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Procter M, Savikumar S, Hamdan L, Al Naqbi S, Kváč M, Schuster RK, Qablan MA. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species from diarrhoeic ungulates in the United Arab Emirates. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 54:101067. [PMID: 39237224 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis has previously been reported in animals, humans, and water sources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). However, most reports were only to the genus level, or generically identified as cryptosporidiosis. We aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium species occurring in diarrhetic ungulates which were brought to the Central Veterinary Research Laboratory (CVRL) in Dubai. Using a combination of microscopic and molecular methods, we identified five species of Cryptosporidium occurring among ungulates in the UAE, namely C. parvum, C. hominis, C. xiaoi, C. meleagridis, and C. equi. Cryptosporidium parvum was the most prevalent species in our samples. Furthermore, we identified subtypes of C. parvum and C. hominis, which are involved in both human and animal cryptosporidiosis. This is also the first reported occurrence of Cryptosporidium spp. in the Arabian Tahr, to our knowledge. Since the animals examined were all in contact with humans, the possibility of zoonotic spread is possible. Our study correlates with previous reports in the region, building upon the identification of Cryptosporidium sp. However, there is a need to further investigate the endemic populations of Cryptosporidium, including more hosts, sampling asymptomatic animals, and location data.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Procter
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Savikumar
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - L Hamdan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - S Al Naqbi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - M Kváč
- Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Parasitology, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - R K Schuster
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - M A Qablan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; ASPIRE Research Institute for Food Security in the Drylands (ARIFSID), United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Alruhaili MH, Marzok M, Gattan HS, Salem M, Kandeel M, Selim A. Prevalence and potential risk factors for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in horses from Egypt. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 106:102140. [PMID: 38350247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an intestinal protozoan that cause diarrhea in livestock all over the world and have zoonotic importance. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses in Egypt and evaluate the associated risk factors. A total of 420 fecal samples were collected from three governorates (Giza, Kafr ElSheikh and Qalyubia) and examined microscopically using Ziehl-Neelsen staining method. The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. was 29% and Kafr ElSheikh governorate had the highest rate in comparison to other areas. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in examined horses had significant association with sex, age, type of management, absence of bedding and presence of dogs. The higher prevalence rate was observed in females (32.2%), age group less than two years (43.2%), mixed (grazing and stable) horses (36.1%), animals had history of diarrhea (33%), absence of bedding (35.1%) and contact with dogs (35.7%). These findings give baseline data for further research. It is necessary to establish control strategy for Cryptosporidium spp. infection in order to lower the risk of infection in animals and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H Alruhaili
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Marzok
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr El Sheikh University, Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Hattan S Gattan
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Salem
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Kandeel
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafr Elsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelfattah Selim
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh 13736, Egypt.
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Huang J, Chen M, He Y, Chen H, Huang M, Li N, Ryan U, Kváč M, Feng Y, Xiao L, Guo Y. Cryptosporidium equi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae): biological and genetic characterisations. Int J Parasitol 2023:S0020-7519(23)00091-7. [PMID: 37150475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The horse genotype is one of three common Cryptosporidium spp. in equine animals and has been identified in some human cases. The species status of Cryptosporidium horse genotype remains unclear due to the lack of extensive morphological, biological, and genetic data. In the present study, we have conducted biological and whole genome sequence analyses of an isolate of the genotype from hedgehogs and proposed to name it Cryptosporidium equi n. sp. to reflect its common occurrence in equine animals. Oocysts of C. equi measured 5.12 ± 0.36 μm × 4.46 ± 0.21 μm with a shape index of 1.15 ± 0.08 (n = 50). Cryptosporidium equi was infectious to 3-week-old four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) and mice, with a prepatent period of 2-9 days and a patent period of 30-40 days in hedgehogs. It was not infectious to rats and rabbits. Phylogenetic analyses of small subunit rRNA, 70 kDa heat shock protein, actin, 60 kDa glycoprotein and 100 other orthologous genes revealed that C. equi is genetically distinct from other known Cryptosporidium species and genotypes. The sequence identity between C. equi and Cryptosporidium parvum genomes is 97.9%. Compared with C. parvum, C. equi has lost two MEDLE genes and one insulinase-like protease gene and gained one SKSR gene. In addition, 60 genes have highly divergent sequences (sequence differences ≥ 5.0%), including those encoding mucin-like glycoproteins, insulinase-like peptidases, and MEDLE and SKSR proteins. The genetic uniqueness of C. equi supports its increasing host range and the naming of it as a valid Cryptosporidium species. This is the first known use of whole genome sequence data in delineating new Cryptosporidium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongli He
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mingming Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Na Li
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Una Ryan
- Harry Butler Institute, Vector- and Water-Borne Pathogen Research Group, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice 37005, Czech Republic
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Li XM, Geng HL, Wei YJ, Yan WL, Liu J, Wei XY, Zhang M, Wang XY, Zhang XX, Liu G. Global prevalence and risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in Equus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1072385. [PMID: 36506009 PMCID: PMC9732577 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1072385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intoduction Cryptosporidiosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Cryptosporidium infection with the main symptom of diarrhea. The present study performed a metaanalysis to determine the global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Equus animals. Methods Data collection was carried out using Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP Chinese journal database (VIP), WanFang Data, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases, with 35 articles published before 2021 being included in this systematic analysis. This study analyzed the research data through subgroup analysis and univariate regression analysis to reveal the factors leading to high prevalence. We applied a random effects model (REM) to the metadata. Results The total prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium in Equus was estimated to be 7.59% from the selected articles. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in female Equus was 2.60%. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium in Equus under 1-year-old was 11.06%, which was higher than that of Equus over 1-year-old (2.52%). In the experimental method groups, the positive rate detected by microscopy was the highest (10.52%). The highest Cryptosporidium prevalence was found in scale breeding Equus (7.86%). The horses had the lowest Cryptosporidium prevalence (7.32%) among host groups. C. muris was the most frequently detected genotype in the samples (53.55%). In the groups of geographical factors, the prevalence rate of Cryptosporidium in Equus was higher in regions with low altitude (6.88%), rainy (15.63%), humid (22.69%), and tropical climates (16.46%). Discussion The search strategy use of five databases might have caused the omission of some researches. This metaanalysis systematically presented the global prevalence and potential risk factors of Cryptosporidium infection in Equus. The farmers should strengthen the management of young and female Equus animals, improve water filtration systems, reduce stocking densities, and harmless treatment of livestock manure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Man Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hong-Li Geng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yong-Jie Wei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Wei-Lan Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Life Science, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Shuangyang, Jilin, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiang-Yu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Ribeiro DSC, Martins AV, Lobão LF, Ribeiro MS, Palmer JPS, Corrêa LL, Uchôa CMA, da Silva S, Meireles MV, Amendoeira MRR, Barbosa ADS. Diagnosis, risk factors analysis and first molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2022; 27:100665. [PMID: 35012721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An analysis was made of the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp. in fecal samples from horses raised on farms in the Teresópolis city, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and the risk factors that favored this infection. Between 2019 and 2020, 314 samples of equine feces were collected, 287 of which came from English Thoroughbred horses and 27 from ponies. Information on the horses and their management were retrieved from a stud book and forms filled out by trainers. The fecal samples were subjected to macroscopic analysis, modified Sheather's and Lutz parasitological techniques, safranin staining, and to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of coproantigens. All the samples that tested positive by these techniques underwent partial sequence analysis of the 18S rRNA gene to characterize the protozoan species. Cryptosporidium spp. was identified in 35 (11.1%) of the samples, 34 from English Thoroughbred horses and one from a pony. Based on a logistic regression model, it was found that the presence of dogs and small ruminants on the farms, and drinking water from a spring, were significantly associated with the animals' infection by the protozoan (p < 0.05). Eight of the English Thoroughbred horse samples underwent molecular characterization, which revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium felis in one sample and Cryptosporidium parvum in seven. The seven samples containing C. parvum were subjected to gp60 gene analysis, based on which nucleotide sequences typical of the IIa family were identified, which are usually transmitted from animals to humans. In addition, the genotype IIaA15G2R1, which is considered to have the highest profile of zoonotic transmissibility, was identified in one Thoroughbred horse. This is the first study conducted in the state of Rio de Janeiro that molecularly characterized Cryptosporidium spp. in horses, and the first on the American continent to detect C. felis in the feces of these animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Sother Carvalho Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Hernani de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210130, Brazil
| | - André Vianna Martins
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Hernani de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210130, Brazil; Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Campus Quinta do Paraíso, Estrada Wenceslau José de Medeiros, 1045, Prata, Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, 25976-340, Brazil
| | - Lucas Fernandes Lobão
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Hernani de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210130, Brazil
| | - Mariana Santos Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Hernani de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210130, Brazil
| | - João Pedro Siqueira Palmer
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Hernani de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210130, Brazil
| | - Lais Lisboa Corrêa
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Hernani de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210130, Brazil
| | - Claudia Maria Antunes Uchôa
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Hernani de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210130, Brazil
| | - Sidnei da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Parasitologia, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Vasconcelos Meireles
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus Araçatuba, Rua Clóvis Pestana, 793, Bairro Dona Amélia, CEP 16050-680, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Reis Amendoeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozoooses, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045900, Brazil
| | - Alynne da Silva Barbosa
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Instituto Biomédico, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Rua Hernani de Mello, 101, São Domingos, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro 24210130, Brazil; Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxoplasmose e outras Protozoooses, Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21045900, Brazil.
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Lebbad M, Winiecka-Krusnell J, Stensvold CR, Beser J. High Diversity of Cryptosporidium Species and Subtypes Identified in Cryptosporidiosis Acquired in Sweden and Abroad. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050523. [PMID: 33926039 PMCID: PMC8147002 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal protozoan parasite Cryptosporidium is an important cause of diarrheal disease worldwide. The aim of this study was to expand the knowledge on the molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in Sweden to better understand transmission patterns and potential zoonotic sources. Cryptosporidium-positive fecal samples were collected between January 2013 and December 2014 from 12 regional clinical microbiology laboratories in Sweden. Species and subtype determination was achieved using small subunit ribosomal RNA and 60 kDa glycoprotein gene analysis. Samples were available for 398 patients, of whom 250 (63%) and 138 (35%) had acquired the infection in Sweden and abroad, respectively. Species identification was successful for 95% (379/398) of the samples, revealing 12 species/genotypes: Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 299), C. hominis (n = 49), C. meleagridis (n = 8), C. cuniculus (n = 5), Cryptosporidium chipmunk genotype I (n = 5), C. felis (n = 4), C. erinacei (n = 2), C. ubiquitum (n = 2), and one each of C. suis, C. viatorum, C. ditrichi, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype. One patient was co-infected with C. parvum and C. hominis. Subtyping was successful for all species/genotypes, except for C. ditrichi, and revealed large diversity, with 29 subtype families (including 4 novel ones: C. parvum IIr, IIs, IIt, and Cryptosporidium horse genotype Vic) and 81 different subtypes. The most common subtype families were IIa (n = 164) and IId (n = 118) for C. parvum and Ib (n = 26) and Ia (n = 12) for C. hominis. Infections caused by the zoonotic C. parvum subtype families IIa and IId dominated both in patients infected in Sweden and abroad, while most C. hominis cases were travel-related. Infections caused by non-hominis and non-parvum species were quite common (8%) and equally represented in cases infected in Sweden and abroad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lebbad
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.W.-K.)
| | | | - Christen Rune Stensvold
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark;
| | - Jessica Beser
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health Agency of Sweden, 171 82 Solna, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.W.-K.)
- Correspondence:
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Takaki Y, Takami Y, Watanabe T, Nakaya T, Murakoshi F. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from ill exotic pet animals in Japan including a new subtype in Cryptosporidium fayeri. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 21:100430. [PMID: 32862916 PMCID: PMC7324920 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an obligate intracellular parasite which can cause fatal diarrheal disease in exotic animals. Sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps), hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris), chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera), and common leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius) are popular exotic animals commonly sold in pet shops in Japan. We herein investigated the species and subtypes of Cryptosporidium in these animals. Cryptosporidium fayeri was detected in a sugar glider in a Japanese animal hospital. Sequence analyses of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene revealed that C. fayeri belonged to subtype family IVh (IVhA13G2T1), which was proposed to be a new subtype. This is the first study to report C. fayeri infection in a sugar glider. In other animals, the Cryptosporidium horse genotype, C. ubiquitum, and C. varanii were detected in two four-toed hedgehogs (A. albiventris), a chinchilla (C. lanigera), and common leopard gecko (E. macularius), respectively. The gp60 subtypes identified were VIbA13 of the horse genotype and XIId of C. ubiquitum. The present results revealed that potentially zoonotic Cryptosporidium is widespread in exotic animals in Japan. Cryptosporidium was detected from ill exotic pet animals in Japan. Cryptosporidium fayeri was detected for the first time from a sugar glider. The new 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) subtype family IVh was detected from Cryptosporidium fayeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youki Takaki
- Verts Animal Hospital, 1F Kyuso Bldg 2-21-5, Naka, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-0893, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takami
- Verts Animal Hospital, 1F Kyuso Bldg 2-21-5, Naka, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-0893, Japan
| | - Takehiro Watanabe
- Verts Animal Hospital, 1F Kyuso Bldg 2-21-5, Naka, Hakata-ku, Fukuoka-shi, Fukuoka 812-0893, Japan
| | - Takaaki Nakaya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Fumi Murakoshi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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Wang W, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao A, Jing B, Zhang L, Liu P, Qi M, Zhao W. Prevalence and genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium in free-ranging and farm-raised donkeys (Equus asinus asinus) in Xinjiang, China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 27:45. [PMID: 32584252 PMCID: PMC7315819 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence and zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium in donkeys is poorly understood. Here, 680 fecal specimens were collected from 178 free-ranging and 502 farmed donkeys in Xinjiang, China. Cryptosporidium was identified using PCR amplification of the small subunit of ribosomal DNA. Cryptosporidium-positive isolates were subtyped using PCR analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene (gp60). The overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 2.4% (16/680), with 3.2% (16/502) in farmed donkeys and 0% (0/178) in free-ranging donkeys. Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 13), C. parvum (n = 1) and Cryptosporidium horse genotype (n = 2) were identified. The C. hominis isolates belonged to two subtypes, IkA16 (n = 9) and IkA16G1 (n = 4). The subtype of C. parvum was IIdA15G1, whereas the two Cryptosporidium horse genotype isolates were of subtype VIaA15G4. The predominance of C. hominis in donkeys suggests that these animals are infected through human contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, P.R. China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, P.R. China
| | - Aiyun Zhao
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, P.R. China
| | - Bo Jing
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, P.R. China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, P. R. China
| | - Pengtao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, P.R. China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang 843300, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province 325035, P.R. China
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First report of zoonotic Cryptosporidium parvum GP60 subtypes IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA16G3R1 in wild ponies from the northern Iberian Peninsula. Parasitol Res 2019; 119:249-254. [PMID: 31758296 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the prevalence and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. affecting feral horses are scarce. The highland areas of the northern Iberian Peninsula are home to a large population of wild ponies which generally roam free in the ancient natural range and are subjected to a traditional exploitation regime. In the present study, a total of 79 non-diarrhoeal faecal samples from the wild ponies were collected from the ground immediately after defecation. Cryptosporidium was detected in 10 of the samples (12.6%) by a direct immunofluorescence antibody test and DNA amplification and sequencing. Analysis of partial sequences of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) and heat shock protein (hsp70) loci revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum. In addition, amplification and sequencing of a fragment of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (GP60) locus identified C. parvum subtypes IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA16G3R1. This study reports, for the first time, the occurrence of C. parvum in wild ponies in Europe, specifically in the northern Iberian Peninsula. Identification of the common subtype IIaA15G2R1 and also subtype IIaA16G3R1 (first description) indicates that these hosts may play a role in the sylvatic transmission of C. parvum and that they may act as a reservoir of zoonotic cryptosporidiosis.
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Li F, Su J, Chahan B, Guo Q, Wang T, Yu Z, Guo Y, Li N, Feng Y, Xiao L. Different distribution of Cryptosporidium species between horses and donkeys. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 75:103954. [PMID: 31295579 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Few studies have been conducted on the distribution of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in equine animals. In this study, 878 stool specimens were collected during 2015-2019 from 551 donkeys and 327 horses in Shandong, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia, China and screened for Cryptosporidium spp. by PCR analysis of the small subunit rRNA gene. The Cryptosporidium species presented were identified by sequence analysis of the PCR products and subtyped by sequence analysis of the 60 kDa glycoprotein gene. The infection rates of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses and donkeys were 3.1% (10/327) and 14.5% (80/551), respectively. Four Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified, including C. parvum (in 5 horses), C. hominis (in 75 donkeys), Cryptosporidium horse genotype (in 5 horses and 4 donkeys) and a new genotype that is genetically related to Cryptosporidium mink genotype (in 1 donkey). All C. parvum isolates were subtyped as IIdA19G1, C. hominis as IkA16G1, and horse genotype as VIaA15G4. Data from this study indicate that four Cryptosporidium species are circulating in horses and donkeys in the study areas, with C. hominis as a dominant Cryptosporidium species in only donkeys. Attention should be paid to reduce the transmission of these zoonotic Cryptosporidium spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falei Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jiayuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, School of Resource and Environmental, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bayin Chahan
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Xinjiang Agricultural University School of Veterinary Medicine, Uygur, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Qingyong Guo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Xinjiang Agricultural University School of Veterinary Medicine, Uygur, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Gelatin-based Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dong-E-E-Jiao Co. Ltd., Done-E Country, Shandong 252201, China
| | - Zhengjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaqiong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yaoyu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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Lanci A, Mariella J, Iacono E, Caffara M, Piva S, Galuppi R, Castagnetti C. Observational Study on Cryptosporidiosis in an Equine Perinatology Unit. J Equine Vet Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Attia MM, Khalifa MM, Atwa MT. The prevalence and intensity of external and internal parasites in working donkeys ( Equus asinus) in Egypt. Vet World 2018; 11:1298-1306. [PMID: 30410237 PMCID: PMC6200562 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2018.1298-1306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim This study aims to record and update the prevalence and intensity of external and internal parasites in working donkeys (Equus asinus) in Egypt during the period from January to December 2017. Materials and Methods A total of 120 donkeys (10 donkeys each month) were examined at Giza zoo abattoir through bimonthly visits. The examined donkeys were obtained from five governorates (Giza [20], Fayoum [40], Beni Suef [30], Monofia [20], and Assiut [10]). The animals were grouped according to age and sex. Results All examined donkeys were positive with at least one internal or even external parasitic species. The overall prevalence rate was 100%. A total of 11 helminths species (10 nematodes and 1 metacestode); 7 protozoal and 7 arthropod species were collected. The number of each parasite and intensity of infection with regard to age and sex was recorded. Conclusion All examined donkeys were infected with parasites with an overall prevalence of 100%. So, we recommended following up and continuous treatment of such diseased animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Attia
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Khalifa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa Th Atwa
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Fayoum University, Egypt
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Diseases of the Alimentary Tract. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7167529 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-5246-0.00007-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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14
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Piva S, Caffara M, Pasquali F, Castagnetti C, Iacono E, Massella E, Zanoni RG, Galuppi R. Detection and quantification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in environmental surfaces of an Equine Perinatology Unit. Prev Vet Med 2016; 131:67-74. [PMID: 27544254 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of Cryptosporidium in institutions such as veterinary teaching hospitals, where students and staff are in frequent contact with animals, could represent a serious public health risk. In this study the detection and quantification of the Cryptosporidium oocysts present on the environmental surfaces of an Equine Perinatology Unit (EPU) were investigated. During 3 foaling seasons 175 samples obtained by swabbing an area of the floor and walls of boxes and utility rooms of EPU with sterile gauze, in 3 different moments. Samples were collected at the end of foaling season (July), after washing procedures (September) and after washing and disinfecting procedures, at the beginning of a new foaling season (December). All the samples were subjected to nested-PCR, followed by genotyping and sub-typing methods and to qPCR, allowing the oocyst quantification. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 14 samples, of which 11 were from walls and three were from floors. The highest number of oocysts was found in a sample collected from the floor of one utility room used for setting up therapies and treatments. In most cases, oocyst numbers, estimated by qPCR, were reduced or eliminated after washing and disinfecting procedures. The genotyping and sub-typing methods allowed identification of 2 subtypes of C. parvum (IIaA15G2R1 and IIdA23G1) and 1 of Cryptosporidium horse genotype (VIaA15G4) that were described in foals hospitalized at the EPU in the same years. The results of the present study show that qPCR can be used to evaluate Cryptosporidium contamination of environmental surfaces of a veterinary teaching hospital and the efficacy of the disinfection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy.
| | - Monica Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Frédérique Pasquali
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Carolina Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Eleonora Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Elisa Massella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Renato Giulio Zanoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Roberta Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
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Jian F, Liu A, Wang R, Zhang S, Qi M, Zhao W, Shi Y, Wang J, Wei J, Zhang L, Xiao L. Common occurrence of Cryptosporidium hominis in horses and donkeys. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 43:261-6. [PMID: 27264727 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive genetic variation is observed within the genus Cryptosporidium and the distribution of Cryptosporidium species/genotypes in humans and animals appears to vary by geography and host species. To better understand the genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses and donkeys, we characterized five horse-derived and 82 donkey-derived Cryptosporidium isolates from five provinces or autonomous regions (Sichuan, Gansu, Henan, Inner Mongolia and Shandong) in China at the species/genotype and subtype levels. Three Cryptosporidium species/genotypes were identified based on the analysis of the SSU rRNA gene, including Cryptosporidium parvum (n=22), the Cryptosporidium horse genotype (n=4), and Cryptosporidium hominis (n=61). The identification of C. hominis was confirmed by sequence analysis of the HSP70 and actin genes. Subtyping using sequence analysis of the 60kDa glycoprotein gene identified 21 C. parvum isolates as subtype IIdA19G1, the four horse genotype isolates as subtypes VIaA15G4 (n=2) and VIaA11G3 (n=2), and the 61 C. hominis isolates as IkA16G1 (n=59) and IkA16 (n=2). The common finding of C. hominis reaffirms the heterogeneity of Cryptosporidium spp. in horses and donkeys and is possibly a reflection of endemic transmission of C. hominis in these animals. Data of the study suggest that horses and donkeys as companion animals may potentially transmit Cryptosporidium infections to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuchun Jian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Sumei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Meng Qi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, China
| | - Yadong Shi
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jianling Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Jiujian Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China.
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Galuppi R, Piva S, Castagnetti C, Sarli G, Iacono E, Fioravanti ML, Caffara M. Cryptosporidium parvum: From foal to veterinary students. Vet Parasitol 2016; 219:53-6. [PMID: 26921039 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the transmission of a zoonotic subtype of Cryptosporidium parvum between two foals hospitalized in an Equine Perinatology Unit (EPU) linked to an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in veterinary students. Fecal specimens of 36 mares (105 samples) and 28 foals (122 samples) were subjected to Ziehl-Neelsen staining, nested PCR of 18S rDNA. Two foals tested positive for Cryptosporidium; PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis and subtyping by nested PCR of the 60kDa glycoprotein (gp60) gene revealed C. parvum subtype IIdA23G1. The introduction of Cryptosporidium into the EPU is suspected to be in a foal showing no initial clinical signs that tested positive for C. parvum during an asymptomatic phase. A second foal, hospitalized afterwards for perinatal asphyxia syndrome complicated with failure of passive transfer and sepsis, showed severe watery diarrhea after 4 days of hospitalization and was positive for the same subtype. During this period, six students attending the EPU complained of abdominal pain and diarrhea and were positive for the same subtype of C. parvum. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first description of this subtype in foals and the first report of evidence of zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis from foals to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - S Piva
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - C Castagnetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - G Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - E Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - M L Fioravanti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - M Caffara
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum Bologna University, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
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Wagnerová P, Sak B, McEvoy J, Rost M, Sherwood D, Holcomb K, Kváč M. Cryptosporidium parvum and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in American Mustangs and Chincoteague ponies. Exp Parasitol 2015; 162:24-7. [PMID: 26688100 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of Cryptosporidium and microsporidia in feral horses, which have minimal contact with livestock and humans, is not currently known. We report the findings of a study on Cryptosporidium and microsporidia in 34 Mustangs and 50 Chincoteague ponies in the USA. Fecal samples were screened for presence of Cryptosporidium spp. by analysis of the small-subunit rRNA (SSU) and 60-kDa glycoprotein (gp60) genes, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon spp. by analysis of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS). Cryptosporidium spp. and E. bieneusi were detected in 28/84 (33.3%) and 7/84 (8.3%) samples, respectively. Sequence analysis of SSU and ITS revealed the presence of Cryptosporidium parvum (n = 20) and E. bieneusi genotype horse 1 (n = 7), respectively. Subtyping of C. parvum isolates at the gp60 locus showed the presence of subtype IIaA17G2R1 in Mustangs and subtypes IIaA13G2R1 and IIaA15G2R1 in Chincoteague ponies. Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype horse 1 was detected in Mustangs (n = 2) and Chincoteague ponies (n = 5). No Cryptosporidium or E. bieneusi positive animals had diarrhea. The finding that Mustangs and Chincoteague ponies are host to the zoonotic pathogen C. parvum suggests that their infrequent contact with humans and livestock is sufficient to maintain transmission; however, we should also consider the possibility that C. parvum is an established parasite of Mustangs and Chincoteague ponies that persists in these animals independently of contact with humans or livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavla Wagnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dawn Sherwood
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kevin Holcomb
- Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, Chincoteague Island, VA, USA
| | - Martin Kváč
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of Czech Academy of Science, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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Liu A, Zhang J, Zhao J, Zhao W, Wang R, Zhang L. The first report of Cryptosporidium andersoni in horses with diarrhea and multilocus subtype analysis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:483. [PMID: 26394848 PMCID: PMC4580357 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Horses interact with humans in a wide variety of sport competitions and non-competitive recreational pursuits as well as in working activities. Cryptosporidium spp are one of the most important zoonotic pathogens causing diarrhea of humans and animals. The reports of Cryptosporidium in horses and the findings of zoonotic Cryptosporidium species/genotypes show a necessity to carry out molecular identification of Cryptosporidium in horses, especially in diarrheic ones. The aim of the present study was to understand Cryptosporidium infection and species/genotypes in diarrheic horses, and to trace the source of infection of horse-derived Cryptosporidium isolates at a subtype level. FINDINGS Fecal specimens of 29 diarrheic adult horses were collected in Taikang County in northeastern China's Heilongjiang Province. Cryptosporidium oocysts were concentrated by Sheather's sugar flotation technique, and then examined by a bright-field microscope. Meanwhile, all the specimens were subjected to PCR amplification of the small subunit (SSU) rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium. C. andersoni isolates were further subtyped by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) at the four microsatellite/minisatellite loci (MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16). One and two Cryptosporidium-positive isolates were obtained in horses by microscopy and by PCR, respectively. The two C. andersoni isolates were identified by sequencing of the SSU rRNA gene of Cryptosporidium. Both of them were identical to each other at the MS1, MS2, MS3 and MS16 loci, and MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 was found here. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of C. andersoni in horses. The fact that the MLST subtype A4,A4,A4,A1 was reported in cattle suggests a large possibility of transmission of C. andersoni between cattle and horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqin Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
| | - Jia Zhang
- The Turbine Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
| | - Jingmin Zhao
- The Turbine Hospital of Harbin, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150040, China.
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China.
| | - Rongjun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China.
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Epidemiological survey on Cryptosporidium in an Equine Perinatology Unit. Vet Parasitol 2015; 210:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Kostopoulou D, Casaert S, Tzanidakis N, van Doorn D, Demeler J, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Saratsis A, Voutzourakis N, Ehsan A, Doornaert T, Looijen M, De Wilde N, Sotiraki S, Claerebout E, Geurden T. The occurrence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium and Giardia species in foals in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece. Vet Parasitol 2015; 211:170-4. [PMID: 26012855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Faecal samples were collected from foals between the age of 1 week and 6 months in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece. A quantitative direct immunofluorescence assay based on the commercial MERIFLUOR Cryptosporidium/Giardia kit was performed to evaluate the presence of (oo) cysts. Parasite positive samples were genotyped, based on the 18S ribosomal DNA gene and the heat shock protein (HSP70) gene for Cryptosporidium and on the β-giardin gene and the triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) gene for Giardia. In total, 134 foals from Belgium, 44 foals from The Netherlands, 30 foals from Germany and 190 foals from Greece were examined. No Cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in faecal samples from foals in Germany and The Netherlands. In Belgium and Greece, 4.5% and 1.1% of the foals examined were Cryptosporidium positive, respectively, all with a low oocyst excretion ranging from 100 to 2450 oocysts per gram of faeces. For Giardia, 14.2%, 11.4%, 10.0% and 11.6% of the foals in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany and Greece, respectively, were found to excrete cysts, with a range of 50 up to 4,000,000 cysts per gram of faeces. Younger animals secreted significantly more Giardia cysts than older horses (p<0.05), but no significant correlation between Giardia infection and diarrhoea was observed. Most Giardia positive samples belonged to assemblage AI and/or BIV, but also assemblage E was detected in two samples. Together with the identification of Cryptosporidium horse genotype, this suggests only a low risk for zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostopoulou
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece; Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - S Casaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N Tzanidakis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - D van Doorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Demeler
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - G von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - A Saratsis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - N Voutzourakis
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Ehsan
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Doornaert
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - M Looijen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - N De Wilde
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Sotiraki
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Veterinary Research Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization Demeter, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Geurden
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abe N, Matsubara K. Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium isolates from exotic pet animals in Japan. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:254-7. [PMID: 25801359 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Cryptosporidium horse genotype, a zoonotic protozoan parasite first found in a Prezewalski wild horse, has not been found in any other mammal but calves, horses, and humans. Hedgehogs, popular exotic pet animals in Japan, are a reservoir of two zoonotic Cryptosporidum: C. parvum and C. erinacei (previously known as the hedgehog genotype). Recently, after finding Cryptosporidium infection in a four-toed hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris), we identified the isolate genetically as the Cryptosporidium horse genotype. Its subtype (VIbA13) was the same as that of an isolate from a pet shop employee with severe clinical symptoms, as reported previously from sequencing analysis of the partial Cryptosporidum 60kDa glycoprotein gene sequence. The occurrence of this genotype in hedgehog indicates that the horse genotype has broad host specificity. This report is the first of a study identifying isolates from pet reptiles genetically in Japan. The study identified a new host (Teratoscincus scincus) in C. serpentis lizard genotype by sequencing analysis of partial SSU rRNA and actin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niichiro Abe
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Tojo-cho 8-34, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
| | - Katsuki Matsubara
- Banquet Animal Hospital, Ikejiri 3-16-4, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154-0001, Japan
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Molecular identification of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis in grazing horses from Xinjiang, China. Vet Parasitol 2015; 209:169-72. [PMID: 25794943 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A total of 262 fecal specimens collected from grazing horses at five locations in Xinjiang, China were examined by PCR for Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. The Cryptosporidium and G. duodenalis infection rates were 2.7% and 1.5%, respectively. Seven Cryptosporidium-positive specimens were found in foals (16.3%), and four G. duodenalis-positive specimens were found in mares (2.5%). Sequence analyses of 18S rRNA and gp60 genes revealed that seven animals were positive for the subtype VIaA15G4 of Cryptosporidium horse genotype. G. duodenalis assemblages A and B were identified by molecular characterization of the 16S rRNA and tpi genes. This is the first report of Cryptosporidium horse genotype and G. duodenalis in grazing horses from China.
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Wagnerová P, Sak B, McEvoy J, Rost M, Perec Matysiak A, Ježková J, Kváč M. Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. including novel identification of the Cryptosporidium muris and Cryptosporidium tyzzeri in horses in the Czech Republic and Poland. Parasitol Res 2015; 114:1619-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4353-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Laatamna AE, Wagnerová P, Sak B, Květoňová D, Xiao L, Rost M, McEvoy J, Saadi AR, Aissi M, Kváč M. Microsporidia and Cryptosporidium in horses and donkeys in Algeria: detection of a novel Cryptosporidium hominis subtype family (Ik) in a horse. Vet Parasitol 2015; 208:135-42. [PMID: 25638716 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A total of 219 and 124 individual fecal samples of horses and donkeys, respectively, were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium spp., Encephalitozoon spp., and Enterocytozoon bieneusi DNA by genus-specific nested PCR. Isolates were genotyped by sequence analysis of SSU rRNA, GP60, TRAP-C1, COWP, and HSP70 loci in Cryptosporidium, and the ITS region in microsporidia. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected on 3/18 horse farms and 1/15 farms where donkeys were kept. Overall, five (2.3%) horse and two (1.6%) donkey specimens were PCR positive for Cryptosporidium. Genotyping at SSU and GP60 loci revealed that three isolates from horses and donkeys were C. parvum subtype family IIaA16G1R1, one isolate from a horse was, C. muris RN66, and one isolate from a donkey was C. muris TS03. An isolate from a horse shared 99.4% and 99.3% similarity with Cryptosporidium hominis and C. cuniculus, respectively, at the SSU locus. This isolate shared 100% identity with C. hominis at the TRAP-C1, COWP, and HSP70 loci, and it was from the novel gp60 subtype family IkA15G1. Microsporidia were found on 6/18 horse and 2/15 donkey farms. E. bieneusi was identified in 6.8% (15/219) and 1.6% (2/124), and Encephalitozoon cuniculi was identified in 1.8% (4/219) and 1.6% (2/124), of horses and donkeys, respectively. Three genotypes of E. cuniculi (I, II and III) were detected in horses, and E. cuniculi genotype II was detected in donkeys. Four genotypes of E. bieneusi (horse1, horse 2, CZ3, D) were described in horses. An additional five horses and two donkeys were positive for E. bieneusi, but the isolated were not genotyped. Neither Cryptosporidium nor microsporidia prevalence were affected by sex, age, type of breeding, or whether the host was a horse or a donkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd Elkarim Laatamna
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Life, University of Djelfa, Moudjbara, BP 3117, Djelfa, Algeria; Higher National School of Veterinary, BP 161 Hacène Badi, EL Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Pavla Wagnerová
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumil Sak
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Květoňová
- Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Lihua Xiao
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Michael Rost
- Faculty of Economics, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - John McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Ahmed Rachid Saadi
- Higher National School of Veterinary, BP 161 Hacène Badi, EL Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Meriem Aissi
- Higher National School of Veterinary, BP 161 Hacène Badi, EL Harrach, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Martin Kváč
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Parasitology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
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