and cytokine and receptor expression in response to in vitro stimulation with heat-inactivated Rhodococcus equi, heat-inactivated Escherichia coli, and PMA/ionomycin. Gene expression was measured using RT-PCR for IFNγ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12α, IL-13, IL-17α, TLR2, TLR4, and TNFα. Endocrine function and body weight were measured to assess any potential impacts of ACTH, insulin, or body weight on immune function; none of the horses had pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction. The geriatric horse group had lower concentrations of plasma myeloperoxidase (P = 0.0459) and lower absolute monocyte counts (P = 0.0477); however, the difference in monocyte counts was no longer significant after outliers were removed. Additionally, only two significant differences in cytokine/receptor expression in whole blood were observed. Compared with adult horses, the geriatric horses had increased TNFα expression after in vitro stimulation with heat-inactivated R. equi (P = 0.0224) and had decreased IL-17α expression after PMA/ionomycin stimulation when one outlier was excluded (P = 0.0334). These changes may represent a compensatory mechanism by which geriatric horses could ensure adequate immune responses despite potentially dysfunctional neutrophil activity and/or decreased monocyte counts. Aging may influence equine innate immune function, and additional research is warranted to confirm and further explore these findings.
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Bauquier J, Tudor E, Bailey S. Effect of the p38 MAPK inhibitor doramapimod on the systemic inflammatory response to intravenous lipopolysaccharide in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:2109-2116. [PMID: 32700419 PMCID: PMC7517855 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Doramapimod, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, is a potent anti‐inflammatory drug that decreases inflammatory cytokine production in equine whole blood in vitro. It may have benefits for treating systemic inflammation in horses. Objective To determine whether doramapimod is well tolerated when administered IV to horses, and whether it has anti‐inflammatory effects in horses in a low‐dose endotoxemia model. Animals Six Standardbred horses. Methods Tolerability study, followed by a blinded, randomized, placebo‐controlled cross‐over study. Horses were given doramapimod, and clinical and clinicopathological variables were monitored for 24 hours. Horses then were treated with doramapimod or placebo, followed by a low dose infusion of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Clinical variables (heart rate, rectal temperature, noninvasive blood pressure), leukocyte count and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) and interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1β) concentrations were measured at multiple time points until 6 hours post‐LPS infusion. Results No adverse effects or clinicopathological changes were seen in the safety study. When treated with doramapimod as compared to placebo, horses had significantly lower heart rates (P = .03), rectal temperatures (P = .03), and cytokine concentrations (P = .03 for TNF‐α and IL‐1β), and a significantly higher white blood cell count (P = .03) after LPS infusion. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Doramapimod has clinically relevant anti‐inflammatory effects in horses, likely mediated by a decrease in leukocyte activation and decrease in the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. To evaluate its potential as a novel treatment for systemic inflammatory response syndrome in horses, clinical trials will be necessary to determine its efficacy in naturally occurring disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Bauquier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Tudor
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Simon Bailey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Martin LM, Johnson PJ, Amorim JR, DeClue AE. Effects of Orally Administered Resveratrol on TNF, IL-1β, Leukocyte Phagocytic Activity and Oxidative Burst Function in Horses: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041453. [PMID: 32093379 PMCID: PMC7073105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol, a phytophenol, is a commonly used equine nutraceutical supplement touted to exert anti-inflammatory effects. The effect of orally administered resveratrol on tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), leukocyte phagocytic activity or oxidative burst function have not been reported in horses. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a commercially available, orally administered resveratrol product on innate immune functions in healthy adult horses. Whole blood was collected from 12 horses prior to and following 3 weeks of treatment with either the manufacturer’s recommended dose of resveratrol or placebo. Phagocytosis, oxidative burst and pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) motif-stimulated leukocyte production of TNF and IL-1β were compared pre- and post-treatment between treatment groups. Phagocytosis and oxidative burst capacity were evaluated via flow cytometry. Tumor necrosis factor and IL-1β were measured using cytotoxicity and ELISA assays, respectively. There were no significant differences in phagocytosis, oxidative burst or stimulated TNF or IL-1β production between resveratrol and placebo treatment groups. Orally administered resveratrol at a routinely recommended dose for a duration of 3 weeks did not significantly affect phagocytic activity, oxidative burst function or PAMP-stimulated leukocyte cytokine production.
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Bauquier JR, Tennent-Brown BS, Tudor E, Bailey SR. Anti-inflammatory effects of a p38 MAP kinase inhibitor, doramapimod, against bacterial cell wall toxins in equine whole blood. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 220:109994. [PMID: 31877483 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Doramapimod (BIRB-796-BS), is an anti-inflammatory compound, acting through p38 MAPK inhibition, but its anti-inflammatory effects have not previously been studied in the horse. Whole blood aliquots from healthy horses diluted 1:1 with cell culture medium were incubated for 21 h with 1 μg/ml of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) or peptidoglycan (PGN) in the presence of increasing concentrations of doramapimod (3 × 10-8 M to 10-5 M). Cell bioassays were used to measure TNF-α and IL-1β activity. Doramapimod significantly and potently inhibited TNF-α and IL-1β activity induced by all three bacterial toxins. There was no significant difference in IC50 or maximum inhibition of TNF-α or IL-1β production between any of the toxins. Maximum inhibition of IL-1β was higher than that of TNF-α for all toxins, and this difference was significant for LPS (P = 0.04). Doramapimod was a potent inhibitor of TNF-α and IL-1β for inflammation induced by LPS, LTA and PGN, with potency much greater than that of other drugs previously tested using similar methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Bauquier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Brett S Tennent-Brown
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Tudor
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon R Bailey
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
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Dickson K, Lehmann C. Inflammatory Response to Different Toxins in Experimental Sepsis Models. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184341. [PMID: 31491842 PMCID: PMC6770119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by the dysregulated host response to infection. Despite serious mortality and morbidity, no sepsis-specific drugs exist. Endotoxemia is often used to model the hyperinflammation associated with early sepsis. This model classically uses lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Gram-negative pathogens to activate the immune system, leading to hyperinflammation, microcirculatory disturbances and death. Other toxins may also be used to activate the immune system including Gram-positive peptidoglycan (PG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA). In addition to these standard toxins, other bacterial components can induce inflammation. These molecules activate different signaling pathways and produce different physiological responses which can be taken advantage of for sepsis modeling. Endotoxemia modeling can provide information on pathways to inflammation in sepsis and contribute to preclinical drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayle Dickson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Christian Lehmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
- Department of Anesthesia, Pain Management and Perioperative Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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Sheats MK. A Comparative Review of Equine SIRS, Sepsis, and Neutrophils. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:69. [PMID: 30931316 PMCID: PMC6424004 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The most recent definition of sepsis in human medicine can be summarized as organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. In equine medicine, although no consensus definition is available, sepsis is commonly described as a dysregulated host systemic inflammatory response to infection. Defense against host infection is the primary role of innate immune cells known as neutrophils. Neutrophils also contribute to host injury during sepsis, making them important potential targets for sepsis prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. This review will present both historical and updated perspectives on the systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) and sepsis; it will also discuss the impact of sepsis on neutrophils, and the impact of neutrophils during sepsis. Future identification of clinically relevant sepsis diagnosis and therapy depends on a more thorough understanding of disease pathogenesis across species. To gain this understanding, there is a critical need for research that utilizes a clearly defined, and consistently applied, classification system for patients diagnosed with, and at risk of developing, sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Katie Sheats
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated priming of toll-like receptor 4 enhances oxidant-induced prostaglandin E 2 biosynthesis in primary murine macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 54:226-237. [PMID: 29161659 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Agonists and pseudo-agonists for toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) are common in our environment. Thus, human exposure to these agents may result in "priming or sensitization" of TLR4. A body of evidence suggests that LPS-mediated sensitization of TLR4 can increase the magnitude of responses to exogenous agents in multiple tissues. We have previously shown that reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) stimulate TLR4. There is no evidence that LPS-primed TLR4 can influence the magnitude of responses to oxidants from either endogenous or exogenous sources. In the present study, we directly tested the hypothesis that LPS-primed TLR4 will sensitize primary murine peritoneal macrophages (pM) to oxidant-mediated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production. We used potassium peroxychromate (PPC) and potassium peroxynitrite (PPN) as direct in vitro sources of exogenous RONS. Our results showed that a direct treatment with PPC or PPN alone as sources of exogenous oxidants had a limited effect on PGE2 biosynthesis. In contrast, pM sensitized by prior incubation with LPS-EK, a TLR4-specific agonist, followed by oxidant stimulation exhibited increased transcriptional and translational expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) with enhanced PGE2 biosynthesis/production only in pM derived from TLR4-WT mice but not in TLR4-KO mice. Thus, we have shown a critical role for LPS-primed TLR4 in oxidant-induced inflammatory phenotypes that have the potential to initiate, propagate and maintain many human diseases.
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Bauquier JR, Tennent-Brown BS, Tudor E, Bailey SR. Effects of polymyxin-B on TNF-α production in equine whole blood stimulated with three different bacterial toxins. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2017; 41:e35-e39. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Bauquier
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Melbourne Veterinary School; University of Melbourne; Werribee Vic. Australia
| | - B. S. Tennent-Brown
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences; Melbourne Veterinary School; University of Melbourne; Werribee Vic. Australia
| | - E. Tudor
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; Department of Veterinary Biosciences; Melbourne Veterinary School; University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - S. R. Bailey
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences; Department of Veterinary Biosciences; Melbourne Veterinary School; University of Melbourne; Parkville Vic. Australia
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10
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Martin LM, Johnson PJ, Amorim JR, Honaker AR, Donaldson RS, DeClue AE. Investigation of the potential immunomodulatory effects of resveratrol on equine whole blood: An in vitro investigation. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:97-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Temporal Progression of Pneumonic Plague in Blood of Nonhuman Primate: A Transcriptomic Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151788. [PMID: 27003632 PMCID: PMC4803270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Early identification of impending illness during widespread exposure to a pathogenic agent offers a potential means to initiate treatment during a timeframe when it would be most likely to be effective and has the potential to identify novel therapeutic strategies. The latter could be critical, especially as antibiotic resistance is becoming widespread. In order to examine pre-symptomatic illness, African green monkeys were challenged intranasally with aerosolized Yersinia pestis strain CO92 and blood samples were collected in short intervals from 45 m till 42 h post-exposure. Presenting one of the first genomic investigations of a NHP model challenged by pneumonic plague, whole genome analysis was annotated in silico and validated by qPCR assay. Transcriptomic profiles of blood showed early perturbation with the number of differentially expressed genes increasing until 24 h. By then, Y. pestis had paralyzed the host defense, as suggested by the functional analyses. Early activation of the apoptotic networks possibly facilitated the pathogen to overwhelm the defense mechanisms, despite the activation of the pro-inflammatory mechanism, toll-like receptors and microtubules at the port-of-entry. The overexpressed transcripts encoding an early pro-inflammatory response particularly manifested in active lymphocytes and ubiquitin networks were a potential deviation from the rodent models, which needs further verification. In summary, the present study recognized a pattern of Y. pestis pathogenesis potentially more applicable to the human system. Independent validation using the complementary omics approach with comprehensive evaluation of the organs, such as lungs which showed early bacterial infection, is essential.
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Vinther AML, Skovgaard K, Heegaard PMH, Andersen PH. Dynamic expression of leukocyte innate immune genes in whole blood from horses with lipopolysaccharide-induced acute systemic inflammation. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:134. [PMID: 26076814 PMCID: PMC4467047 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In horses, insights into the innate immune processes in acute systemic inflammation are limited even though these processes may be highly important for future diagnostic and therapeutic advances in high-mortality disease conditions as the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the expression of 31 selected blood leukocyte immune genes in an equine model of acute systemic inflammation to identify significantly regulated genes and to describe their expression dynamics during a 24-h experimental period. Systemic inflammation was induced in 6 adult horses by the intravenous injection of 1 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per kg btw. Sixteen blood samples were collected for each horse at predetermined intervals and analyzed by reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR. Post-induction expression levels for each gene were compared with baseline levels. Results Systemic inflammation was confirmed by the presence of clinical and hematological changes which were consistent with SIRS. The clinical response to LPS was transient and brief as all horses except one showed unaltered general demeanor after 24 h. Twenty-two leukocyte genes were significantly regulated at at least one time point during the experimental period. By close inspection of the temporal responses the dynamic changes in mRNA abundance revealed a very rapid onset of both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators and a substantial variation in both expression magnitudes and duration of changes between genes. A majority of the 22 significantly regulated genes peaked within the first 8 h after induction, and an on-going, albeit tightly controlled, regulation was seen after 24 h despite approximate clinical recovery. Conclusions This first broad study of gene expressions in blood leukocytes during equine acute LPS-induced systemic inflammation thoroughly characterized a highly regulated and dynamic innate immune response. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of equine systemic inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0450-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mette L Vinther
- Department of Large Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark.
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Innate Immunology Group, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Innate Immunology Group, Section for Immunology and Vaccinology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Pia H Andersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Dinjaski N, Prieto MA. Smart polyhydroxyalkanoate nanobeads by protein based functionalization. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:885-99. [PMID: 25720989 PMCID: PMC7106125 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The development of innovative medicines and personalized biomedical approaches calls for new generation easily tunable biomaterials that can be manufactured applying straightforward and low-priced technologies. Production of functionalized bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) nanobeads by harnessing their natural carbon-storage granule production system is a thrilling recent development. This branch of nanobiotechnology employs proteins intrinsically binding the PHA granules as tags to immobilize recombinant proteins of interest and design functional nanocarriers for wide range of applications. Additionally, the implementation of new methodological platforms regarding production of endotoxin free PHA nanobeads using Gram-positive bacteria opened new avenues for biomedical applications. This prompts serious considerations of possible exploitation of bacterial cell factories as alternatives to traditional chemical synthesis and sources of novel bioproducts that could dramatically expand possible applications of biopolymers. From the Clinical Editor In the 21st century, we are coming into the age of personalized medicine. There is a growing use of biomaterials in the clinical setting. In this review article, the authors describe the use of natural polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) nanoparticulates, which are formed within bacterial cells and can be easily functionalized. The potential uses would include high-affinity bioseparation, enzyme immobilization, protein delivery, diagnostics etc. The challenges of this approach remain the possible toxicity from endotoxin and the high cost of production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Dinjaski
- Polymer Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Auxiliadora Prieto
- Polymer Biotechnology Lab, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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Robinson C, Heather Z, Slater J, Potts N, Steward KF, Maskell DJ, Fontaine MC, Lee JJ, Smith K, Waller AS. Vaccination with a live multi-gene deletion strain protects horses against virulent challenge with Streptococcus equi. Vaccine 2015; 33:1160-7. [PMID: 25597942 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) is one of the most frequently diagnosed infectious diseases of horses and there remains a significant need to develop new preventative vaccines. We generated a live vaccine strain of S. equi containing deletions in six genes: sagA, hasA, aroB, pyrC, seM and recA, which was administered to nine Welsh mountain ponies via the intramuscular route. Four vaccinated ponies developed adverse reactions following the first vaccination from which the live vaccine strain was isolated. Two of these ponies were withdrawn from the study and seven ponies received a second vaccination, one of which then developed an adverse reaction. Nine control ponies injected with culture media alone developed no adverse reactions. Following challenge with a virulent strain of S. equi, none of the seven vaccinated ponies had developed clinical signs of strangles eleven days post-challenge, compared to six of nine control ponies over the same period (P=0.0114). A lymph node abscess was identified in one of the seven vaccinated ponies at post-mortem examination, whilst all nine control ponies had at least one lymph node abscess (P=0.0009). Three of the six vaccinated ponies that were protected from strangles had not developed an adverse reaction following vaccination, suggesting that a better understanding of the pro-inflammatory responses to S. equi could lead to the development of a live attenuated vaccine against strangles that is safe for administration via intramuscular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Robinson
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Zoe Heather
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Josh Slater
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Potts
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Karen F Steward
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan J Maskell
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C Fontaine
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Jeong-Jin Lee
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, The Medical School, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Smith
- Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Herts AL9 7TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Waller
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket CB8 7UU, United Kingdom.
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Kondo H, Kawana Y, Suzuki Y, Hirono I. Comprehensive gene expression profiling in Japanese flounder kidney after injection with two different formalin-killed pathogenic bacteria. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 41:437-440. [PMID: 25304547 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria possess some components, that are recognized by the host immune receptors. Different components are recognized by distinct receptors, and thus it is speculated that these components may regulate different gene sets. To investigate the gene expression profiles regulated by different bacterial components in Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, Japanese flounder were intraperitoneally injected with formalin-killed bacterial cells (FKC) of Edwardsiella tarda and Streptococcus iniae. The numbers of differentially regulated genes were much larger in the fish injected with E. tarda than those with S. iniae. Comprehensive gene expression profiling showed that almost all of the genes differentially regulated by injections of E. tarda FKC were also differentially regulated by injections of S. iniae FKC. mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor were upregulated in both of the injected groups. Each of these mRNAs except for IL-8 mRNA were also much higher in the E. tarda FKC injected group than in the S. iniae FKC injected group. Furthermore, mRNA levels of IL-6 were strongly up-regulated in the E. tarda FKC injected group. The E. tarda FKC might induce higher inflammatory responses than S. iniae FKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Kawana
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuo Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Graduate School of Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Minato, Tokyo, Japan
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Patan-Zugaj B, Gauff FC, Plendl J, Licka TF. Effect of endotoxin on leukocyte activation and migration into laminar tissue of isolated perfused equine limbs. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:842-50. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.9.842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Wunderlich C, Schumacher S, Kietzmann M. Prostaglandin E2
as a read out for endotoxin detection in a bovine whole blood assay. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:196-8. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Wunderlich
- Institute of Pharmacology; Toxicology and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - S. Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacology; Toxicology and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
| | - M. Kietzmann
- Institute of Pharmacology; Toxicology and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation; Hannover Germany
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18
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Targeting TLR2 for vaccine development. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:619410. [PMID: 25057505 PMCID: PMC4098989 DOI: 10.1155/2014/619410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel and more effective immunization strategies against many animal diseases may profit from the current knowledge on the modulation of specific immunity through stimulation of innate immune receptors. Toll-like receptor (TLR)2-targeting formulations, such as synthetic lipopeptides and antigens expressed in fusion with lipoproteins, have been shown to have built-in adjuvant properties and to be effective at inducing cellular and humoral immune mechanisms in different animal species. However, contradictory data has arisen concerning the profile of the immune response elicited. The benefits of targeting TLR2 for vaccine development are thus still debatable and more studies are needed to rationally explore its characteristics. Here, we resume the main features of TLR2 and TLR2-induced immune responses, focusing on what has been reported for veterinary animals.
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19
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The clinical application value of cytokines in treating infectious diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98745. [PMID: 24887408 PMCID: PMC4041886 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a prospective study to evaluate the abilities of inflammatory cytokines to rule out the potential risk of sepsis and intracranial infection and to estimate the function of inflammatory cytokines in discriminating Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive ones through ROC analysis. During the course of the study, Levels of serum inflammatory cytokines were measured by flow cytometry at the onset of diseases of patients who suffered from sepsis or intracranial infection. A total of 299 cases of sepsis and 43 cases of intracranial infection were observed during the study. It is noticed that there is no difference of inflammatory cytokine levels between sepsis group and intracranial infection group. The area under ROC curve (AUC) of cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 were 0.901, 0.86, 0.888, respectively, which was employed to rule out the diseases of sepsis and intracranial infection. Through comparisons with the patients who were infected by Gram-positive bacteria or Gram-negative ones, it is estimated that IL-6 and IL-10 sharply elevated in patients with Gram-negative bacteria infection (median levels, pg/mL: IL-6: 116.6 vs. 25.4, P = 0.000; IL-10: 13.7 vs. 6.3, P = 0.000). Additionally, IL-2 significantly decreased when patients suffered from Gram-negative bacteria infection (median levels, pg/mL: IL-2: 2.2 vs. 2.7, P = 0.031). The AUCs for detecting cytokines, including IL-2, IL-10 and LOGREGR.Pred_IL-2+IL-10 were 0.581 (95% CI, 0.526 to 0.634), 0.661 (95% CI, 0.608 to 0.712) and 0.735 (95% CI, 0.685 to 0.782), respectively, which was used to evaluate the function of inflammatory cytokines in discriminating Gram-negative bacteria from Gram-positive ones infection. This paper indicates that IL-2, IL-6 and IL-10 are effective biomarkers to rule out sepsis and intracranial infection. Additionally, the combination of IL-2 and IL-10 is an effective biomarkers to diagnose whether patients afflicted by Gram-negative bacteria.
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20
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Irvine KL, Hopkins LJ, Gangloff M, Bryant CE. The molecular basis for recognition of bacterial ligands at equine TLR2, TLR1 and TLR6. Vet Res 2013; 44:50. [PMID: 23826682 PMCID: PMC3716717 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-44-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
TLR2 recognises bacterial lipopeptides and lipoteichoic acid, and forms heterodimers with TLR1 or TLR6. TLR2 is relatively well characterised in mice and humans, with published crystal structures of human TLR2/1/Pam3CSK4 and murine TLR2/6/Pam2CSK4. Equine TLR4 is activated by a different panel of ligands to human and murine TLR4, but less is known about species differences at TLR2. We therefore cloned equine TLR2, TLR1 and TLR6, which showed over 80% sequence identity with these receptors from other mammals, and performed a structure-function analysis. TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 from both horses and humans dose-dependently responded to lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus, with no significant species difference in EC50 at either receptor pair. The EC50 of Pam2CSK4 was the same for equine and human TLR2/6, indicating amino acid differences between the two species’ TLRs do not significantly affect ligand recognition. Species differences were seen between the responses to Pam2CSK4 and Pam3CSK4 at TLR2/1. Human TLR2/1, as expected, responded to Pam3CSK4 with greater potency and efficacy than Pam2CSK4. At equine TLR2/1, however, Pam3CSK4 was less potent than Pam2CSK4, with both ligands having similar efficacies. Molecular modelling indicates that the majority of non-conserved ligand-interacting residues are at the periphery of the TLR2 binding pocket and in the ligand peptide-interacting regions, which may cause subtle effects on ligand positioning. These results suggest that there are potentially important species differences in recognition of lipopeptides by TLR2/1, which may affect how the horse deals with bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lucy Irvine
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB30ES, UK.
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21
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Islam MA, Pröll M, Hölker M, Tholen E, Tesfaye D, Looft C, Schellander K, Cinar MU. Alveolar macrophage phagocytic activity is enhanced with LPS priming, and combined stimulation of LPS and lipoteichoic acid synergistically induce pro-inflammatory cytokines in pigs. Innate Immun 2013; 19:631-43. [PMID: 23608822 DOI: 10.1177/1753425913477166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate LPS and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-induced TLRs, associated signaling molecules and inflammatory mediators, as well as to compare their combined effect in porcine alveolar macrophages. Macrophages were incubated for 24 h with various concentrations of LPS, LTA, LPS + LTA or control. Multiple concentrations of LPS elicited marked up-regulation in mRNA for TLR2 and TLR4, CD14, MD2, MyD88, IRAK-4 and TRAF6 compared with the control. LTA had no effect on TLR4 and MD2; only higher doses up-regulated TLR2, CD14, MyD88, IRAK-4 and TRAF6 mRNA. LPS-activated cells released IL1-β, IL12-β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ and IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner, while LTA had no effect on IL-1β, IL-6 and IFN-γ. Higher doses of LTA induced IL-12β, TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-10. Combined stimulation augmented TLR2, CD14 and MyD88 mRNA, and subsequently produced elevated levels of IL-6, TNF-α and IL-8 when compared with LPS and LTA alone. Additionally, phagocytosis of macrophages was significantly increased following low concentration of LPS treatment. Only low levels of NO (nitric oxide) were detected in the LPS group. Overall, compared with LPS, LTA was a relatively weak inducer, and co-stimulation accelerated gene and cytokine production associated with pulmonary innate immune function.
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22
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Harmon M, Axiak S, Yu D, Chang C, Fowler B, DeClue A. Effect of opioids on CXCL-8 production in healthy cats. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1255-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Miernikiewicz P, Owczarek B, Piotrowicz A, Boczkowska B, Rzewucka K, Figura G, Letarov A, Kulikov E, Kopciuch A, Świtała-Jeleń K, Oślizło A, Hodyra K, Gubernator J, Dąbrowska K. Recombinant expression and purification of T4 phage Hoc, Soc, gp23, gp24 proteins in native conformations with stability studies. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38902. [PMID: 22808021 PMCID: PMC3396610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the biological activity of bacteriophage particles is essential for rational design of bacteriophages with defined pharmacokinetic parameters and to identify the mechanisms of immunobiological activities demonstrated for some bacteriophages. This work requires highly purified preparations of the individual phage structural proteins, possessing native conformation that is essential for their reactivity, and free of incompatible biologically active substances such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study we describe expression in E. coli and purification of four proteins forming the surface of the bacteriophage T4 head: gp23, gp24, gphoc and gpsoc. We optimized protein expression using a set of chaperones for effective production of soluble proteins in their native conformations. The assistance of chaperones was critical for production of soluble gp23 (chaperone gp31 of T4 phage) and of gpsoc (chaperone TF of E. coli). Phage head proteins were purified in native conditions by affinity chromatography and size-exclusion chromatography. Two-step LPS removal allowed immunological purity grade with the average endotoxin activity less than 1 unit per ml of protein preparation. The secondary structure and stability of the proteins were studied using circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry, which confirmed that highly purified proteins preserve their native conformations. In increasing concentration of a denaturant (guanidine hydrochloride), protein stability was proved to increase as follows: gpsoc, gp23, gphoc. The denaturation profile of gp24 protein showed independent domain unfolding with the most stable larger domain. The native purified recombinant phage proteins obtained in this work were shown to be suitable for immunological experiments in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Miernikiewicz
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Owczarek
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Piotrowicz
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Boczkowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Rzewucka
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Figura
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Andrey Letarov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugene Kulikov
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Agnieszka Kopciuch
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Kinga Świtała-Jeleń
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Oślizło
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hodyra
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jerzy Gubernator
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Krystyna Dąbrowska
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
- * E-mail:
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24
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DeClue AE, Nickell J, Chang CH, Honaker A. Upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine production in response to bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns in dogs with diabetes mellitus undergoing insulin therapy. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2012; 6:496-502. [PMID: 22768879 PMCID: PMC3440040 DOI: 10.1177/193229681200600303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic alterations associated with diabetes mellitus alter innate immunity. Dogs often develop infectious or inflammatory complications related to diabetes mellitus, yet little is known about the effects of diabetes mellitus on the immune system in this species. METHODS Prospective evaluation in dogs with poorly regulated spontaneous type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). In vitro leukocyte cytokine response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), and peptidoglycan (PG) was compared between dogs with T1DM and healthy dogs. Additionally, the effect of acute in vitro glucose exposure on leukocyte tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production from healthy dogs was measured. RESULTS Leukocytes from dogs with T1DM had significantly greater TNF production after LTA and PG stimulation compared with leukocytes from healthy dogs. Leukocyte interleukin (IL)-6 production was greater after stimulation with LPS, LTA, PG, and phosphate-buffered saline in the T1DM group. No such difference was noted when evaluating IL-10 production between groups regardless of stimulant. Dogs with T1DM had significantly greater IL-6 to IL-10 production ratios than healthy dogs. Acute exposure to dextrose did not augment cytokine production from healthy canine leukocytes. CONCLUSIONS Dogs with T1DM have altered innate immunity characterized by upregulation of proinflammatory cytokine production without a concurrent change in anti-inflammatory cytokine production. This may be one explanation for the common infectious and inflammatory complications associated with T1DM in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E DeClue
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA.
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