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Walker R, Cope I, d'Ovidio D, Adami C. Current practice for the chemical immobilisation of non-domestic feline species: An online survey study. Vet Rec 2024; 194:e3666. [PMID: 37990755 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Safe chemical immobilisation of wild felids is essential for both conservational management and clinical purposes. However, little is known about drug protocols and current practice. METHODS This study was designed as an online survey based on a questionnaire. Descriptive/correlation statistics and analysis of proportions were used for data analysis. RESULTS The preferred immobilisation technique was the use of darts (37% of the respondents), while the most popular drug combination was a mixture of benzodiazepines, alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists and dissociative anaesthetics (27%). The inclusion of ketamine in the drug mixture was associated with a quicker anaesthetic onset, as estimated by the participants (p < 0.001). Common complications were prolonged recovery (46%), bradycardia (35%), hypoventilation (32%), hypothermia (26%) and arousal (26%). Commonly encountered problems were inappropriate equipment (39%), lack of suitable drugs (27%) and inadequate knowledge of species-specific pharmacology (29%) and physiology (24%). LIMITATIONS Incomplete adherence to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E-Surveys is acknowledged. CONCLUSIONS Drug protocols including both alpha-2 adrenoreceptor agonists and dissociative anaesthetics are preferred in wild felids, and the inclusion of ketamine may be useful to achieve a quick onset. Equipment/drug availability and species-specific knowledge are potential areas of improvement to improve wild felid anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Walker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Chiara Adami
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Xueyuan H, Li L, Yujie Y, Wenshuai Y, Huayun Z, Wei G, Honggang F. Comparison of behavioral and cardiopulmonary parameters during immobilization using dexmedetomidine, tiletamine and zolazepam with or without buprenorphine in Siberian tigers (Panthera tigris). J Vet Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Di Cesare F, Cagnardi P, Villa R, Rabbogliatti V, Lucatello L, Capolongo F, Gioeni D, Capasso M, Magnone W, Ravasio G. Dexmedetomidine and ketamine simultaneous administration in tigers ( Panthera tigris): pharmacokinetics and clinical effects. Vet Rec Open 2020; 7:e000412. [PMID: 33178436 PMCID: PMC7640590 DOI: 10.1136/vetreco-2020-000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study determines the pharmacokinetic profiles of dexmedetomidine (DEX), ketamine (KET) and its active metabolite, norketamine (NORKET), after simultaneous administration. Moreover, the study evaluates the sedative effects of this protocol, its influence on the main physiological variables and the occurrence of adverse effects. Methods Eighteen captive tigers were initially administered with a mixture of DEX (10 µg/kg) and KET (2 mg/kg) by remote intramuscular injection. In case of individual and specific needs, the protocol was modified and tigers could receive general anaesthesia, propofol or additional doses of DEX and KET. Results Based on the immobilisation protocol, nine animals were assigned to the standard protocol group and the other nine to the non-standard protocol group. Higher area under the first moment curve (AUMC0-last) and longer mean residence time (MRT0-last) (P<0.05) were observed in the non-standard protocol group for DEX, KET and NORKET, and higher area under the concentration-time curve from administration to the last measurable concentration (AUC0-last) only for KET. The KET metabolisation rate was similar (P=0.296) between groups. No differences between groups were detected in terms of stages of sedation and recoveries. All physiological variables remained within normality ranges during the whole observation period. During the hospitalisation period, no severe adverse reactions and signs of resedation were observed. Conclusion The simultaneous administration of 10 µg/kg of DEX and 2 mg/kg of KET can be considered an effective protocol for chemical immobilisation of captive tigers, along with dosage adjusments or when other drugs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Di Cesare
- Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Petra Cagnardi
- Medicina veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Roberto Villa
- Scienze veterinarie per la salute, la produzione animale e la sicurezza alimentare, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Rabbogliatti
- Medicina veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Lorena Lucatello
- Biomedicina Comparata ed Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro (PD), Veneto, Italy
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Biomedicina Comparata ed Alimentazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Legnaro (PD), Veneto, Italy
| | - Daniela Gioeni
- Medicina veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Michele Capasso
- Medicina Veterinaria e Produzioni Animali, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | | | - Giuliano Ravasio
- Medicina veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
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Mercado JA, Romano J, De la Cueva H, Haro P. Multiple successful tiletamine‐zolazepam‐xylazine immobilizations in an Amur tiger cub. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julio A Mercado
- Animal HealthUniversidad Autonoma de Baja California Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias VeterinariasMexicaliBaja CaliforniaMexico
| | - Jacobo Romano
- Medicina VeterinariaZoologico Parque MorelosTijuanaBaja CaliforniaMexico
| | - Horacio De la Cueva
- Biología de la ConservaciónCentro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de EnsenadaEnsenadaBaja CaliforniaMexico
| | - Paulina Haro
- Laboratorio de ParasitologiaCONACYT‐Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Dr Hideyo NoguchiUniversidad Autónoma de YucatánMéridaYucatánMexico
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Li W, Li G, Zhong Z, Xie B, Zhou Z, Gu W, Shi X, Tang T, Ai S, Fu H, Liu M, Liu M, Wu D, Hu Y, Peng G. Validation of an HPLC assay for determination of Telazol in pregnant pigs: application to placental transfer study. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:801-806. [PMID: 28302956 PMCID: PMC5402205 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics utilized for the immobilization of pregnant mammals are prone to crossing the
placental barrier and cause adverse effects to the fetuses. In this study, we develop a
facile method employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the study of
Telazol crossing the placental barrier of pregnant pigs. The method mainly relies on the
efficient extraction strategy that includes the mobile phase composed of 10 mM ammonium
acetate aqueous solution-acetonitrile (1:4, v/v). When the injected dose of Telazol is 10
mg/kg (5 mg/kg of each constituent drug, zolazepem and tiletamine), zolazepam can cross
the placental barrier as it is detected in both uterus and umbilical cord with
approximately the same content. Conversely, tiletamine is detected in neither uterus nor
umbilical cord, indicating the absence of placental transfer of tiletamine. The different
absorption rates of the two dosage-equal compounds by pigs are found to be the main cause
of their different abilities to cross the placental barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Gangshi Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Bingbing Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Wuyang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Xianpeng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Tianliang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Shengquan Ai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Hualin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Mengxi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - De Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Yanchun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
| | - Guangneng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, P. R. China
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A comprehensive and sensitive method for hair analysis in drug-facilitated crimes and incorporation of zolazepam and tiletamine into hair after a single exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:251-63. [PMID: 26454443 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9099-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Hair is a highly relevant specimen that is used to verify drug exposure in victims of drug-facilitated crime (DFC) cases. In the present study, a new analytical method involving ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed for determining the presence of model drugs, including zolazepam and tiletamine and their metabolites in hair specimens from DFCs. The incorporation of zolazepam and tiletamine into hair after a single exposure was investigated in Long-Evans rats with the ratio of the hair concentration to the area under the curve. For rapid and simple sample preparation, methanol extraction and protein precipitation were performed for hair and plasma, respectively. No interference was observed in drug-free hair or plasma, except for hair-derived diphenhydramine in blank hair. The coefficients of variance of the matrix effects were below 12%, and the recoveries of the analytes exceeded 70% in all of the matrices. The precision and accuracy results were satisfactory. The limits of quantification ranged from 20 to 50 pg in 10 mg of hair. The drug incorporation rates were 0.03 ± 0.01% for zolazepam and 2.09 ± 0.51% for tiletamine in pigmented hair. We applied the present method to real hair samples in order to determine the drug that was used in seven cases. These results suggest that this comprehensive and sensitive hair analysis method can successfully verify a drug after a single exposure in crimes and can be applied in forensic and clinical toxicology laboratories.
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