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Aguilar-Hernández G, López-Romero BA, Nicolás-García M, Nolasco-González Y, García-Galindo HS, Montalvo-González E. Nanosuspensions as carriers of active ingredients: Chemical composition, development methods, and their biological activities. Food Res Int 2023; 174:113583. [PMID: 37986449 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanosuspensions (NSps) are colloidal dispersions of particles that have the potential to solve the delivery problems of active ingredients associated with their low solubility in water or instability due to environmental factors. It is essential to consider their chemical composition and preparation methods because they directly influence drug loading, size, morphology, solubility, and stability; these characteristics of nanosuspensions influence the delivery and bioavailability of active ingredients. NSps provides high loading of drugs, protection against degrading agents, rapid dissolution, high particle stability, and high bioavailability of active ingredients across biological membranes. In addition, they provide lower toxicity compared to other nanocarriers, such as liposomes or polymeric nanoparticles, and can modify the pharmacokinetic profiles, thus improving their safety and efficacy. The present review aims to address all aspects related to the composition of NSps, the different methods for their production, and the main factors affecting their stability. Moreover, recent studies are described as carriers of active ingredients and their biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Aguilar-Hernández
- División de Ciencias Agropecuarias e Ingenierías, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Rafael Casillas Aceves 1200, Tepatitlán de Morelos 47600, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Brandon A López-Romero
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Mayra Nicolás-García
- Ingeniería en Industrias Alimentarias, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Teziutlán, Fracción I y II, Aire Libre S/N, 73960, Teziutlán, Puebla, México
| | - Yolanda Nolasco-González
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico; Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias, Campo Experimental Santiago Ixcuintla, Km 6 Carr. México-Nogales, Santiago Ixcuintla, 63300, Nayarit, Mexico
| | - Hugo S García-Galindo
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/Institito Tecnológico de Veracruz. nstituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo de Alimentos, Av. Miguel Ángel de Quevedo 2779, Veracruz 91897, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Efigenia Montalvo-González
- Laboratorio Integral de Investigación en Alimentos, Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Tepic, Av. Tecnológico 2595, Tepic 63175, Nayarit, Mexico.
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Liu Y, Zhao J, Chen J, Miao X. Nanocrystals in cosmetics and cosmeceuticals by topical delivery. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 227:113385. [PMID: 37270904 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The main issues with local delivery of cosmetics are their high sensitivity and limited drug loading of active pharmaceutical ingredient. Nanocrystal technology offers consumers cutting-edge and effective products and exhibits enormous development potential in the beauty business as a new delivery method to address the issue of low solubility and low permeability of sensitive chemicals. In this review, we described the processes for making NCs, along with the impacts of loading and the uses of different carriers. Among them, nanocrystalline loaded gel and emulsion are widely used and may further improve the stability of the system. Then, we introduced the beauty efficacy of drug NCs from five aspects: anti-inflammation and acne, anti-bacterial, lightening and freckle removal, anti-aging as well as UV protection. Following that, we presented the current scenario about stability and safety. Finally, the challenges and vacancy were discussed along with the potential uses of NCs in the cosmetics industry. This review serves as a resource for the advancement of nanocrystal technology in the cosmetics sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China; SDU-ANU Joint Science College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jingru Zhao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiaoqing Miao
- Marine College, Shandong University, Weihai 264209, China.
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3
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Zhang X, Huang Y, Zhu H, Liu Z, Zhang L, Li Z, Niu Y, Zhang H. Genistein microparticles prepared by antisolvent recrystallization with low-speed homogenization process. Food Chem 2023; 408:135250. [PMID: 36563619 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
To create genistein particles, a brand-new antisolvent recrystallization technique was employed. The response surface approach was utilized to optimize the single factor test findings, which were acquired via the preliminary tests. The ideal liquid-to-liquid ratio was 9, the solution concentration was 21 mg/mL, the nozzle diameter was 700 μm, the feed rate was 39.65 mL/min, and the homogenization rate was 1500 rpm. The smallest mean particle size measured was 202.782 nm. SEM was used to study the powder's morphology, while thermal analysis and infrared imaging were used to evaluate its characteristics. The homogeneous antisolvent recrystallization method-prepared GMP has a better dissolving rate and stronger antioxidant activity when compared to genistein powder. The antisolvent recrystallization approach used in this study, which uses low-speed homogenizing instead of conventional grinding and homogenizing, can successfully reduce particle size, improve bioavailability, and use less energy. This topic may thus be made popular because it has real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China; Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Xueqin Technology Co., LTD, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Xueqin Technology Co., LTD, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Lubin Zhang
- Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Conservation and Precision Utilization of Characteristic Agricultural Resources in Mountainous Areas, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Zhiru Li
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Xueqin Technology Co., LTD, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yaqian Niu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Kraithong S, Theppawong A, Huang R. Encapsulated starch characteristics and its shell matrix mechanisms controlling starch digestion. Food Chem 2023; 423:136322. [PMID: 37192559 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulated starch can be classified as physically inaccessible starch or type 1 resistant starch (RS1), which is produced by encapsulating starch granules within food matrices using various encapsulation techniques. Encapsulated starch has the potential to be used as a functional ingredient in low-/medium-glycemic index (GI) foods as it can help control glycemic and insulin responses. Despite its remarkable benefits, the relevant information related to entrapped starch and its application is still insufficient and needs further elucidation. The objective of this work is to present a comprehensive overview of the current techniques utilized for the preparation of encapsulated starch and its characteristics, thereby extending the fundamental knowledge. Furthermore, this review delves into the mechanisms governing starch hydrolysis regulated by shell matrices and provides the prospective utilization of encapsulated starch in food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaluck Kraithong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Atiruj Theppawong
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Pathania K, Sah SP, Salunke DB, Jain M, Yadav AK, Yadav VG, Pawar SV. Green synthesis of lignin-based nanoparticles as a bio-carrier for targeted delivery in cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 229:684-695. [PMID: 36603714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric magnetic nanoparticles have shown higher efficacy in cancer diagnosis and treatment than conventional chemotherapies. Lignin is an abundantly available natural polymer that can be selectively modified using a rapidly expanding toolkit of biocatalytic and chemical reactions to yield 'intelligent' theranostic-nanoprobes. We aim to valorize lignin to develop a natural polymeric-magnetic-nano-system for the targeted delivery of methotrexate. In the current study, we synthesized nanoparticles of lignin and iron oxide with methotrexate using a new approach of anti-solvent precipitation with ultrasonication. The ensuing nanoparticles are magnetic, smooth, polyhedral with characteristic dimension of 110-130 nm. The drug loading and encapsulation efficiencies were calculated to be 66.06 % and 64.88 %, respectively. The nanoparticles exhibit a concentration-dependent release of methotrexate for the initial 24 h, followed by sustained release. Moreover, formulation is non-hemolytic and scavenges radicals owing to the antioxidant property of lignin. Additionally, methotrexate delivered using the nanoparticles exhibited higher cytotoxicity in cellular-viability assays employing breast cancer and macrophage cell lines compared to the pure form of the drug. Synergistic action of lignin, iron oxide, and methotrexate contribute to enhanced caspase-3 activity and reduced glutathione levels in the breast cancer cells, as well as elevated internalization of the drug on account of increased receptor-mediated endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushboo Pathania
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sangeeta P Sah
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India; National Interdisciplinary Centre of Vaccine, Immunotherapeutics & Antimicrobials, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manish Jain
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vikramaditya G Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sandip V Pawar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Fan W, Zong H, Zhao T, Deng J, Yang H. Bioactivities and mechanisms of dietary proanthocyanidins on blood pressure lowering: A critical review of in vivo and clinical studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3522-3538. [PMID: 36226711 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2132375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins, widespread in natural plant sources, are bioactive substances that exhibit broad benefits to human health. Of note, proanthocyanidins have been reported to lower blood pressure and prevent hypertension, but a critical review of this is lacking. In this review, information on the basic structures and absorption of dietary proanthocyanidins as well as their bioactivities and related mechanisms on the lowering of blood pressure derived via in vivo and clinical studies are summarized. Clinical studies have shown that proanthocyanidins have a pronounced blood pressure-lowering effect, effectively preventing hypertension and reducing the occurrence of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The potential mechanisms, which are herein reviewed in detail, involve the improvement of vascular function, reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation, and modulation of lipid metabolism. Taken together, this work provides information for a better understanding of the antihypertensive effects of proanthocyanidins, which may promote their use to reduce the risk of developing hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Fan
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Houru Zong
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianjun Deng
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Degradable Biomedical Materials, Shaanxi R&D Center of Biomaterials and Fermentation Engineering, Biotech & Biomed Research Institute, School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haixia Yang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Benoutman A, Erbiai EH, Edderdaki FZ, Cherif EK, Saidi R, Lamrani Z, Pintado M, Pinto E, Esteves da Silva JCG, Maouni A. Phytochemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Activity of Thymus capitatus, a Medicinal Plant Collected from Northern Morocco. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:681. [PMID: 35625325 PMCID: PMC9137586 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus capitatus is a Mediterranean endemic plant commonly known as "Zaïtra" in northern Morocco. As T. capitatus is widely used in traditional medicine and food, this present work aims to investigate the chemical compositions and biological activities of the T. capitatus leaves essential oil (TcLEO), acetonic (TcLAE), and methanolic extract (TcLME). The spectrophotometric determination demonstrated that T. capitatus is a natural source rich in phenolic contents (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) and that TcLME revealed the highest TPC and TFC than TcLAE and TcLEO. The LC-MS analysis of phenolic compounds showed that paraben acid was predominant in both TcLME and TcLAE, followed by cinnamic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. GC-MS analysis of the TcLEO revealed the presence of a total of 10 compounds, which were predominated by carvacrol. The antioxidant activity by ORAC was observed to be significantly higher in TcLEO and TcLAE than in TcLME. All samples used to assess DNA degradation effectively prevented DNA oxidation and, at the same time, had a prooxidant effect. The genotoxicity test showed that the T. capitatus were devoid of any mutagenic activity. Concerning antifungal activity, all samples were able to inhibit the growth of all microorganisms tested at low concentrations. TcLAE showed higher activity than TcLME, and in general, dermatophytes were more susceptible, being Microsporum canis the most sensitive one. Overall, the results obtained from this study confirm the wide uses of T. capitatus. Furthermore, the finding results suggest that the T. capitatus essential oil and extracts can be highly useful for pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amina Benoutman
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - El Hadi Erbiai
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (E.K.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Fatima Zahra Edderdaki
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - El Khalil Cherif
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (E.K.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
- Institute for Systems and Robotics, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rabah Saidi
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zouhaire Lamrani
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Eugénia Pinto
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim C. G. Esteves da Silva
- Chemistry Research Unit (CIQUP), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), DGAOT, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; (E.K.C.); (J.C.G.E.d.S.)
| | - Abdelfettah Maouni
- Biology, Environment, and Sustainable Development Laboratory, ENS, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco; (A.B.); (E.H.E.); (F.Z.E.); (R.S.); (Z.L.)
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Preparation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Breviscapine Nanosuspension and Its Freeze-Dried Powder. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050923. [PMID: 35631508 PMCID: PMC9143020 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As a biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class IV drug, breviscapine (Bre) has low solubility in water, poor chemical stability, a short biological half-life and rapid removal from plasma. This paper prepared a Bre nanosuspension (Bre-NS) by an ultrasound-assisted anti-solvent precipitation method. Characterization of Bre-NS was studied using a Box–Behnken design concerning drug concentration in DMSO, an anti-solvent-to-solvent ratio, and sonication time. Under the optimized conditions of 170 mg/mL for the drug concentration, a 1:60 solvent-to-anti-solvent ratio, and a 9 min sonication time, the particle size of Bre-NS was 303.7 ± 7.3 nm, the polydispersity index was 0.178 ± 0.015, and the zeta potential was −31.10 ± 0.26 mV. Combined with the results from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), the findings indicated that the crystal form and chemical structure of Bre-NS did not change during the entire process. The optimized formulation displayed good stability, increased solubility, and better in vitro release. Therefore, the results of this study can be a reference for the delivery system design of insoluble active components and effective parts in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Kolahi P, Shekarchizadeh H, Nasirpour A. Effect of combination of ultrasonic treatment and anti-solvent methods as a high-efficiency method of nanoparticle production on the tragacanth gum properties. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:1131-1139. [PMID: 35185212 PMCID: PMC8814277 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-021-05117-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gum tragacanth nanoparticles were prepared using a combination of intense ultrasound energy and anti-solvent precipitation methods in this research. Results showed that smaller particles were produced by increasing sonication time. As well, increasing the sonication power led to smaller particles, however, increased aggregation. Accordingly, tragacanth solutions with 0.5 and 1% (w/v) concentrations were prepared and mixed with ethanol (ratio 1:10 v/v) after ultrasound treatment with two different drop-wise and direct methods to investigate the effect of anti-solvent addition method on the precipitation of tragacanth particles. The nanoparticle images showed that the concentration of the 0.5% tragacanth solution and the direct mixing method was suitable for particle production with desirable size (72 ± 10 nm) and uniformity. FTIR, XRD, and STA studies showed that the tragacanth chemical composition did not change, and only its particle size decreased. Investigation of wettability showed a contact angle of 88.9 ± 1.7 degrees for nanoparticles providing partial wetting of the particles at the interface. Investigation of the solution viscosities of 0.5% tragacanth gum and tragacanth nanoparticles showed that the viscosity of the nanoparticles solution was significantly lower than that of the tragacanth (p < 0.05) indicating the intense effect of ultrasonication on this property. It can be concluded that the high viscosity of tragacanth gum is not due to its chemical composition but is due to its complex structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Kolahi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156–83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hajar Shekarchizadeh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156–83111 Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Nasirpour
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, 84156–83111 Isfahan, Iran
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Li C, Peng Y, Tang W, Li T, Gatasheh MK, Ahmed Rasheed R, Fu J, He J, Wang WD, Shen Y, Yang Y, Chen Y, Mehmood Abbasi A. Antioxidant, Anti-lipidemic, Hypoglycemic and Antiproliferative Effects of phenolics from Cortex Mori Radicis. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Valencia-Hernandez LJ, Wong-Paz JE, Ascacio-Valdés JA, Chávez-González ML, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Aguilar CN. Procyanidins: From Agro-Industrial Waste to Food as Bioactive Molecules. Foods 2021; 10:3152. [PMID: 34945704 PMCID: PMC8701411 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Procyanidins are an important group of bioactive molecules known for their benefits to human health. These compounds are promising in the treatment of chronic metabolic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, as they prevent cell damage related to oxidative stress. It is necessary to study effective extraction methods for the recovery of these components. In this review, advances in the recovery of procyanidins from agro-industrial wastes are presented, which are obtained through ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, pressurized fluid extraction and subcritical water extraction. Current trends focus on the extraction of procyanidins from seeds, peels, pomaces, leaves and bark in agro-industrial wastes, which are extracted by ultrasound. Some techniques have been coupled with environmentally friendly techniques. There are few studies focused on the extraction and evaluation of biological activities of procyanidins. The identification and quantification of these compounds are the result of the study of the polyphenolic profile of plant sources. Antioxidant, antibiotic, and anti-inflammatory activity are presented as the biological properties of greatest interest. Agro-industrial wastes can be an economical and easily accessible source for the extraction of procyanidins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy Johana Valencia-Hernandez
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Jorge E. Wong-Paz
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Valles, Ciudad Valles C.P. 79010, SL, Mexico;
| | - Juan Alberto Ascacio-Valdés
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Mónica L. Chávez-González
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Juan Carlos Contreras-Esquivel
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
| | - Cristóbal N. Aguilar
- Bioprocesses and Bioproducts Research Group, Food Research Department, School of Chemistry, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo C.P. 25280, CH, Mexico; (L.J.V.-H.); (J.A.A.-V.); (M.L.C.-G.); (J.C.C.-E.)
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Yu G, Zhu H, Huang Y, Zhang X, Sun L, Wang Y, Xia X. Preparation of Daidzein microparticles through liquid antisolvent precipitation under ultrasonication. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 79:105772. [PMID: 34624663 PMCID: PMC8502945 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, daidzein microparticles (DMP) were prepared using an improved ultrasound-assisted antisolvent precipitation method. Preliminary experiments were conducted using six single-factor experiments, and principal component analysis (PCA) was adopted to obtain the three staple elements of the ultrasonic power, solution concentration, and nozzle diameter. The response surface Box-Behnken (BBD) design was used to optimize the level of the above factors. The optimal preparation conditions of the DMP were obtained as follows: the flow rate was 4 mL/min, the concentration of the daidzein solution was 16 mg/mL, the ratio of antisolvent to solvent (liquid-to-liquid ratio) was 9, the nozzle diameter was 300 μm, the ultrasonic power was 180 W (665 W/L), and the system speed was 760 r/min. The minimum average particle size of DMP was 181 ± 2 nm. The properties of daidzein particles before and after preparation were analyzed via scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, Differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, no obvious change in its chemical structure was observed, but crystallinity was reduced. Compared with daidzein powder, DMP has a higher solubility and stronger antioxidant capacity. The above results indicate that the improved method of ultrasonication combined with antisolvent can reduce the size of daidzein particles and has a great potential in practical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Yu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Life Science, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; College of Life Science, Jiaying University, Meizhou 514015, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yutong Wang
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinghao Xia
- Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Zhao L, Duan X, Cao W, Ren X, Ren G, Liu P, Chen J. Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Characterization, Dissolution Rate and Antioxidant Activity of Ursolic Acid-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102470. [PMID: 34681519 PMCID: PMC8535679 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To improve the water solubility of ursolic acid (UA), UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were firstly prepared by the ionotropic gelation method and dried by freeze drying (FD), microwave freeze drying (MFD) and spray drying (SD). The characterization of UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was performed with particle size, drug loading (DL), scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dissolution studies and antioxidant activity. The results demonstrated that UA was successfully encapsulated into chitosan nanoparticles using sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a cross-linker, with a 79% encapsulation efficiency. The spray-dried, UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles had the lowest drug loading (11.8%) and the highest particle size (496.9 ± 11.20 nm). The particle size of UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles dried by MFD and FD was lower, at 240.8 ± 12.10 nm and 184.4 ± 10.62 nm, respectively, and their antioxidant activity was higher than those nanoparticles dried by SD. Moreover, the drying time and energy consumption of UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles dried by MFD and SD were lower than that of FD. The dissolution rates of UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles prepared by FD and MFD were 60.6% and 57.1%, respectively, in a simulated gastric fluid, which was a greater value than SD (55.9%). Therefore, the UA-loaded chitosan nanoparticles encapsulation method, combined with MFD technology, showed a promising potential to improve the water solubility of UA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Duan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13653872870
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Liu Z, Li H, Qi Y, Zhu Z, Huang D, Zhang K, Pan J, Wen L, Zou Z. Cinnamomum camphora leaves as a source of proanthocyanidins separated using microwave-assisted extraction method and evaluation of their antioxidant activity in vitro. ARAB J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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15
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Anti-solvent sonocrystallization to enhance the dissolution rate of clopidogrel using Box-Behnken design. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01605-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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16
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Liu X, Le Bourvellec C, Guyot S, Renard CMGC. Reactivity of flavanols: Their fate in physical food processing and recent advances in their analysis by depolymerization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4841-4880. [PMID: 34288366 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavanols, a subgroup of polyphenols, are secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties naturally produced in various plants (e.g., green tea, cocoa, grapes, and apples); they are a major polyphenol class in human foods and beverages, and have recognized effect on maintaining human health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their changes (i.e., oxidation, polymerization, degradation, and epimerization) during various physical processing (i.e., heating, drying, mechanical shearing, high-pressure, ultrasound, and radiation) to improve the nutritional value of food products. However, the roles of flavanols, in particular for their polymerized forms, are often underestimated, for a large part because of analytical challenges: they are difficult to extract quantitatively, and their quantification demands chemical reactions. This review examines the existing data on the effects of different physical processing techniques on the content of flavanols and highlights the changes in epimerization and degree of polymerization, as well as some of the latest acidolysis methods for proanthocyanidin characterization and quantification. More and more evidence show that physical processing can affect content but also modify the structure of flavanols by promoting a series of internal reactions. The most important reactivity of flavanols in processing includes oxidative coupling and rearrangements, chain cleavage, structural rearrangements (e.g., polymerization, degradation, and epimerization), and addition to other macromolecules, that is, proteins and polysaccharides. Some acidolysis methods for the analysis of polymeric proanthocyanidins have been updated, which has contributed to complete analysis of proanthocyanidin structures in particular regarding their proportion of A-type proanthocyanidins and their degree of polymerization in various plants. However, future research is also needed to better extract and characterize high-polymer proanthocyanidins, whether in their native or modified forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Liu
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | | | - Sylvain Guyot
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Team Polyphenol, Reactivity & Processing (PRP), Le Rheu, France
| | - Catherine M G C Renard
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France.,INRAE, TRANSFORM, Nantes, France
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Phenolic Content, Antioxidant Activity, Anti-Inflammatory Potential, and Acute Toxicity Study of Thymus leptobotrys Murb. Extracts. Biochem Res Int 2020; 2020:8823209. [PMID: 33014468 PMCID: PMC7519993 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8823209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus leptobotrys is a medicinal plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family, endemic in Morocco, and used in traditional medicine. The present work aims to study the phenolic compounds, the antioxidant activity, the anti-inflammatory effect, and the toxicity of two ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Thymus leptobotrys aerial part. The yield of the methanolic extraction (22.2%) is higher than that of the ethanolic extraction (15.8%) and is characterized by higher contents of polyphenols 243.08 mg/g GAE (mg/g of gallic acid), flavonoids 179.28 mg/g RE (mg/g of rutin), and tannins 39.31 mg/g CE (mg/g of catechin). The in vitro measurement of antioxidant activity with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical reduction test and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) test demonstrates the higher performance of the methanolic extract. The evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo on adult Wistar female rats leads to a very significant decrease in the inflammation of the edema compared to the standard drug (indomethacin) and the control group. The toxicity test reveals that both extracts showed no toxicity within an LD50 above 2000 mg/kg body weight of the rats.
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Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles coated doxorubicin liposomes using procyanidins for light–controlled drug release. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Zhang H, Liu H, Qi P, Wang S, Hu H, Gou J, Zhang Y, He H, Tang X, Yin T, Yuan Y. Enhanced the Bioavailability of Sterile 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol Nanocrystalline Suspension Coated by Bovine Serum Albumin for Intramuscular Injection: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:305. [PMID: 31506831 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1498-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prepare a 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension and enhance the bioavailability of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol by intramuscular injection. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension was prepared using an anti-solvent combined with ultrasonic approach, in which meglumine and bovine serum albumin were screened as the optimized stabilizer and the coating agent during spray drying process, respectively. The optimal nanocrystallines were nearly spherical with a uniform particle size distribution, the mean particle size, polydispersity index, and drug loading of which were 151.20 ± 2.54 nm, 0.11 ± 0.01, and 47.15% (w/w), respectively. Sterile 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension was obtained by passing through a 0.22-μm membrane, and the average filtration efficiency (FE%) was 99.96%. The cumulative release percentage of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension was 92.36% 20(S)-protopanaxadiol within 60 min in vitro, which was relatively rapid compared with that of the physical mixture for 12.51% and the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol bulk powder for 9.71% during the same time interval. The sterile 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension caused minimal irritation responses by histological examination, indicating a good biocompatibility between the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension and muscle tissues. In pharmacokinetic study, the absolute bioavailability of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline suspension for intramuscular injection and for oral gavage was 5.99 and 0.03, respectively. In summary, the 20(S)-protopanaxadiol nanocrystalline via intramuscular injection is an efficient drug delivery system to improve its bioavailability.
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Zhang X, Zhang H, Xia X, Pu N, Yu Z, Nabih M, Zhu Y, Zhang S, Jiang L. Preparation and physicochemical characterization of soy isoflavone (SIF) nanoparticles by a liquid antisolvent precipitation method. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2019.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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22
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Jin B, Zhou X, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zheng Z, Liang Y, Chen S. Nano-encapsulation of curcumin using soy protein hydrolysates - tannic acid complexes regulated by photocatalysis: a study on the storage stability and in vitro release. J Microencapsul 2019; 36:385-398. [PMID: 31238757 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2019.1637473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the feasibility of soy protein hydrolysates (SPH)-tannic acid (TA) complex nanoparticle obtained by photocatalysis (SPH-T (P)) to construct curcumin (Cur) delivery vehicles. Methods: The interaction behaviour of SPH-T (P) was investigated using Fourier transform infra-red, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimeter analyzes. Formation and stability of the complexes were characterised by particle size, morphology, zeta potential, and in vitro release. Results: Negatively charged Cur-loaded complex with small size (<100 nm), spherical cluster shape and uniform size distribution were formed through the driving force of electrostatic attraction, followed by hydrogen bonding. The presence of photocatalysis in the complexes significantly improved the storage stability and in vitro sustained release of curcumin by enhancing the hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic effects and π-π stacking interactions between SPH and TA. Conclusion: SPH-T (P) would be a useful and promising delivery vehicle for encapsulating, protecting, and delivering hydrophobic nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Jin
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Xiaosong Zhou
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Yuan Liu
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Zhiyuan Zheng
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Yuxin Liang
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang , China
| | - Siting Chen
- a School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Lingnan Normal University , Zhanjiang , China
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Liu Z, Kong L, Lu S, Zou Z. Application of a Combined Homogenate and Ultrasonic Cavitation System for the Efficient Extraction of Flavonoids from Cinnamomum camphora Leaves and Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity In Vitro. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:4892635. [PMID: 30881727 PMCID: PMC6383404 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4892635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A free-of-dust pollution extraction method combined-homogenate and ultrasonic cavitation system, namely, homogenate-combined ultrasonic cavitation synergistic extraction (HUCSE), was proposed for the efficient extraction of flavonoids from Cinnamomum camphora leaves. Response surface methodology of Box-Behnken design was employed to optimize the HUCSE process, and the optimum operation conditions attained with an extraction yield of 7.95 ± 0.27 mg/g were ethanol concentration 76%, homogenate/ultrasonic time 25 min, solvent-to-solid ratio 22 mL/g, and ultrasonic power 240 W. A second-order kinetic mathematical methodology was performed to depict the behaviors of HUCSE and heat reflux extraction method. The results suggested that the developed HUCSE is an efficient and green method for the extraction of C. camphora flavonoids or other plant natural products, where the obvious higher parameters of extraction capacity at saturation, second-order extraction rate constant, and original extraction rate were obtained when compared to the heat reflux method. The antioxidant activity assays in vitro showed that the C. camphora flavonoids possessed strong antioxidant activity and are promising to be applied as a natural alternative antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaizhi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Lingtao Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Shunbao Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Zhengrong Zou
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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Green and Efficient PEG-Based Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Tree Peony Pods and the Evaluation of Their Antioxidant Activity In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2121385. [PMID: 30515387 PMCID: PMC6236975 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2121385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We adopted and developed an ultrasonic-assisted extraction method to obtain polysaccharides from tree peony pods using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as the solvent. The technological parameters have been designed as a single factor to enhance the tree peony pod polysaccharide extraction yield. Specific conditions (ultrasound irradiation power, 250 W; ultrasound irradiation time, 30 min; reaction temperature 50°C; liquid-solid ratio, 25 mL/g; and concentration of PEG, 0.2 g/mL) generated an experimental yield of 14.14% ± 0.44%. Subsequently, the monosaccharide composition of the tree peony pod polysaccharides was determined by HPLC using a 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone precolumn derivatization method. The results indicated that tree peony pod polysaccharides contained mannoses, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose, arabinose, and fucose with a molar ratio of 1.44 : 2.87 : 0.32 : 18.99 : 3.99 : 10.21 : 0.96 : 1.85 : 0.21. The tree peony pod polysaccharides obtained are mainly galacturonic acid and galactose, which are acidic polysaccharides. Finally, the antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP) of the tree peony pod polysaccharides were assessed, and the compounds exhibited moderate antioxidant activities.
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Abstract
The ethanol-water (7 : 3, v/v) extract of Cotoneaster multiflorus sarcocarp was sequentially fractionated by liquid-liquid partition using n-hexane, diethyl ether, methylene dichloride, and ethyl acetate. The contents of total polyphenols, total flavones, and oligomeric proanthocyanidins in the five parts (including the ethanol-water extract) were determined. In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radical-scavenging, 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt radical cation decolorization, reducing power, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and lipid peroxidation inhibition assays were conducted to test the antioxidant activities of Sample 1 (the ethanol-water fraction) and Sample 2 (the ethyl acetate fraction) in vitro. In the above five assays, Sample 2 showed greater antioxidant capacities than Sample 1. Furthermore, Sample 2 was better able to protect low-density lipoproteins from oxidation in a dose-dependent manner. The test results show that C. multiflorus sarcocarp, especially the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction, may be a potential source of natural antioxidants.
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