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Wünschmann A, Lopez-Astacio R, Armién AG, Reed L, Parrish CR. Parvovirus-induced encephalitis in a juvenile raccoon. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 33:140-143. [PMID: 33100176 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720967381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A juvenile raccoon was euthanized because of severe neurologic signs. At postmortem examination, no significant gross lesions were present. Histologic evaluation demonstrated nonsuppurative encephalitis in thalamus, brainstem, and hippocampus, cerebellar Purkinje cell loss, as well as poliomyelitis and demyelination of the spinal cord. Parvovirus antigen-specific immunohistochemistry revealed immunopositive neurons in the brainstem, cerebral cortex, and hippocampus. A few Purkinje cells were also immunopositive. DNA extracted from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue (thalamus, hippocampus, cerebral cortex) yielded a positive signal using PCR targeting both feline and canine parvovirus. Sequencing analyses from a fragment of the NS1 gene and a portion of the VP2 gene confirmed the presence of DNA of a recent canine parvovirus variant (CPV-2a-like virus) in the cerebellum. Our case provides evidence that a recent canine parvovirus (CPV) strain (Carnivore protoparvovirus 1) can infect cerebral and diencephalic neurons and cause encephalitis in an otherwise healthy raccoon. Parvovirus-induced encephalitis is a differential diagnosis of rabies and canine distemper in raccoons with neurologic signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wünschmann
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
| | - Robert Lopez-Astacio
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Aníbal G Armién
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine/Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.,California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Davis, CA
| | - Leslie Reed
- Wildlife Rehabilitation Center of Minnesota, Roseville, MN
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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2
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Kokosinska A, Maboni G, Kelly KM, Molesan A, Sanchez S, Saliki JT, Rissi DR. Lymphoplasmacytic Meningoencephalitis and Neuronal Necrosis Associated With Parvoviral Infection in Cats. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:604-608. [PMID: 30917745 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819837723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurologic manifestations other than cerebellar hypoplasia are rarely associated with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection in cats. Here the authors describe lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis and neuronal necrosis in 2 cats autopsied after exhibiting ataxia and nystagmus. Gross changes consisted of cerebellar herniation through the foramen magnum, with flattening of cerebrocortical gyri and narrowing of sulci. Histologically, lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis, extensive neuronal necrosis, and neuroaxonal degeneration with digestion chambers were present in the telencephalon and brain stem in both cats. Frozen brain tissue of both cats was positive for parvoviral antigen via fluorescent antibody testing, and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of brain were immunoreactive for parvovirus antigen and positive for parvoviral DNA on in situ hybridization. Frozen brain tissue from 1 case was positive for parvovirus NS1 and VP2 genes using conventional polymerase chain reaction, and subsequent DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that the viral strain was a FPV. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded brain tissue revealed high levels of parvovirus in both cases, supporting an acute and active viral infection. Although rare, FPV infection should be considered in cases of lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis and neuronal necrosis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kokosinska
- 1 Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Grazieli Maboni
- 1 Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Kelly
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Alex Molesan
- 2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Susan Sanchez
- 1 Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jeremiah T Saliki
- 1 Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Daniel R Rissi
- 1 Department of Pathology and Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
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3
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Pfankuche VM, Jo WK, van der Vries E, Jungwirth N, Lorenzen S, Osterhaus ADME, Baumgärtner W, Puff C. Neuronal Vacuolization in Feline Panleukopenia Virus Infection. Vet Pathol 2017; 55:294-297. [PMID: 29157191 DOI: 10.1177/0300985817738096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infections are typically associated with anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, neutropenia, and lymphopenia. In cases of late prenatal or early neonatal infections, cerebellar hypoplasia is reported in kittens. In addition, single cases of encephalitis are described. FPV replication was recently identified in neurons, although it is mainly found in cells with high mitotic activity. A female cat, 2 months old, was submitted to necropsy after it died with neurologic deficits. Besides typical FPV intestinal tract changes, multifocal, randomly distributed intracytoplasmic vacuoles within neurons of the thoracic spinal cord were found histologically. Next-generation sequencing identified FPV-specific sequences within the central nervous system. FPV antigen was detected within central nervous system cells, including the vacuolated neurons, via immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization confirmed the presence of FPV DNA within the vacuolated neurons. Thus, FPV should be considered a cause for neuronal vacuolization in cats presenting with ataxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M Pfankuche
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,Both of these authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Wendy K Jo
- 2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,3 Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Hannover, Germany.,Both of these authors contributed equally to this work
| | | | - Nicole Jungwirth
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Lorenzen
- 4 Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Albert D M E Osterhaus
- 2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.,3 Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Hannover, Germany.,5 Artemis One Health, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany.,2 Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christina Puff
- 1 Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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4
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Firmino M, Maia L, Costa C, Oliveira L, Dantas A. Abiotrofia cerebelar em um gato: relato de caso. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-9518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Um caso de abiotrofia cerebelar em um gato com 45 dias de idade foi diagnosticado no Laboratório de Patologia Animal, Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. O animal apresentava, havia 15 dias, apatia, anorexia, desidratação, ataxia, hipermetria, espasticidade dos membros torácicos e pélvicos, tremores de intenção, nistagmo, opistótono, déficit proprioceptivo e ausência de resposta de ameaça. Clinicamente, havia a suspeita de hipoplasia cerebelar, e, devido ao prognóstico desfavorável, o animal foi eutanasiado. Na necropsia, não foram observadas alterações macroscópicas. Microscopicamente, as lesões estavam restritas ao cerebelo e caracterizavam-se por alterações neurodegenerativas e necróticas, com desaparecimento segmentar dos neurônios de Purkinje. Nessas áreas, também se verificaram espaços em branco, denominado aspecto de cesto vazio, resultantes da perda dos neurônios de Purkinje, além de raros esferoides axonais e proliferação dos astrócitos de Bergmann. Em algumas áreas, a camada granular estava hipocelular e havia moderada gliose multifocal na camada molecular. O diagnóstico de abiotrofia cerebelar foi realizado com base nos dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e, principalmente, pelas alterações histopatológicas dos neurônios de Purkinje características da doença.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - L.Â. Maia
- Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Brazil
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Poncelet L, Garigliany M, Ando K, Franssen M, Desmecht D, Brion JP. Cell cycle S phase markers are expressed in cerebral neuron nuclei of cats infected by the Feline Panleukopenia Virus. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:3482-3489. [PMID: 27830988 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1249546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle-associated neuronal death hypothesis, which has been proposed as a common mechanism for most neurodegenerative diseases, is notably supported by evidencing cell cycle effectors in neurons. However, in naturally occurring nervous system diseases, these markers are not expressed in neuron nuclei but in cytoplasmic compartments. In other respects, the Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) is able to complete its cycle in mature brain neurons in the feline species. As a parvovirus, the FPV is strictly dependent on its host cell reaching the cell cycle S phase to start its multiplication. In this retrospective study on the whole brain of 12 cats with naturally-occurring, FPV-associated cerebellar atrophy, VP2 capsid protein expression was detected by immunostaining not only in some brain neuronal nuclei but also in neuronal cytoplasm in 2 cats, suggesting that viral mRNA translation was still occurring. In these cats, double immunostainings demonstrated the expression of cell cycle S phase markers cyclin A, cdk2 and PCNA in neuronal nuclei. Parvoviruses are able to maintain their host cells in S phase by triggering the DNA damage response. S139 phospho H2A1, a key player in the cell cycle arrest, was detected in some neuronal nuclei, supporting that infected neurons were also blocked into the S phase. PCR studies did not support a co-infection with an adeno or herpes virus. ERK1/2 nuclear accumulation was observed in some neurons suggesting that the ERK signaling pathway might be involved as a mechanism driving these neurons far into the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Poncelet
- a Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium.,b ULB Neuroscience Insitute (UNI) , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Mutien Garigliany
- c Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - Kunie Ando
- b ULB Neuroscience Insitute (UNI) , Brussels , Belgium.,d Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Mathieu Franssen
- c Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- c Morphology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège , Liège , Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Brion
- b ULB Neuroscience Insitute (UNI) , Brussels , Belgium.,d Laboratory of Histology, Neuroanatomy and Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
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6
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Garigliany M, Gilliaux G, Jolly S, Casanova T, Bayrou C, Gommeren K, Fett T, Mauroy A, Lévy E, Cassart D, Peeters D, Poncelet L, Desmecht D. Feline panleukopenia virus in cerebral neurons of young and adult cats. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:28. [PMID: 26895627 PMCID: PMC4759964 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0657-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perinatal infections with feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) have long been known to be associated with cerebellar hypoplasia in kittens due to productive infection of dividing neuroblasts. FPV, like other parvoviruses, requires dividing cells to replicate which explains the usual tropism of the virus for the digestive tract, lymphoid tissues and bone marrow in older animals. Results In this study, the necropsy and histopathological analyses of a series of 28 cats which died from parvovirus infection in 2013 were performed. Infections were confirmed by real time PCR and immunohistochemistry in several organs. Strikingly, while none of these cats showed cerebellar atrophy or cerebellar positive immunostaining, some of them, including one adult, showed a bright positive immunostaining for viral antigens in cerebral neurons (diencephalon). Furthermore, infected neurons were negative by immunostaining for p27Kip1, a cell cycle regulatory protein, while neighboring, uninfected, neurons were positive, suggesting a possible re-entry of infected neurons into the mitotic cycle. Next-Generation Sequencing and PCR analyses showed that the virus infecting cat brains was FPV and presented a unique substitution in NS1 protein sequence. Given the role played by this protein in the control of cell cycle and apoptosis in other parvoviral species, it is tempting to hypothesize that a cause-to-effect between this NS1 mutation and the capacity of this FPV strain to infect neurons in adult cats might exist. Conclusions This study provides the first evidence of infection of cerebral neurons by feline panleukopenia virus in cats, including an adult. A possible re-entry into the cell cycle by infected neurons has been observed. A mutation in the NS1 protein sequence of the FPV strain involved could be related to its unusual cellular tropism. Further research is needed to clarify this point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutien Garigliany
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Gautier Gilliaux
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Jolly
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Tomas Casanova
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Calixte Bayrou
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Kris Gommeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Thomas Fett
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Axel Mauroy
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Centre for Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Etienne Lévy
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Cassart
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Dominique Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Luc Poncelet
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Daniel Desmecht
- Department of Morphology and Pathology, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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Poncelet L, Springinsfeld M, Ando K, Héraud C, Kabova A, Brion JP. Expression of transferrin receptor 1, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, p27(Kip1) and calbindin in the fetal and neonatal feline cerebellar cortex. Vet J 2012; 196:388-93. [PMID: 23159675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar cortices from feline fetuses with estimated gestational ages of 40-66days and from kittens aged 2days to 2months, all negative for feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infection, were analysed for expression of the transferrin receptor 1 (TrFR1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p27(Kip1) and calbindin. TrFR1, the receptor used by FPV to enter target cells, was expressed in capillary endothelial cells in the cerebellum at all fetal stages investigated and in Purkinje cells of a 3-week-old kitten, but not in the neuroblasts in the external granule layer (EGL). PCNA was expressed in cells of the superficial layer of the EGL. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27(Kip1) was expressed in cells of the deep layer of the EGL. Purkinje cells expressed calbindin from the earliest fetal stage investigated. Co-expression of PCNA and calbindin could not be demonstrated, indicating that feline Purkinje cells are post-mitotic from at least 40days gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Poncelet
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Biomechanics and Organogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808 route de Lennik, B-1070 Brussels, Belgium.
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