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Xu W, Maruyama S, Sato A, Niidome T. Bacterial membrane vesicles combined with nanoparticles for bacterial vaccines and cancer immunotherapy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2024; 243:114125. [PMID: 39079185 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2024.114125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Similar to mammalian cells, most bacteria can release nano-sized membrane vesicles (MVs) into the extracellular environment. MVs contain lipids, bioactive proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites, and play important roles in microbial physiology. MVs have great potential for immunotherapeutic applications, such as bacterial vaccines and cancer immunotherapy. However, because of the diversity in content and heterogeneity in size of MVs, the clinical application of MVs has been limited. Recently, the use of MVs combined with nanoparticles (NPs) has been shown to be effective in improving the homogeneity, stability and function of MVs. In this review, we focus on studies of MVs combined with NPs (MV-NPs) and describe the use of these MV-NPs in biotechnology, especially in bacterial vaccine and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan; International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology (IROAST), Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Sayo Maruyama
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Akito Sato
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Takuro Niidome
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
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Reddiar SB, Xie Y, Abdallah M, Han S, Hu L, Feeney OM, Gracia G, Anshabo A, Lu Z, Farooq MA, Styles IK, Phillips ARJ, Windsor JA, Porter CJH, Cao E, Trevaskis NL. Intestinal Lymphatic Biology, Drug Delivery, and Therapeutics: Current Status and Future Directions. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:1326-1398. [PMID: 39179383 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Historically, the intestinal lymphatics were considered passive conduits for fluids, immune cells, dietary lipids, lipid soluble vitamins, and lipophilic drugs. Studies of intestinal lymphatic drug delivery in the late 20th century focused primarily on the drugs' physicochemical properties, especially high lipophilicity, that resulted in intestinal lymphatic transport. More recent discoveries have changed our traditional view by demonstrating that the lymphatics are active, plastic, and tissue-specific players in a range of biological and pathological processes, including within the intestine. These findings have, in turn, inspired exploration of lymph-specific therapies for a range of diseases, as well as the development of more sophisticated strategies to actively deliver drugs or vaccines to the intestinal lymph, including a range of nanotechnologies, lipid prodrugs, and lipid-conjugated materials that "hitchhike" onto lymphatic transport pathways. With the increasing development of novel therapeutics such as biologics, there has been interest in whether these therapeutics are absorbed and transported through intestinal lymph after oral administration. Here we review the current state of understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal lymphatic system in health and disease, with a focus on aspects relevant to drug delivery. We summarize the current state-of-the-art approaches to deliver drugs and quantify their uptake into the intestinal lymphatic system. Finally, and excitingly, we discuss recent examples of significant pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits achieved via intestinal lymphatic drug delivery. We also propose approaches to advance the development and clinical application of intestinal lymphatic delivery strategies in the future. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This comprehensive review details the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of the intestinal lymphatic system in health and disease, with a focus on aspects relevant to drug delivery. It highlights current state-of-the-art approaches to deliver drugs to the intestinal lymphatics and the shift toward the use of these strategies to achieve pharmacokinetic and therapeutic benefits for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeevini Babu Reddiar
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Yining Xie
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Mohammad Abdallah
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Sifei Han
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Luojuan Hu
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Orlagh M Feeney
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Gracia Gracia
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Abel Anshabo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Zijun Lu
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Muhammad Asim Farooq
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Ian K Styles
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Anthony R J Phillips
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - John A Windsor
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Enyuan Cao
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (S.B.R., Y.X., M.A., S.H., L.H., O.M.F., G.G., A.A., Z.L., M.A.F., I.K.S., C.J.H.P., E.C., N.L.T.); China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (S.H., L.H.); Applied Surgery and Metabolism Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences (A.R.J.P.) and Surgical and Translational Research Centre, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences (A.R.J.P., J.A.W.), University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.L.T.)
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Lee Y, Kamada N, Moon JJ. Oral nanomedicine for modulating immunity, intestinal barrier functions, and gut microbiome. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114021. [PMID: 34710529 PMCID: PMC8665886 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) affects not only local diseases in the GIT but also various systemic diseases. Factors that can affect the health and disease of both GIT and the human body include 1) the mucosal immune system composed of the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and the lamina propria, 2) the intestinal barrier composed of mucus and intestinal epithelium, and 3) the gut microbiota. Selective delivery of drugs, including antigens, immune-modulators, intestinal barrier enhancers, and gut-microbiome manipulators, has shown promising results for oral vaccines, immune tolerance, treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, and other systemic diseases, including cancer. However, physicochemical and biological barriers of the GIT present significant challenges for successful translation. With the advances of novel nanomaterials, oral nanomedicine has emerged as an attractive option to not only overcome these barriers but also to selectively deliver drugs to the target sites in GIT. In this review, we discuss the GIT factors and physicochemical and biological barriers in the GIT. Furthermore, we present the recent progress of oral nanomedicine for oral vaccines, immune tolerance, and anti-inflammation therapies. We also discuss recent advances in oral nanomedicine designed to fortify the intestinal barrier functions and modulate the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Finally, we opine about the future directions of oral nano-immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea.
| | - Nobuhiko Kamada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 1150 W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - James J Moon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA; Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 USA.
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Christodoulides M, Humbert MV, Heckels JE. The potential utility of liposomes for Neisseria vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:1235-1256. [PMID: 34524062 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1981865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Species of the genus Neisseria are important global pathogens. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) causes the sexually transmitted disease gonorrhea and Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus) causes meningitis and sepsis. Liposomes are self-assembled spheres of phospholipid bilayers enclosing a central aqueous space, and they have attracted much interest and use as a delivery vehicle for Neisseria vaccine antigens. AREAS COVERED A brief background on Neisseria infections and the success of licensed meningococcal vaccines are provided. The absence of a gonococcal vaccine is highlighted. The use of liposomes for delivering Neisseria antigens and adjuvants, for the purposes of generating specific immune responses, is reviewed. The use of other lipid-based systems for antigen and adjuvant delivery is examined briefly. EXPERT OPINION With renewed interest in developing a gonococcal vaccine, liposomes remain an attractive option for delivering antigens. The discipline of nanotechnology provides additional nanoparticle-based options for gonococcal vaccine development. Future work would be needed to tailor the composition of liposomes and other nanoparticles to the specific vaccine antigen(s), in order to generate optimal anti-gonococcal immune responses. The potential use of liposomes and other nanoparticles to deliver anti-gonococcal compounds to treat infections also should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - Maria Victoria Humbert
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
| | - John E Heckels
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, School of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, UK
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Cheng K, Kang Q, Zhao X. Biogenic nanoparticles as immunomodulator for tumor treatment. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 12:e1646. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keman Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Beijing China
- Department of Biomaterials, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province College of Materials, Xiamen University Xiamen Fujian China
| | - Qinglin Kang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Xiao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST) Beijing China
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Chemical and Immunological Characteristics of Aluminum-Based, Oil-Water Emulsion, and Bacterial-Origin Adjuvants. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:3974127. [PMID: 31205956 PMCID: PMC6530223 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3974127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are a diverse family of substances whose main objective is to increase the strength, quality, and duration of the immune response caused by vaccines. The most commonly used adjuvants are aluminum-based, oil-water emulsion, and bacterial-origin adjuvants. In this paper, we will discuss how the election of adjuvants is important for the adjuvant-mediated induction of immunity for different types of vaccines. Aluminum-based adjuvants are the most commonly used, the safest, and have the best efficacy, due to the triggering of a strong humoral response, albeit generating a weak induction of cell-mediated immune response. Freund's adjuvant is the most widely used oil-water emulsion adjuvant in animal trials; it stimulates inflammation and causes aggregation and precipitation of soluble protein antigens that facilitate the uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Adjuvants of bacterial origin, such as flagellin, E. coli membranes, and monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), are known to potentiate immune responses, but their safety and risks are the main concern of their clinical use. This minireview summarizes the mechanisms that classic and novel adjuvants produce to stimulate immune responses.
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Christodoulides M, Heckels J. Novel approaches to Neisseria meningitidis vaccine design. Pathog Dis 2018; 75:3078540. [PMID: 28369428 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A range of vaccines is available for preventing life-threatening diseases caused by infection with Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus, Men). Capsule polysaccharide (CPS)-conjugate vaccines are successful prophylactics for serogroup MenA, MenC, MenW and MenY infections, and outer membrane vesicle (OMV) vaccines have been used successfully for controlling clonal serogroup MenB infections. MenB vaccines based on recombinant proteins identified by reverse vaccinology (Bexsero™) and proteomics (Trumenba™) approaches have recently been licensed and Bexsero™ has been introduced into the UK infant immunisation programme. In this review, we chart the development of these licensed vaccines. In addition, we discuss the plethora of novel vaccinology approaches that have been applied to the meningococcus with varying success in pre-clinical studies, but which provide technological platforms for application to other pathogens. These strategies include modifying CPS, lipooligosaccharide and OMV; the use of recombinant proteins; structural vaccinology approaches of designing synthetic peptide/mimetope vaccines, DNA vaccines and engineered proteins; epitope presentation on biological and synthetic particles; through vaccination with live-attenuated pathogen(s), or with heterologous bacteria expressing vaccine antigens, or to competitive occupation of the nasopharyngeal niche by commensal bacterial spp. After close to a century of vaccine research, it is possible that meningococcal disease may be added, shortly, to the list of diseases to have been eradicated worldwide by rigorous vaccination campaigns.
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Tan K, Li R, Huang X, Liu Q. Outer Membrane Vesicles: Current Status and Future Direction of These Novel Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:783. [PMID: 29755431 PMCID: PMC5932156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants have been of great interest to vaccine formulation as immune-stimulators. Prior to the recent research in the field of immune stimulation, conventional adjuvants utilized for aluminum-based vaccinations dominated the adjuvant market. However, these conventional adjuvants have demonstrated obvious defects, including poor protective efficiency and potential side effects, which hindered their widespread circulation. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) naturally exist in gram-negative bacteria and are capable of engaging innate and adaptive immunity and possess intrinsic adjuvant capacity. They have shown tremendous potential for adjuvant application and have recently been successfully applied in various vaccine platforms. Adjuvants could be highly effective with the introduction of OMVs, providing complete immunity and with the benefits of low toxicity; further, OMVs might also be designed as an advanced mucosal delivery vehicle for use as a vaccine carrier. In this review, we discuss adjuvant development, and provide an overview of novel OMV adjuvants and delivery vehicles. We also suggest future directions for adjuvant research. Overall, we believe that OMV adjuvants would find high value in vaccine formulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Abstract
The majority of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in the developed world is caused by capsular group B Neisseria meningitidis, however success with vaccination against organisms bearing this capsule has previously been restricted to control of geographically limited clonal outbreaks. As we enter a new era, with the first routine program underway to control endemic group B meningococcal disease for infants in the UK, it is timely to review the key landmarks in group B vaccine development, and discuss the issues determining whether control of endemic group B disease will be achieved. Evidence of a reduction in carriage acquisition of invasive group B meningococcal strains, after vaccination among adolescents, is imperative if routine immunization is to drive population control of disease beyond those who are vaccinated (i.e. through herd immunity). The need for multiple doses to generate a sufficiently protective response and reactogenicity remain significant problems with the new generation of vaccines. Despite these limitations, early data from the UK indicate that new group B meningococcal vaccines have the potential to have a major impact on meningococcal disease, and to provide new insight into how we might do better in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Y Wang
- a School of Medicine , Monash University , Melbourne , Australia.,b Department of Paediatrics , Oxford Vaccine Group , Oxford , UK
| | - A J Pollard
- b Department of Paediatrics , Oxford Vaccine Group , Oxford , UK.,c NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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Vela Ramirez JE, Sharpe LA, Peppas NA. Current state and challenges in developing oral vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:116-131. [PMID: 28438674 PMCID: PMC6132247 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While vaccination remains the most cost effective strategy for disease prevention, communicable diseases persist as the second leading cause of death worldwide. There is a need to design safe, novel vaccine delivery methods to protect against unaddressed and emerging diseases. Development of vaccines administered orally is preferable to traditional injection-based formulations for numerous reasons including improved safety and compliance, and easier manufacturing and administration. Additionally, the oral route enables stimulation of humoral and cellular immune responses at both systemic and mucosal sites to establish broader and long-lasting protection. However, oral delivery is challenging, requiring formulations to overcome the harsh gastrointestinal (GI) environment and avoid tolerance induction to achieve effective protection. Here we address the rationale for oral vaccines, including key biological and physicochemical considerations for next-generation oral vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E Vela Ramirez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lindsey A Sharpe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A Peppas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA; Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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11
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Mehta OH, Norheim G, Hoe JC, Rollier CS, Nagaputra JC, Makepeace K, Saleem M, Chan H, Ferguson DJP, Jones C, Sadarangani M, Hood DW, Feavers I, Derrick JP, Pollard AJ, Moxon ER. Adjuvant effects elicited by novel oligosaccharide variants of detoxified meningococcal lipopolysaccharides on Neisseria meningitidis recombinant PorA protein: a comparison in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115713. [PMID: 25545241 PMCID: PMC4278719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria meningitidis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has adjuvant properties that can be exploited to assist vaccine immunogenicity. The modified penta-acylated LPS retains the adjuvant properties of hexa-acylated LPS but has a reduced toxicity profile. In this study we investigated whether two modified glycoform structures (LgtE and IcsB) of detoxified penta-acylated LPS exhibited differential adjuvant properties when formulated as native outer membrane vesicles (nOMVs) as compared to the previously described LgtB variant. Detoxified penta-acylated LPS was obtained by disruption of the lpxL1 gene (LpxL1 LPS), and three different glycoforms were obtained by disruption of the lgtB, lgtE or icsB genes respectively. Mice (mus musculus) were immunized with a recombinant PorA P1.7-2,4 (rPorA) protein co-administered with different nOMVs (containing a different PorA serosubtype P1.7,16), each of which expressed one of the three penta-acylated LPS glycoforms. All nOMVs induced IgG responses against the rPorA, but the nOMVs containing the penta-acylated LgtB-LpxL1 LPS glycoform induced significantly greater bactericidal activity compared to the other nOMVs or when the adjuvant was Alhydrogel. Compared to LgtE or IcsB LPS glycoforms, these data support the use of nOMVs containing detoxified, modified LgtB-LpxL1 LPS as a potential adjuvant for future meningococcal protein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas H Mehta
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnstein Norheim
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - J Claire Hoe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jerry C Nagaputra
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Makepeace
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PT, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Chan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3OG, United Kingdom
| | - David J P Ferguson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Jones
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - Derek W Hood
- Department of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital (John Radcliffe), Headley Way, Headington, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Feavers
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, EN6 3OG, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P Derrick
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M139PT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
| | - E Richard Moxon
- The NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7LE, United Kingdom
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12
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Nagaputra JC, Rollier CS, Sadarangani M, Hoe JC, Mehta OH, Norheim G, Saleem M, Chan H, Derrick JP, Feavers I, Pollard AJ, Moxon ER. Neisseria meningitidis native outer membrane vesicles containing different lipopolysaccharide glycoforms as adjuvants for meningococcal and nonmeningococcal antigens. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:234-42. [PMID: 24351756 PMCID: PMC3910940 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00561-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated the adjuvant effect of a modified glycoform of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (LgtB-LpxL1) compared to that of the nonmodified glycoform Lpxl1 serogroup B meningococcal H44/76 native outer membrane vesicles (nOMVs) on immune responses to vaccination with the recombinant meningococcal protein, rPorA, tetanus toxoid, or meningococcal serogroup C capsular polysaccharide. We used LgtB-LpxL1 LPS because the disruption of the lgtB gene, which results in the exposure of N-acetylglucosamine-galactose-glucose residues in the LPS outer core, has been shown to enhance the activation of human dendritic cells in vitro. The responses were compared to those of a monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL)-based adjuvant and to an aluminum hydroxide suspension. The nOMVs induced blood serum IgG responses against each of the three antigens comparable to those obtained with MPL or aluminum salt. However, nOMVs elicited (i) a lower IgG1/IgG2a ratio against rPorA and (ii) serum bactericidal antibody titers superior to those achieved with aluminum salt, reaching similar titers to those obtained with MPL. Similarly, bactericidal antibody titers induced by immunization with meningococcal serogroup C polysaccharide and nOMVs were similar to those obtained using MPL but were better than those with aluminum salt. Immunization with tetanus toxoid and nOMVs resulted in tetanus toxoid-specific IgG responses similar to those obtained when adjuvanted with aluminum salt. These results highlight the potential utility of meningococcal LpxL1 LPS-containing nOMVs as an adjuvant for recombinant meningococcal protein vaccines and suggest their possible use with a variety of other antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry C. Nagaputra
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christine S. Rollier
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manish Sadarangani
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - J. Claire Hoe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ojas Hrakesh Mehta
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Gunnstein Norheim
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Saleem
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Chan
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy P. Derrick
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Feavers
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - E. Richard Moxon
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Centre for Clinical Vaccinology and Tropical Medicine, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Sanders H, Feavers IM. Adjuvant properties of meningococcal outer membrane vesicles and the use of adjuvants inNeisseria meningitidisprotein vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:323-34. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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14
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Freixeiro P, Diéguez-Casal E, Costoya L, Seijo B, Ferreirós CM, Criado MT, Sánchez S. Study of the stability of proteoliposomes as vehicles for vaccines against Neisseria meningitidis based on recombinant porin complexes. Int J Pharm 2013; 443:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Freixeiro P, Diéguez-Casal E, Costoya L, Marzoa J, Ferreirós CM, Criado MT, Sánchez S. High resolution clear native electrophoresis (hrCNE) allows a detailed analysis of the heterotrimeric structure of recombinant Neisseria meningitidis porins inserted into liposomes. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:777-84. [PMID: 23259616 DOI: 10.1021/pr3008573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three recombinant proteins of Neisseria meningitidis, rPorB, rPorA, and rRmpM, were purified and incorporated into liposomes prepared by dialysis-extrusion. The protein complexes formed using different combinations of recombinant proteins were studied by high resolution clear native electrophoresis (hrCNE) and 2-D hrCNE/SDS-PAGE, analyzing the influence of the stoichiometry of the two porins in the formation of complexes and comparing them with native porin complexes present in OMVs from five different N. meningitidis strains. Insertion of the recombinant proteins into liposomes allowed a complete refolding of porin complexes, and the electrophoretic analyses showed that, when the three recombinant proteins are present, the pattern of porin complexes obtained is similar to that observed in native OMVs. We could show homocomplexes of each individual porin and PorA/PorB, RmpM/PorB, and PorA/PorB/RmpM heterocomplexes. Our results suggest that RmpM binds only to PorB, confirm the trimeric structure of N. meningitidis pores, and demonstrate that insertion into liposomes restores the native structure of porin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Freixeiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Campus Sur, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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Isolation of Chlamydia trachomatis and membrane vesicles derived from host and bacteria. J Microbiol Methods 2012; 91:222-30. [PMID: 22960504 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of intracellular bacteria and nanometer-size membrane vesicles within infected host cells poses an important challenge as it is difficult to identify each distinct population in the context of the complex populations generated from active host-pathogen interactions. Here, suspension cultures of L929 cells infected with the prevalent obligate intracellular bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis strain F/Cal-IC-13 are utilized for the large scale preparation and isolation of natural membrane vesicles and bacterial forms. Cell lysis with nitrogen cavitation in combination with differential centrifugation, OptiPrep™ density gradient separation, and immunoenrichment using anti-chlamydial lipopolysaccharide antibodies and MagnaBind beads allows for the isolation of both productive and persistent bacterial forms, as well as membrane vesicles derived from the host and pathogen. We have evaluated these populations by electron microscopy and Western blot analysis for identification of biomarkers. In addition, purified persistent forms of C. trachomatis induced by ampicillin display adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) transport activity, suggesting that ampicillin-induced persistent C. trachomatis organisms, at least in part, rely upon host ATP as an energy source. Importantly, several chlamydial cytotoxic and/or secreted proteins are demonstrated to be associated with these vesicles, supporting the idea that membrane vesicles are generated by Chlamydia as a means of carrying and delivering virulence factors necessary for pathogenesis. The ability to produce large-scale infections and generate distinct bacteria and host-derived populations for biochemical analysis, while reducing the burdens of time and cost have implications in all areas of chlamydiology. These protocols can be applied to other strains of C. trachomatis or other intracellular bacteria.
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17
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Improvement of immunogenicity of meningococcal lipooligosaccharide by coformulation with lipidated transferrin-binding protein B in liposomes: implications for vaccine development. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:711-22. [PMID: 22441387 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.05683-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Among various meningococcal antigens, lipooligosaccharide (LOS) and recombinant lipidated transferrin-binding protein B (rlip-TbpB) are considered to be putative vaccine candidates against group B Neisseria meningitidis. In the present work, we report the development of a new liposome-based vaccine formulation containing both rlip-TbpB and L8 LOS. The endotoxic activity of the liposomal LOS was evaluated in vitro using the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate assay and compared to the endotoxic activity of free LOS. Above a 250:1 lipid/LOS molar ratio, liposomes were shown to effectively detoxify the LOS as the endotoxic activity of the LOS was reduced by more than 99%. Immunogenicity studies in rabbits showed that the presence of rlip-TbpB dramatically increased the immunogenicity of the LOS. While the formulation raised a strong anti-TbpB response, it elicited a higher anti-LOS IgG level than the liposomal LOS alone. Sera from rabbits immunized with rlip-TbpB/liposomal LOS displayed increased ability to recognize LOS on live bacteria expressing the L8 immunotype and increased anti-LOS-specific bactericidal activity compared to sera from rabbits immunized with liposomal LOS alone. Measurement of interleukin-8 (IL-8) produced by HEK293 cells transfected with Toll-like receptor (TLR) after stimulation with rlip-TbpB showed that the protein is a TLR2 agonist, which is in accordance with the structure of its lipid. Furthermore, an in vivo study demonstrated that the lipid moiety is not only required for its adjuvant effect but also has to be linked to the protein. Overall, the rlip-TbpB/LOS liposomal formulation was demonstrated to induce an effective anti-LOS response due to the adjuvant effect of rlip-TbpB on LOS.
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Demento SL, Siefert AL, Bandyopadhyay A, Sharp FA, Fahmy TM. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns on biomaterials: a paradigm for engineering new vaccines. Trends Biotechnol 2011; 29:294-306. [PMID: 21459467 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development has progressed significantly and has moved from whole microorganisms to subunit vaccines that contain only their antigenic proteins. Subunit vaccines are often less immunogenic than whole pathogens; therefore, adjuvants must amplify the immune response, ideally establishing both innate and adaptive immunity. Incorporation of antigens into biomaterials, such as liposomes and polymers, can achieve a desired vaccine response. The physical properties of these platforms can be easily manipulated, thus allowing for controlled delivery of immunostimulatory factors and presentation of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are targeted to specific immune cells. Targeting antigen to immune cells via PAMP-modified biomaterials is a new strategy to control the subsequent development of immunity and, in turn, effective vaccination. Here, we review the recent advances in both immunology and biomaterial engineering that have brought particulate-based vaccines to reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L Demento
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, Malone Engineering Center, 55 Prospect Street, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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19
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Jovanović B, Goetz FW, Goetz GW, Palić D. Immunological stimuli change expression of genes and neutrophil function in fathead minnow Pimephales promelas Rafinesque. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2011; 78:1054-1072. [PMID: 21463307 DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2011.02919.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fathead minnows Pimephales promelas were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] to observe immunological responses during simulated bacterial and viral challenge at the level of gene expression and granulocyte function. Complementary DNA libraries were created from LPS- and poly(I:C)-treated fish and c. 5000 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were sequenced. The ESTs were subjected to BLASTx analysis and 1500 genes were annotated, grouped by function and 20 immune genes were selected for expression studies by real-time PCR. Lipopolysaccharide treatment significantly downregulated expression of interferon regulatory factor 2 binding protein 1 (nine-fold), Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12a (three-fold) and TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, TRAIL (two-fold). In poly(I:C)-treated fish, a significant upregulation was observed for IFN-inducible and antiviral proteins belonging to the family of Mx proteins (73-fold) and chemokine CCL-C5a (28-fold). Blood neutrophil count was significantly increased in poly(I:C)-treated fish at 24 and 48 h post-injection. Neutrophil extracellular trap release and respiratory burst of kidney granulocytes were suppressed in poly(I:C)-treated fish, while degranulation of primary granules was not affected significantly by the treatment. The changes in gene expression and neutrophil function in P. promelas exposed to LPS and poly(I:C) support the use of this species as an alternative model for studies of pathogen effects on the innate immune system of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jovanović
- 2008 The College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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20
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Nordly P, Agger EM, Andersen P, Nielsen HM, Foged C. Incorporation of the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A into the bilayer of DDA/TDB liposomes: physico-chemical characterization and induction of CD8+ T-cell responses in vivo. Pharm Res 2010; 28:553-62. [PMID: 21042837 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-010-0301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The combination of delivery systems like cationic liposomes and immunopotentiators such as Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands is a promising approach for rational vaccine adjuvant design. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the incorporation of the poorly soluble TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) into cationic liposomes based on dimethyldioctadecylammonium (DDA) and trehalose 6,6'-dibehenate (TDB) influenced the physicochemical and immunological properties of the liposomes. METHODS The DDA/TDB/MPL liposomes were characterized with regard to particle size, poly dispersity, surface charge, stability and thermodynamic properties. The adjuvant formulations were tested in vivo in mice using ovalbumin (OVA) as model antigen. RESULTS Integration of MPL into the bilayer structure of DDA/TDB liposomes was evident from a decreased phase transition temperature, an improved membrane packing, and a reduction in surface charge. The particle size and favorable liposome storage stability were not affected by MPL. In mice, DDA/TDB/MPL liposomes induced an antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell response and a humoral response. CONCLUSIONS Enhancing the solubility of MPL by inclusion into the bilayer of DDA/TDB liposomes changes the membrane characteristics of the adjuvant system and provides the liposomes with CD8(+) T-cell inducing properties without compromising humoral responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Nordly
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry The Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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21
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Hirschberg HJ, van de Wijdeven GG, Kraan H, Amorij JP, Kersten GF. Bioneedles as alternative delivery system for hepatitis B vaccine. J Control Release 2010; 147:211-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2010.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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van de Waterbeemd B, Streefland M, van der Ley P, Zomer B, van Dijken H, Martens D, Wijffels R, van der Pol L. Improved OMV vaccine against Neisseria meningitidis using genetically engineered strains and a detergent-free purification process. Vaccine 2010; 28:4810-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.04.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Coincorporation of LpxL1 and PagL mutant lipopolysaccharides into liposomes with Neisseria meningitidis opacity protein: influence on endotoxic and adjuvant activity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2010; 17:487-95. [PMID: 20107001 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00423-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Wild-type lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Neisseria meningitidis normally contains six acyl chains. Penta-acylated LPS forms were generated through inactivation of the lpxL1 gene or through the expression of the Bordetella bronchiseptica pagL gene in N. meningitidis. The resulting LPS species, designated LpxL1 LPS and PagL LPS, respectively, display reduced endotoxic activity compared to wild-type LPS. Here, we determined the adjuvant potential of PagL LPS by comparison with the broadly used LpxL1 LPS. We also investigated the potential benefit for adjuvanticity of coincorporating these LPS species, together with the meningococcal opacity-associated protein OpaJ as a model antigen, in a liposomal delivery system. PagL LPS showed a higher endotoxic activity than LpxL1 LPS, and their incorporation into liposomes significantly reduced their endotoxic activity as determined by measuring the induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) production in a murine macrophage cell line. To determine the adjuvant effect, BALB/c mice were immunized with OpaJ-containing liposomes and either free LPS or LPS coincorporated into the proteoliposomes. OpaJ-containing liposomes adjuvanted with AlPO(4) or not adjuvanted at all were included as control groups. In the appropriate dose, PagL LPS showed a superior adjuvant effect compared with LpxL1 LPS, and for both LPS types, free LPS showed a higher adjuvant effect than when coincorporated into the liposomes, as evidenced by higher titers of IgG2a and IgG2b antibodies against OpaJ(+) meningococci and higher bactericidal titers. In conclusion, PagL LPS is a better adjuvant than LpxL1 LPS, but coincorporation of either LPS into proteoliposomes did not improve their adjuvant activity.
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Vorauer-Uhl K, Jeschek D, Lhota G, Wagner A, Strobach S, Katinger H. Simultaneous Quantification of Complex Phospholipid Compositions Containing Monophosphoryl Lipid-A by RP-HPLC. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070903163180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karola Vorauer-Uhl
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences , Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Jeschek
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences , Vienna, Austria
| | - Gabriele Lhota
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences , Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Wagner
- b Polymun Scientific, Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH , Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Strobach
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences , Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Katinger
- a Department of Biotechnology , University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences , Vienna, Austria
- b Polymun Scientific, Immunbiologische Forschung GmbH , Vienna, Austria
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Ding Z, Van Riet E, Romeijn S, Kersten GFA, Jiskoot W, Bouwstra JA. Immune modulation by adjuvants combined with diphtheria toxoid administered topically in BALB/c mice after microneedle array pretreatment. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1635-43. [PMID: 19326190 PMCID: PMC2689355 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9874-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In this study, modulation of the immune response against diphtheria toxoid (DT) by various adjuvants in transcutaneous immunization (TCI) with microneedle array pretreatment was investigated. Methods TCI was performed on BALB/c mice with or without microneedle array pretreatment using DT as a model antigen co-administrated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Quil A, CpG oligo deoxynucleotide (CpG) or cholera toxin (CT) as adjuvant. The immunogenicity was evaluated by measuring serum IgG subtype titers and neutralizing antibody titers. Results TCI with microneedle array pretreatment resulted in a 1,000-fold increase of DT-specific serum IgG levels as compared to TCI. The immune response was further improved by co-administration of adjuvants, showing a progressive increase in serum IgG titers when adjuvanted with LPS, Quil A, CpG and CT. IgG titers of the CT-adjuvanted group reached levels comparable to those obtained after DT-alum subcutaneous injection. The IgG1/IgG2a ratio of DT-specific antibodies decreased in the following sequence: plain DT, Quil A, CT and CpG, suggesting that the immune response was skewed towards the Th1 direction. Conclusions The potency and the quality of the immune response against DT administered by microneedle array mediated TCI can be modulated by co-administration of adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Ding
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Biochemistry Department, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - E. Van Riet
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S. Romeijn
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G. F. A. Kersten
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - W. Jiskoot
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J. A. Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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26
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Hyperproliferation of B cells specific for a weakly immunogenic PorA in a meningococcal vaccine model. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1598-605. [PMID: 18768670 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00192-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Highly homologous meningococcal porin A (PorA) proteins induce protective humoral immunity against Neisseria meningitidis group B infection but with large and consistent differences in the levels of serum bactericidal activity achieved. We investigated whether a poor PorA-specific serological outcome is associated with a limited size of the specific B-cell subpopulation involved. The numbers of PorA-specific splenic plasma cells, bone marrow (BM) plasma cells, and splenic memory B cells were compared between mice that received priming and boosting with the weakly immunogenic PorA (P1.7-2,4) protein and those that received priming and boosting with the highly immunogenic PorA (P1.5-1,2-2) protein. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers (except at day 42), bactericidal activity, and the avidity of IgG produced against P1.7-2,4 were significantly lower at all time points after priming and boosting than against P1.5-1,2-2. These differences, however, were not associated with a lack of P1.7-2,4-specific plasma cells. Instead, priming with both of the PorAs resulted in the initial expansion of comparable numbers of splenic and BM plasma cells. Moreover, P1.7-2,4-specific BM plasma cells, but not P1.5-1,2-2-specific plasma cells, expanded significantly further after boosting. Likewise, after a relative delay during the priming phase, the splenic P1.7-2,4-specific memory B cells largely outnumbered those specific for P1.5-1,2-2, upon boosting. These trends were observed with different vaccine formulations of the porins. Our results show for the first time that B-cell subpopulations involved in a successfully maturated antibody response against a clinically relevant vaccine antigen are maintained at smaller population sizes than those associated with poor affinity maturation. This bears consequences for the interpretation of immunological memory data in clinical vaccine trials.
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27
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Abstract
In our attempts to thwart the unwanted attentions of microbes by prophylactic and therapeutic vaccination, the knowledge of interactions at the molecular level may prove to be an invaluable asset. This article examines how particulate delivery systems such as liposomes and polymer microspheres can be applied in the light of recent advances in immunological understanding. Some of the biological interactions of these delivery systems are discussed with relevance for antigen trafficking and molecular pathways of immunogenicity and emphasis on the possible interaction of liposomal components. In particular, traditional concepts such as antigen protection, delivery to antigen presenting cells and depot formation remain important aspects, whilst the inclusion of selected co-adjuvants and enhanced delivery of these moieties in conjunction with antigen now has a firm rationale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent W Bramwell
- Medicines Research Unit, School of Life and Health Sciences, University of Aston, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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