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Wang G, Mao X, Wang W, Wang X, Li S, Wang Z. Bioprinted research models of urological malignancy. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230126. [PMID: 39175884 PMCID: PMC11335473 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Urological malignancy (UM) is among the leading threats to health care worldwide. Recent years have seen much investment in fundamental UM research, including mechanistic investigation, early diagnosis, immunotherapy, and nanomedicine. However, the results are not fully satisfactory. Bioprinted research models (BRMs) with programmed spatial structures and functions can serve as powerful research tools and are likely to disrupt traditional UM research paradigms. Herein, a comprehensive review of BRMs of UM is presented. It begins with a brief introduction and comparison of existing UM research models, emphasizing the advantages of BRMs, such as modeling real tissues and organs. Six kinds of mainstream bioprinting techniques used to fabricate such BRMs are summarized with examples. Thereafter, research advances in the applications of UM BRMs, such as culturing tumor spheroids and organoids, modeling cancer metastasis, mimicking the tumor microenvironment, constructing organ chips for drug screening, and isolating circulating tumor cells, are comprehensively discussed. At the end of this review, current challenges and future development directions of BRMs and UM are highlighted from the perspective of interdisciplinary science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyi Wang
- Department of UrologyCancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research CenterZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune Related DiseaseTaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences)Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiongmin Mao
- Department of UrologyCancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research CenterZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of UrologyCancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research CenterZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Lewis Katz School of MedicineTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of UrologyCancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research CenterZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zijian Wang
- Department of UrologyCancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment and Translational Medicine Hubei Engineering Research CenterZhongnan Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune Related DiseaseTaiKang Medical School (School of Basic Medical Sciences)Wuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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Agudelo JP, Upadhyay D, Zhang D, Zhao H, Nolley R, Sun J, Agarwal S, Bok RA, Vigneron DB, Brooks JD, Kurhanewicz J, Peehl DM, Sriram R. Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Metabolic Characterization of Patient-Derived Xenograft Models of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Metabolites 2022; 12:1117. [PMID: 36422257 PMCID: PMC9692472 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12111117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDX) are high-fidelity cancer models typically credentialled by genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics. Characterization of metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of cancer, is less frequent. Dysregulated metabolism is a key feature of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) and authentic preclinical models are needed to evaluate novel imaging and therapeutic approaches targeting metabolism. We characterized 5 PDX from high-grade or metastatic ccRCC by multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and steady state metabolic profiling and flux analysis. Similar to MRI of clinical ccRCC, T2-weighted images of orthotopic tumors of most PDX were homogeneous. The increased hyperintense (cystic) areas observed in one PDX mimicked the cystic phenotype typical of some RCC. The negligible hypointense (necrotic) areas of PDX grown under the highly vascularized renal capsule are beneficial for preclinical studies. Mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were equivalent to those of ccRCC in human patients. Hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13C]pyruvate MRI of PDX showed high glycolytic activity typical of high-grade primary and metastatic ccRCC with considerable intra- and inter-tumoral variability, as has been observed in clinical HP MRI of ccRCC. Comparison of steady state metabolite concentrations and metabolic flux in [U-13C]glucose-labeled tumors highlighted the distinctive phenotypes of two PDX with elevated levels of numerous metabolites and increased fractional enrichment of lactate and/or glutamate, capturing the metabolic heterogeneity of glycolysis and the TCA cycle in clinical ccRCC. Culturing PDX cells and reimplanting to generate xenografts (XEN), or passaging PDX in vivo, altered some imaging and metabolic characteristics while transcription remained like that of the original PDX. These findings show that PDX are realistic models of ccRCC for imaging and metabolic studies but that the plasticity of metabolism must be considered when manipulating PDX for preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao Piraquive Agudelo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Deepti Upadhyay
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Dalin Zhang
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rosalie Nolley
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jinny Sun
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Shubhangi Agarwal
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Robert A. Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James D. Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Wang J, Liu X, Ji J, Luo J, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Zheng J, Guo M, Liu Y. Orthotopic and Heterotopic Murine Models of Pancreatic Cancer Exhibit Different Immunological Microenvironments and Different Responses to Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:863346. [PMID: 35874730 PMCID: PMC9302770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.863346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, tumor-bearing murine models established using tumor cell lines have been the most commonly used models to study human cancers. Even though there are several studies reported that implant sites caused disparities in tumor behaviors, few of them illuminated the positional effect on immunotherapy. Herein, we describe surgical techniques for a novel orthotopic implantation of syngeneic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) tissue slices. This method has a high success modeling rate and stable growth kinetics, which makes it useful for testing novel therapeutics. Pathological examination indicated that the orthotopic tumor displayed poor vascularization, desmoplastic stromal reaction, and a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This unique microenvironment resulted in limited response to PD1/CTLA4 blockade therapy and anti-MUC1 (αMUC1) CAR-T transfer treatment. To reverse the suppressive tumor microenvironment, we developed gene modified T-cells bearing a chimeric receptor in which activating receptor NKG2D fused to intracellular domains of 4-1BB and CD3ζ (NKG2D CAR). The NKG2D CAR-T cells target myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which overexpress Rae1 (NKG2D ligands) within the TME. Results indicated that NKG2D CAR-T cells eliminated MDSCs and improved antitumor activity of subsequently infused CAR-T cells. Moreover, we generated a bicistronic CAR-T, including αMUC1 CAR and NKG2D CAR separated by a P2A element. Treatment with the dual targeted bicistronic CAR-T cells also resulted in prolonged survival of orthotopic model mice. In summary, this study describes construction of a novel orthotopic PDAC model through implantation of tissue slices and discusses resistance to immunotherapy from the perspective of a PDAC microenvironment. Based on the obtained results, it is evident that elimination MDSCs by NKG2D CAR could rescue the impaired CAR-T cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Department of pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingchen Liu
- Department of pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junsong Ji
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyu Zhao
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaonan Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Department of pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yanfang Liu, ; Meng Guo, ; Jianming Zheng,
| | - Meng Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yanfang Liu, ; Meng Guo, ; Jianming Zheng,
| | - Yanfang Liu
- Department of pathology, Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
- National Key Laboratory of Medical Immunology & Institute of Immunology, Navy Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Yanfang Liu, ; Meng Guo, ; Jianming Zheng,
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4
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Ahamed F, Van Criekinge M, Wang ZJ, Kurhanewicz J, Larson P, Sriram R. Modeling hyperpolarized lactate signal dynamics in cells, patient-derived tissue slice cultures and murine models. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4467. [PMID: 33415771 PMCID: PMC8423093 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Determining the aggressiveness of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) noninvasively is a critical part of the diagnostic workup for treating this disease that kills more than 15,000 people annually in the USA. Recently, we have shown that not only the amount of lactate produced, as a consequence of the Warburg effect, but also its efflux out of the cell, is a critical marker of RCC aggressiveness and differentiating RCCs from benign renal tumors. Enzymatic conversions can now be measured in situ with hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C magnetic resonance (MR) on a sub-minute time scale. Using RCC models, we have shown that this technology can interrogate in real time both lactate production and compartmentalization, which are associated with tumor aggressiveness. The dynamic HP MR data have enabled us to robustly characterize parameters that have been elusive to measure directly in intact living cells and murine tumors thus far. Specifically, we were able to measure the same intracellular lactate longitudinal relaxation time in three RCC cell lines of 16.42 s, and lactate efflux rate ranging from 0.14 to 0.8 s-1 in the least to the most aggressive RCC cell lines and correlate it to monocarboxylate transporter isoform 4 expression. We also analyzed dynamic HP lactate and pyruvate data from orthotopic murine RCC tumors using a simplified one-compartment model, and showed comparable apparent pyruvate to lactate conversion rate (kPL ) values with those measured in vitro. This kinetic modeling was then extended to characterize the lactate dynamics in patient-derived living RCC tissue slices; and even without direct measurement of the extracellular lactate signal the efflux parameter was still assessed and was distinct between the benign renal tumors and RCCs. Across all these preclinical models, the rate parameters of kPL and lactate efflux correlated to cancer aggressiveness, demonstrating the validity of our modeling approach for noninvasive assessment of RCC aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fayyaz Ahamed
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peder Larson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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5
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Patient-derived tumour models for personalized therapeutics in urological cancers. Nat Rev Urol 2020; 18:33-45. [PMID: 33173206 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-020-00389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical knowledge of dysregulated pathways and potential biomarkers for urological cancers has undergone limited translation into the clinic. Moreover, the low approval rate of new anticancer drugs and the heterogeneous drug responses in patients indicate that current preclinical models do not always reflect the complexity of malignant disease. Patient-derived tumour models used in preclinical uro-oncology research include 3D culture systems, organotypic tissue slices and patient-derived xenograft models. Technological innovations have enabled major improvements in the capacity of these tumour models to reproduce the clinical complexity of urological cancers. Each type of patient-derived model has inherent advantages and limitations that can be exploited, either alone or in combination, to gather specific knowledge on clinical challenges and address unmet clinical needs. Nevertheless, few opportunities exist for patients with urological cancers to benefit from personalized therapeutic approaches. Clinical validation of experimental data is needed to facilitate the translation and implementation of preclinical knowledge into treatment decision making.
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Moserle L, Pons R, Martínez-Lozano M, Jiménez-Valerio GA, Vidal A, Suárez C, Trilla E, Jiménez J, de Torres I, Carles J, Senserrich J, Aguilar S, Palomero L, Amadori A, Casanovas O. Kidney cancer PDOXs reveal patient-specific pro-malignant effects of antiangiogenics and its molecular traits. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11889. [PMID: 33151035 PMCID: PMC7721359 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
An open debate in antiangiogenic therapies is about their consequence on tumor invasiveness and metastasis, which is undoubtedly relevant for patients currently treated with antiangiogenics, such as renal cell carcinoma patients. To address, this we developed an extensive series of 27 patient biopsy‐derived orthotopic xenograft models (Ren‐PDOX) that represent inter‐patient heterogeneity. In specific tumors, antiangiogenics produced increased invasiveness and metastatic dissemination, while in others aggressiveness remained unchanged. Mechanistically, species‐discriminative RNA sequencing identified a tumor cell‐specific differential expression profile associated with tumor progression and aggressivity in TCGA RCC patients. Gene filtering using an invasion‐annotated patient series pinpointed two candidate genes, of which ALDH1A3 differentiated the pro‐invasive subtype of Ren‐PDOXs. Validation in an independent series of 15 antiangiogenic‐treated patients confirmed that pre‐treatment ALDH1A3 can significantly discriminate patients with pro‐aggressive response upon treatment. Overall, results confirm that effects of antiangiogenic drugs on tumor invasion and metastasis are heterogeneous and may profoundly affect the natural progression of tumors and promote malignancy. Furthermore, we identify a specific molecular biomarker that could be used to select patients that better benefit from treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Moserle
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Pons
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Martínez-Lozano
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriela A Jiménez-Valerio
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - August Vidal
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Bellvitge, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), CIBERONC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Suárez
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Trilla
- Surgery Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Jiménez
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés de Torres
- Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Carles
- Medical Oncology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Senserrich
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Aguilar
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Palomero
- ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology. OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Amadori
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Sobczuk P, Brodziak A, Khan MI, Chhabra S, Fiedorowicz M, Wełniak-Kamińska M, Synoradzki K, Bartnik E, Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska A, Czarnecka AM. Choosing The Right Animal Model for Renal Cancer Research. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100745. [PMID: 32092671 PMCID: PMC7036425 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in the life expectancy of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the last decade is due to changes that have occurred in the area of preclinical studies. Understanding cancer pathophysiology and the emergence of new therapeutic options, including immunotherapy, would not be possible without proper research. Before new approaches to disease treatment are developed and introduced into clinical practice they must be preceded by preclinical tests, in which animal studies play a significant role. This review describes the progress in animal model development in kidney cancer research starting from the oldest syngeneic or chemically-induced models, through genetically modified mice, finally to xenograft, especially patient-derived, avatar and humanized mouse models. As there are a number of subtypes of RCC, our aim is to help to choose the right animal model for a particular kidney cancer subtype. The data on genetic backgrounds, biochemical parameters, histology, different stages of carcinogenesis and metastasis in various animal models of RCC as well as their translational relevance are summarized. Moreover, we shed some light on imaging methods, which can help define tumor microstructure, assist in the analysis of its metabolic changes and track metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Sobczuk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Brodziak
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland; Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Mohammed Imran Khan
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Stuti Chhabra
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India.
| | - Michał Fiedorowicz
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marlena Wełniak-Kamińska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Kamil Synoradzki
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bartnik
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jędrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna M Czarnecka
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego Str., Warsaw, Poland.
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Tracey AT, Murray KS, Coleman JA, Kim K. Patient-Derived Xenograft Models in Urological Malignancies: Urothelial Cell Carcinoma and Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020439. [PMID: 32069881 PMCID: PMC7072311 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The engraftment of human tumor tissues into immunodeficient host mice to generate patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models has become increasingly utilized for many types of cancers. By capturing the unique genomic and molecular properties of the parental tumor, PDX models enable analysis of patient-specific clinical responses. PDX models are an important platform to address the contribution of inter-tumoral heterogeneity to therapeutic sensitivity, tumor evolution, and the mechanisms of treatment resistance. With the increasingly important role played by targeted therapies in urological malignancies, the establishment of representative PDX models can contribute to improved facilitation and adoption of precision medicine. In this review of the evolving role of the PDX in urothelial cancer and kidney cancer, we discuss the essential elements of successful graft development, effective translational application, and future directions for clinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T. Tracey
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (A.T.T.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Katie S. Murray
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Jonathan A. Coleman
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; (A.T.T.); (J.A.C.)
| | - Kwanghee Kim
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-646-422-4432
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9
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Xiao Y, Zhao H, Tian L, Nolley R, Diep AN, Ernst A, Fuh KC, Miao YR, von Eyben R, Leppert JT, Brooks JD, Peehl DM, Giaccia AJ, Rankin EB. S100A10 Is a Critical Mediator of GAS6/AXL-Induced Angiogenesis in Renal Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5758-5768. [PMID: 31585940 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer that promotes tumor progression and metastasis. However, antiangiogenic agents have limited efficacy in cancer therapy due to the development of resistance. In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), AXL expression is associated with antiangiogenic resistance and poor survival. Here, we establish a role for GAS6/AXL signaling in promoting the angiogenic potential of ccRCC cells through the regulation of the plasminogen receptor S100A10. Genetic and therapeutic inhibition of AXL signaling in ccRCC tumor xenografts reduced tumor vessel density and growth under the renal capsule. GAS6/AXL signaling activated the expression of S100A10 through SRC to promote plasmin production, endothelial cell invasion, and angiogenesis. Importantly, treatment with the small molecule AXL inhibitor cabozantinib or an ultra-high affinity soluble AXL Fc fusion decoy receptor (sAXL) reduced the growth of a pazopanib-resistant ccRCC patient-derived xenograft. Moreover, the combination of sAXL synergized with pazopanib and axitinib to reduce ccRCC patient-derived xenograft growth and vessel density. These findings highlight a role for AXL/S100A10 signaling in mediating the angiogenic potential of ccRCC cells and support the combination of AXL inhibitors with antiangiogenic agents for advanced ccRCC. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that angiogenesis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is regulated through AXL/S100A10 signaling and support the combination of AXL inhibitors with antiangiogenic agents for the treatment of RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Xiao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rosalie Nolley
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anh N Diep
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Anne Ernst
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Katherine C Fuh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Yu Rebecca Miao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rie von Eyben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - John T Leppert
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - James D Brooks
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Donna M Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
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10
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Hoerner CR, Chen VJ, Fan AC. The 'Achilles Heel' of Metabolism in Renal Cell Carcinoma: Glutaminase Inhibition as a Rational Treatment Strategy. KIDNEY CANCER 2019; 3:15-29. [PMID: 30854496 PMCID: PMC6400133 DOI: 10.3233/kca-180043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An important hallmark of cancer is 'metabolic reprogramming' or the rewiring of cellular metabolism to support rapid cell proliferation [1-5]. Metabolic reprogramming through oncometabolite-mediated transformation or activation of oncogenes in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) globally impacts energy production as well as glucose and glutamine utilization in RCC cells, which can promote dependence on glutamine supply to support cell growth and proliferation [6, 7]. Novel inhibitors of glutaminase, a key enzyme in glutamine metabolism, target glutamine addiction as a viable treatment strategy in metastatic RCC (mRCC). Here, we review glutamine metabolic pathways and how changes in cellular glutamine utilization enable the progression of RCC. This overview provides scientific rationale for targeting this pathway in patients with mRCC. We will summarize the current understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying anti-tumor efficacy of glutaminase inhibitors in RCC, provide an overview of clinical efforts targeting glutaminase in mRCC, and review approaches for identifying biomarkers for patient stratification and detecting therapeutic response early on in patients treated with this novel class of anti-cancer drug. Ultimately, results of ongoing clinical trials will demonstrate whether glutaminase inhibition can be a worthy addition to the current armamentarium of drugs used for patients with mRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R Hoerner
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Viola J Chen
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Alice C Fan
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
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11
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di Martino S, De Luca G, Grassi L, Federici G, Alfonsi R, Signore M, Addario A, De Salvo L, Francescangeli F, Sanchez M, Tirelli V, Muto G, Sperduti I, Sentinelli S, Costantini M, Pasquini L, Milella M, Haoui M, Simone G, Gallucci M, De Maria R, Bonci D. Renal cancer: new models and approach for personalizing therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2018; 37:217. [PMID: 30185225 PMCID: PMC6126022 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell RCC (ccRCC) accounts for approximately 75% of the renal cancer cases. Surgery treatment seems to be the best efficacious approach for the majority of patients. However, a consistent fraction (30%) of cases progress after surgery with curative intent. It is currently largely debated the use of adjuvant therapy for high-risk patients and the clinical and molecular parameters for stratifying beneficiary categories. In addition, the treatment of advanced forms lacks reliable driver biomarkers for the appropriated therapeutic choice. Thus, renal cancer patient management urges predictive molecular indicators and models for therapy-decision making. METHODS Here, we developed and optimized new models and tools for ameliorating renal cancer patient management. We isolated from fresh tumor specimens heterogeneous multi-clonal populations showing epithelial and mesenchymal characteristics coupled to stem cell phenotype. These cells retained long lasting-tumor-propagating capacity provided a therapy monitoring approach in vitro and in vivo while being able to form parental tumors when orthotopically injected and serially transplanted in immunocompromised murine hosts. RESULTS In line with recent evidence of multiclonal cancer composition, we optimized in vitro cultures enriched of multiple tumor-propagating populations. Orthotopic xenograft masses recapitulated morphology, grading and malignancy of parental cancers. High-grade but not the low-grade neoplasias, resulted in efficient serial transplantation in mice. Engraftment capacity paralleled grading and recurrence frequency advocating for a prognostic value of our developed model system. Therefore, in search of novel molecular indicators for therapy decision-making, we used Reverse-Phase Protein Arrays (RPPA) to analyze a panel of total and phosphorylated proteins in the isolated populations. Tumor-propagating cells showed several deregulated kinase cascades associated with grading, including angiogenesis and m-TOR pathways. CONCLUSIONS In the era of personalized therapy, the analysis of tumor propagating cells may help improve prediction of disease progression and therapy assignment. The possibility to test pharmacological response of ccRCC stem-like cells in vitro and in orthotopic models may help define a pharmacological profiling for future development of more effective therapies. Likewise, RPPA screening on patient-derived populations offers innovative approach for possible prediction of therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriele De Luca
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovica Grassi
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, “La Sapienza” University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Federici
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Romina Alfonsi
- Institute of General Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli e Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Signore
- Centre of core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Addario
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura De Salvo
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Sanchez
- Centre of core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Tirelli
- Centre of core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Muto
- Department of Urology, Humanitas University, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Manuela Costantini
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Genetic and Clinic Pathology Unit, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Centre of core facilities, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mustapha Haoui
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Ruggero De Maria
- Institute of General Pathology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli e Università Cattolica, Rome, Italy
| | - Désirée Bonci
- IRCCS, Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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12
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Lang H, Béraud C, Bethry A, Danilin S, Lindner V, Coquard C, Rothhut S, Massfelder T. Establishment of a large panel of patient-derived preclinical models of human renal cell carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59336-59359. [PMID: 27449081 PMCID: PMC5312316 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to establish a large panel of preclinical models of human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) directly from patients, faithfully reproducing the biological features of the original tumor. RCC tissues (all stages/subtypes) were collected for 8 years from 336 patients undergoing surgery, xenografted subcutaneously in nude mice, and serially passaged into new mice up to 13 passages. Tissue samples from the primary tumor and tumors grown in mice through passages were analyzed for biological tissue stability by histopathology, mRNA profiling, von Hippel-Lindau gene sequencing, STR fingerprinting, growth characteristics and response to current therapies. Metastatic models were also established by orthotopic implantation and analyzed by imagery. We established a large panel of 30 RCC models (passage > 3, 8.9% success rate). High tumor take rate was associated with high stage and grade. Histopathologic, molecular and genetic characteristics were preserved between original tumors and case-matched xenografts. The models reproduced the sensitivity to targeted therapies observed in the clinic. Overall, these models constitute an invaluable tool for the clinical design of efficient therapies, the identification of predictive biomarkers and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Lang
- Department of Urology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, 67091 France
| | - Claire Béraud
- UROLEAD SAS, School of Medicine, Strasbourg, 67085 France
| | - Audrey Bethry
- UROLEAD SAS, School of Medicine, Strasbourg, 67085 France
| | - Sabrina Danilin
- INSERM U1113, Section of Cell Signalisation and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer, University of Strasbourg, School of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, 67085 France
| | - Véronique Lindner
- Department of Pathology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Hôpital de Strasbourg-Hautepierre, Strasbourg, 67200 France
| | - Catherine Coquard
- INSERM U1113, Section of Cell Signalisation and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer, University of Strasbourg, School of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, 67085 France
| | - Sylvie Rothhut
- INSERM U1113, Section of Cell Signalisation and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer, University of Strasbourg, School of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, 67085 France
| | - Thierry Massfelder
- INSERM U1113, Section of Cell Signalisation and Communication in Kidney and Prostate Cancer, University of Strasbourg, School of Medicine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Strasbourg, 67085 France
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13
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Dong Y, Manley BJ, Becerra MF, Redzematovic A, Casuscelli J, Tennenbaum DM, Reznik E, Han S, Benfante N, Chen YB, Arcila ME, Aras O, Voss MH, Feldman DR, Motzer RJ, Fabbri N, Healey JH, Boland PJ, Chawla M, Durack JC, Lee CH, Coleman JA, Russo P, Hakimi AA, Cheng EH, Hsieh JJ. Tumor Xenografts of Human Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma But Not Corresponding Cell Lines Recapitulate Clinical Response to Sunitinib: Feasibility of Using Biopsy Samples. Eur Urol Focus 2017; 3:590-598. [PMID: 28753786 PMCID: PMC5608640 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parallel development of preclinical models that recapitulate treatment response observed in patients is central to the advancement of personalized medicine. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use of biopsy specimens to develop patient-derived xenografts and the use of corresponding cell lines from renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors for the assessment of histopathology, genomics, and treatment response. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 74 tumor specimens from 66 patients with RCC were implanted into immunocompromised NOD-SCID IL2Rg-/- mice. Four cell lines generated from patients' specimens with clear cell pathology were used for comparative studies. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Preclinical models were established and assessed. Engraftment rates were analyzed using chi-square testing. Analysis of variance (two-way analysis of variance) was conducted to assess tumor growth. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Overall, 33 RCC mouse xenograft models were generated with an overall engraftment rate of 45% (33 of 74). Tumor biopsies engrafted comparably with surgically resected tumors (58% vs 41%; p=0.3). Xenograft tumors and their original tumors showed high fidelity in regard to histology, mutation status, copy number change, and targeted therapy response. Engraftment rates from metastatic tumors were higher but not more significant than primary tumors (54% vs 34%; p=0.091). Our engraftment rate using metastases or biopsies was comparable with recent reports using resected primary tumors. In stark contrast to corresponding cell lines, all tested xenografts recapitulated patients' clinical response to sunitinib. CONCLUSIONS Patient-derived xenograft models can be effectively established from tumor biopsies. Preclinical xenograft models but not matched cell lines reflected clinical responses to sunitinib. PATIENT SUMMARY Matched patient-derived clear cell renal cell carcinoma xenografts and cell lines from responsive and refractory patients treated with sunitinib were established and evaluated for pharmacologic response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor treatment. Both models accurately reflected the genetic characteristics of original tumors, but only xenografts recapitulated drug responses observed in patients. These models could serve as a powerful platform for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Dong
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon J Manley
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria F Becerra
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Almedina Redzematovic
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jozefina Casuscelli
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel M Tennenbaum
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ed Reznik
- Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Song Han
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Benfante
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ying-Bei Chen
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria E Arcila
- Computational Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Omer Aras
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin H Voss
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Darren R Feldman
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert J Motzer
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicola Fabbri
- Orthopedics Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John H Healey
- Orthopedics Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Patrick J Boland
- Orthopedics Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohit Chawla
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy C Durack
- Interventional Radiology Service, Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chung-Han Lee
- Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan A Coleman
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Russo
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Ari Hakimi
- Urology Service, Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - James J Hsieh
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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14
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Experimental imaging in orthotopic renal cell carcinoma xenograft models: comparative evaluation of high-resolution 3D ultrasonography, in-vivo micro-CT and 9.4T MRI. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14249. [PMID: 29079842 PMCID: PMC5660163 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14759-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to comparatively evaluate high-resolution 3D ultrasonography (hrUS), in-vivo micro-CT (μCT) and 9.4T MRI for the monitoring of tumor growth in an orthotopic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) xenograft model since there is a lack of validated, non-invasive imaging tools for this purpose. 1 × 106 Caki-2 RCC cells were implanted under the renal capsule of 16 immunodeficient mice. Local and systemic tumor growth were monitored by regular hrUS, μCT and MRI examinations. Cells engrafted in all mice and gave rise to exponentially growing, solid tumors. All imaging techniques allowed to detect orthotopic tumors and to precisely calculate their volumes. While tumors appeared homogenously radiolucent in μCT, hrUS and MRI allowed for a better visualization of intratumoral structures and surrounding soft tissue. Examination time was the shortest for hrUS, followed by μCT and MRI. Tumor volumes determined by hrUS, μCT and MRI showed a very good correlation with each other and with caliper measurements at autopsy. 10 animals developed pulmonary metastases being well detectable by μCT and MRI. In conclusion, each technique has specific strengths and weaknesses, so the one(s) best suitable for a specific experiment may be chosen individually.
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15
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Abstract
Recent advances on preclinical model based on patient-derived tumor xenografts have new insight into many clinical fields. According to our literature review, many authors believe that immunodeficient animals such as athymic rats and mice should be used to prevent tissue loss caused by acute rejection to establish patient-derived tumor xenografts models.However, recent advances showed that the microenvironment has gained attention as an important factor responsible for disease progression. Additionally, researchers attempt to come up with novel findings in chemotherapy drugs and immune modulator to control development of keloid. For these reasons, establishment of reliable animal model of keloids is very important.In this new model using an immunocompetent animal as a humanized-xenografts model, human keloid scar has been maintained for as long as 4 months. Results of migration assay have demonstrated that typical morphology of keloid fibroblast was preserved based on multiple time point observations despite its aging change. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction findings suggested that after implantation, there has been significant increase of vascular endothelial growth factor, CD34, and transforming growth factor beta 1 expression despite insignificant changes of hypoxia inducible factor 1 an matrix metallopeptidase 1, and matrix metallopeptidase 9 gene expression. These findings suggested that implantation of keloids within the immunocompetent animals yields is very useful experimental model in terms of fibrosis.In summary, the authors have successfully established and propagated patient-derived keloid model using the immunocompetent animals. This model could be used to test novel materials as well as combination therapies and is superior to the conventional cell line experiment models. In addition, the biology of the keloids can easily be assessed to identify predictive markers for responses to treatment regimens that are currently actively under research in various centers.
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16
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Inoue T, Terada N, Kobayashi T, Ogawa O. Patient-derived xenografts as in vivo models for research in urological malignancies. Nat Rev Urol 2017; 14:267-283. [PMID: 28248952 DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2017.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lack of appropriate models that recapitulate the complexity and heterogeneity of urological tumours precludes most of the preclinical reagents that target urological tumours from receiving regulatory approval. Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are characterized by direct engraftment of patient-derived tumour fragments into immunocompromised mice. PDXs can maintain the original histology, as well as the molecular and genetic characteristics of the source tumour. Thus, PDX models have various advantages over conventional cell-line-derived xenograft (CDX) and other models, which has resulted in an increase in the use of urological tumour PDXs in the analysis of tumour biology and, importantly, for drug development and treatment decisions in personalized medicine. PDX models of urological malignancies have great potential to be used for both basic and clinical research, but limitations exist and need to be overcome. In particular, several agents targeting the immune system have shown promising results in kidney and bladder cancer; however, establishing PDX models in mice with an intact immune system so that an immune response against the tumour is triggered is important to investigate these new therapeutics. Moreover, international collaboration to share PDX models is essential for research concerning fatal urological tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Inoue
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Naoki Terada
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Takashi Kobayashi
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
| | - Osamu Ogawa
- Department of Urology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Kawaharacho Shogoin Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068507, Japan
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17
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Roife D, Dai B, Kang Y, Perez MVR, Pratt M, Li X, Fleming JB. Ex Vivo Testing of Patient-Derived Xenografts Mirrors the Clinical Outcome of Patients with Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:6021-6030. [PMID: 27259561 PMCID: PMC5136340 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Translation of the patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model into a method for practical personalized cancer treatment is prevented by the intense resources and time necessary to generate and test each tumorgraft. We aimed to develop a high-throughput ex vivo drug testing approach that can be used for personalized cancer treatment design. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We developed a unique ex vivo live tissue sensitivity assay (LTSA), in which precision-cut and uniform small tissue slices derived from pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma PDX tumors were arrayed in a 96-well plate and screened against clinically relevant regimens within 3 to 5 days. The correlation between the sensitivities of tissue slices to the regimens and patients' clinical responses and outcome were statistically analyzed. The results of LTSA assay were further confirmed with biochemical methods in vitro and animal PDX model in vivo RESULTS: The ex vivo tissue slices remain viable for at least 5 days, and the tumor parenchyma, including stroma, vascular structures, and signaling pathways, are all retained. The sensitivities of the ex vivo tissue slices to gemcitabine and irinotecan was consistent with the clinical responses and outcomes of the patients from whom the tumorgrafts were derived (r = 0.77; P = 0.0002). Retrospective analysis showed that the patients who received LTSA-sensitive regimens had remarkably longer progression-free survival than patients who received LTSA-resistant regimens (16.33 vs. 3.8 months; n = 18, P = 0.011). CONCLUSIONS The results from these PDX and LTSA methods reflect clinical patients' responses and could be used as a personalized strategy for improving systemic therapy effectiveness in patients with pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 22(24); 6021-30. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Roife
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bingbing Dai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ya'an Kang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Mayrim V. Rios Perez
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Michael Pratt
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Xinqun Li
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jason B. Fleming
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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18
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Huo CW, Waltham M, Khoo C, Fox SB, Hill P, Chen S, Chew GL, Price JT, Nguyen CH, Williams ED, Henderson M, Thompson EW, Britt KL. Mammographically dense human breast tissue stimulates MCF10DCIS.com progression to invasive lesions and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2016; 18:106. [PMID: 27776557 PMCID: PMC5078949 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-016-0767-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background High mammographic density (HMD) not only confers a significantly increased risk of breast cancer (BC) but also is associated with BCs of more advanced stages. However, it is unclear whether BC progression and metastasis are stimulated by HMD. We investigated whether patient-derived HMD breast tissue could stimulate the progression of MCF10DCIS.com cells compared with patient-matched low mammographic density (LMD) tissue. Methods Sterile breast specimens were obtained immediately after prophylactic mastectomy from high-risk women (n = 10). HMD and LMD regions of each specimen were resected under radiological guidance. Human MCF10DCIS.com cells, a model of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), were implanted into silicone biochambers in the groins of severe combined immunodeficiency mice, either alone or with matched LMD or HMD tissue (1:1), and maintained for 6 weeks. We assessed biochamber weight as a measure of primary tumour growth, histological grade of the biochamber material, circulating tumour cells and metastatic burden by luciferase and histology. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results HMD breast tissue led to increased primary tumour take, increased biochamber weight and increased proportions of high-grade DCIS and grade 3 invasive BCs compared with LMD. This correlated with an increased metastatic burden in the mice co-implanted with HMD tissue. Conclusions Our study is the first to explore the direct effect of HMD and LMD human breast tissue on the progression and dissemination of BC cells in vivo. The results suggest that HMD status should be a consideration in decision-making for management of patients with DCIS lesions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-016-0767-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia W Huo
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia
| | - Mark Waltham
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia.,St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia
| | - Christine Khoo
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Stephen B Fox
- Department of Pathology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.,Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Prue Hill
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia
| | - Shou Chen
- Department of Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia
| | - Grace L Chew
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia.,Austin Health and Northern Health, Melbourne, VIC, 3084, Australia
| | - John T Price
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC, 8001, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, University of Melbourne and Western Health, Sunshine Hospital, St Albans, VIC, 3021, Australia
| | - Chau H Nguyen
- College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, St Albans, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Centre - Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Michael Henderson
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia.,Division of Surgery, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3002, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia. .,St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3156, Australia. .,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia. .,Translational Research Institute, 37 Kent Street, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| | - Kara L Britt
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.,Metastasis Research Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
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19
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Zhao H, Nolley R, Chan AMW, Rankin EB, Peehl DM. Cabozantinib inhibits tumor growth and metastasis of a patient-derived xenograft model of papillary renal cell carcinoma with MET mutation. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 18:863-871. [PMID: 27715452 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2016.1219816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MET plays an important role in the development and progression of papillary renal cell carcinoma (pRCC). Evaluation of efficacy of MET inhibitors against pRCC has been hampered by limited preclinical models depicting MET abnormalities. We established a new patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of pRCC carrying an activating mutation of MET and tested the ability of cabozantinib, an inhibitor of receptor tyrosine kinases including MET, to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis. Precision-cut, thin tissue slices from a pRCC specimen obtained by nephrectomy were implanted under the renal capsule of RAG2-/-γC-/- mice to establish first generation TSG-RCC-030. Histologic and genetic fidelity and metastatic potential of this model were characterized by immunohistochemistry, direct DNA sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The effect of cabozantinib on tumor growth and metastasis was evaluated. Whether measurements of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) by allele-specific qPCR could be used as a biomarker of tumor growth and response to therapy was determined. Subrenal and subcutaneous tumor grafts showed high take rates and metastasized to the lung. Both primary tumors and metastases expressed typical markers of pRCC and carried the same activating MET mutation as the parental tumor. Cabozantinib treatment caused striking tumor regression and inhibited lung metastasis in TSG-RCC-030. Plasma ctDNA levels correlated with tumor volume in control mice and changed in response to cabozantinib treatment. TSG-RCC-030 provides a realistic preclinical model to better understand the development and progression of pRCC with MET mutation and accelerate the development of new therapies for pRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Zhao
- a Department of Urology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Rosalie Nolley
- a Department of Urology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Andy M W Chan
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Erinn B Rankin
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
| | - Donna M Peehl
- a Department of Urology , Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford , CA , USA
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20
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Endoscopic detection of cancer with lensless radioluminescence imaging and machine vision. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30737. [PMID: 27477912 PMCID: PMC4967900 DOI: 10.1038/srep30737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete removal of residual tumor tissue during surgical resection improves patient outcomes. However, it is often difficult for surgeons to delineate the tumor beyond its visible boundary. This has led to the development of intraoperative detectors that can image radiotracers accumulated within tumors, thus facilitating the removal of residual tumor tissue during surgical procedures. We introduce a beta imaging system that converts the beta radiation from the radiotracer into photons close to the decay origin through a CdWO4 scintillator and does not use any optical elements. The signal is relayed onto an EMCCD chip through a wound imaging fiber. The sensitivity of the device allows imaging of activity down to 100 nCi and the system has a resolution of at least 500 μm with a field of view of 4.80 × 6.51 mm. Advances in handheld beta cameras have focused on hardware improvements, but we apply machine vision to the recorded images to extract more information. We automatically classify sample regions in human renal cancer tissue ex-vivo into tumor or benign tissue based on image features. Machine vision boosts the ability of our system to distinguish tumor from healthy tissue by a factor of 9 ± 3 and can be applied to other beta imaging probes.
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21
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Cancer stem cells are underestimated by standard experimental methods in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25220. [PMID: 27121191 PMCID: PMC4848484 DOI: 10.1038/srep25220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare cancer stem cells (CSC) are proposed to be responsible for tumour propagation and re-initiation and are functionally defined by identifying tumour-initiating cells (TICs) using the xenotransplantation limiting dilution assay (LDA). While TICs in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) appeared rare in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγ(-/-) (NSG) mice, xenografts formed more efficiently from small tumour fragments, indicating the LDA underestimated ccRCC TIC frequency. Mechanistic interrogation of the LDA identified multiple steps that influence ccRCC TIC quantitation. For example, tissue disaggregation destroys most ccRCC cells, common assays significantly overestimate tumour cell viability, and microenvironmental supplementation with human extracellular factors or pharmacological inhibition of anoikis increase clonogenicity and tumourigenicity of ccRCC cell lines and primary tumour cells. Identification of these previously uncharacterized concerns that cumulatively lead to substantial underestimation of TICs in ccRCC provides a framework for development of more accurate TIC assays in the future, both for this disease and for other cancers.
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22
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Zhang QI, Wang S, Yang D, Pan K, Li L, Yuan S. Preclinical pharmacodynamic evaluation of antibiotic nitroxoline for anticancer drug repurposing. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3265-3272. [PMID: 27123101 PMCID: PMC4841112 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The established urinary antibiotic nitroxoline has recently regained considerable attention, due to its potent activities in inhibiting angiogenesis, inducing apoptosis and blocking cancer cell invasion. These features make nitroxoline an excellent candidate for anticancer drug repurposing. To rapidly advance nitroxoline repurposing into clinical trials, the present study performed systemic preclinical pharmacodynamic evaluation of its anticancer activity, including a methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay in vitro and an orthotopic urological tumor assay in vivo. The current study determined that nitroxoline exhibits dose-dependent anti-cancer activity in vitro and in urological tumor orthotopic mouse models. In addition, it was demonstrated that the routine nitroxoline administration regimen used for urinary tract infections was effective and sufficient for urological cancer treatment, and 2 to 4-fold higher doses resulted in obvious enhancement of anticancer efficacy without corresponding increases in toxicity. Furthermore, nitroxoline sulfate, one of the most common metabolites of nitroxoline in the urine, effectively inhibited cancer cell proliferation. This finding increases the feasibility of nitroxoline repurposing for urological cancer treatment. Due to the excellent anticancer activity demonstrated in the present study, and its well-known safety profile and pharmacokinetic properties, nitroxoline has been approved to enter into a phase II clinical trial in China for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer treatment (registration no. CTR20131716).
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Affiliation(s)
- Q I Zhang
- School of Graduate Studies, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Dexuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Kevin Pan
- Jiangsu Asieris Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, P.R. China
| | - Linna Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
| | - Shoujun Yuan
- School of Graduate Studies, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, P.R. China
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23
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Sriram R, Van Criekinge M, DeLos Santos J, Keshari KR, Wilson DM, Peehl D, Kurhanewicz J, Wang ZJ. Non-invasive differentiation of benign renal tumors from clear cell renal cell carcinomas using clinically translatable hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate magnetic resonance. Tomography 2016; 2:35-42. [PMID: 27227168 PMCID: PMC4876723 DOI: 10.18383/j.tom.2016.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Localized renal tumors are increasingly detected incidentally at imaging. Conventional imaging cannot reliably differentiate the 20% of these tumors that are benign from malignant renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), leading to unnecessary surgical resection and resulting morbidity associated with surgery. Here, we investigated hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate metabolism in live patient-derived renal tumor tissue slices using a novel magnetic resonance (MR) -compatible bioreactor platform. We demonstrated for the first time that clear cell RCCs (ccRCCs), which account for 70-80% of all RCCs, have increased lactate production as well as rapid lactate efflux compared to benign renal tumors. This difference is attributed to increased lactate dehydrogenase A and monocarboxylate transporter 4 expression in ccRCCs. This distinctive metabolic phenotype can be used to differentiate RCCs from benign renal tumors using clinically translatable hyperpolarized 13C pyruvate MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Sriram
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Justin DeLos Santos
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - David M Wilson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Donna Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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24
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Zhao H, Leppert JT, Peehl DM. A Protective Role for Androgen Receptor in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Based on Mining TCGA Data. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146505. [PMID: 26814892 PMCID: PMC4729482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in normal murine and human kidneys of both genders, but its physiologic role is uncertain. Several studies showed loss of AR in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in conjunction with increasing clinical stage and pathological grade, but others found that higher AR expression correlated with worse outcomes. Limited functional studies with renal cell lines suggested tumor-promoting activity of AR. In this study, we queried transcriptomic, proteomic, epigenetic and survival data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to evaluate AR expression and its association with overall survival in three subtypes of RCC (clear cell [ccRCC], papillary [pRCC], and chromophobe [chRCC]). We found that although there was no significant difference in AR mRNA expression in ccRCC of males vs. females, AR protein expression in ccRCC was significantly higher in male compared to female patients. More importantly, higher expression of AR at both transcript and protein levels was associated with improved overall survival in both genders with ccRCC, but did not predict survival of either gender with pRCC or chRCC. Genes whose transcript levels were associated with AR mRNA levels significantly overlapped between ccRCC and pRCC, but not with chRCC, suggesting a similar transcriptional program mediated by AR in ccRCC and pRCC. Ingenuity pathway analysis also identified overlapping pathways and upstream regulators enriched in AR-associated genes in ccRCC and pRCC. Hypermethylation of CpG sites located in the promoter and first exon of AR was associated with loss of AR expression and poor overall survival. Our findings support a tumor suppressor role for AR in both genders that might be exploited to decrease the incidence or progression of ccRCC.
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MESH Headings
- Carcinoma, Papillary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Papillary/mortality
- Carcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cluster Analysis
- Cohort Studies
- CpG Islands
- DNA Methylation
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Kidney Neoplasms/metabolism
- Kidney Neoplasms/mortality
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Male
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNA, Neoplasm/chemistry
- RNA, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Sex Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Zhao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - John T. Leppert
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Donna M. Peehl
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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25
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van Marion DM, Domanska UM, Timmer-Bosscha H, Walenkamp AM. Studying cancer metastasis: Existing models, challenges and future perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 97:107-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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26
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Sriram R, Van Criekinge M, Hansen A, Wang ZJ, Vigneron DB, Wilson DM, Keshari KR, Kurhanewicz J. Real-time measurement of hyperpolarized lactate production and efflux as a biomarker of tumor aggressiveness in an MR compatible 3D cell culture bioreactor. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:1141-1149. [PMID: 26202449 PMCID: PMC4537810 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a 3D cell/tissue culture bioreactor compatible with hyperpolarized (HP) (13)C MR and interrogated HP [1-(13)C]lactate production and efflux in human renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells. This platform is capable of resolving intracellular and extracellular HP lactate pools, allowing the kinetic measurement of lactate production and efflux in the context of cancer aggressiveness and response to therapy. HP (13)C MR studies were performed on three immortalized human renal cell lines: HK2, a normal renal proximal tubule cell line from which a majority of RCCs arise, UMRC6, a cell line derived from a localized RCC, and UOK262, an aggressive and metastatic RCC. The intra- (Lacin ) and extracellular (Lacex ) HP lactate signals were robustly resolved in dynamic (13)C spectra of the cell lines due to a very small but reproducible chemical shift difference (0.031 ± 0.0005 ppm). Following HP [1-(13)C]pyruvate delivery, the ratio of HP Lacin /Lacex was significantly lower for UOK262 cells compared with both UMRC6 and HK2 cells due to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in the Lacex pool size. Lacin /Lacex correlated with the MCT4 mRNA expression of the cell lines, and inhibition of MCT4 transport using DIDS resulted in a significant reduction in the HP Lacex pool size. The extension of these studies to living patient-derived RCC tissue slices using HP [1,2-(13)C2]pyruvate demonstrated a similarly split lactate doublet with a high Lacex pool fraction; in contrast, only a single NMR resonance is noted for HP [5-(13)C]glutamate, consistent with intracellular localization. These studies support the importance of lactate efflux as a biomarker of cancer aggressiveness and metastatic potential, and the utility of the MR compatible 3D cell/tissue culture bioreactor to study not only cellular metabolism but also transport. Additionally, this platform offers a sophisticated way to follow therapeutic interventions and screen novel therapies that target lactate export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renuka Sriram
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Correspondence and Reprint Request: Renuka Sriram, University of California, San Francisco, Byers Hall, Room 201B, 1700 4th Street, MC 2520, San Francisco, CA 94158, Tel: (415) 514-4874, Fax: (415) 514-4714,
| | - Mark Van Criekinge
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ailin Hansen
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Zhen J. Wang
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Kayvan R. Keshari
- Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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27
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Valta M, Fagerlund K, Suominen M, Halleen J, Tuomela J. Importance of microenvironment in preclinical models of breast and prostate cancer. World J Pharmacol 2015; 4:47-57. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v4.i1.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of cancer drugs entering clinical trials fail to reach the market due to poor efficacy. Preclinical efficacy has been traditionally tested using subcutaneous xenograft models that are cheap, fast and easy to perform. However, these models lack the correct tumor microenvironment, leading to poor clinical predictivity. Selecting compounds for clinical trials based on efficacy results obtained from subcutaneous xenograft models may therefore be one important reason for the high failure rates. In this review we concentrate in describing the role and importance of the tumor microenvironment in progression of breast and prostate cancer, and describe some breast and prostate cancer cell lines that are widely used in preclinical studies. We go through different preclinical efficacy models that incorporate the tissue microenvironment and should therefore be clinically more predictive than subcutaneous xenografts. These include three-dimensional cell culture models, orthotopic and metastasis models, humanized and transgenic mouse models, and patient-derived xenografts. Different endpoint measurements and applicable imaging techniques are also discussed. We conclude that models that incorporate the tissue microenvironment should be increasingly used in preclinical efficacy studies to reduce the current high attrition rates of cancer drugs in clinical trials.
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28
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Russo MV, Faversani A, Gatti S, Ricca D, Del Gobbo A, Ferrero S, Palleschi A, Vaira V, Bosari S. A new mouse avatar model of non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2015; 5:52. [PMID: 25785245 PMCID: PMC4347595 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of tumor-related deaths, despite advances in the understanding of the disease pathogenesis and in its clinical treatment. It is crucial to develop novel technologies to discover disease biomarkers and predict individual therapy response. Materials and methods: We established 48 patients-derived tumor xenografts (PDTXs) implanted in the subrenal capsule of immunodeficient mice using thin, precision-cut tumor tissue slices, derived from five patients affected by non-small cell lung cancer. Twenty-six tissue slices were immediately processed and implanted at sample recovery [patients-derived tumor xenografts derived from fresh tissue (dPDTX)], whereas the remaining sections were cultured on specific organotypic supports at 37°C and 5% CO2 for 24 h before grafting [patients-derived tumor xenografts derived from cultured tissue (cPDTX)]. At sacrifice, xenografts tissue morphology, proliferation (Ki67), and histotype markers were analyzed. Oncogenic miRNAs profiles were assessed in PDTXs, human tumors, and serum from one patient. Results: Xenografts retained the original cancer features and there were no differences between dPDTXs and cPDTXs. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) xenografts showed a higher engraftment rate than adenocarcinoma (AC)-derived tumors. At basal time, Ki67 levels were higher in SCCs than in ACs, and the expression levels of genes associated to a stem cell-like phenotype were also more expressed in SCC samples. The analysis of oncogenic miRNAs showed that circulating miR-19b, -21, and -210 levels were correlated with higher Ki67 expression in xenografts. Conclusion: Our study implemented the PDTX model with thin, precision-cut tumor slices from small tumors, which could be useful for clinical applications and predictive purposes. The different engraftment success is likely determined by tumor histotype, high proliferation index, and the expression of genes essential for cancer stem cells maintenance. Our PDTXs model could be a valid tool to expand primary tumors for the discovery of new biomarkers and explore therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Veronica Russo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy ; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Doctorate School in Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Alice Faversani
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Gatti
- Center for Preclinical Surgical Research, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Dario Ricca
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Alessandro Del Gobbo
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Stefano Ferrero
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy ; Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
| | - Alessandro Palleschi
- Division of Thoracic Surgery and Lung Transplantation, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy
| | - Valentina Vaira
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy ; Istituto Nazionale Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM) , Milan , Italy
| | - Silvano Bosari
- Division of Pathology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico , Milan , Italy ; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Doctorate School in Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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29
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Ohman AW, Hasan N, Dinulescu DM. Advances in tumor screening, imaging, and avatar technologies for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Front Oncol 2014; 4:322. [PMID: 25478323 PMCID: PMC4235464 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma cases are detected in advanced stages when treatment options are limited. Surgery is less effective at eradicating the disease when it is widespread, resulting in high rates of disease relapse and chemoresistance. Current screening techniques are ineffective for early tumor detection and consequently, BRCA mutations carriers, with an increased risk for developing high-grade serous ovarian cancer, elect to undergo risk-reducing surgery. While prophylactic surgery is associated with a significant reduction in the risk of cancer development, it also results in surgical menopause and significant adverse side effects. The development of efficient early-stage screening protocols and imaging technologies is critical to improving the outcome and quality of life for current patients and women at increased risk. In addition, more accurate animal models are necessary in order to provide relevant in vivo testing systems and advance our understanding of the disease origin and progression. Moreover, both genetically engineered and tumor xenograft animal models enable the preclinical testing of novel imaging techniques and molecularly targeted therapies as they become available. Recent advances in xenograft technologies have made possible the creation of avatar mice, personalized tumorgrafts, which can be used as therapy testing surrogates for individual patients prior to or during treatment. High-grade serous ovarian cancer may be an ideal candidate for use with avatar models based on key characteristics of the tumorgraft platform. This review explores multiple strategies, including novel imaging and screening technologies in both patients and animal models, aimed at detecting cancer in the early-stages and improving the disease prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders W Ohman
- Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Noor Hasan
- Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
| | - Daniela M Dinulescu
- Division of Women's and Perinatal Pathology, Department of Pathology, Eugene Braunwald Research Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA
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30
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Valta MP, Zhao H, Ingels A, Thong AE, Nolley R, Saar M, Peehl DM. Development of a realistic in vivo bone metastasis model of human renal cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 31:573-84. [PMID: 24715498 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
About one-third of patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have bone metastases. The incidence of RCC is increasing and bone metastatic RCC merits greater focus. Realistic preclinical bone metastasis models of RCC are lacking, hampering the development of effective therapies. We developed a realistic in vivo bone metastasis model of human RCC by implanting precision-cut tissue slices under the renal capsule of immunodeficient mice. The presence of disseminated cells in bone marrow of tissue slice graft (TSG)-bearing mice was screened by human-specific polymerase chain reaction and confirmed by immunohistology using human-specific antibody. Disseminated tumor cells in bone marrow of TSG-bearing mice derived from three of seven RCC patients were detected as early as 1 month after tissue implantation at a high frequency with close resemblance to parent tumors (e.g., CAIX expression and high vascularity). The metastatic patterns of TSGs correlated with disease progression in patients. In addition, TSGs retained capacity to metastasize to bone at high frequency after serial passaging and cryopreservation. Moreover, bone metastases in mice responded to Temsirolimus treatment. Intratibial injections of single cells generated from TSGs showed 100 % engraftment and produced X-ray-visible tumors as early as 3 weeks after cancer cell inoculation. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and histological analysis revealed osteolytic characteristics of these lesions. Our results demonstrated that orthotopic RCC TSGs have potential to develop bone metastases that respond to standard therapy. This first reported primary RCC bone metastasis model provides a realistic setting to test therapeutics to prevent or treat bone metastases in RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maija P Valta
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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31
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de Vivar Chevez AR, Finke J, Bukowski R. The Role of Inflammation in Kidney Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 816:197-234. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-0348-0837-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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32
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Ingels A, Zhao H, Thong AE, Saar M, Valta MP, Nolley R, Santos J, Peehl DM. Preclinical trial of a new dual mTOR inhibitor, MLN0128, using renal cell carcinoma tumorgrafts. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:2322-9. [PMID: 24243565 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
mTOR is a rational target in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) because of its role in disease progression. However, the effects of temsirolimus, the only first-generation mTOR inhibitor approved by the FDA for first-line treatment of metastatic RCC, on tumor reduction and progression-free survival are minimal. Second-generation mTOR inhibitors have not been evaluated on RCC. We compared the effects of temsirolimus and MLN0128, a potent second-generation mTOR inhibitor, on RCC growth and metastasis using a realistic patient-derived tissue slice graft (TSG) model. TSGs were derived from three fresh primary RCC specimens by subrenal implantation of precision-cut tissue slices into immunodeficient mice that were randomized and treated with MLN0128, temsirolimus, or placebo. MLN0128 consistently suppressed primary RCC growth, monitored by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in three TSG cohorts for up to 2 months. Temsirolimus, in contrast, only transiently inhibited the growth of TSGs in one of two cohorts before resistance developed. In addition, MLN0128 reduced liver metastases, determined by human-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in two TSG cohorts, whereas temsirolimus failed to have any significant impact. Moreover, MLN0128 decreased levels of key components of the two mTOR subpathways including TORC1 targets 4EBP1, p-S6K1, HIF1α and MTA1 and the TORC2 target c-Myc, consistent with dual inhibition. Our results demonstrated that MLN0128 is superior to temsirolimus in inhibiting primary RCC growth as well as metastases, lending strong support for further clinical development of dual mTOR inhibitors for RCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Ingels
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA; Department of Urology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Kremlin-Bicêtre, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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