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Zhang N, Bian Q, Gao Y, Wang Q, Shi Y, Li X, Ma X, Chen H, Zhao Z, Yu H. The Role of Fascin-1 in Human Urologic Cancers: A Promising Biomarker or Therapeutic Target? Technol Cancer Res Treat 2023; 22:15330338231175733. [PMID: 37246525 PMCID: PMC10240877 DOI: 10.1177/15330338231175733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cancer statistics show that an increased incidence of urologic cancers such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. Due to the lack of early markers and effective therapeutic targets, their prognosis is poor. Fascin-1 is an actin-binding protein, which functions in the formation of cell protrusions by cross-linking with actin filaments. Studies have found that fascin-1 expression is elevated in most human cancers and is related to outcomes such as neoplasm metastasis, reduced survival, and increased aggressiveness. Fascin-1 has been considered as a potential therapeutic target for urologic cancers, but there is no comprehensive review to evaluate these studies. This review aimed to provide an enhanced literature review, outline, and summarize the mechanism of fascin-1 in urologic cancers and discuss the therapeutic potential of fascin-1 and the possibility of its use as a potential marker. We also focused on the correlation between the overexpression of fascin-1 and clinicopathological parameters. Mechanistically, fascin-1 is regulated by several regulators and signaling pathways (such as long noncoding RNA, microRNA, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular regulated protein kinases). The overexpression of fascin-1 is related to clinicopathologic parameters such as pathological stage, bone or lymph node metastasis, and reduced disease-free survival. Several fascin-1 inhibitors (G2, NP-G2-044) have been evaluated in vitro and in preclinical models. The study proved the promising potential of fascin-1 as a newly developing biomarker and a potential therapeutic target that needs further investigation. The data also highlight the inadequacy of fascin-1 to serve as a novel biomarker for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naibin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Bian
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankun Gao
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Ma
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Chen
- College of Radiology, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhankui Zhao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglian Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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2
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Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of fascin proteins in human serum. Bioanalysis 2022; 14:1095-1109. [PMID: 36154676 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2022-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fascin is an actin-bundling protein that has been linked to tumor cell migration, invasion, metastasis, disease progression and mortality, thus serving as a novel cancer biomarker. Bioanalytical methods to measure fascin in biological matrices are sparsely reported, while accurate quantitation of fascin levels may lend support for fascin as a promising therapeutic target. Method: An LC-MS/MS-based method involving protein precipitation, enzymatic digestion and solid phase extraction was developed and validated for the quantitation of fascin in human serum. Linearity over a calibration range of 5-500 ng/ml with a LLOQ of 5 ng/ml, great accuracy and precision, excellent parallelism as well as high extraction recovery were achieved. Conclusion: This method provides a valuable tool for anticancer drug development and cancer treatment.
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Li CH, Chan MH, Liang SM, Chang YC, Hsiao M. Fascin-1: Updated biological functions and therapeutic implications in cancer biology. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100052. [PMID: 37082587 PMCID: PMC10074911 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are cellular protrusions that respond to a variety of stimuli. Filopodia are formed when actin is bound to the protein Fascin, which may play a crucial role in cellular interactions and motility during cancer metastasis. Significantly, the noncanonical features of Fascin-1 are gradually being clarified, including the related molecular network contributing to metabolic reprogramming, chemotherapy resistance, stemness ac-tivity, and tumor microenvironment events. However, the relationship between biological characteristics and pathological features to identify effective therapeutic strategies needs to be studied further. The pur-pose of this review article is to provide a broad overview of the latest molecular networks and multiomics research regarding fascins and cancer. It also highlights their direct and indirect effects on available cancer treatments. With this multidisciplinary approach, researchers and clinicians can gain the most relevant in-formation on the function of fascins in cancer progression, which may facilitate clinical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsiu Li
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Shu-Mei Liang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Corresponding authors.
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Liu H, Zhang Y, Li L, Cao J, Guo Y, Wu Y, Gao W. Fascin actin-bundling protein 1 in human cancer: promising biomarker or therapeutic target? Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 20:240-264. [PMID: 33614909 PMCID: PMC7873579 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2020.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fascin actin-bundling protein 1 (FSCN1) is a highly conserved actin-bundling protein that cross links F-actin microfilaments into tight, parallel bundles. Elevated FSCN1 levels have been reported in many types of human cancers and have been correlated with aggressive clinical progression, poor prognosis, and survival outcomes. The overexpression of FSCN1 in cancer cells has been associated with tumor growth, migration, invasion, and metastasis. Currently, FSCN1 is recognized as a candidate biomarker for multiple cancer types and as a potential therapeutic target. The aim of this study was to provide a brief overview of the FSCN1 gene and protein structure and elucidate on its actin-bundling activity and physiological functions. The main focus was on the role of FSCN1 and its upregulatory mechanisms and significance in cancer cells. Up-to-date studies on FSCN1 as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for human cancers are reviewed. It is shown that FSCN1 is an unusual biomarker and a potential therapeutic target for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yujia Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Yongyan Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Shanxi Province Clinical Medical Research Center for Precision Medicine of Head and Neck Cancer, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China
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Zhang M, Zhao Z, Duan X, Chen P, Peng Z, Qiu H. FSCN1 predicts survival and is regulated by a PI3K-dependent mechanism in renal cell carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:4748-4758. [PMID: 29148041 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
While overexpression of FSCN1 is reported in several cancers, the prognostic significance of FSCN1 in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the molecular mechanisms involved remain largely unclear. We retrospectively enrolled 194 patients with non-metastatic clear-cell RCC undergoing nephrectomy in our center between 2008 and 2011. FSCN1 expression was assessed by immunohistochemical staining and its association with clinicopathologic features and survival were evaluated. Functional effects of a modulated FSCN1 expression were analyzed with regard to invasion in RCC cell lines and metastasis in vivo. Here, we reported that FSCN1 was up-regulated in RCC tissues compared to non-tumor tissues, and associated with poor overall survival and recurrence-free survival. Its expression was not associated with age, tumor size, and clinical TNM stage. The incorporation of FSCN1 into the T stage and histologic grade would help to refine individual risk stratification. Preclinical studies using multiple RCC cells and orthotopic xenografts mice model indicated that FSCN1 could promote RCC cell invasion in vitro, and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, overexpression of FSCN1 led to an up-regulation of MMP9 and N-Cadherin. Notably, treating RCC cells with PI3 K/AKT inhibitors or knockdown GSK-3β decreased the expression of FSCN1, and then attenuated RCC invasion. Together, our results demonstrate that FSCN as an oncogene is a potential novel prognostic biomarker for RCC patients after nephrectomy, and can promote RCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengping Zhang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of VIP, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenwei Peng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Qiu
- Department of VIP, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Han S, Huang J, Liu B, Xing B, Bordeleau F, Reinhart-King CA, Li W, Zhang JJ, Huang XY. Improving fascin inhibitors to block tumor cell migration and metastasis. Mol Oncol 2016; 10:966-80. [PMID: 27071719 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metastasis is the major cause of mortality of cancer patients, being responsible for ∼90% of all cancer deaths. One of the key steps during tumor metastasis is tumor cell migration which requires actin cytoskeletal reorganization. Among the critical actin cytoskeletal protrusion structures are antenna-like filopodia. Fascin protein is the main actin-bundling protein in filopodia. Here we report the development of fascin-specific small-molecules that inhibit the interaction between fascin and actin. These inhibitors block the in vitro actin-binding and actin-bundling activities of fascin, tumor cell migration and tumor metastasis in mouse models. Mechanistically, these inhibitors likely occupy one of the actin-binding sites, reduce the binding of actin filaments, and thus lead to the inhibition of the bundling activity of fascin. At the cellular level, these inhibitors impair actin cytoskeletal reorganization. Our data indicate that target-specific anti-fascin agents will have great potential for treating metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqin Han
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jianyun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bingqian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bowen Xing
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Francois Bordeleau
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | | | - Wenxin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - J Jillian Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Xin-Yun Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Cornell University, Weill Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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7
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Targeted inhibition of fascin function blocks tumour invasion and metastatic colonization. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7465. [PMID: 26081695 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key steps during tumour metastasis is tumour cell migration and invasion, which require actin cytoskeletal reorganization. Among the critical actin cytoskeletal protrusion structures are the filopodia, which act like cell sensory organs to communicate with the extracellular microenvironment and participate in fundamental cell functions such as cell adhesion, spreading and migration in the three-dimensional environment. Fascin is the main actin-bundling protein in filopodia. Using high-throughput screening, here we identify and characterize small molecules that inhibit the actin-bundling activity of fascin. Focusing on one such inhibitor, we demonstrate that it specifically blocks filopodial formation, tumour cell migration and invasion in vitro, and metastasis in vivo. Hence, target-specific anti-fascin agents have a therapeutic potential for cancer treatment.
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8
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Ngo TC, Wood CG, Karam JA. Biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma. Urol Oncol 2014; 32:243-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Shoji S, Nakano M, Sato H, Tang XY, Osamura YR, Terachi T, Uchida T, Takeya K. The current status of tailor-made medicine with molecular biomarkers for patients with clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:111-34. [PMID: 23959576 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9612-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Appropriate use of multiple reliable molecular biomarkers in the right context will play a role in tailormade medicine of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients in the future. A total of 11,056 patients from 53 studies were included in this review. The article numbers of the each evidence levels, using the grading system defined by the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, in 1b, 2a, 2b, and 3b were 5 (9%), 18 (34%), 29 (55%), and 1 (2%), respectively. The main goal of using biomarkers is to refine predictions of tumor progression, pharmacotherapy responsiveness, and cancer-specific and/or overall survival. Currently, carbonic anhydrase (CA9) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in peripheral blood and p53 in tumor tissues are measured to predict metastasis, while VEGF-related proteins in peripheral blood are used to assess pharmacotherapy responsiveness with sunitinib. Furthermore, interleukin 8, osteopontin, hepatocyte growth factor, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases-1 in peripheral blood enable assessment of responsiveness to pazopanib treatment. Other reliable molecular biomarkers include von Hippel–Lindau gene alteration, hypoxia-inducible factor-1a, CA9, and survivin in tumor tissues and VEGF in peripheral blood for predicting cancer-specific survival. In the future, studies should undergo external validation for developing tailored management of clear cell RCC with molecular biomarkers, since individual institutional studies lack the generalization and consistency required to maintain accuracy among different patient series.
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10
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Varisli L. Identification of new genes downregulated in prostate cancer and investigation of their effects on prognosis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2013; 17:562-6. [PMID: 23621580 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2012.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most common noncutaneous malignant neoplasm in men in the Western countries. It is well established that genetic and epigenetic alterations are common events in prostate cancer, which may lead to aberrant expression of critical genes. Most of the studies are focused on the overexpressed or duplicated genes in prostate cancer. However, it is known that some of the differentially expressed genes in prostate cancer are downregulated. Since the inventory of downregulated genes is incomplete, we performed in silico approaches to reveal the novel prostate cancer downregulated genes. Moreover, we also investigated for a possible link between the expression of the downregulated genes and tumor grade, recurrence, metastasis, or survival status in prostate cancer. Our results showed that the expression of GSTP1 and AOX1 are downregulated in prostate cancer, in concordance with previous reports. Moreover, we showed that TPM2, CLU, and COL4A6 mRNA levels are downregulated in prostate cancer. Further, we found a significant negative correlation between the expression of the above-mentioned genes and the prognosis of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokman Varisli
- Department of Biology, Art and Science Faculty, Harran University, Osmanbey Campus, Sanliurfa, Turkey.
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11
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Yang S, Huang FK, Huang J, Chen S, Jakoncic J, Leo-Macias A, Diaz-Avalos R, Chen L, Zhang JJ, Huang XY. Molecular mechanism of fascin function in filopodial formation. J Biol Chem 2012. [PMID: 23184945 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.427971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Filopodia are cell surface protrusions that are essential for cell migration. This finger-like structure is supported by rigid tightly bundled actin filaments. The protein responsible for actin bundling in filopodia is fascin. However, the mechanism by which fascin functions in filopodial formation is not clear. Here we provide biochemical, cryo-electron tomographic, and x-ray crystal structural data demonstrating the unique structural characteristics of fascin. Systematic mutagenesis studies on 100 mutants of fascin indicate that there are two major actin-binding sites on fascin. Crystal structures of four fascin mutants reveal concerted conformational changes in fascin from inactive to active states in the process of actin bundling. Mutations in any one of the actin-binding sites impair the cellular function of fascin in filopodial formation. Altogether, our data reveal the molecular mechanism of fascin function in filopodial formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyu Yang
- Department of Physiology, Cornell University Weill Medical College, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Suraneni P, Rubinstein B, Unruh JR, Durnin M, Hanein D, Li R. The Arp2/3 complex is required for lamellipodia extension and directional fibroblast cell migration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 197:239-51. [PMID: 22492726 PMCID: PMC3328382 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201112113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell–derived fibroblasts with genetic disruption of the Arp2/3 complex are unable to form lamellipodia or undergo sustained directional migration. The Arp2/3 complex nucleates the formation of the dendritic actin network at the leading edge of motile cells, but it is still unclear if the Arp2/3 complex plays a critical role in lamellipodia protrusion and cell motility. Here, we differentiated motile fibroblast cells from isogenic mouse embryonic stem cells with or without disruption of the ARPC3 gene, which encodes the p21 subunit of the Arp2/3 complex. ARPC3−/− fibroblasts were unable to extend lamellipodia but generated dynamic leading edges composed primarily of filopodia-like protrusions, with formin proteins (mDia1 and mDia2) concentrated near their tips. The speed of cell migration, as well as the rates of leading edge protrusion and retraction, were comparable between genotypes; however, ARPC3−/− cells exhibited a strong defect in persistent directional migration. This deficiency correlated with a lack of coordination of the protrusive activities at the leading edge of ARPC3−/− fibroblasts. These results provide insights into the Arp2/3 complex’s critical role in lamellipodia extension and directional fibroblast migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveen Suraneni
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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The cluster of miR-143 and miR-145 affects the risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma through co-regulating fascin homolog 1. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33987. [PMID: 22457808 PMCID: PMC3311581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), 18–24 nt non-coding RNAs, are thought to play important roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and development. Recent studies suggest that some of the known microRNAs map to a single genomic locale within a single polycistronic transcript. But the roles of the cluster remain to be known. In order to understand the role and mechanism of a cluster of miR-143 and miR-145 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), the association of mature miR-143 and miR-145 expression with the risk for esophageal cancer was evaluated in ESCC patients with a case-control study, and target protein regulated by mature miRNA was analyzed in ESCC cell lines with 3′UTR luciferase reporter assay. The expression levels of miR-143 and miR-145 were determined in 110 pairs of esophageal cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues using real-time reverse transcription PCR. The relative expression of miR-143 and miR-145 were statistically different between cancer tissues and matched controls. The combined expression of miR-143 and miR-145 was significantly associated with the risk for esophageal cancer. Meanwhile, the reduced expression of two miRNAs in tumor patient was supposed to have a trend of lymph node metastases. The co-expression pattern of miR-143 and miR-145 was analyzed with Pearson correlation. It showed a significant correlation between these two miRNAs expression both in tissues and tumor cell lines. 3′UTR luciferase reporter assay indicated that Fascin Homolog 1 (FSCN1) could be co-regulated by miR-143 and miR-145. The protein level of FSCN1 showed no significant linear correlation with miR-143 and miR-145 expression in ESCC cell lines with Western blotting analysis. In conclusion, since miR-143 and miR-145 could regulate oncogenic FSCN1 and take part in the modulation of metastases, the result suggested the combination variable of miR-143 and miR-145 as a potential biomarker for earlier diagnosis and prognosis of esophageal cancer.
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Alam H, Bhate AV, Gangadaran P, Sawant SS, Salot S, Sehgal L, Dange PP, Chaukar DA, D'cruz AK, Kannanl S, Gude R, Kane S, Dalal SN, Vaidya MM. Fascin overexpression promotes neoplastic progression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:32. [PMID: 22264292 PMCID: PMC3329405 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fascin is a globular actin cross-linking protein, which plays a major role in forming parallel actin bundles in cell protrusions and is found to be associated with tumor cell invasion and metastasis in various type of cancers including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Previously, we have demonstrated that fascin regulates actin polymerization and thereby promotes cell motility in K8-depleted OSCC cells. In the present study we have investigated the role of fascin in tumor progression of OSCC. Methods To understand the role of fascin in OSCC development and/or progression, fascin was overexpressed along with vector control in OSCC derived cells AW13516. The phenotype was studied using wound healing, Boyden chamber, cell adhesion, Hanging drop, soft agar and tumorigenicity assays. Further, fascin expression was examined in human OSCC samples (N = 131) using immunohistochemistry and level of its expression was correlated with clinico-pathological parameters of the patients. Results Fascin overexpression in OSCC derived cells led to significant increase in cell migration, cell invasion and MMP-2 activity. In addition these cells demonstrated increased levels of phosphorylated AKT, ERK1/2 and JNK1/2. Our in vitro results were consistent with correlative studies of fascin expression with the clinico-pathological parameters of the OSCC patients. Fascin expression in OSCC showed statistically significant correlation with increased tumor stage (P = 0.041), increased lymph node metastasis (P = 0.001), less differentiation (P = 0.005), increased recurrence (P = 0.038) and shorter survival (P = 0.004) of the patients. Conclusion In conclusion, our results indicate that fascin promotes tumor progression and activates AKT and MAPK pathways in OSCC-derived cells. Further, our correlative studies of fascin expression in OSCC with clinico-pathological parameters of the patients indicate that fascin may prove to be useful in prognostication and treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunain Alam
- Advanced Centre for Treatment Research and Education in Cancer Tata Memorial Centre (ACTREC), Kharghar, Navi Mumbai, India
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Fascin, a novel marker of human hepatic stellate cells, may regulate their proliferation, migration, and collagen gene expression through the FAK-PI3K-Akt pathway. J Transl Med 2012; 92:57-71. [PMID: 22005766 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fascin is a component of actin bundles and may regulate various cellular events. The expression and function of fascin in human hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) has remained largely uncharacterized. Fascin expression in human liver tissue was studied using immunohistochemistry. To identify cells expressing fascin, double immunofluorescent staining with vimentin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), or fibulin-2 was performed and analyzed with confocal microscopy. In culture experiments, fascin expression and the phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Akt in LX-2 cells, a cell line of human HSCs, were investigated using western blot. Specific siRNAs were used to reduce the expression of fascin in LX-2 cells. Proliferation and migration were assayed with a CyQuant assay kit and a Matrigel-coated culture insert system, respectively. Levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and collagen mRNAs were examined using quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry revealed the expression of fascin along sinusoids and overlapping with vimentin and α-SMA in both non-fibrotic and fibrotic liver tissue, but it was almost absent in periportal myofibroblastic cells and did not colocalize with fibulin-2, a marker of portal myofibroblasts. In addition, fascin immunoreactivity was almost undetectable in septa of fibrotic human liver tissue. The expression of fascin in LX-2 cells was confirmed using western blot. Two different specific siRNAs against fascin significantly reduced the number of viable LX-2 cells to 65% compared with control cultures and downregulated the mRNAs levels of types I and III collagen and MMP-2 to 62%, 65%, and 70% of control levels, respectively. This condition also reduced the migration activity of LX-2 cells to 46% of control cells and the phosphorylation level of both FAK and Akt. Fascin may be an excellent novel marker of human HSCs that distinguishes HSCs from periportal myofibroblasts. Fascin may regulate functions of human HSCs through the FAK-phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt pathway.
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Xu YF, Yu SN, Lu ZH, Liu JP, Chen J. Fascin promotes the motility and invasiveness of pancreatic cancer cells. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4470-8. [PMID: 22110277 PMCID: PMC3218137 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i40.4470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 06/15/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of actin-bundling protein, fascin during the progression of pancreatic cancer.
METHODS: The plasmid expressing human fascin-1 was stably transfected into the pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa-2. The proliferation, cell cycle, motility, scattering, invasiveness and organization of the actin filament system in fascin-transfected MIA PaCa-2 cells and control non-transfected cells were determined.
RESULTS: Heterogeneous overexpression of fascin markedly enhanced the motility, scattering, and invasiveness of MIA PaCa-2 cells. However, overexpression of fascin had minimal effect on MIA PaCa-2 cell proliferation and cell cycle. In addition, cell morphology and organization of the actin filament system were distinctly altered in fascin overexpressed cells. When transplanted into BALB/c-nu mice, fascin-transfected pancreatic cancer cells developed solid tumors at a slightly slower rate, but these tumors displayed more aggressive behavior in comparison with control tumors.
CONCLUSION: Fascin promotes pancreatic cancer cell migration, invasion and scattering, thus contributes to the aggressive behavior of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Prognostic Factors and Predictive Models in Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Contemporary Review. Eur Urol 2011; 60:644-61. [PMID: 21741163 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2011.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Gorlov IP, Sircar K, Zhao H, Maity SN, Navone NM, Gorlova OY, Troncoso P, Pettaway CA, Byun JY, Logothetis CJ. Prioritizing genes associated with prostate cancer development. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:599. [PMID: 21044312 PMCID: PMC2988752 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The genetic control of prostate cancer development is poorly understood. Large numbers of gene-expression datasets on different aspects of prostate tumorigenesis are available. We used these data to identify and prioritize candidate genes associated with the development of prostate cancer and bone metastases. Our working hypothesis was that combining meta-analyses on different but overlapping steps of prostate tumorigenesis will improve identification of genes associated with prostate cancer development. Methods A Z score-based meta-analysis of gene-expression data was used to identify candidate genes associated with prostate cancer development. To put together different datasets, we conducted a meta-analysis on 3 levels that follow the natural history of prostate cancer development. For experimental verification of candidates, we used in silico validation as well as in-house gene-expression data. Results Genes with experimental evidence of an association with prostate cancer development were overrepresented among our top candidates. The meta-analysis also identified a considerable number of novel candidate genes with no published evidence of a role in prostate cancer development. Functional annotation identified cytoskeleton, cell adhesion, extracellular matrix, and cell motility as the top functions associated with prostate cancer development. We identified 10 genes--CDC2, CCNA2, IGF1, EGR1, SRF, CTGF, CCL2, CAV1, SMAD4, and AURKA--that form hubs of the interaction network and therefore are likely to be primary drivers of prostate cancer development. Conclusions By using this large 3-level meta-analysis of the gene-expression data to identify candidate genes associated with prostate cancer development, we have generated a list of candidate genes that may be a useful resource for researchers studying the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan P Gorlov
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Lu XF, Li EM, Du ZP, Xie JJ, Guo ZY, Gao SY, Liao LD, Shen ZY, Xie D, Xu LY. Specificity protein 1 regulates fascin expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma as the result of the epidermal growth factor/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathway activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:3313-29. [PMID: 20502940 PMCID: PMC11115853 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0382-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of fascin in human carcinomas is associated with aggressive clinical phenotypes and poor prognosis. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the increased expression of fascin in cancer cells is largely unknown. Here, we identified a Sp1 binding element located at -70 to -60 nts of the FSCN1 promoter and validated that Sp1 specifically bound to this element in esophageal carcinoma cells. Fascin expression was enhanced by Sp1 overexpression and blocked by Sp1 RNAi knockdown. Specific inhibition of ERK1/2 decreased phosphorylation levels of Sp1, and thus suppressed the transcription of the FSCN1, resulting in the down-regulation of fascin. Stimulation with EGF could enhance fascin expression via activating the ERK1/2 pathway and increasing phosphorylation levels of Sp1. These data suggest that FSCN1 transcription may be subjected to the regulation of the EGF/EGFR signaling pathway and can be used as a viable biomarker to predict the efficacy of EGFR inhibitors in cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Lu
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - En-Min Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze-Peng Du
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Jun Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhang-Yan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Ying Gao
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lian-Di Liao
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Ying Shen
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Xie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Yan Xu
- Institute of Oncologic Pathology, The Key Immunopathology Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Shantou University Medical College, No. 22, Xinling Road, Shantou, 515041 People’s Republic of China
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Migrastatin analogues target fascin to block tumour metastasis. Nature 2010; 464:1062-6. [PMID: 20393565 PMCID: PMC2857318 DOI: 10.1038/nature08978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumour metastasis is the primary cause of death of cancer patients. Development of new therapeutics preventing tumour metastasis is urgently needed. Migrastatin is a natural product secreted by Streptomyces, and synthesized migrastatin analogues such as macroketone are potent inhibitors of metastatic tumour cell migration, invasion and metastasis. Here we show that these migrastatin analogues target the actin-bundling protein fascin to inhibit its activity. X-ray crystal structural studies reveal that migrastatin analogues bind to one of the actin-binding sites on fascin. Our data demonstrate that actin cytoskeletal proteins such as fascin can be explored as new molecular targets for cancer treatment, in a similar manner to the microtubule protein tubulin.
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Fascin expression predicts survival after potentially curative resection of node-positive colon cancer. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34:656-66. [PMID: 20410808 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e3181db36c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Fascin, an actin-bundling protein, is expressed in many neoplasms including colorectal cancer. It is considered to be a mediator of tumor cell invasion and an indicator of aggressive phenotype; however, there are few reports on the association between fascin and prognosis in colorectal cancer. The aims of this study were to: (a) investigate the expression of fascin in the central part of the tumor and at the invasive front in patients who had a potentially curative resection for node-positive colonic carcinoma; (b) examine the method of scoring fascin expression; and (c) investigate the association between fascin expression and overall survival and other clinicopathologic features. Fascin expression was assessed by immunostaining of microarrays from archived tissue of 470 patients who were followed for a minimum of 5 years after resection. Other clinicopathologic data had been recorded prospectively according to a standardized protocol. Analysis of overall survival was by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression. For both central tumor tissue and the invasive front, it was found that the percentage of stained cells was a sufficient measure of fascin expression in relation to survival, with staining intensity providing no significant additional information. At both levels, there was a significant independent association between high fascin expression and diminished survival, although this association was much stronger in the central region (adjusted hazard ratio 1.6, P<0.001) than at the invasive front (adjusted hazard ratio 1.1, P=0.044). Fascin expression predicted overall survival but did not displace other routinely collected clinicopathologic predictors.
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Gruber-Olipitz M, Ströbel T, Kang SU, John JPP, Grotzer MA, Slavc I, Lubec G. Neurotrophin 3/TrkC-regulated proteins in the human medulloblastoma cell line DAOY. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:540-9. [PMID: 19156760 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common malignant childhood brain tumor and high neurotrophin (NP) receptor TrkC mRNA expression was identified as a powerful independent predictor of favorable survival outcome. In order to determine downstream effector proteins of TrkC signaling, the MB cell line DAOY was stably transfected with a vector containing the full-length TrkC cDNA sequence or an empty vector control. A proteomic approach was used to search for expressional changes by two mass spectrometric methods and immunoblotting for validation of significant results. Multiple time points for up to 48 h following NP-3-induced TrkC receptor activation were chosen. Thirteen proteins from several pathways (nucleoside diphosphate kinase A, stathmin, valosin-containing protein, annexin A1, dihydropyrimidinase-related protein-3, DJ-1 protein, glutathione S-transferase P, lamin A/C, fascin, cofilin, vimentin, vinculin, and moesin) were differentially expressed and most have been shown to play a role in differentiation, migration, invasion, proliferation, apoptosis, drug resistance, or oncogenesis. Knowledge on effectors of TrkC signaling may represent a first useful step for the identification of marker candidates or reflecting probable pharmacological targets for specific treatment of MB.
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Fascin-1 promoter activity is regulated by CREB and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor in human carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5130. [PMID: 19340314 PMCID: PMC2661145 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fascin is an actin-bundling protein that is absent from most normal epithelia yet is upregulated in multiple forms of human carcinoma, where its expression correlates clinically with a poor prognosis. How fascin-1 transcription is activated in carcinoma cells is largely unknown, although the hypothesis of regulation by β-catenin signaling has received attention. The question is important because of the clinical significance of fascin expression in human carcinomas. Methodology/Principal Findings Through comparative genomics we made an unbiased analysis of the DNA sequence of the fascin-1 promoter region from six mammalian species. We identified two regions in which highly conserved motifs are concentrated. Luciferase promoter reporter assays for the human fascin-1 promoter were carried out in fascin-positive and -negative human breast and colon carcinoma cells, and in human dermal fibroblasts that are constitutively fascin-positive. In all fascin-positive cells, the region −219/+114 that contains multiple highly conserved motifs had strong transcriptional activity. The region −2953/−1582 appeared to contain repressor activity. By examining the effects of single or multiple point mutations of conserved motifs within the −219/+114 region on transcriptional reporter activity, we identified for the first time that the conserved CREB and AhR binding motifs are major determinants of transcriptional activity in human colon carcinoma cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitations for CREB, AhR or β-catenin from extracts from fascin-positive or -negative human colon carcinoma cells identified that CREB and AhR specifically associate with the −219/+114 region of the FSCN1 promoter in fascin-positive colon carcinoma cells. An association of β-catenin was not specific to fascin-positive cells. Conclusion Upregulation of fascin-1 in aggressive human carcinomas appears to have a multi-factorial basis. The data identify novel roles for CREB and AhR as major, specific regulators of FSCN-1 transcription in human carcinoma cells but do not support the hypothesis that β-catenin signaling has a central role.
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Eichelberg C, Junker K, Ljungberg B, Moch H. Diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers for renal cell carcinoma: a critical appraisal of the current state of research and clinical applicability. Eur Urol 2009; 55:851-63. [PMID: 19155123 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Earlier detection of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and the recent expansion of treatment possibilities have positively influenced the outlook for patients with this disease. However, progression and treatment response are still not sufficiently predictable. Molecular markers could help to refine individual risk stratification and treatment planning, although they have not yet become clinically routine. OBJECTIVE This review presents an overview of diagnostic and prognostic molecular markers for RCC and a subgrouping of these markers for different clinical issues. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Literature and recent meeting abstracts were searched using these terms: renal (cell) carcinoma, molecular/tumor markers, biopsy, blood, urine, disease progression/prognosis, immunohistochemistry, risk factors, and survival. Due to the resulting large number of articles, studies were subjectively selected according to the importance of a study on the field, number of investigated patients, originality, multivariate analyses performed, contrast with previously published data, actuality, and assumed clinical applicability of the described results. More then 90% of the selected studies originated from the past 10 yr; >50% of the articles were written in 2006 or later. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS These data were predominantly obtained via nonrandomized, retrospective, but often controlled studies. Thereby, the resulting level of evidence is 2A/2B. The broad spectrum of described molecular markers (MMs) for RCC consists of markers already extensively studied in other malignancies (eg, p53), as well as MMs typically associated with specific RCC-altered gene functions and pathways (eg, von Hippel-Lindau [VHL]). The main goal of using MMs is to refine the prediction of clinical end points like tumor progression, treatment response, and cancer-specific and/or overall survival. Further, MMs might facilitate the clinical work-up of undefined renal masses and prove to be more convenient tools for screening and follow-up in blood and urine. CONCLUSIONS Presently, there are a number of promising MMs for diverse clinical questions, but the available data are not yet valid enough for routine, clinical application. We should comply with the demand for large multicenter prospective investigations, stratified for RCC type and treatment modalities, to lift the use of molecular markers in RCC to a practical level, thereby providing a better consultation for our patients regarding diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Eichelberg
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Golshayan AR, George S, Heng DY, Elson P, Wood LS, Mekhail TM, Garcia JA, Aydin H, Zhou M, Bukowski RM, Rini BI. Metastatic Sarcomatoid Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated With Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor–Targeted Therapy. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27:235-41. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.18.0000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PurposeMetastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) with sarcomatoid differentiation is an aggressive disease that is associated with poor outcomes to chemotherapy or immunotherapy. The utility of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)–targeted therapy in patients with this disease is unknown.Patients and MethodsPatients who had mRCC with sarcomatoid features in the primary tumor and who were treated with VEGF-targeted therapy were retrospectively identified. Pathology slides were reviewed to determine the percentage of sarcomatoid differentiation. Objective response rate, percentage of tumor burden shrinkage, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were determined.ResultsForty-three patients who had sarcomatoid mRCC were identified. The median percentage of sarcomatoid features was 14% (range, 3% to 90%). Patients were treated with either sunitinib (49%), sorafenib (28%), bevacizumab (19%), or sunitinib plus bevacizumab (5%). Partial responses were observed in eight patients (19%); 21 patients (49%) had stable disease; and 14 patients (33%) had progressive disease as their best response. Partial responses were limited to patients who had underlying clear-cell histology and less than 20% sarcomatoid elements. Median tumor shrinkage was −2% (range, −85% to 127%), and 53% achieved some degree of tumor shrinkage on therapy. Median PFS and OS were estimated to be 5.3 months and 11.8 months, respectively.ConclusionPatients who have mRCC and sarcomatoid differentiation can demonstrate objective responses and tumor shrinkage to VEGF-targeted therapy. Patients who have clear-cell histology and a lower percentage of sarcomatoid differentiation may have better outcomes with VEGF-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Golshayan
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Saby George
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Daniel Y. Heng
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Paul Elson
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Laura S. Wood
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Tarek M. Mekhail
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jorge A. Garcia
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hakan Aydin
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ming Zhou
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Ronald M. Bukowski
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
| | - Brian I. Rini
- From the Department of Solid Tumor Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland, OH
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Kang SH, Chae SW, Lee KB, Kim DH, Kim MK, Sohn JH. The Relationship between Prognostic Factors and the Expression Pattern of Fascin and E-cadherin in Renal Cell Carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2009.43.2.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Kang
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seoung Wan Chae
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung Bun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kyoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Sohn
- Department of Pathology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Parsons M, Adams JC. Rac regulates the interaction of fascin with protein kinase C in cell migration. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:2805-13. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.022509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fascin is an actin-bundling protein that is low or absent in normal epithelia; its upregulation correlates with poor prognosis in many human carcinomas. We have recently demonstrated in mouse xenograft models that fascin contributes to tumour development and metastasis through its dual actin-bundling and active PKC-binding activities. Rac was implicated as a regulator of fascin-dependent colon carcinoma cell migration in vitro. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Rac regulates the interaction of fascin with active PKC. The major conventional PKC in colon carcinoma cells is protein kinase Cγ (PKCγ). Endogenous PKCγ, fascin and Rac1 colocalised at lamellipodial margins of migrating cells. Colocalisation of fascin and PKCγ depended on Rac activity, and inhibition of Rac decreased PKCγ activity in cell extracts but not in vitro. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer/fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy uncovered that fascin and PKCγ interact in protrusions and filopodia of migrating cells. Mechanistically, the interaction depended on phosphorylated fascin, active PKCγ and active Rac, but not on active Cdc42. The activity of Rac on the fascin/PKC complex was mediated in part by Pak. Elucidation of this novel pathway for regulation of the fascin/PKCγ complex in migrating carcinoma cells suggests novel targets for therapeutic intervention in metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Josephine C. Adams
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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The role of fascin in the migration and invasiveness of malignant glioma cells. Neoplasia 2008; 10:149-59. [PMID: 18283337 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant glioma is the most common primary brain tumor, and its ability to invade the surrounding brain parenchyma is a leading cause of tumor recurrence and treatment failure. Whereas the molecular mechanisms of glioma invasion are incompletely understood, there is growing evidence that cytoskeletal-matrix interactions contribute to this process. Fascin, an actin-bundling protein, induces parallel actin bundles in cell protrusions and increases cell motility in multiple human malignancies. The role of fascin in glioma invasion remains unclear. We demonstrate that fascin is expressed in a panel of human malignant glioma cell lines, and downregulation of fascin expression in glioma cell lines by small interfering RNA (siRNA) is associated with decreased cellular attachment to extracellular matrix (ECM) and reduced migration. Using immunofluorescence analysis, we show that fascin depletion results in a reduced number of filopodia as well as altered glioma cell shape. In vitro invasiveness of U251, U87, and SNB19 glioma cells was inhibited by fascin siRNA treatment by 52.2%, 40.3%, and 23.8% respectively. Finally, we show a decreased invasiveness of U251-GFP cells by fascin knockdown in an ex vivo rat brain slice model system. This is the first study to demonstrate a role for fascin in glioma cell morphology, motility, and invasiveness.
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Hashimoto Y, Parsons M, Adams JC. Dual actin-bundling and protein kinase C-binding activities of fascin regulate carcinoma cell migration downstream of Rac and contribute to metastasis. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:4591-602. [PMID: 17855511 PMCID: PMC2043557 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-02-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recurrence of carcinomas due to cells that migrate away from the primary tumor is a major problem in cancer treatment. Immunohistochemical analyses of human carcinomas have consistently correlated up-regulation of the actin-bundling protein fascin with a clinically aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis. To understand the functional and mechanistic contributions of fascin, we undertook inducible short hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of fascin in human colon carcinoma cells derived from an aggressive primary tumor. Fascin-depletion led to decreased numbers of filopodia and altered morphology of cell protrusions, decreased Rac-dependent migration on laminin, decreased turnover of focal adhesions, and, in vivo, decreased xenograft tumor development and metastasis. cDNA rescue of fascin shRNA-knockdown cells with wild-type green fluorescent protein-fascin or fascins mutated at the protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation site revealed that both the actin-bundling and active PKC-binding activities of fascin are required for the organization of filopodial protrusions, Rac-dependent migration, and tumor metastasis. Thus, fascin contributes to carcinoma migration and metastasis through dual pathways that impact on multiple subcellular structures needed for cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine C. Adams
- *Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, and
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195; and
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