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Xu H, Yang A, Pang Y, Pei H. Advances and challenges in the technologies for cyanobacterial cells removal in drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142338. [PMID: 38754486 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria in reservoirs pose a serious threat to drinking water safety due to the intracellular metabolites, such as toxins and unpleasant tastes & odours. Effective removal of harmful cyanobacteria with little to no cell damage is very important to ensure the safety of drinking water. This review first introduced development history of cyanobacterial removal technologies in drinking water treatment. Then, impacts of oxidation, coagulation and pre-oxidation enhanced coagulation processes on cyanobacterial removal and integrity of the cells were comprehensively evaluated and discussed. Oxidation can remove cyanobacteria, but high doses of oxidants can result in significant cell lysis and release of intracellular metabolites, especially when using chlorine or ozone. Although there is practically no cell damage during coagulation, the removal efficiency is low in many cases. Pre-oxidation may improve cyanobacterial removal by the subsequent solid-liquid separation processes, and moderate pre-oxidation with little to no cell lysis is very important. Mechanisms of interface interaction between pre-oxidants and cyanobacteria should be defined in future to ensure moderate pre-oxidation of algal cells. Fate of cyanobacterial cells in sludge is also reviewed because more and more waterworks return sludge supernatant to the inlet of plant. Damage to cyanobacterial cells in sludge depends mainly upon coagulant type and dosage, algal species, and cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be treated before cell lysis. Efficient techniques for harmless disposal of cyanobacteria-containing sludge should be developed in future. This paper will help to better understand the cyanobacterial removal processes and provide improved perspectives for future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangzhou Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Aonan Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yiming Pang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Haiyan Pei
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Center on Environmental Science and Technology, Jinan, 250061, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai, 202162, China.
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2
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Xu S, Wang J, Chen W, Ji B, Yan H, Zhang Z, Long X. Removal of field-collected Microcystis aeruginosa in pilot-scale by a jet pump cavitation reactor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 83:105924. [PMID: 35091235 PMCID: PMC8800136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.105924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic cavitation has been investigated extensively in the field of water treatment in the last decade and a well-designed hydrodynamic cavitation reactor is critical to the efficient removal of algal and large-scale application. In this paper, a jet pump cavitation reactor (JPCR) is developed for the removal of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginos in a pilot scale. The results demonstrate that the photosynthetic activity of M. aeruginosa is greatly inhibited immediately after treatment in the JPCR, and the growth is also hindered after 3 days culture. Moreover, a high cell disruptions of M. aeruginosa is detected after treated by JPCR. The release of chlorophyll-a indicates that the JPCR caused serious rupture to M. aeruginosa cells. The plausible cell disruption mechanisms are proposed in accordance with a fluorescence microscope and scanning electron microscope. Then, the optimization of cell disruption efficiency is also investigated for various operating conditions. The results showed that the algal cell disruption efficiency is improved at higher inlet pressure and the cavitation stage between the unstable limited operation cavitation stage and stable limited operation cavitation stage. The effect and optimization of JPCR on algal reduction are highlighted. The results of the study promote the application of hydrodynamic cavitation on algal removal and provide strong support for JPCR application in algal removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangjie Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterjet Theory and New Technology, Hubei 430072, China; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Jiong Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterjet Theory and New Technology, Hubei 430072, China; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Bin Ji
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterjet Theory and New Technology, Hubei 430072, China; State Key Lab of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Hengfei Yan
- Jiujiang Branch of Tianjin Navigation Instrument Research Institute, Jiangxi 32007, China
| | - Zuti Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterjet Theory and New Technology, Hubei 430072, China; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Xinping Long
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterjet Theory and New Technology, Hubei 430072, China; School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China; State Key Lab of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Hubei 430072, China.
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3
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Kong Y, Zhang Z, Peng Y. Multi-objective optimization of ultrasonic algae removal technology by using response surface method and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113151. [PMID: 34990992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic technology is an environment-friendly method in algae-laden water treatment with the advantages of wonderful efficiency and no chemical additions. However, ultrasonic technology is costly and can lead to the release of algae organic matter (AOM). Few studies considered algae removal efficiency, water safety, and economy. In this study, a Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Elitist Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) integrated method was used to investigate the influence of ultrasound parameters on algal removal efficiency band AOM release and conduct the multi-objective optimization of ultrasonic technology for satisfactory algal removal, environment protection, and improved economy. The maximum algae removal rate (ρ), minimal energy consumption, and minimal UV254 value of algal solution were calculated. Quadratic polynomial models were obtained to illustrate the relationship between ultrasonic parameters and the responses. Ultrasonic frequency was the most important factor affecting algal removal efficiency, and high frequency was beneficial for algal removal because of its contribution to the break of air bubbles. High power density significantly increased the UV254 value, and the concentration of soluble microbial metabolites and humic acid-like substances significantly increased after ultrasound. The optimization solutions calculated by NSGA-II showed low deviation from single-objective optimization solution by RSM, demonstrating that the multi-objective optimization results were reliable. This study presents a novel RSM and NSGA-II combined method in optimizing ultrasonic technology for effective, safe, and economic algal removal. The optimization results can provide references for ultrasonic parameters to be selected in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yazhou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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4
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Khan MJ, Ahirwar A, Schoefs B, Pugazhendhi A, Varjani S, Rajendran K, Bhatia SK, Saratale GD, Saratale RG, Vinayak V. Insights into diatom microalgal farming for treatment of wastewater and pretreatment of algal cells by ultrasonication for value creation. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111550. [PMID: 34224710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater management and its treatment have revolutionized the industry sector into many innovative techniques. However, the cost of recycling via chemical treatment has major issues especially in economically poor sectors. On the offset, one of the most viable and economical techniques to clean wastewater is by growing microalgae in it. Since wastewater is rich in nitrates, phosphates and other trace elements, the environment is suitable for the growth of microalgae. On the other side, the cost of harvesting microalgae for its secondary metabolites is burgeoning. While simultaneously growing of microalgae in photobioreactors requires regular feeding of the nutrients and maintenance which increases the cost of operation and hence cost of its end products. The growth of microalgae in waste waters makes the process not only economical but they also manufacture more amounts of value added products. However, harvesting of these values added products is still a cumbersome task. On the offset, it has been observed that pretreating the microalgal biomass with ultrasonication allows easy oozing of the secondary metabolites like oil, proteins, carbohydrates and methane at much lower cost than that required for their extraction. Among microalgae diatoms are more robust and have immense crude oil and are rich in various value added products. However, due to their thick silica walls they do not ooze the metabolites until the mechanical force on their walls reaches certain threshold energy. In this review recycling of wastewater using microalgae and its pretreatment via ultrasonication with special reference to diatoms is critically discussed. Perspectives on circular bioeconomy and knowledge gaps for employing microalgae to recycle wastewater have been comprehensively narrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Jahir Khan
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. HarisinghGour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Ankesh Ahirwar
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. HarisinghGour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470003, India
| | - Benoit Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Metabolism and Applications (MIMMA), Mer Molecules Santé, Le Mans University, IUML - FR 3473 CNRS, Le Mans, France
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382 010, India.
| | - Karthik Rajendran
- Department of Environmental Science, SRM University-AP, Neerukonda, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido, 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Vandana Vinayak
- Diatom Nanoengineering and Metabolism Laboratory (DNM), School of Applied Science, Dr. HarisinghGour Central University, Sagar, MP, 470003, India.
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Huang Y, Li L, Luan X, Wei X, Li H, Gao N, Yao J. Ultrasound-enhanced coagulation for cyanobacterial removal: Effects of ultrasound frequency and energy density on coagulation performance, leakage of intracellular organic matters and toxicity. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 201:117348. [PMID: 34167011 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound-enhanced coagulation is capable of effectively removing algal cells in algae-laden water. However, study differences in ultrasound settings, algal cell conditions and coagulant properties complicate the accurate evaluation of this technique for practical applications. No study has yet compared algae (and algal organic matters) removal among different frequencies of ultrasound in the ultrasound-coagulation process. In this study, the ultrasound at three typical frequencies, 29.4, 470 and 780 kHz, were applied for this purpose. The results showed that high-frequency ultrasound at 470 and 780 kHz had substantially greater improvement of coagulation than low-frequency ultrasound at 29.4 kHz (For example, the turbidity removal at 1 mg-Al/L of polymeric aluminum chloride increased by 204.2%, 571.9% and 563.2% under 29.4, 470 and 780 kHz ultrasound-coagulation, respectively, at 3.42 J/mL). Algal cells exhibited irreversible physical damage and the release of intracellular organic matters (such as odorous compounds) under low-frequency ultrasound with energy densities ≥ 3.42 J/mL, whereas high-frequency ultrasound was characterized by nonviolent impairment, including oxidative degradation and gas vacuole destruction (particularly reversible) resulting from ultrasound-induced radicals and cell resonance, respectively. Avoiding the severe destruction of algal cells is crucial for minimizing the toxicity and secondary pollution of the treated water. To achieve satisfactory removal, protected safety and better economy, the optimal energy density for each frequency was also determined. The findings from the analyses of the laboratory-cultured sample were confirmed via real eutrophic surface water. This study provides new insights and guidance for the ongoing study of harmful algal removal by ultrasound-enhanced coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangrui Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xinmiao Luan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinmin Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huaizheng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Naiyun Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Juanjuan Yao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Regions Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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6
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Huang YR, Li L, Wei XM, Li HZ, Zeng JY, Kuang R. An investigation of mechanisms for the enhanced coagulation removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by low-frequency ultrasound under different ultrasound energy densities. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 69:105278. [PMID: 32738454 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of studies elaborating the differences in mechanisms of low-frequency ultrasound-enhanced coagulation for algae removal among different ultrasound energy densities, which are essential to optimizing the economy of the ultrasound technology for practical application. The performance and mechanisms of low-frequency ultrasound (29.4 kHz, horn type, maximum output amplitude = 10 μm) -coagulation process in removing a typical species of cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa, at different ultrasound energy densities were studied based on a set of comprehensive characterization approaches. The turbidity removal ratio of coagulation (with polymeric aluminum salt coagulant at a dosage of 4 mg Al/L) was considerably increased from 44.1% to 59.7%, 67.0%, and 74.9% with 30 s of ultrasonic pretreatment at energy densities of 0.6, 1.11, and 2.22 J/mL, respectively, indicating that low-frequency ultrasound-coagulation is a potential alternative to effectively control unexpected blooms of M. aeruginosa. However, the energy density of ultrasound should be deliberately considered because a high energy density (≥18 J/mL) results in a significant release of algal organic matter, which may threaten water quality security. The specific mechanisms for the enhanced coagulation removal by low-frequency ultrasonic pretreatment under different energy densities can be summarized as the reduction of cell activity (energy density ≥ 0.6 J/mL), the slight release of negatively charged algal organic matter from cells (energy density ≥ 1.11 J/mL), and the aggregation of M. aeruginosa cells (energy density ≥ 1.11 J/mL). This study provides new insights for the ongoing study of ultrasonic pretreatment for the removal of algae via coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Rui Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Lei Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Xin-Min Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huai-Zheng Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Juan-Yan Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Rui Kuang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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7
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Peng Y, Zhang Z, Wang M, Shi X, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Kong Y. Inactivation of harmful Anabaena flos-aquae by ultrasound irradiation: Cell disruption mechanism and enhanced coagulation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 69:105254. [PMID: 32707459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms pose a potential threat to the safety of drinking water sources. Ultrasound is an effective method for algae removal. However, this method can lead to the release of algal organic matter and the effects and toxic mechanisms of ultrasound on Anabaena are still poorly understood. The destruction mechanism of Anabaena flos-aquae cells under different ultrasonic conditions, the safety of intracellular organic matter (IOM) release to water and the enhanced coagulation efficiency of ultrasound were studied. Results showed that high-frequency ultrasound was effective in breaking down algae cells. After 10 min ultrasonication at 20 kHz, 5 min at 740 kHz and 1 min at 1120 kHz, the algae cells were inactivated and algae growth was halted. Ultrasound radiation can lead to the release of IOM, primarily chlorophyll a and phycocyanin, followed by some tryptophan and humic substances, polysaccharides, and proteins. The sonicated ribosomes were considerably reduced, and the antioxidant system of cells was also damaged to some extent. The coagulation effect of algae cells was substantially improved after ultrasonication. Thus, the safety of algae cell removal could be improved by controlling the changes in physiological structure and IOM release of algae cells by adjusting the ultrasound parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Peng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Min Wang
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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8
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Fetyan NAH, Salem Attia TM. Water purification using ultrasound waves: application and challenges. ARAB JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25765299.2020.1762294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nashwa A. H. Fetyan
- Soils, Water and Environment Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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9
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Chen G, Ding X, Zhou W. Study on ultrasonic treatment for degradation of Microcystins (MCs). ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 63:104900. [PMID: 31945576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, The ecological environment of rivers and lakes have been seriously polluted, and the eutrophication of water bodies has become increasingly prominent, which not only seriously affects the living environment of surrounding residents, but also poses a major threat to the ecological security of water environment. The growth of algae is characterized by short cycle, rapid reproduction and great harmfulness. Conventional algal removal technology is expensive, easy to produce secondary pollution, and difficult to effectively inhibit algae outbreaks, therefore, a new environmental protection technology, ultrasonic algae removal technology, has been put forward. Under the background of ecological environment pollution, in this paper, the effect of ultrasonic technology on degradation of Microcystins (MCs) under different conditions and is investigated. Results show that Microcystins removal rate reaches 81% when Microcystin solution with a concentration of 12.43 mu/L is treated by ultrasound (1200 W) for 5 min; the removal rate of Microcystin reaches 99% after 15 min of ultrasound treatment (1200 W), and almost all of them are removed; no matter wastewater containing Microcystis is treated by ultrasound alone or ultrasound-coagulation method, the levels of Microcystins in the water do not increase. The results also prove that ultrasound can directly destroy the wall and kill algae, inhibit the growth activity of un-killed algae and degrade Microcystins. In addition, the technical principle and application prospect of ultrasonic algae removal instrument in ecological environment are introduced. The paper provided certain direction and theoretical support for the subsequent improvement of ultrasonic algae removal technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Spatial Data Mining and Big Data Integration for Ecology and Environment, Rongzhi College of Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 401320, PR China
| | - Xinmin Ding
- The College of Nuclear Technology and Automation Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China.
| | - Wen Zhou
- The Second Clinical College of GuangZhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, 55 Neihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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10
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Zhang L, Wang Z, Wang N, Gu L, Sun Y, Huang Y, Chen Y, Yang Z. Mixotrophic Ochromonas Addition Improves the Harmful Microcystis-Dominated Phytoplankton Community in In Situ Microcosms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4609-4620. [PMID: 32126758 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Driven by global warming and eutrophication, outbreaks of cyanobacterial blooms have severely impacted ecosystem stability and water safety. Of the organisms used to control cyanobacteria, protozoa can highly resist cyanotoxins, efficiently control cyanobacterial populations, and show considerably different feeding strategies from those of metazoans. Thus, protozoa have great potential to control harmful cyanobacteria and improve phytoplankton composition in eutrophic waters. To evaluate the actual effects of protozoa in controlling cyanobacteria and improving the phytoplankton community structure in the field, an in situ microcosm study was performed using a flagellate Ochromonas gloeopara that ingests Microcystis. Results showed that adding Ochromonas reduced the cyanobacterial populations and increased the chlorophyte and diatom proportions. Furthermore, the species richness and diversity of the phytoplankton community were enhanced in microcosms with Ochromonas. Additionally, there was a gradual increase in the chlorophyte population in the unicellular Microcystis control, while Ochromonas addition significantly accelerated the replacement of dominant species. This study was the first to show the practical effects of protozoa on controlling cyanobacteria in the field, highlighting that a reduction in in situ cyanobacteria via protozoa can improve the phytoplankton community structure, dredge the toxic cyanobacteria-dominated microbial food web, and mitigate harmful cyanobacteria risks in fresh waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zeshuang Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Na Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Gu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yunfei Sun
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yafen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
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11
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Cui H, Huang X, Yu Z, Chen P, Cao X. Application progress of enhanced coagulation in water treatment. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20231-20244. [PMID: 35520422 PMCID: PMC9059168 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02979c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Water industries worldwide consider coagulation/flocculation to be one of the major treatment methods for improving the overall efficiency and cost effectiveness of water and wastewater treatment. Enhancing the coagulation process is currently a popular research topic. In this review article, the latest developments in enhanced coagulation are summarized. In addition, the mechanisms of enhanced coagulation and the effect of process parameters on processing efficiency are discussed from the perspective of ballast-enhanced coagulation, preoxidation, ultrasound, and composite coagulants. Finally, improvements and new directions for enhanced coagulation are proposed. This review summarizes the current situation of enhanced coagulation and looks forward to future development.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Cui
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Projective Engineering of Heilongjiang Province
| | - Xing Huang
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
| | - Zhongchen Yu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Projective Engineering of Heilongjiang Province
| | - Ping Chen
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
- Key Laboratory of Disaster Prevention and Mitigation
- Projective Engineering of Heilongjiang Province
| | - Xiaoling Cao
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture
- Northeast Petroleum University
- China
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12
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Kong Y, Peng Y, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Duan Z. Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by ultrasound: Inactivation mechanism and release of algal organic matter. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 56:447-457. [PMID: 31101283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of ultrasonic irradiation for removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and release of algal organic matter (AOM) was investigated under different ultrasound conditions, including ultrasonic frequency, power density, and time. Laboratory results suggested that the ultrasonic efficiency and the release of AOM were influenced by frequency, power density, and time. The mechanism of AOM algae removal by ultrasound was systematically explored. The inactivation of algae resulted from mechanical and chemical effects caused by ultrasound. Mechanical destruction and free-radical oxidation considerably affected the structure and physiological function of algal cells. The SEM and TEM images indicated that ultrasound could damage the cell membrane, wall, and organelle. Flow cell cytometry results showed decreases in the size, internal granularity, integrity, and activity of algal cells, revealing that ultrasound exerted severe damage to the structure and function of algal cells. The activity of the antioxidant system of algal cells was then studied by investigating changes in MDA, SOD, and CAT concentration after ultrasound to confirm the inactivation of the cells. The release of AOM was explored by determining changes in water quality indices (UV254, DOC, and SUVA) at 10 min and 48 h after ultrasound. This study provides information about the safety of ultrasound usage on algae removal and references for ultrasonic parameters to be selected to ensure effective and safe algae removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yazhou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhuang Duan
- Zhuhai Planning and Design Institute, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519000, China
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13
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Li Y, Shi X, Zhang Z, Peng Y. Enhanced coagulation by high-frequency ultrasound in Microcystis aeruginosa-laden water: Strategies and mechanisms. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 55:232-242. [PMID: 30712852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic treatment has attracted much attention because of its physical and chemical effects that are distinct from those of chemical agents. In particularly, high-frequency ultrasound is known as an effective method because the theoretical resonance frequency of the gas vesicles in Microcystis aeruginosa is in the high frequency range (>100 kHz), which causes gas vesicles collapse and changes the settleability of the algal cells. In this work, the effects of the ultrasonic frequency, acoustic power density and duration on enhancing coagulation to remove turbidity in algae-laden water were studied. In order to explain the mechanism, the morphology of algae cells, the changes in extracellular organic substances, the zeta potential and the formation of hydroxyl radicals were analyzed systematically. Finally, Zeta potentials and flocs morphology after adding PAC were investigated to verify the mechanism. The results showed that the frequency exhibited fewer effects than power and duration on coagulation. SEM images showed that there were more severe cellular damages at 430 and 740 kHz than other frequencies. Sonication could cause the collapse of gas vesicle inside the cell, which was due to the instantaneous high pressure generated by the ultrasonic cavitation instead of the resonance. Furthermore, sonication would result in an increase in proteins in extracellular organic matter (EOM) with continuous ultrasonic irradiation, indicating that a small amount of proteins could promote coagulation and that the accumulation of proteins would inhibit coagulation. Free radical content testing showed that the production of excessive free radicals was often accompanied by a deterioration of the coagulation. The proper mechanical effects were the main mechanism of ultrasonic enhanced coagulation. Thus, it was recommended that the appropriate ultrasonic condition was the one that resulted in a small amount of protein leakage and little generation of free radicals, which occurred at 740 kHz and 0.02 W/mL in approximately 5 min, and would significantly enhance the turbidity removal rate in algae-containing water from approximately 80-90%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xingdong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400045, China.
| | - Yazhou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China; Faculty of Urban Construction and Environment Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazhengjie, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400045, China
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14
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Wu X, Liu J, Zhu JJ. Sono-Fenton hybrid process on the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa: Extracellular and intracellular oxidation. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 53:68-76. [PMID: 30600211 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, the inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa using sono-Fenton process at low frequency high intensity (20 kHz, 0.42 W/mL) and high frequency low intensity (800 kHz, 0.07 W/mL) was investigated, respectively. 20 kHz sono-Fenton treatment successfully reduced cyanobacterial cell number from 4.19 × 106 cells/mL to 0.45 × 106 cells/mL within 5 min treatment. Alternatively, efficient performance of 800 kHz sono-Fenton process was observed to decrease Microcystis cell number to 2.33 × 106 cells/mL after 5 min inactivation, with lower energy cost. It was found that powerful 20 kHz sonication induced pore formation on the cell wall, leading to extracellular damage, while 800 kHz irradiation with low intensity triggered intracellular uptake of chemicals, suggesting endocytosis effects. Furthermore, sono-Fenton Processes were found to be affected by the concentrations of Fenton's reagent, and pre-sonication time. Although solo Fenton treatment released microcystins in water, the degradation of microcystin-LR were achieved using 20 and 800 kHz sono-Fenton processes, respectively. The results of this work showed that severe extracellular oxidation is the vital inactivation mechanism of 20 kHz sono-Fenton process, while the internal oxidation caused by intracellularly delivered Fenton reagents is suggested to be the main cause of 800 kHz sono-Fenton inactivation, leading to much lower energy cost. This work provides alternative methods to control harmful cyanobacteria in water towards effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Wu
- Environment Science and Engineering College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China; State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Junli Liu
- Environment Science and Engineering College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulker D. Keris-Sen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Unal Sen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Mirat D. Gurol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey
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16
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Liu C, Cao Z, He S, Sun Z, Chen W. The effects and mechanism of phycocyanin removal from water by high-frequency ultrasound treatment. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2018; 41:303-309. [PMID: 29137756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2017.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effects and mechanism of phycocyanin removal from water by high-frequency ultrasound treatment were studied. The efficiency of sonication treatment in removing proteins derived from algal cells was investigated, and the factors influencing the process, including the effects of coagulation, were also studied. In addition, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum, and mass spectrum were used to illustrate the removal mechanism. The results indicated that phycocyanin can be degraded to the point where it is barely detectable in water samples after 180min of high-frequency sonication. While the total nitrogen (TN) concentration remained consistent during the entire sonication process (240min), about 78.9% of the dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) was oxidized into inorganic nitrogen. The sonication effect was greatly influenced by the ultrasound frequency, with 200kHz having the highest removal performance due to the large production of hydroxyl (HO) radicals. Coagulation was adversely influenced by sonication in the first 60min due to the cross-linking reaction between protein molecules caused by the sonication. The influence of sonication weakened with sonication time due to the further degradation of the proteins by ultrasound. The variation of the TN, DON, and inorganic nitrogen indicated that the main mechanism occurring during the high-frequency sonication of the phycocyanin was the direct oxidation of the radicals, which was totally different from of the mechanism occurring during ultrasound with low frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Zhen Cao
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Siyuan He
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhehao Sun
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
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17
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Fan G, Hong L, Zheng X, Zhou J, Zhan J, Chen Z, Liu S. Growth inhibition ofMicrocystic aeruginosaby metal–organic frameworks: effect of variety, metal ion and organic ligand. RSC Adv 2018; 8:35314-35326. [PMID: 35547055 PMCID: PMC9087631 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), as a new type of nanomaterial, have been rapidly developed and widely applied in the environmental area. However, the algae removal efficiency of MOFs, the effect of metal ions and organic ligands contained in MOFs and the stability of MOFs in water need further study. Based on the characteristics of algae, five types of MOFs, which were Cu-MOF-74, Zn-MOF-74, ZIF-8, Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 and MIL-125(Ti) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The effect of MOFs on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa was comparatively studied, and the inhibition mechanism of MOFs on algae as well as the stability of MOFs was explored. Results showed that all of the as-synthetic MOFs had superior stability in water, and the order of stability of MOFs followed the order MIL-125(Ti) > Cu-MOF-74 > Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 > ZIF-8 > Zn-MOF-74. The types of metal ions and organic ligands doped in MOFs have grade affected the inhibitory efficiency on the algae: containing Cu2+ and Ag+ ions, MOFs had more significant inhibitory capacity to algae than those containing Zn2+ ions; meanwhile, compared with MOFs which are assembled with 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (DHTA) organic ligands, MOFs containing 2-methylimidazole (GC) organic contributed to the removal of algae significantly. The order of inhibitory effects of algae by five MOFs follows the order Cu-MOF-74 > Ag/AgCl@ZIF-8 > ZIF-8 > Zn-MOF-74 > MIL-125(Ti). The physiological characteristics of algal cells were changed after being treated with different concentrations of Cu-MOF-74. Once the concentration of Cu-MOF-74 reached 1 mg L−1, the algal cells began to be inhibited, the relative inhibition rate of algal cells at 120 h was over 400%, and the inhibition process fitted pseudo-second-order kinetic model well. The Cu2+ released by Cu-MOF-74 that the concentration higher than 1 mg L−1 would lead to the destruction of algae cell morphology and the loss of cell integrity, causing cell contents to be partially released into the water, promoting the accumulation and precipitation of algal cells which were destabilizing already to achieve the purpose of inhibition of algae. In summary, MOFs can be used to inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria and have a promising application prospect. MOFs have been applied in the inactivation of Microcystic aeruginosa. The algal suppression by MOFs depends on the presence of different metal ions and organic ligands.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongduan Fan
- College of Civil Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- China
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of Arizona
| | - Liang Hong
- College of Civil Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | | | - Jinjin Zhou
- College of Civil Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Jiajun Zhan
- College of Civil Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Zhong Chen
- College of Civil Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- China
| | - Siyuan Liu
- College of Civil Engineering
- Fuzhou University
- China
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18
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200 kHz Sonication of Mixed-Algae Suspension from a Eutrophic Lake: The Effect on the Caution vs. Outbreak Bloom Alert Levels. WATER 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/w9120915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Sun Z, Liu X, Guo J, Xu D, Shen S, Yan F. Recyclable and Intrinsically Anti-cyanobacterial Polyanionic Membranes. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2950-2955. [PMID: 29052371 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201701219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms possess serious threats to water resources. Herein, we report the synthesis of polyanionic membranes (PA-M) by in situ photo-crosslinking of a sulfate-based anionic monomer followed by cation-exchange with metal cations, Fe3+ (PA-Fe), Cu2+ (PA-Cu), or Zn2+ (PA-Zn). The effect of cations on the anti-cyanobacterial activities against both Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) and Anabaena flos-aquae (A. flos-aquae) was investigated. All the prepared metal-containing membranes (PA-Fe, PA-Cu, PA-Zn) exhibit high anti-cyanobacterial activities and long-term anti-cyanobacterial stability, demonstrating that the synthesized PA-M membranes can be used as an effective and safe inhibitor to control cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiangna Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Dan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Songdong Shen
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
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20
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Liu C, Cao Z, Wang J, Sun Z, He S, Chen W. Performance and mechanism of phycocyanin removal from water by low-frequency ultrasound treatment. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2017; 34:214-221. [PMID: 27773238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2016.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonication pretreatment of raw water with high content of algal cells might cause an increase in dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and proteins, which must be removed effectively before coagulation. In this study, the efficiency of sonication treatment in removing typical proteins derived from algal cells was investigated by applying ultrasonic waves at 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100kHz, and the influencing factors and removal mechanism were discussed. The results showed that low-frequency sonication could degrade phycocyanin to some extent, achieving about 95% removal rate after 150min of sonication. However, excitation emission matrix analysis indicated that ultrasonication could not entirely degrade phycocyanin into inorganic nitrogen, and many proteins and nitrogen-containing organics were found in the samples after sonication. While the total nitrogen concentration remained consistent during the entire sonication process (240min), the total inorganic nitrogen concentration increased from 0.6 to 1.3mg/L, indicating that only 33.3% of DON was oxidized into inorganic nitrogen. Nevertheless, sonication could significantly attenuate the interference of phycocyanin in coagulation and enhance coagulation. The mechanical effects and free-radical oxidation resulting from cavitation collapse could be responsible for the degradation of phycocyanin and proteins following sonication. In all, the use of ultrasonic treatment as a posttreatment following sonication to remove algal cells from raw water may not be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhehao Sun
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Siyuan He
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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21
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22
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Ji HM, Lee HU, Kim EJ, Seo S, Kim B, Lee GW, Oh YK, Kim JY, Huh YS, Song HA, Lee YC. Efficient harvesting of wet blue-green microalgal biomass by two-aminoclay [AC]-mixture systems. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 211:313-318. [PMID: 27023387 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Blue-green microalgal blooms have been caused concerns about environmental problems and human-health dangers. For removal of such cyanobacteria, many mechanical and chemical treatments have been trialled. Among various technologies, the flocculation-based harvesting (precipitation) method can be an alternative if the problem of the low yield of recovered biomass at low concentrations of cyanobacteria is solved. In the present study, it was utilized mixtures of magnesium aminoclay [MgAC] and cerium aminoclay [CeAC] with different particle sizes to harvest cyanobacteria feedstocks with ∼100% efficiency within 1h by ten-fold lower loading of ACs compared with single treatments of [MgAC] or [CeAC]. This success was owed to the compact networks of the different-sized-ACs mixture for efficient bridging between microalgal cells. In order to determine the usage potential of biomass harvested with AC, the mass was heat treated under the reduction condition. This system is expected to be profitably utilizable in adsorbents and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Ji
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Lee
- Advanced Nano-surface Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui Jin Kim
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjoo Seo
- Advanced Nano-surface Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Daejeon 34133, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohwa Kim
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Go-Woon Lee
- Quality Management Team, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152 Gajeongro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Kwan Oh
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yeong Kim
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Suk Huh
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun A Song
- Research Analysis Center, Education Support Building W8 KAIST Science Road Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Kurokawa M, King PM, Wu X, Joyce EM, Mason TJ, Yamamoto K. Effect of sonication frequency on the disruption of algae. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 31:157-162. [PMID: 26964936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the efficiency of ultrasonic disruption of Chaetoceros gracilis, Chaetoceros calcitrans, and Nannochloropsis sp. was investigated by applying ultrasonic waves of 0.02, 0.4, 1.0, 2.2, 3.3, and 4.3 MHz to algal suspensions. The results showed that reduction in the number of algae was frequency dependent and that the highest efficiency was achieved at 2.2, 3.3, and 4.3MHz for C. gracilis, C. calcitrans, and Nannochloropsis sp., respectively. A review of the literature suggested that cavitation, rather than direct effects of ultrasonication, are required for ultrasonic algae disruption, and that chemical effects are likely not the main mechanism for algal cell disruption. The mechanical resonance frequencies estimated by a shell model, taking into account elastic properties, demonstrated that suitable disruption frequencies for each alga were associated with the cell's mechanical properties. Taken together, we consider here that physical effects of ultrasonication were responsible for algae disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kurokawa
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Patrick M King
- The Sonochemistry Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoge Wu
- National Centre of Applied Microfluidic Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Timothy J Mason
- The Sonochemistry Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan.
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24
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He X, Liu YL, Conklin A, Westrick J, Weavers LK, Dionysiou DD, Lenhart JJ, Mouser PJ, Szlag D, Walker HW. Toxic cyanobacteria and drinking water: Impacts, detection, and treatment. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 54:174-193. [PMID: 28073475 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in water supply systems are a global issue affecting water supplies on every major continent except Antarctica. The occurrence of toxic cyanobacteria in freshwater is increasing in both frequency and distribution. The protection of water supplies has therefore become increasingly more challenging. To reduce the risk from toxic cyanobacterial blooms in drinking water, a multi-barrier approach is needed, consisting of prevention, source control, treatment optimization, and monitoring. In this paper, current research on some of the critical elements of this multi-barrier approach are reviewed and synthesized, with an emphasis on the effectiveness of water treatment technologies for removing cyanobacteria and related toxic compounds. This paper synthesizes and updates a number of previous review articles on various aspects of this multi-barrier approach in order to provide a holistic resource for researchers, water managers and engineers, as well as water treatment plant operators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuexiang He
- Southern Nevada Water Authority, PO Box 99954, Las Vegas, NV 89193, USA
| | - Yen-Ling Liu
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amanda Conklin
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Judy Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Linda K Weavers
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - John J Lenhart
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Paula J Mouser
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - David Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Harold W Walker
- Department of Civil Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
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25
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Liu C, Wang J, Cao Z, Chen W, Bi H. Variation of dissolved organic nitrogen concentration during the ultrasonic pretreatment to Microcystis aeruginosa. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2016; 29:236-243. [PMID: 26585003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Algae cells were the main sources of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in raw water with plenty of algae, and ultrasonic pretreatment was one of the algae-controlling methods through the damage of algae cells. However, the variation of DON concentration during the ultrasonic treatment process was not confirmed. Variation of DON concentration during the processes of low frequency ultrasound treatment of Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated. In addition, the effect of sonication on the metabolite concentration, algae cellar activity and the subsequent coagulation performance were discussed. The results showed that after a long duration of ultrasonic (60 s), nearly 90% of the algal cells were damaged and the maximum concentration of DON attained more than 3 mg/L. In order to control the leakage extent of DON, the sonication time should be less than 30 s with power intensity of more than 1.0 W/cm(3). In the mean time, ultrasonic treatment could inhibit the reactivation and the proliferation of algal, keep the algae cell wall integrity and enhance coagulation effectively under the same condition. However, ultrasound frequency had little effect on DON at the frequency range used in this study (20-150 kHz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Environmental College, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Environmental College, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Hongkai Bi
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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26
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Wang M, Yuan W, Hale A. Three-Dimensional Simulation of Ultrasound-Induced Microalgal Cell Disruption. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:1184-95. [PMID: 26660670 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1937-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The three-dimensional distribution (x, y, and z) of ultrasound-induced microalgal cell disruption in a sonochemical reactor was predicted by solving the Helmholtz equation using a three-dimensional acoustic module in the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The simulated local ultrasound pressure at any given location (x, y, and z) was found to correlate with cell disruption of a freshwater alga, Scenedesmus dimorphus, represented by the change of algal cell particle/debris concentration, chlorophyll-a fluorescence density (CAFD), and Nile red stained lipid fluorescence density (LFD), which was also validated by the model reaction of potassium iodide oxidation (the Weissler reaction). Furthermore, the effect of ultrasound power intensity and processing duration on algal cell disruption was examined to address the limitation of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - W Yuan
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Andy Hale
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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27
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Li P, Song Y, Yu S, Park HD. The effect of hydrodynamic cavitation on Microcystis aeruginosa: Physical and chemical factors. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 136:245-251. [PMID: 26026840 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The various effects of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) on algal growth inhibition were investigated. The gas-vacuolate species Microcystis aeruginosa responded differently to the gas-vacuole-negative alga Chlorella sp. When M. aeruginosa was subjected to HC, both its cell density and photosynthetic activity were subsequently reduced by nearly 90% after three days culture. However, the cell density of Chlorella sp. was reduced by only 63%, and its final photosynthetic activity was unaffected. Electron microscopy confirmed that HC had a minimal impact on algal cells that lack gas vacuoles. Shear stress during recirculation only modestly inhibited the growth of M. aeruginosa. The relative malondialdehyde (MDA) content, a quantitative indicator of lipid peroxidation, increased significantly during HC treatment, indicating the production of free radicals. Accordingly, the addition of H2O2 to the HC process promoted the production of free radicals, which also improved algal reduction. A comparison of the outcomes and energy efficiency of HC and ultrasonic cavitation indicated that HC gives the best performance: under 10 min cavitation treatment, the algal removal rate of HC could reach 88% while that of sonication was only 39%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yuan Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuili Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Hee-Deung Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-701, South Korea
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28
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Yamamoto K, King PM, Wu X, Mason TJ, Joyce EM. Effect of ultrasonic frequency and power on the disruption of algal cells. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2015; 24:165-71. [PMID: 25465879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work the effect of ultrasonic waves on suspensions of Chlamydomonas concordia and Dunaliella salina have been investigated at frequencies of 20, 585, 864 and 1146 kHz and at different acoustic powers. Results showed that the reduction in algal numbers was dependent on both frequency and acoustic power. The order of efficiency of the ultrasonic disruption of C. concordia at different frequencies was 20 < 580 < 864 < 1146 kHz, and for D. salina was 20< 580 ≅ 864 ⩽ 1146 kHz. It is clear that high-frequency sonication is more effective than conventional low-frequency sonication for the disruption of cells for both species. Results showed that suitable disruption frequencies for each algae were associated with the mechanical properties of the cell. The frequency dependence of the efficiency of algae disruption on the mechanical resonances of both the algae cell is discussed in terms of bubble oscillation in an ultrasonic field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yamamoto
- Department Pure and Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Patrick M King
- The Sonochemistry Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaoge Wu
- The Sonochemistry Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Mason
- The Sonochemistry Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
| | - Eadaoin M Joyce
- The Sonochemistry Centre, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, United Kingdom
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29
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Show KY, Lee DJ, Tay JH, Lee TM, Chang JS. Microalgal drying and cell disruption--recent advances. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 184:258-266. [PMID: 25465783 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Production of intracellular metabolites or biofuels from algae involves various processing steps, and extensive work on laboratory- and pilot-scale algae cultivation, harvesting and processing has been reported. As algal drying and cell disruption are integral processes of the unit operations, this review examines recent advances in algal drying and disruption for nutrition or biofuel production. Challenges and prospects of the processing are also outlined. Engineering improvements in addressing the challenges of energy efficiency and cost-effective and rigorous techno-economic analyses for a clearer prospect comparison between different processing methods are highlighted. Holistic life cycle assessments need to be conducted in assessing the energy balance and the potential environmental impacts of algal processing. The review aims to provide useful information for future development of efficient and commercially viable algal food products and biofuels production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yeow Show
- ZheJiang JuNeng Co., Ltd., TongXiang, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Joo-Hwa Tay
- Department of Civil Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Tse-Min Lee
- Institute of Marin Biology, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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30
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Li P, Song Y, Yu S. Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa using hydrodynamic cavitation: performance and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 62:241-8. [PMID: 24960124 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Algal blooms are a seasonal problem in eutrophic water bodies, and novel approaches to algal removal are required. The effect of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) on the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa was investigated using a laboratory scale device. Samples treated by HC were subsequently grown under illuminated culture conditions. The results demonstrated that a short treatment with HC could effectively settle naturally growing M. aeruginosa without breaking cells. Algal cell density and chlorophyll-a of a sample treated for 10 min were significantly decreased by 88% andv 94%, respectively, after 3 days culture. Various HC operating parameters were investigated, showing that inhibition of M. aeruginosa growth mainly depended on treatment time and pump pressure. Electron microscopy confirmed that sedimentation of algae was attributable to the disruption of intracellular gas vesicles. Damage to the photosynthetic apparatus also contributed to the inhibition of algal growth. Free radicals produced by the cavitation process could be as an indirect indicator of the intensity of HC treatment, although they inflicted minimal damage on the algae. In conclusion, we suggest that HC represents a potentially highly effective and sustainable approach to the removal of algae from water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Technology and Equipment for Water Pollution Control and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yuan Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Shuili Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China; The Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Technology and Equipment for Water Pollution Control and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Regional Environmental Quality, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China.
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31
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Koreivienė J, Anne O, Kasperovičienė J, Burškytė V. Cyanotoxin management and human health risk mitigation in recreational waters. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:4443-4459. [PMID: 24664523 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and severity of harmful cyanobacterial or blue-green algal blooms (HABs) have increased in recent decades, posing a serious threat of illness to humans. In some countries, water contaminated with cyanotoxins that is used for drinking or haemodialysis has posed a particularly serious risk. However, it is now recognized that recreational exposure to natural toxins by skin contact, accidental swallowing of water or inhalation can also cause a wide range of acute or chronic illnesses. In this review, we focus on the importance of cyanotoxin management in recreational waters. The symptoms related with HAB poisonings, the recommended safety concentrations limit for cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in such waters, as well as early health hazard indicators of their presence and their monitoring are all discussed. We also present in this review an overview of the methods developed in recent decades for eliminating cyanobacteria and the toxic compounds that they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judita Koreivienė
- Institute of Botany of Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania,
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32
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Rodriguez-Molares A, Dickson S, Hobson P, Howard C, Zander A, Burch M. Quantification of the ultrasound induced sedimentation of Microcystis aeruginosa. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2014; 21:1299-1304. [PMID: 24636363 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Revised: 01/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been known for more than 40 years that vacuolate organisms can be induced to sediment with ultrasound. However, robust indicators are still needed to compare the efficacy of different treatments. A repeatable index is proposed that makes it possible to quantify the ultrasonic induced sedimentation. The procedure is used to monitor the long term sedimentation of Microcystis aeruginosa after sonication. Results reveal that the sedimentation process continues after gas vesicles have fully recovered, although at a slower rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandy Dickson
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water Corporation, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter Hobson
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water Corporation, Australia
| | - Carl Howard
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Anthony Zander
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Australia
| | - Mike Burch
- Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water Corporation, Australia; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Australia
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33
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Shuman TR, Mason G, Marsolek MD, Lin Y, Reeve D, Schacht A. An ultra-low energy method for rapidly pre-concentrating microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 158:217-224. [PMID: 24607457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates that Nannochloropsis sp. can be effectively separated from its growth medium (0.2-0.3g/L) using electro-coagulation-flocculation in a 100mL batch reactor with nickel electrodes and a treatment time of only 4s. Minimum energy density input for effective separation is 0.03 kWh/m(3). Both energy input and treatment time are much smaller than reported elsewhere. The process results in rapid separation of microalgae (over 90% in 120 min) with minimal damage to algal cells (>90% still alive after processing). At around 4V input, algae can be effectively separated even in very low concentrations. Pulsing is equally effective in separating microalgae as continuous direct current of same magnitude and total exposure time. Algae can separate from their growth medium even if the suspension itself is not treated, but is mixed with treated saltwater with same conductivity. The described method has significant advantages including applicability to continuous processing and water reuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory Mason
- Seattle University, 901 12th Ave, P.O. Box 222000, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Michael D Marsolek
- Seattle University, 901 12th Ave, P.O. Box 222000, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Yizhou Lin
- Seattle University, 901 12th Ave, P.O. Box 222000, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Daniel Reeve
- Seattle University, 901 12th Ave, P.O. Box 222000, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
| | - Alexander Schacht
- Seattle University, 901 12th Ave, P.O. Box 222000, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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34
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Kim J, Yoo G, Lee H, Lim J, Kim K, Kim CW, Park MS, Yang JW. Methods of downstream processing for the production of biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:862-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Hu Y, Da L. Insights into the selective binding and toxic mechanism of microcystin to catalase. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2013; 121:230-237. [PMID: 24247095 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.09.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin is a sort of cyclic nonribosomal peptides produced by cyanobacteria. It is cyanotoxin, which can be very toxic for plants and animals including humans. The present study evaluated the interaction of microcystin and catalase, under physiological conditions by means of fluorescence, three-dimensional (3D) fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD), Fourier Transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and enzymatic reactionkinetic techniques. The fluorescence data showed that microcystin could bind to catalase to form a complex. The binding process was a spontaneous molecular interaction procedure, in which electrostatic interactions played a major role. Energy transfer and fluorescence studies proved the existence of a static binding process. Additionally, as shown by the three-dimensional fluorescence, CD and FT-IR results, microcystin could lead to conformational and microenvironmental changes of the protein, which may affect the physiological functions of catalase. The work provides important insights into the toxicity mechanism of microcystin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuandong Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China; Department of Landscape, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Liangjun Da
- Department of Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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36
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Show KY, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Algal biomass dehydration. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 135:720-9. [PMID: 22939595 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofuels are viewed as promising alternatives to conventional fossil fuels because they have the potential to eliminate major environmental problems created by fossil fuels. Among the still developing biofuel technologies, biodiesel production from algae offers a greater prospect for large-scale practical use, as algae are capable of producing much more yield than other biofuels. While research on algae-based biofuel is still in its developing stage, extensive work on laboratory- and pilot-scale algae harvesting systems with promising prospects has been reported. This paper presented a discussion of the literature review on recent advances in algae separation, harvesting and drying for biofuel production. The review and discussion focus on destabilization of algae, algae harvesting technologies and algae drying processes. Challenges and prospects of algae harvesting are also outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yeow Show
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Jalan University, Bandar Barat, 31900 Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
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37
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Pantelić D, Svirčev Z, Simeunović J, Vidović M, Trajković I. Cyanotoxins: characteristics, production and degradation routes in drinking water treatment with reference to the situation in Serbia. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:421-441. [PMID: 23391374 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are members of phytoplankton of the surface freshwaters. The accelerated eutrophication of freshwaters, especially reservoirs for drinking water, by human activity has increased the occurrence and intensity of cyanobacterial blooms. They are of concern due to their ability to produce taste and odors compounds, a wide range of toxins, which have a hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, cytotoxic and dermatotoxic behavior, being dangerous to animal and human health. Therefore, the removal of cyanobacteria, without cell lysis, and releasing of intracellular metabolites, would significantly reduce the concentration of these metabolites in the finished drinking water, as a specific aim of the water treatment processes. This review summarizes the existing data on characteristics of the cyanotoxins, their productions in environment and effective treatment processes to remove these toxins from drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dijana Pantelić
- University of Novi Sad, Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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Rajasekhar P, Fan L, Nguyen T, Roddick FA. A review of the use of sonication to control cyanobacterial blooms. WATER RESEARCH 2012; 46:4319-4329. [PMID: 22727861 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The development of cyanobacterial blooms in water bodies imparts undesirable characteristics to the water such as odours, tastes and the potential presence of toxins. Several chemical and physical methods have been used to control the blooms, but have limitations in terms of pollution and application on a large scale. A more recent approach has been the use of sonication in the control of cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae). This paper reviews current advancements in research on using sonication to control cyanobacteria, particularly Microcystis aeruginosa, as it is a prevalent and a major bloom-forming toxic species. The impact of sonication on the structure and function of M. aeruginosa is discussed, including the influence of sonication parameters such as power intensity, frequency and exposure time. Alternate strategies of cyanobacterial control in combination with sonication are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Rajasekhar
- School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University, 124 La Trobe St., Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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39
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Marsalek B, Jancula D, Marsalkova E, Mashlan M, Safarova K, Tucek J, Zboril R. Multimodal action and selective toxicity of zerovalent iron nanoparticles against cyanobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:2316-2323. [PMID: 22242974 DOI: 10.1021/es2031483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria pose a serious threat to water resources around the world. This is compounded by the fact that they are extremely resilient, having evolved numerous protective mechanisms to ensure their dominant position in their ecosystem. We show that treatment with nanoparticles of zerovalent iron (nZVI) is an effective and environmentally benign method for destroying and preventing the formation of cyanobacterial water blooms. The nanoparticles have multiple modes of action, including the removal of bioavailable phosphorus, the destruction of cyanobacterial cells, and the immobilization of microcystins, preventing their release into the water column. Ecotoxicological experiments showed that nZVI is a highly selective agent, having an EC(50) of 50 mg/L against cyanobacteria; this is 20-100 times lower than its EC(50) for algae, daphnids, water plants, and fishes. The primary product of nZVI treatment is nontoxic and highly aggregated Fe(OH)(3), which promotes flocculation and gradual settling of the decomposed cyanobacterial biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blahoslav Marsalek
- Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Lidická 25/27, 657 20 Brno, Czech Republic
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40
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Hudnell HK. The state of U.S. freshwater harmful algal blooms assessments, policy and legislation. Toxicon 2010; 55:1024-34. [PMID: 19646465 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2009] [Revised: 07/08/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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