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Al Razaiki K, Al Khaldi K, Al Harthy N, Al Wahaibi A, Qutieshat A. Evaluating the Role of Inorganic Elements of Camelus Dromedarius Saliva in Protecting Enamel Against Tooth Surface Loss. J Vet Dent 2024; 41:270-280. [PMID: 37264601 DOI: 10.1177/08987564231177575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide insight into the role of camel's saliva in protecting enamel against erosion and to evaluate the levels of salivary sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate ions among 2 groups of camels, those with low-grade tooth surface loss and those with high-grade tooth surface loss. Twenty-eight healthy camels, 5 males and 23 females, aged 20 months to 10 years, were divided into 2 groups. Group I comprise camels with "low-grade tooth surface loss" and Group 2 with "high-grade tooth surface loss." Unstimulated saliva was collected by a draining method. The samples were then analyzed for sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate concentrations using automated chemistry analysis. Data were then statistically analyzed using the unpaired Student's t-test and Pearson correlation coefficient test. The study found the salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations were significantly lower in the "high-grade" erosion group, in comparison with the other group (P < .0001 and P = .0257, respectively). The results also revealed that the more extensive the tooth surface loss, the more carious lesions the subject had (P = .023), and that caries are more common in the anterior teeth, particularly the incisors. The authors conclude that alterations in inorganic elements of saliva, particularly the calcium and phosphate ions, play a major role in the development of resistance to tooth surface loss. This work may represent a direction for future research to develop custom-made preventive supplements, which can protect camelid teeth against tooth surface loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al Razaiki
- Veterinary Department, Royal Oman Police, Mounted Police Headquarters, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Khalid Al Khaldi
- Veterinary Department, Royal Oman Police, Mounted Police Headquarters, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Nutayla Al Harthy
- Adult Restorative Dentistry, Oman Dental College, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Ayida Al Wahaibi
- Adult Restorative Dentistry, Oman Dental College, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Abubaker Qutieshat
- Adult Restorative Dentistry, Oman Dental College, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
- Dundee Dental Hospital and School, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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Tinsley T, Fogle C, Means E, Robertston J. The prevalence and risk factors of dental disease found in 100 miniature horses. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1239809. [PMID: 38098989 PMCID: PMC10720032 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1239809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dental disease is a common condition affecting horses. Its prevalence and characteristics among most of the common breeds of horses and donkeys have been investigated and described in the literature, but information about the prevalence and etiology of dental disease of miniature horses is sparse. Methods To determine the prevalence and characteristics of dental disease of miniature horses, we performed oral and dental radiographic examinations on 100 miniature horses. The findings of these examinations were analyzed to determine the prevalence of dental disease and its correlation to age, sex, weight, body condition score, height at the withers, head length and head width. Older horses had a higher prevalence of dental disease, diastemata and crown elongations. Results The most common dental diseases detected in this population were crown elongation, oral mucosal ulceration, diastemata, class 1 malocclusion and hypodontia. Horses with a high body condition score had an increased likelihood of having a class 1 malocclusion. Horses with wider heads had a higher prevalence of dental disease and class 1 malocclusions. Conclusion Frequent oral examinations, starting at an early age, should be prioritized as a part of miniature horse preventive health care to decrease morbidity and slow progression of dental disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Tinsley
- Elite Equine Mobile Dentistry, Holly Springs, NC, United States
| | - Callie Fogle
- Department of Clinical Sciences, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Elaine Means
- Elaine Means Mobile Equine Dentistry, Sanford, NC, United States
| | - James Robertston
- Office of Research, North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, NC, United States
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Occhiogrosso L, Capozza P, Buonavoglia A, Decaro N, Trotta A, Marin C, Corrente M. Bacterial Periodontitis in Horses: An Epidemiological Study in Southern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1814. [PMID: 37889702 PMCID: PMC10251870 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine periodontal disease (EPD) is a painful oral inflammatory syndrome characterized by multifactorial pathogenesis. Although it is well known that bacterial proliferation and consequent gingivitis are caused by the decomposition process of food residues, in hypsodont species, the pathogenetic role and the different bacterial species involved in the progression of EPD must be fully clarified. This study aimed to investigate the association of bacteria, including the complex red bacteria (RCB), with EPD, and to evaluate possible EPD risk factors. Bacterial species, including Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis (belonging to the RCB), Fusobacterium nucleatum, Veilonella parvula, and Prevotella intermedia, were investigated in 125 oral swabs from healthy and EPD-affected horses using real-time multiplex PCR. Subsequently, possible risk factors (i.e., age, gender, and breed of the animals and type of feed used) were evaluated using univariate and multivariate analyses. Tannerella spp. and Treponema spp. were detected in a significantly higher proportion of horses affected by EPD than in healthy animals, although pathogens belonging to RCB were detected in low number of horses. At the same time, none of the investigated pathogens was significantly associated with a particular stage of disease severity. Horses aged older than 20 years were at higher risk of EPD. The high rate of coinfection, statistically associated with EPD, supports the hypothesis that EPD is a complex syndrome characterized by the possible simultaneous involvement of several pathogens and an increased risk depending on the animal's age. Constant oral hygiene is the best prevention to prevent and treat the disease, especially in old animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Occhiogrosso
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Nicola Decaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Adriana Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
| | - Claudia Marin
- Department of Education, Psychology, Communication, University of Bari, 70121 Bari, Italy
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy
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Schneider J, Reardon RJM, Pearce CJ, du Toit N. Presentation and management of advanced occlusal caries affecting the maxillary cheek teeth of four horses. EQUINE VET EDUC 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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Bishop IT. Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in horses. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:971886. [PMID: 36277061 PMCID: PMC9581279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.971886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this observational study, oral examinations and full-mouth dental radiographs were performed on 248 horses presented for routine oral health care. The findings were assessed to determine how often disease was diagnosed by radiographs without having related findings on oral examination. In 50 horses (20%), there were radiographic signs of disease that would not have been predicted based upon the oral examination. 113 horses (46%) had oral examination findings that would have prompted dental radiography, according to the criteria of the study. Of these 113 horses, 24 (21%) had radiographic signs of disease that would have been missed if only targeted radiographs had been taken, rather than a full-mouth survey.
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Turner CM, Reiswig J, Manfredi JM. Tooth Elongation of Maxillary Second Premolars and Mandibular Third Molars and Associated Periodontal Disease in Horses: A Retrospective Study. J Vet Dent 2021; 38:126-130. [PMID: 34775871 DOI: 10.1177/08987564211052684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal disease has been identified in horses and donkeys through the millennia at a prevalence of up to 75% and is a leading cause of tooth loss in horses. We hypothesize that there is a correlation between tooth elongations and periodontal disease. Dental records of all client owned horses examined by a single AVDC/equine board certified practitioner in 2016-2018 were analyzed. Inclusion criteria consisted of the examination finding of tooth elongation of one of the following teeth pairs 106/107, 206/207, 310/311, or 410-411. The included cases were then examined for the finding of periodontal disease in Stages 1-4 (PD 1-4). Bayesian correlation analysis revealed significant positive correlations of elongations and periodontal disease existed between PD1 and proximal tooth pairs 106-107 and 206-207, PD2 and PD4 with all four tooth pairs, and PD3 with 106-107. Clinically, early diagnosis and treatment of newly formed elongations, or prevention of their formation altogether through diligent dental prophylaxis could prove key in preservation of teeth through prevention of the associated development of periodontal disease in the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen M Turner
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, 70726Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jeff Reiswig
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, 70726Michigan State University College of Veterinary Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jane Marie Manfredi
- 70728The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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Kutara K, Kadekaru S, Sugisawa R, Une Y. Pyogenic meningitis and trigeminal neuritis secondary to periodontogenic paranasal sinusitis in a red deer (Cervus elaphus). J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:947-951. [PMID: 33840720 PMCID: PMC8267206 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An adult female red deer died of a severe seizure and dysbasia. Postmortem computed
tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed. On CT, deciduous
right maxillary second and third premolar teeth were observed, and the right infraorbital
canal was disrupted. MRI showed that the right trigeminal nerve was enlarged and the right
subarachnoid cavity was occupied by fluid and gas. On gross examination, the right
paranasal sinus, swollen muscles of the orbit and tonsils, right trigeminal nerve, and
right cerebrum surface contained a yellowish-white, cheese-like pus. Based on these
findings, the deer was believed to have developed pyogenic meningitis caused by a
neuropathic infection secondary to periodontogenic paranasal sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Sho Kadekaru
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Reiko Sugisawa
- Tohoku Safari Park, 1 Sawamatsukura, Nihonmatsu, Fukushima 964-0088, Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, 1-3 Ikoinooka, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
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Exodontia associated bacteremia in horses characterized by next generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6314. [PMID: 33737590 PMCID: PMC7973801 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteremia resulting from dental surgery is increasingly recognized as a health risk, especially in older and immunocompromised patients. Dentistry-associated bacteremia can lead to remote infections, as exemplified by valvular endocarditis. Emerging evidence points to a novel role played by oral cavity commensals in the pathogenesis of diabetes, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Whether dental extraction, a commonly undertaken procedure in old horses, causes bacteremia has not been reported extensively. In a prospective clinical study using next generation sequencing (based on bacterial 16S rRNA), the circulating blood microbiome was characterized before and at 1 h following extraction of incisor, canine or cheek teeth from 29 adult horses with dental disease. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results from the blood microbiome were compared with those from gingival swab samples obtained prior to extraction at the location of the diseased tooth. Bacteremia associated with translocated gingival commensals was demonstrated in horses undergoing exodontia and was, in some cases, still evident one hour post-operatively.
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Jackson K, Kelty E, Tennant M. Retrospective case review investigating the effect of replacing oaten hay with a non-cereal hay on equine peripheral caries in 42 cases. Equine Vet J 2020; 53:1105-1111. [PMID: 33332648 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine peripheral caries can cause significant morbidity and can have considerable welfare implications. Recent research suggests that diets with high water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content are associated with high risk of peripheral caries. Previous work has indicated that the condition may be treatable if the inciting cause is removed and the damaged tooth allowed to erupt out, being replaced by the unaffected tooth previously under the gingival margin. OBJECTIVES To see whether the peripheral caries process can be ceased if oaten hay (typically high WSC) is removed from the diet and replaced with a non-cereal hay (typically lower WSC). STUDY DESIGN Retrospective blinded longitudinal study. METHODS Forty-two cases with peripheral caries that were on oaten hay were asked if they would change the hay type from oaten hay to a non-cereal hay or straw (meadow, Rhodes hay, lucerne hay or barley straw). Photographs were taken at the time and then again at subsequent visits. The photographs were anonymised, randomised and scored by six equine veterinary dentists using the Jackson et al. 'Peripheral Caries Grading System' grading scale. RESULTS At follow-up, 69.0% of cases were marked as inactive, compared with 47.6% of cases at baseline (OR: 2.45, 95%CI: 1.12-5.36, P = .02). Significantly lower grades of peripheral caries were observed in the gingival, middle and occlusive third of the molars (triadan 9-11's) at follow-up compared with baseline. However, significant improvements were not observed in the premolars (triadan 6-8's). MAIN LIMITATIONS This is a review of clinical records, not a prospective study. As such, other changes in the diet and management were not recorded, and there was no control group. CONCLUSIONS Recommending clients change their horse's diet from oaten hay (high WSC) to a typically lower WSC hay was associated with significant improvements in equine peripheral caries located in the molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jackson
- International Research Collaborative - Oral Health and Equity, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Erin Kelty
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Marc Tennant
- International Research Collaborative - Oral Health and Equity, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Jackson K, Kelty E, Tennant M. A new equine peripheral caries grading system: Are the caries likely active or inactive? Equine Vet J 2020; 53:780-786. [PMID: 33007110 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine peripheral caries can be a significant welfare issue in affected horses. Recent work has shown that complete reversal of the condition may be possible if the primary risk factor can be identified and corrected. Determining whether caries are active (deteriorating) or inactive (improving) is of vital importance when formulating a management and treatment plan. A new grading system is proposed that looks at whether caries are likely active or inactive to assist clinicians deciding whether intervention is required. OBJECTIVES To examine the reliability of an alternative grading method for equine peripheral caries. STUDY DESIGN Online survey of veterinary surgeons. METHODS Reviewers (n = 22) graded images of peripheral caries using three methods: the traditional grading system, a new research grading system and a new clinical grading system. Percentage agreement and Fleiss' kappa were used to examine the participant's agreement of the severity of caries. RESULTS All percentage agreements and Fleiss' kappa values were significantly greater than zero (P < .001). The Fleiss' kappa for the new methods were higher (ranging from 0.48 to 0.58), but not significantly different from the traditional method (0.40). There was a high level of consistency in the assessment of caries as either active or inactive with both grading systems reporting over 80% agreement. Feedback on the grading systems was positive with over 90% of reviewers saying they were likely to use the system. MAIN LIMITATIONS The use of photographs provided some difficulties with image quality and judging whether the dentin was affected without an occlusal image. CONCLUSIONS The new grading system produced a consistent estimate of caries severity and provided high levels of agreement on whether the caries were likely 'active' or 'inactive'. This is likely to be very useful clinically to assist practitioners to determine whether intervention is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Jackson
- International Research Collaborative - Oral Health and Equity, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Erin Kelty
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Marc Tennant
- International Research Collaborative - Oral Health and Equity, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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Proost K, Pardon B, Pollaris E, Flahou T, Vlaminck L. Dental disease in alpacas. Part 1: Prevalence of dental disorders and their mutual relationships. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1028-1038. [PMID: 32107866 PMCID: PMC7096633 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental disease is a troublesome health concern in alpacas. Specifically, the occurrence of tooth root abscesses has been described in veterinary literature. Nevertheless, no objective prevalence data are available for dental disorders in alpacas. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of dental disorders in alpaca herds in Belgium and the Netherlands. To study the associations between the different dental disorders encountered in alpacas. ANIMALS A total of 228 alpacas (Vicugna pacos) originating from 25 farms. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study. Dental disorders were diagnosed by dental examination of sedated animals using a dental mirror or a portable rigid oroscope. RESULTS At the animal level, 82% (n = 187) had dental disorders of which 74.6, 41.7, and 3.9% were cheek teeth, incisor disorders, and canine disorders, respectively. At the level of the cheek teeth, diastemata (43.1%) were most common, followed by wear abnormalities (WA; 39.6%) and periodontal disease (PD; 33.3%). A significant association was detected between the presence of diastemata and PD (odds ratio [OR], 13.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.6-27.7; P < .001). Pulp exposure was significantly associated with the presence of diastemata (OR, 11.8; 95% CI, 3.8-51.5; P < .001), PD (OR, 8.2; 95% CI, 3.1-25.3; P < .001) and WA (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-7.4; P = .002). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Dental disorders are highly prevalent in alpacas in Belgium and the Netherlands. Several dental disorders in alpacas had significant associations. To prevent the development of advanced stages of dental disease, routine dental examinations are advised to allow early detection and prompt treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Proost
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic AnimalsGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Large Animal Internal MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - Elke Pollaris
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic AnimalsGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | | | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic AnimalsGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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Proost K, Pardon B, Pollaris E, Flahou T, Vlaminck L. Dental disease in alpacas. Part 2: Risk factors associated with diastemata, periodontitis, occlusal pulp exposure, wear abnormalities, and malpositioned teeth. J Vet Intern Med 2020; 34:1039-1046. [PMID: 32108969 PMCID: PMC7096605 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.15740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dental disorders, of which tooth root abscesses are best documented, are highly prevalent in alpacas. Identification of risk factors can be valuable for prevention of dental disorders in this species. Hypothesis/Objectives To identify risk factors associated with wear abnormalities, malpositioning, diastemata, periodontal disease (PD), and occlusal pulp exposure at the level of the cheek teeth. Animals Two hundred twenty‐eight alpacas (Vicugna pacos) from 25 farms. Methods Cross‐sectional study. Dental examinations were performed on sedated animals. Risk factors were determined by clinical examination and interview. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for wear abnormalities, malpositioned teeth, diastemata, PD, and occlusal pulp exposure. Results Mandibular swelling was significantly associated with PD (odds ratio [OR], 11.37; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.27‐48.81; P < .001). Nearly 73% of included animals with mandibular swelling concurrently had PD. For every increase in herd size of 1 animal, the risk for PD increased by 2% (95% CI, 1‐4%; P = .01). The association between severe stages of PD and body condition score (BCS) indicates a painful situation, impairing animal welfare (P < .001). For each 1‐day increase in interval between pasture cleanings, the odds of finding pulp exposure for a single animal was estimated to increase by 1% (95% CI, 0‐2%; P = .05). Conclusion and Clinical Importance Simple management tools such as measuring BCS, palpating the mandible for bony swellings, removing feces from pasture on a regular basis and decreasing herd size might help identify animals at risk for dental disorders or prevent their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Proost
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bart Pardon
- Department of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elke Pollaris
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Lieven Vlaminck
- Department of Surgery and Anesthesiology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
Equine dentistry is a rapidly developing clinical specialty. It has benefitted from key advances in anatomical and physiological research, development of equipment and instrumentation, utilisation of standing sedation and anaesthesia protocols, a change towards minimally invasive surgical techniques, and the introduction of restorative and endodontic techniques translated from techniques used in human and canine dentistry. Anatomical research has provided further insight into the endodontic system of incisors and cheek teeth and how it changes throughout development with age. Studies of the periodontium have demonstrated a rich vascular supply and repair capacity. Routine dental visits are increasingly being performed utilising sedation and clinical instruments for routine examinations. Equipment has become more efficient, battery-operated and miniaturised giving benefits to both equine dental maintenance work and advanced techniques, assisting the transition to minimally invasive techniques, and the development of endodontic and restorative dentistry. Diagnosis has also benefitted from advances in equipment such as patient-side digital radiography systems, high definition oroscopy, and small diameter flexible fibrescopes that are capable of visualising inside a pulp canal. Dental units combining endodontic high- and low-speed drills, suction and air or water flush are becoming increasingly used and adapted for equine use. Sedative combinations and standing anaesthesia protocols have meant that revisions of traditional techniques, as well as novel techniques, can be performed with almost no requirement for general anaesthesia. Equine dentistry can only continue to advance in this way if there is early identification of dental disease through clinical oral examinations, leading to a system based on prophylaxis, as in human dentistry. This necessitates a change in attitude of the public and industry in general to a proactive approach, with early intervention based on examination and diagnostic findings of practitioners and not necessarily based on the clinical signs displayed by the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Pearce
- Equine Dental Clinic Ltd, Witchampton, Wimborne, UK
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