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Sørensen TM, Scahill K, Ruperez JE, Olejnik M, Swinbourne F, Verwilghen DR, Nolff MC, Baines S, Marques C, Vilen A, Duarte EL, Dias M, Dewulf S, Wichtowska A, Valencia AC, Pelligand L, Broens EM, Toutain PL, Alishani M, Brennan ML, Weese JS, Jessen LR, Allerton F. Antimicrobial prophylaxis in companion animal surgery: A scoping review for European Network for Optimization of Antimicrobial Therapy (ENOVAT) guidelines. Vet J 2024; 304:106101. [PMID: 38490359 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis (SAP) is widely used to reduce the risk of surgical site infections (SSI), but there is uncertainty as to what the proportion of SSI reduction is. Therefore, it is difficult for surgeons to properly weigh the costs, risks and benefits for individual patients when deciding on the use of SAP, making it challenging to promote antimicrobial stewardship in primary practice settings. The objective of this study was to map the veterinary evidence focused on assessing the effect of SAP on SSI development and in order to identify surgical procedures with some research evidence and possible knowledge gaps. In October 2021 and December 2022, Scopus, CAB Abstracts, Web of Science Core Collection, Embase and MEDLINE were systematically searched. Double blinded screening of records was performed to identify studies in companion animals that reported on the use of SAP and SSI rates. Comparative data were available from 34 out of 39123 records screened including: eight randomised controlled trials (RCT), 23 cohort studies (seven prospective and 16 retrospective) and three retrospective case series representing 12476 dogs and cats in total. Extracted data described peri- or post-operative SAP in nine, and 25 studies, respectively. In the eight RCTs evaluating SAP in companion animals, surgical procedure coverage was skewed towards orthopaedic stifle surgeries in referral settings and there was large variation in SAP protocols, SSI definitions and follow-up periods. More standardized data collection and agreement of SSI definitions is needed to build stronger evidence for optimized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Sørensen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark; ESCMID Study Group for Veterinary Microbiology (ESGVM), Basel, Switzerland.
| | - K Scahill
- College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 49 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Evidensia Södra Djursjukhuset Kungens Kurva, Månskärarvägen 13, Kungens Kurva 14175, Sweden; ESCMID Study Group for Veterinary Microbiology (ESGVM), Basel, Switzerland
| | - J Espinel Ruperez
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
| | - M Olejnik
- Department of Fundamental and Preclinical Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurija Gagarina 11, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - F Swinbourne
- Lumbry Park Veterinary Specialists, Selborne Rd, Alton GU34 3HL, United Kingdom
| | - D R Verwilghen
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Regimental Dr, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - M C Nolff
- Clinic for Small Animal Surgery, Vetsuisse Faculty, University Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, TFA 01.51, Zürich 8057, Switzerland
| | - S Baines
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Solihull B90 4NH, United Kingdom
| | - C Marques
- Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, Lisboa 1749-024, Portugal; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Vilen
- AniCura Landskrona Smådjursklinik, Föreningsgatan 165, Landskrona 261 51, Sweden
| | - E L Duarte
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, Évora 7006-554, Portugal; ESCMID Study Group for Veterinary Microbiology (ESGVM), Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Dias
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra Apartado 94, Évora 7006-554, Portugal
| | - S Dewulf
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Gebouw D4, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, Ghent 9820, Belgium
| | - A Wichtowska
- Department of Fundamental and Preclinical Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Jurija Gagarina 11, Toruń 87-100, Poland
| | - A Carranza Valencia
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Bern University, Länggassstrasse 120, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - L Pelligand
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, 4 Royal College St, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom; ESCMID Study Group for Veterinary Microbiology (ESGVM), Basel, Switzerland
| | - E M Broens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, Utrecht 3584 CL, the Netherlands; ESCMID Study Group for Veterinary Microbiology (ESGVM), Basel, Switzerland
| | - P L Toutain
- Dept. Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, 4 Royal College St, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom; INTHERES, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 23 Chem. des Capelles Entrée n°1, Toulouse 31300, France
| | - M Alishani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary, University of Prishtina "Hasan Prishtina", Prishtina 10 000, Kosovo
| | - M L Brennan
- Centre for Evidence-based Veterinary Medicine, The University of Nottingham, Loughborough LE12 5RD, United Kingdom
| | - J S Weese
- Dept of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 419 Gordon St, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - L R Jessen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlaegevej 16, Frederiksberg C 1870, Denmark; ESCMID Study Group for Veterinary Microbiology (ESGVM), Basel, Switzerland
| | - F Allerton
- Willows Veterinary Centre & Referral Service, Solihull B90 4NH, United Kingdom
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Álvarez-Pérez S, Rodríguez-Franco F, García-Sancho M, Tercero-Guerrero D, Sainz Á, García ME, Blanco JL. Analysis of the culturable gut yeast microbiota of dogs with digestive disorders. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105153. [PMID: 38219470 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the increasing interest in studying the gut mycobiota of dogs, the association between fungal colonization and the development of digestive disorders in this species remains largely understudied. On the other hand, the high prevalence of antifungal-resistant yeasts detected in previous studies in samples from animals represents a major threat to public health. We analyzed the presence of culturable yeasts in 112 rectal swab samples obtained from dogs with digestive disorders attended in a veterinary teaching hospital. Our results revealed that Malassezia pachydermatis was frequently isolated from the studied dog population (33.9% of samples), and that the isolation of this yeast was significantly associated to the age of animals, but not to their sex, disease group, or the presence of vomits and/or diarrhea. In contrast, other yeast species were less prevalent (17.9% of samples in total), and their isolation was not significantly associated to any variable included in the analysis. Additionally, we observed that 97.5% of the studied M. pachydermatis isolates (n = 158, 1-6 per positive episode) displayed a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value >4 μg/ml to nystatin, 31.6% had a MIC ≥32 μg/ml to fluconazole, and 27.2% had a MIC >4 μg/ml to amphotericin B. The antifungal susceptibility profiles of non-Malassezia (n = 43, 1-7 per episode) were more variable and included elevated MIC values for some antifungal-species combinations. These results confirm that the intestine of dogs is a reservoir of opportunistic pathogenic yeasts and suggest that the prevalence of M. pachydermatis colonization depends more on the age of animals than on any specific digestive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Fernando Rodríguez-Franco
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Mercedes García-Sancho
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Daniela Tercero-Guerrero
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Ángel Sainz
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Marta E García
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - José L Blanco
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain; Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Correa Lopes B, Chen CC, Sung CH, Ishii PE, Medina LFDC, Gaschen FP, Suchodolski JS, Pilla R. Correlation between Peptacetobacter hiranonis, the baiCD Gene, and Secondary Bile Acids in Dogs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:216. [PMID: 38254385 PMCID: PMC10812727 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bile acid metabolism is a key pathway modulated by intestinal microbiota. Peptacetobacter (Clostridium) hiranonis has been described as the main species responsible for the conversion of primary into secondary fecal unconjugated bile acids (fUBA) in dogs. This multi-step biochemical pathway is encoded by the bile acid-inducible (bai) operon. We aimed to assess the correlation between P. hiranonis abundance, the abundance of one specific gene of the bai operon (baiCD), and secondary fUBA concentrations. In this retrospective study, 133 fecal samples were analyzed from 24 dogs. The abundances of P. hiranonis and baiCD were determined using qPCR. The concentration of fUBA was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The baiCD abundance exhibited a strong positive correlation with secondary fUBA (ρ = 0.7377, 95% CI (0.6461, 0.8084), p < 0.0001). Similarly, there was a strong correlation between P. hiranonis and secondary fUBA (ρ = 0.6658, 95% CI (0.5555, 0.7532), p < 0.0001). Animals displaying conversion of fUBA and lacking P. hiranonis were not observed. These results suggest P. hiranonis is the main converter of primary to secondary bile acids in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Correa Lopes
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Chih-Chun Chen
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Chi-Hsuan Sung
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Patricia Eri Ishii
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Luis Fernando da Costa Medina
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Frederic P. Gaschen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Jan S. Suchodolski
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
| | - Rachel Pilla
- Gastrointestinal Laboratory, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA; (C.-C.C.); (C.-H.S.); (P.E.I.); (L.F.d.C.M.); (J.S.S.); (R.P.)
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Barko PC, Rubin SI, Swanson KS, McMichael MA, Ridgway MD, Williams DA. Untargeted Analysis of Serum Metabolomes in Dogs with Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2313. [PMID: 37508091 PMCID: PMC10376357 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a malabsorptive syndrome resulting from insufficient secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes. EPI is treated with pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT), but the persistence of clinical signs, especially diarrhea, is common after treatment. We used untargeted metabolomics of serum to identify metabolic disturbances associated with EPI and generate novel hypotheses related to its pathophysiology. Fasted serum samples were collected from dogs with EPI (n = 20) and healthy controls (n = 10), all receiving PERT. Serum metabolomes were generated using UPLC-MS/MS, and differences in relative metabolite abundances were compared between the groups. Of the 759 serum metabolites detected, 114 varied significantly (p < 0.05, q < 0.2) between dogs with EPI and healthy controls. Differences in amino acids (arginate, homoarginine, 2-oxoarginine, N-acetyl-cadaverine, and α-ketoglutaramate) and lipids (free fatty acids and docosahexaenoylcarnitine) were consistent with increased proteolysis and lipolysis, indicating a persistent catabolic state in dogs with EPI. Relative abundances of gut microbial metabolites (phenyllactate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate, phenylacetyl-amino acids, catechol sulfates, and o-cresol-sulfate) were altered in dogs with EPI, consistent with disruptions in gut microbial communities. Increased kynurenine is consistent with the presence of intestinal inflammation in dogs with EPI. Whether these metabolic disturbances participate in the pathophysiology of EPI or contribute to the persistence of clinical signs after treatment is unknown, but they are targets for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Barko
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Marcella D Ridgway
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
| | - David A Williams
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, USA
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