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Vatzia E, Paudyal B, Dema B, Carr BV, Sedaghat-Rostami E, Gubbins S, Sharma B, Moorhouse E, Morris S, Ulaszewska M, MacLoughlin R, Salguero FJ, Gilbert SC, Tchilian E. Aerosol immunization with influenza matrix, nucleoprotein, or both prevents lung disease in pig. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:188. [PMID: 39397062 PMCID: PMC11471855 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 10/04/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccines are strain-specific and require frequent updates to combat new strains, making a broadly protective influenza vaccine (BPIV) highly desirable. A promising strategy is to induce T-cell responses against internal proteins conserved across influenza strains. In this study, pH1N1 pre-exposed pigs were immunized by aerosol using viral vectored vaccines (ChAdOx2 and MVA) expressing matrix (M1) and nucleoprotein (NP). Following H3N2 challenge, all immunizations (M1, NP or NPM1) reduced lung pathology, but M1 alone offered the greatest protection. NP or NPM1 immunization induced both T-cell and antibody responses. M1 immunization generated no detectable antibodies but elicited M1-specific T-cell responses, suggesting T cell-mediated protection. Additionally, a single aerosol immunization with the ChAdOx vaccine encoding M1, NP and neuraminidase reduced lung pathology. These findings provide insights into BPIV development using a relevant large natural host, the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Dema
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Morris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | | | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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2
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Rak A, Isakova-Sivak I, Rudenko L. Nucleoprotein as a Promising Antigen for Broadly Protective Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1747. [PMID: 38140152 PMCID: PMC10747533 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Annual vaccination is considered as the main preventive strategy against seasonal influenza. Due to the highly variable nature of major viral antigens, such as hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), influenza vaccine strains should be regularly updated to antigenically match the circulating viruses. The influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) is much more conserved than HA and NA, and thus seems to be a promising target for the design of improved influenza vaccines with broad cross-reactivity against antigenically diverse influenza viruses. Traditional subunit or recombinant protein influenza vaccines do not contain the NP antigen, whereas live-attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) express the viral NP within infected cells, thus inducing strong NP-specific antibodies and T-cell responses. Many strategies have been explored to design broadly protective NP-based vaccines, mostly targeted at the T-cell mode of immunity. Although the NP is highly conserved, it still undergoes slow evolutionary changes due to selective immune pressure, meaning that the particular NP antigen selected for vaccine design may have a significant impact on the overall immunogenicity and efficacy of the vaccine candidate. In this review, we summarize existing data on the conservation of the influenza A viral nucleoprotein and review the results of preclinical and clinical trials of NP-targeting influenza vaccine prototypes, focusing on the ability of NP-specific immune responses to protect against diverse influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Larisa Rudenko
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg 197022, Russia; (A.R.); (I.I.-S.)
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3
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Reduction of Influenza A Virus Transmission in Mice by a Universal Intranasal Vaccine Candidate is Long-Lasting and Does Not Require Antibodies. J Virol 2022; 96:e0032022. [PMID: 35638848 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00320-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against influenza virus infection can protect the vaccinee and also reduce transmission to contacts. Not all types of vaccines induce sterilizing immunity via neutralizing antibodies; some instead permit low-level, transient infection. There has been concern that infection-permissive influenza vaccines may allow continued spread in the community despite minimizing symptoms in the vaccinee. We have explored that issue for a universal influenza vaccine candidate that protects recipients by inducing T cell responses and nonneutralizing antibodies. Using a mouse model, we have shown previously that an adenoviral vectored vaccine expressing nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 2 (M2) provides broad protection against diverse strains and subtypes of influenza A viruses and reduces transmission to contacts in an antigen-specific manner. Here, we use this mouse model to further explore the mechanism and features of that reduction in transmission. Passive immunization did not reduce transmission from infected donors to naive contact animals to whom passive serum had been transferred. Vaccination of antibody-deficient mIgTg-JHD-/- mice, which have intact T cell responses and antigen presentation, reduced transmission in an antigen-specific manner, despite the presence of some virus in the lungs and nasal wash, pointing to a role for cellular immunity. Vaccination at ages ranging from 8 to 60 weeks was able to achieve reduction in transmission. Finally, the immune-mediated reduction in transmission persisted for at least a year after a single-dose intranasal vaccination. Thus, this infection-permissive vaccine reduces virus transmission in a long-lasting manner that does not require antibodies. IMPORTANCE Universal influenza virus vaccines targeting antigens conserved among influenza A virus strains can protect from severe disease but do not necessarily prevent infection. Despite allowing low-level infection, intranasal immunization with adenovirus vectors expressing the conserved antigens influenza nucleoprotein (A/NP) and M2 reduces influenza virus transmission from vaccinated to unvaccinated contact mice. Here, we show that antibodies are not required for this transmission reduction, suggesting a role for T cells. We also show that transmission blocking could be achieved in recipients of different ages and remained effective for at least a year following a single-dose vaccination. Such vaccines could have major public health impacts by limiting viral transmission in the community.
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4
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Tan MP, Tan WS, Mohamed Alitheen NB, Yap WB. M2e-Based Influenza Vaccines with Nucleoprotein: A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:739. [PMID: 34358155 PMCID: PMC8310010 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Discovery of conserved antigens for universal influenza vaccines warrants solutions to a number of concerns pertinent to the currently licensed influenza vaccines, such as annual reformulation and mismatching with the circulating subtypes. The latter causes low vaccine efficacies, and hence leads to severe disease complications and high hospitalization rates among susceptible and immunocompromised individuals. A universal influenza vaccine ensures cross-protection against all influenza subtypes due to the presence of conserved epitopes that are found in the majority of, if not all, influenza types and subtypes, e.g., influenza matrix protein 2 ectodomain (M2e) and nucleoprotein (NP). Despite its relatively low immunogenicity, influenza M2e has been proven to induce humoral responses in human recipients. Influenza NP, on the other hand, promotes remarkable anti-influenza T-cell responses. Additionally, NP subunits are able to assemble into particles which can be further exploited as an adjuvant carrier for M2e peptide. Practically, the T-cell immunodominance of NP can be transferred to M2e when it is fused and expressed as a chimeric protein in heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli without compromising the antigenicity. Given the ability of NP-M2e fusion protein in inducing cross-protective anti-influenza cell-mediated and humoral immunity, its potential as a universal influenza vaccine is therefore worth further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Peng Tan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.P.T.); (N.B.M.A.)
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
| | - Noorjahan Banu Mohamed Alitheen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (M.P.T.); (N.B.M.A.)
| | - Wei Boon Yap
- Center for Toxicology and Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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5
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Sayedahmed EE, Elkashif A, Alhashimi M, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Adenoviral Vector-Based Vaccine Platforms for Developing the Next Generation of Influenza Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040574. [PMID: 33019589 PMCID: PMC7712206 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of vaccines, many deadly diseases have been contained worldwide, ultimately culminating in the eradication of smallpox and polio, which represented significant medical achievements in human health. However, this does not account for the threat influenza poses on public health. The currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccines primarily confer excellent strain-specific protection. In addition to the seasonal influenza viruses, the emergence and spread of avian influenza pandemic viruses such as H5N1, H7N9, H7N7, and H9N2 to humans have highlighted the urgent need to adopt a new global preparedness for an influenza pandemic. It is vital to explore new strategies for the development of effective vaccines for pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses. The new vaccine approaches should provide durable and broad protection with the capability of large-scale vaccine production within a short time. The adenoviral (Ad) vector-based vaccine platform offers a robust egg-independent production system for manufacturing large numbers of influenza vaccines inexpensively in a short timeframe. In this review, we discuss the progress in the development of Ad vector-based influenza vaccines and their potential in designing a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (E.E.S.); (A.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Ahmed Elkashif
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (E.E.S.); (A.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Marwa Alhashimi
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (E.E.S.); (A.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (E.E.S.); (A.E.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (S.S.); (S.K.M.)
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6
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Neukirch L, Fougeroux C, Andersson AMC, Holst PJ. The potential of adenoviral vaccine vectors with altered antigen presentation capabilities. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:25-41. [PMID: 31889453 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1711054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Despite their appeal as vaccine vectors, adenoviral vectors are yet unable to induce protective immune responses against some weakly immunogenic antigens. Additionally, the maximum doses of adenovirus-based vaccines are limited by vector-induced toxicity, causing vector elimination and diminished immune responses against the target antigen. In order to increase immune responses to the transgene, while maintaining a moderate vector dose, new technologies for improved transgene presentation have been developed for adenoviral vaccine vectors.Areas covered: This review provides an overview of different genetic-fusion adjuvants that aim to improve antigen presentation in the context of adenoviral vector-based vaccines. The influence on both T cell and B cell responses are discussed, with a main focus on two technologies: MHC class II-associated invariant chain and virus-like-vaccines.Expert opinion: Different strategies have been tested to improve adenovirus-based vaccinations with varying degrees of success. The reviewed genetic adjuvants were designed to increase antigen processing and MHC presentation, or promote humoral immune responses with an improved conformational antigen display. While none of the introduced technologies is universally applicable, this review shall give an overview to identify potential improvements for future vaccination approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Neukirch
- Clinical Cooperation Unit "Applied Tumor Immunity", National Center for Tumor Diseases and German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany.,Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cyrielle Fougeroux
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Carola Andersson
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Johannes Holst
- Center for Medical Parasitology, Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,InProTher ApS, Copenhagen, Denmark
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7
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Rowell J, Lo CY, Price GE, Misplon JA, Crim RL, Jayanti P, Beeler J, Epstein SL. The effect of respiratory viruses on immunogenicity and protection induced by a candidate universal influenza vaccine in mice. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215321. [PMID: 30986224 PMCID: PMC6464343 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Current approaches to influenza control rely on vaccines matched to viruses in circulation. Universal influenza vaccines would offer the advantage of providing broad protection against diverse strains of influenza virus. Candidate universal vaccines are developed using model systems, often testing in naïve animals. Yet the human population is not naïve, having varied immune histories that include exposure to viruses. We studied a candidate universal influenza vaccine (replication deficient adenoviruses expressing the conserved influenza A antigens NP and M2 [A/NP+M2-rAd]) given intranasally, the route previously shown to be most effective. To model recipients exposed to viruses, we used mice given rhinovirus (RV1B), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV-A2), influenza B virus, or influenza A virus before or after universal influenza vaccine. Vaccine performance was assessed by measuring immune responses to NP and M2, and monitoring weight loss and survival following influenza A challenge. Prior influenza A virus infection enhanced the response to the vaccine by priming to conserved influenza A antigens. RSV-A2 or RV1B had no effect on antibody responses to NP and M2 in serum. None of the viruses inhibited the ability of the vaccine to protect against influenza A virus challenge. The study demonstrates that the usefulness of this universal vaccine is not confined to the immunologically naïve and supports possible use in a human population with a varied history of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Rowell
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graeme E. Price
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Misplon
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Roberta L. Crim
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Priyanka Jayanti
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Judy Beeler
- Office of Vaccines Research and Review, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Epstein SL. Universal Influenza Vaccines: Progress in Achieving Broad Cross-Protection In Vivo. Am J Epidemiol 2018; 187:2603-2614. [PMID: 30084906 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwy145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite all we have learned since 1918 about influenza virus and immunity, available influenza vaccines remain inadequate to control outbreaks of unexpected strains. Universal vaccines not requiring strain matching would be a major improvement. Their composition would be independent of predicting circulating viruses and thus potentially effective against unexpected drift or pandemic strains. This commentary explores progress with candidate universal vaccines based on various target antigens. Candidates include vaccines based on conserved viral proteins such as nucleoprotein and matrix, on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem, and various combinations. Discussion covers the differing evidence for each candidate vaccine demonstrating protection in animals against influenza viruses of widely divergent HA subtypes and groups; durability of protection; routes of administration, including mucosal, providing local immunity; and reduction of transmission. Human trials of some candidate universal vaccines have been completed or are underway. Interestingly, the HA stem, like nucleoprotein and matrix, induces immunity that permits some virus replication and emergence of escape mutants fit enough to cause disease. Vaccination with multiple target antigens will thus have advantages over use of single antigens. Ultimately, a universal vaccine providing long-term protection against all influenza virus strains might contribute to pandemic control and routine vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
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9
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Price GE, Lo CY, Misplon JA, Epstein SL. Reduction of influenza virus transmission from mice immunized against conserved viral antigens is influenced by route of immunization and choice of vaccine antigen. Vaccine 2018; 36:4910-4918. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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10
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Vaccination potential of B and T epitope-enriched NP and M2 against Influenza A viruses from different clades and hosts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191574. [PMID: 29377916 PMCID: PMC5788337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To avoid outbreaks of influenza virus epidemics and pandemics among human populations, modern medicine requires the development of new universal vaccines that are able to provide protection from a wide range of influenza A virus strains. In the course of development of a universal vaccine, it is necessary to consider that immunity must be generated even against viruses from different hosts because new human epidemic virus strains have their origins in viruses of birds and other animals. We have enriched conserved viral proteins–nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix protein 2 (M2)—by B and T-cell epitopes not only human origin but also swine and avian origin. For this purpose, we analyzed M2 and NP sequences with respect to changes in the sequences of known T and B-cell epitopes and chose conserved and evolutionarily significant epitopes. Eventually, we found consensus sequences of M2 and NP that have the maximum quantity of epitopes that are 100% coincident with them. Consensus epitope-enriched amino acid sequences of M2 and NP proteins were included in a recombinant adenoviral vector. Immunization with Ad5-tet-M2NP induced strong CD8 and CD4 T cells responses, specific to each of the encoded antigens, i.e. M2 and NP. Eight months after immunization with Ad5-tet-M2NP, high numbers of M2- and NP-responding “effector memory” CD44posCD62neg T cells were found in the mouse spleens, which revealed a long-term T cell immune memory conferred by the immunization. In all, the challenge experiments showed an extraordinarily wide-ranging efficacy of protection by the Ad5-tet-M2NP vaccine, covering 5 different heterosubtypes of influenza A virus (2 human, 2 avian and 1 swine).
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11
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Sautto GA, Kirchenbaum GA, Ross TM. Towards a universal influenza vaccine: different approaches for one goal. Virol J 2018; 15:17. [PMID: 29370862 PMCID: PMC5785881 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is an ongoing health and economic burden causing epidemics with pandemic potential, affecting 5–30% of the global population annually, and is responsible for millions of hospitalizations and thousands of deaths each year. Annual influenza vaccination is the primary prophylactic countermeasure aimed at limiting influenza burden. However, the effectiveness of current influenza vaccines are limited because they only confer protective immunity when there is antigenic similarity between the selected vaccine strains and circulating influenza isolates. The major targets of the antibody response against influenza virus are the surface glycoprotein antigens hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Hypervariability of the amino acid sequences encoding HA and NA is largely responsible for epidemic and pandemic influenza outbreaks, and are the consequence of antigenic drift or shift, respectively. For this reason, if an antigenic mismatch exists between the current vaccine and circulating influenza isolates, vaccinated people may not be afforded complete protection. There is currently an unmet need to develop an effective “broadly-reactive” or “universal” influenza vaccine capable of conferring protection against both seasonal and newly emerging pre-pandemic strains. A number of novel influenza vaccine approaches are currently under evaluation. One approach is the elicitation of an immune response against the “Achille’s heel” of the virus, i.e. conserved viral proteins or protein regions shared amongst seasonal and pre-pandemic strains. Alternatively, other approaches aim toward eliciting a broader immune response capable of conferring protection against the diversity of currently circulating seasonal influenza strains. In this review, the most promising under-development universal vaccine approaches are discussed with an emphasis on those targeting the HA glycoprotein. In particular, their strengths and potential short-comings are discussed. Ultimately, the upcoming clinical evaluation of these universal vaccine approaches will be fundamental to determine their effectiveness against preventing influenza virus infection and/or reducing transmission and disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Greg A Kirchenbaum
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA. .,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
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12
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Khodamoradi S, Shenagari M, Kheiri MT, Sabahi F, Jamali A, Heidari A, Ashrafkhani B. IRES-based co-expression of influenza virus conserved genes can promote synergistic antiviral effects both in vitro and in vivo. Arch Virol 2017; 163:877-886. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3682-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Koday MT, Leonard JA, Munson P, Forero A, Koday M, Bratt DL, Fuller JT, Murnane R, Qin S, Reinhart TA, Duus K, Messaoudi I, Hartman AL, Stefano-Cole K, Morrison J, Katze MG, Fuller DH. Multigenic DNA vaccine induces protective cross-reactive T cell responses against heterologous influenza virus in nonhuman primates. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189780. [PMID: 29267331 PMCID: PMC5739435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent avian and swine-origin influenza virus outbreaks illustrate the ongoing threat of influenza pandemics. We investigated immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a multi-antigen (MA) universal influenza DNA vaccine consisting of HA, M2, and NP antigens in cynomolgus macaques. Following challenge with a heterologous pandemic H1N1 strain, vaccinated animals exhibited significantly lower viral loads and more rapid viral clearance when compared to unvaccinated controls. The MA DNA vaccine induced robust serum and mucosal antibody responses but these high antibody titers were not broadly neutralizing. In contrast, the vaccine induced broadly-reactive NP specific T cell responses that cross-reacted with the challenge virus and inversely correlated with lower viral loads and inflammation. These results demonstrate that a MA DNA vaccine that induces strong cross-reactive T cell responses can, independent of neutralizing antibody, mediate significant cross-protection in a nonhuman primate model and further supports development as an effective approach to induce broad protection against circulating and emerging influenza strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merika T. Koday
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Jolie A. Leonard
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Paul Munson
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Adriana Forero
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael Koday
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Debra L. Bratt
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - James T. Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Robert Murnane
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Shulin Qin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Todd A. Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Karen Duus
- Center for Immunology and Microbial Disease, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, United States of America
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV, United States of America
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
| | - Amy L. Hartman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Kelly Stefano-Cole
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Juliet Morrison
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Katze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Deborah Heydenburg Fuller
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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Rowell J, Lo CY, Price GE, Misplon JA, Epstein SL, Garcia M. Conventional influenza vaccines influence the performance of a universal influenza vaccine in mice. Vaccine 2017; 36:1008-1015. [PMID: 29249542 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Universal influenza vaccines are designed to protect against diverse strains of influenza virus. Preclinical testing of new vaccine candidates is usually done in naïve animals, despite intended use in the human population with its varied immune history including responses to previous vaccinations. As an approach more relevant to human use, we tested a candidate universal influenza vaccine in mice with a history of conventional vaccination. Female BALB/c mice were given two intramuscular doses of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) or diphtheria and tetanus toxoids vaccine (DT), one month apart. Another group was given two intranasal doses of live attenuated influenza virus (LAIV). One month after the second dose, mice were given the universal influenza vaccine: recombinant adenoviruses expressing influenza A nucleoprotein (A/NP) and matrix 2 (M2) (A/NP + M2-rAd). Immune responses to universal vaccine antigens A/NP and M2 were assessed by ELISA and interferon-γ ELISPOT. Protection was tested by challenge with mouse-adapted A/FM/1/47 (H1N1) and monitoring for weight loss and survival. Universal vaccine performance was enhanced, inhibited or unaffected by particular prior vaccinations. Mice given Afluria IIV and LAIV had greater antibody and T-cell response to A/NP than mice without prior vaccination, providing examples of enhanced A/NP + M2-rAd performance. Though Fluvirin IIV partially inhibited, the universal vaccine still provided considerable protection unlike conventional vaccination. Fluzone IIV and DT had no effect on A/NP + M2-rAd performance. Thus our results demonstrate that universal vaccine candidate A/NP + M2-rAd was at least partially effective in mice with diverse prior histories. However, the degree of protection and nature of the immune responses may be affected by a history of conventional vaccination and suggests that performance in humans would be influenced by immune history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Rowell
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Graeme E Price
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Julia A Misplon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
| | - Suzanne L Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA.
| | - Mayra Garcia
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Tissues and Advanced Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
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Universal or Specific? A Modeling-Based Comparison of Broad-Spectrum Influenza Vaccines against Conventional, Strain-Matched Vaccines. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005204. [PMID: 27977667 PMCID: PMC5157952 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of vaccines, influenza remains a major public health challenge. A key reason is the virus capacity for immune escape: ongoing evolution allows the continual circulation of seasonal influenza, while novel influenza viruses invade the human population to cause a pandemic every few decades. Current vaccines have to be updated continually to keep up to date with this antigenic change, but emerging ‘universal’ vaccines—targeting more conserved components of the influenza virus—offer the potential to act across all influenza A strains and subtypes. Influenza vaccination programmes around the world are steadily increasing in their population coverage. In future, how might intensive, routine immunization with novel vaccines compare against similar mass programmes utilizing conventional vaccines? Specifically, how might novel and conventional vaccines compare, in terms of cumulative incidence and rates of antigenic evolution of seasonal influenza? What are their potential implications for the impact of pandemic emergence? Here we present a new mathematical model, capturing both transmission dynamics and antigenic evolution of influenza in a simple framework, to explore these questions. We find that, even when matched by per-dose efficacy, universal vaccines could dampen population-level transmission over several seasons to a greater extent than conventional vaccines. Moreover, by lowering opportunities for cross-protective immunity in the population, conventional vaccines could allow the increased spread of a novel pandemic strain. Conversely, universal vaccines could mitigate both seasonal and pandemic spread. However, where it is not possible to maintain annual, intensive vaccination coverage, the duration and breadth of immunity raised by universal vaccines are critical determinants of their performance relative to conventional vaccines. In future, conventional and novel vaccines are likely to play complementary roles in vaccination strategies against influenza: in this context, our results suggest important characteristics to monitor during the clinical development of emerging vaccine technologies. Influenza vaccines used today offer good protection, but have limitations: they have to be updated regularly, to remain effective in the face of ongoing virus evolution, and they cannot be used in advance of an influenza pandemic. In this study we considered how such ‘conventional’ vaccines might compare on the population level against new ‘universal’ vaccines currently being developed, that may protect against a broad spectrum of influenza viruses. We developed a mathematical model to capture the interactions between vaccination, influenza transmission, and viral evolution. The model suggests that annual vaccination with universal vaccines could control annual influenza epidemics more efficiently than conventional vaccines. In doing so they could slow viral evolution, rather than promoting it, while maintaining the broadly protective immunity that could mitigate against the emergence of a pandemic. These effects depend sensitively on the duration of protection that universal vaccines can afford, an important quantity to monitor in their development. In future, it is likely that conventional and universal vaccines would be deployed in tandem: we suggest that they could fulfill distinct roles, with universal vaccines being prioritised for managing transmission and evolution, and conventional vaccines being focused on protecting specific risk groups.
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García M, Misplon JA, Price GE, Lo CY, Epstein SL. Age Dependence of Immunity Induced by a Candidate Universal Influenza Vaccine in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153195. [PMID: 27055234 PMCID: PMC4824498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza has a major impact on the elderly due to increased susceptibility to infection with age and poor response to current vaccines. We have studied universal influenza vaccine candidates based on influenza A nucleoprotein and matrix 2 (A/NP+M2). Long-lasting protection against influenza virus strains of divergent subtypes is induced, especially with mucosal immunization. Here, we tested universal vaccination in BALB/c mice of different ages. Vaccination used intramuscular DNA priming to A/NP+M2 followed by intranasal (i.n.) boosting with recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) expressing the same antigens, or only A/NP+M2-rAd given i.n. Antigen-specific systemic antibody responses were induced in young, middle-aged, and elderly mice (2, 11-17, and 20 months old, respectively), but decreased with age. Antibody responses in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were detected only in young mice. Antigen-specific T cell responses were seen in young and middle-aged but not elderly mice. A/NP+M2 vaccination by the two regimens above protected against stringent challenge in young and middle-aged mice, but not in elderly mice. However, mice vaccinated with A/NP-rAd or A/M2-rAd during their youth were partially protected against challenge 16 months later when they were elderly. In addition, a regimen of two doses of A/NP+M2-rAd given i.n. one month apart beginning in old age protected elderly mice against stringent challenge. This study highlights the potential benefit of cross-protective vaccines through middle age, and suggests that their performance might be enhanced in elderly individuals who had been exposed to influenza antigens early in life, as most humans have been, or by a two-dose rAd regimen given later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra García
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Misplon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Graeme E. Price
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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Xiang K, Ying G, Yan Z, Shanshan Y, Lei Z, Hongjun L, Maosheng S. Progress on adenovirus-vectored universal influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1209-22. [PMID: 25876176 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1016674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IFV) infection causes serious health problems and heavy financial burdens each year worldwide. The classical inactivated influenza virus vaccine (IIVV) and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) must be updated regularly to match the new strains that evolve due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift. However, with the discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies that recognize conserved antigens, and the CD8(+) T cell responses targeting viral internal proteins nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and polymerase basic 1 (PB1), it is possible to develop a universal influenza vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin (HA) stem, NP, and matrix proteins. Recombinant adenovirus (rAd) is an ideal influenza vaccine vector because it has an ideal stability and safety profile, induces balanced humoral and cell-mediated immune responses due to activation of innate immunity, provides 'self-adjuvanting' activity, can mimic natural IFV infection, and confers seamless protection against mucosal pathogens. Moreover, this vector can be developed as a low-cost, rapid-response vaccine that can be quickly manufactured. Therefore, an adenovirus vector encoding conserved influenza antigens holds promise in the development of a universal influenza vaccine. This review will summarize the progress in adenovirus-vectored universal flu vaccines and discuss future novel approaches.
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Key Words
- ADCC, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- APC, antigen-presenting cell
- Ad: adenovirus
- CAR, Coxsackie-Adenovirus Receptor
- CTLs, cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- DC, lung dendritic cells
- DVD, drug–vaccine duo
- FcγRs, Fc receptors for IgG
- HA, hemagglutinin
- HDAd, helper-dependent adenoviral
- HEK293, human embryonic kidney 293 cell
- HI, hemagglutination inhibition
- HLA, human leukocyte antigen
- IF-γ, interferon-γ
- IFV, Influenza virus
- IIVV, inactivated influenza virus vaccine
- IL-2, interleukin-2
- ITRs, inverted terminal repeats
- LAIV, live attenuated influenza vaccine
- M1, matrix protein 1
- M2, matrix protein 2
- MHC-I, major histocompatibility complex class I
- NA, neuraminidase
- NP, nucleoprotein
- RCA, replication competent adenovirus
- VAERD, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease
- adenovirus vector
- broadly neutralizing antibodies
- cellular immunity
- flu, influenza
- hemagglutinin
- humoral immunity
- influenza
- mAbs, monoclonal antibodies
- mucosal immunity
- rAd, recombinant adenovirus
- universal vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xiang
- a Department of Molecular Biology; Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; Peking Union Medical College ; Kunming , Yunnan , PR China
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Protective Efficacy of the Conserved NP, PB1, and M1 Proteins as Immunogens in DNA- and Vaccinia Virus-Based Universal Influenza A Virus Vaccines in Mice. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2015; 22:618-30. [PMID: 25834017 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00091-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The conventional hemagglutinin (HA)- and neuraminidase (NA)-based influenza vaccines need to be updated most years and are ineffective if the glycoprotein HA of the vaccine strains is a mismatch with that of the epidemic strain. Universal vaccines targeting conserved viral components might provide cross-protection and thus complement and improve conventional vaccines. In this study, we generated DNA plasmids and recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the conserved proteins nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase basic 1 (PB1), and matrix 1 (M1) from influenza virus strain A/Beijing/30/95 (H3N2). BALB/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with a single vaccine based on NP, PB1, or M1 alone or a combination vaccine based on all three antigens and were then challenged with lethal doses of the heterologous influenza virus strain A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Vaccines based on NP, PB1, and M1 provided complete or partial protection against challenge with 1.7 50% lethal dose (LD50) of PR8 in mice. Of the three antigens, NP-based vaccines induced protection against 5 LD50 and 10 LD50 and thus exhibited the greatest protective effect. Universal influenza vaccines based on the combination of NP, PB1, and M1 induced a strong immune response and thus might be an alternative approach to addressing future influenza virus pandemics.
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He B, Zheng BJ, Wang Q, Du L, Jiang S, Lu L. Adenovirus-based vaccines against avian-origin H5N1 influenza viruses. Microbes Infect 2015; 17:135-41. [PMID: 25479556 PMCID: PMC7110517 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Since 1997, human infection with avian H5N1, having about 60% mortality, has posed a threat to public health. In this review, we describe the epidemiology of H5N1 transmission, advantages and disadvantages of different influenza vaccine types, and characteristics of adenovirus, finally summarizing advances in adenovirus-based H5N1 systemic and mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Bo-jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lanying Du
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology of Ministries of Education and Health, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Medical Microbiology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Coughlan L, Mullarkey C, Gilbert S. Adenoviral vectors as novel vaccines for influenza. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:382-99. [PMID: 25560474 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Influenza is a viral respiratory disease causing seasonal epidemics, with significant annual illness and mortality. Emerging viruses can pose a major pandemic threat if they acquire the capacity for sustained human-to-human transmission. Vaccination reduces influenza-associated mortality and is critical in minimising the burden on the healthcare system. However, current vaccines are not always effective in at-risk populations and fail to induce long-lasting protective immunity against a range of viruses. KEY FINDINGS The development of 'universal' influenza vaccines, which induce heterosubtypic immunity capable of reducing disease severity, limiting viral shedding or protecting against influenza subtypes with pandemic potential, has gained interest in the research community. To date, approaches have focused on inducing immune responses to conserved epitopes within the stem of haemagglutinin, targeting the ectodomain of influenza M2e or by stimulating cellular immunity to conserved internal antigens, nucleoprotein or matrix protein 1. SUMMARY Adenoviral vectors are potent inducers of T-cell and antibody responses and have demonstrated safety in clinical applications, making them an excellent choice of vector for delivery of vaccine antigens. In order to circumvent pre-existing immunity in humans, serotypes from non-human primates have recently been investigated. We will discuss the pre-clinical development of these novel vectors and their advancement to clinical trials.
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21
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Altenburg AF, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD. Virus-specific T cells as correlate of (cross-)protective immunity against influenza. Vaccine 2015; 33:500-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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22
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Wang W, Huang B, Jiang T, Wang X, Qi X, Tan W, Ruan L. Maximal immune response and cross protection by influenza virus nucleoprotein derived from E. coli using an optimized formulation. Virology 2014; 468-470:265-273. [PMID: 25213406 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP) is a promising antigen to develop a universal influenza A virus vaccine. In this study, mice were injected intramuscularly with Escherichia coli-derived NP protein alone or in combination with adjuvant alum (Al(OH)3), CpG or both. The results showed that the NP protein formulated with adjuvant was effective in inducing a protective immune response. Additionally, the adjuvant efficacy of Al(OH)3 was stronger than that of CpG. Optimal immune responses were observed in BALB/c mice immunized with a combination of NP protein plus Al(OH)3 and CpG. These mice also showed maximal resistance following challenge with influenza A virus PR8 strain. Most importantly, 10 µg NP formulated with Al(OH)3 and CpG induced higher protection than did 90 µg NP. These findings indicated that a combination of Al(OH)3 and CpG may be an efficient adjuvant in the NP formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 155# Chang Bai Road, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 155# Chang Bai Road, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 155# Chang Bai Road, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 155# Chang Bai Road, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiangrong Qi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 155# Chang Bai Road, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 155# Chang Bai Road, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li Ruan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), 155# Chang Bai Road, Chang Ping District, Beijing 102206, China.
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23
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Camacho ZT, Turner MA, Barry MA, Weaver EA. CD46-mediated transduction of a species D adenovirus vaccine improves mucosal vaccine efficacy. Hum Gene Ther 2014; 25:364-74. [PMID: 24635714 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2013.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The high levels of preexisting immunity against Adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) have deemed Ad5 unusable for translation as a human vaccine vector. Low seroprevalent alternative viral vectors may be less impacted by preexisting immunity, but they may also have significantly different phenotypes from that of Ad5. In this study we compare species D Ads (26, 28, and 48) to the species C Ad5. In vitro transduction studies show striking differences between the species C and D viruses. Most notably, Ad26 transduced human dendritic cells much more effectively than Ad5. In vivo imaging studies showed strikingly different transgene expression profiles. The Ad5 virus was superior to the species D viruses in BALB/c mice when delivered intramuscularly. However, the inverse was true when the viruses were delivered mucosally via the intranasal epithelia. Intramuscular transduction was restored in mice that ubiquitously expressed human CD46, the primary receptor for species D viruses. We analyzed both species C and D Ads for their ability to induce prophylactic immunity against influenza in the CD46 transgenic mouse model. Surprisingly, the species D vaccines again failed to induce greater levels of protective immunity as compared with the species C Ad5 when delivered intramuscularly. However, the species D Ad vaccine vector, Ad48, induced significantly greater protection as compared with Ad5 when delivered mucosally via the intranasal route in CD46 transgenic mice. These data shed light on the complexities between the species and types of Ad. Our findings indicate that more research will be required to identify the mechanisms that play a key role in the induction of protective immunity induced by species D Ad vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenaido T Camacho
- 1 Cell Biology, Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University , Silver City, NM 88062
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24
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Mucosal immunization with a candidate universal influenza vaccine reduces virus transmission in a mouse model. J Virol 2014; 88:6019-30. [PMID: 24623430 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03101-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pandemic influenza is a major public health concern, but conventional strain-matched vaccines are unavailable early in a pandemic. Candidate "universal" vaccines targeting the viral antigens nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix 2 (M2), which are conserved among all influenza A virus strains and subtypes, could be manufactured in advance for use at the onset of a pandemic. These vaccines do not prevent infection but can reduce disease severity, deaths, and virus titers in the respiratory tract. We hypothesized that such immunization may reduce virus transmission from vaccinated, infected animals. To investigate this hypothesis, we studied mouse models for direct-contact and airborne transmission of H1N1 and H3N2 influenza viruses. We established conditions under which virus transmission occurs and showed that transmission efficiency is determined in part at the level of host susceptibility to infection. Our findings indicate that virus transmission between mice has both airborne and direct-contact components. Finally, we demonstrated that immunization with recombinant adenovirus vectors expressing NP and M2 significantly reduced the transmission of virus to cohoused, unimmunized mice in comparison to controls. These findings have broad implications for the impact of conserved-antigen vaccines, not only in protecting the vaccinated individual but also in protecting others by limiting influenza virus transmission and potentially reducing the size of epidemics. IMPORTANCE Using a mouse model of influenza A virus transmission, we demonstrate that a candidate "universal" influenza vaccine both protects vaccinated animals from lethal infection and reduces the transmission of virus from vaccinated to nonvaccinated mice. This vaccine induces immunity against proteins conserved among all known influenza A virus strains and subtypes, so it could be used early in a pandemic before conventional strain-matched vaccines are available and could potentially reduce the spread of infection in the community.
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25
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Lukashevich IS, Shirwan H. Adenovirus-Based Vectors for the Development of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Vaccines. NOVEL TECHNOLOGIES FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT 2014. [PMCID: PMC7121347 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-1818-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases as well as cancer pose great global health impacts on the society. Vaccines have emerged as effective treatments to prevent or reduce the burdens of already developed diseases. This is achieved by means of activating various components of the immune system to generate systemic inflammatory reactions targeting infectious agents or diseased cells for control/elimination. DNA virus-based genetic vaccines gained significant attention in the past decades owing to the development of DNA manipulation technologies, which allowed engineering of recombinant viral vectors encoding sequences for foreign antigens or their immunogenic epitopes as well as various immunomodulatory molecules. Despite tremendous progress in the past 50 years, many hurdles still remain for achieving the full clinical potential of viral-vectored vaccines. This chapter will present the evolution of vaccines from “live” or “attenuated” first-generation agents to recombinant DNA and viral-vectored vaccines. Particular emphasis will be given to human adenovirus (Ad) for the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. Ad biological properties related to vaccine development will be highlighted along with their advantages and potential hurdles to be overcome. In particular, we will discuss (1) genetic modifications in the Ad capsid protein to reduce the intrinsic viral immunogenicity, (2) antigen capsid incorporation for effective presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system, (3) modification of the hexon and fiber capsid proteins for Ad liver de-targeting and selective retargeting to cancer cells, (4) Ad-based vaccines carrying “arming” transgenes with immunostimulatory functions as immune adjuvants, and (5) oncolytic Ad vectors as a new therapeutic approach against cancer. Finally, the combination of adenoviral vectors with other non-adenoviral vector systems, the prime/boost strategy of immunization, clinical trials involving Ad-based vaccines, and the perspectives for the field development will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Lukashevich
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicolog Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
| | - Haval Shirwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunolog, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky USA
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26
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Zheng M, Luo J, Chen Z. Development of universal influenza vaccines based on influenza virus M and NP genes. Infection 2013; 42:251-62. [PMID: 24178189 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-013-0546-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vaccination is the safest and most effective measure against influenza virus infections. However, traditional influenza vaccines cannot respond effectively to an unforeseen epidemic or pandemic caused by a virus with antigenic drifts or antigenic shifts. Therefore, developing a universal influenza vaccine (UIV) that induces broad-spectrum and long-term immunity has become a major trend in influenza vaccine research and development. METHODS This article reviews the development of UIVs based on these conserved influenza virus proteins. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The matrix protein (M1, M2) and nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza viruses have highly conserved sequences, and they become the major target antigens of current UIV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Biological Products, Shanghai, 200052, China
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27
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Kim SH, Kim JY, Choi Y, Nguyen HH, Song MK, Chang J. Mucosal vaccination with recombinant adenovirus encoding nucleoprotein provides potent protection against influenza virus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75460. [PMID: 24086536 PMCID: PMC3783479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines that target the highly variable surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin and neuraminidase cause inconvenience of having vaccination every year. For this reason, development of universal vaccines targeting conserved viral components is needed. In this study, we generated recombinant adenovirus (rAd) vaccine encoding nucleoprotein (NP) of A/PR/8/34 influenza virus, designated rAd/NP. BALB/c mice were immunized intranasally or sublingually with rAd/NP vaccine and subsequently challenged with lethal doses of heterologous as well as homologous influenza viruses. We found that intranasal immunization of rAd/NP elicited strong mucosal IgA responses as well as stronger CD8 T-cell responses toward immunodominant Kd-restricted NP147-155 epitope than sublingual immunization. Importantly, only single intranasal but not sublingual immunization of rAd/NP provides potent protection against both homologous and heterologous influenza virus challenges. These results suggest that recombinant rAd/NP could be a universal vaccine candidate for mucosal administration against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hee Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo Young Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngjoo Choi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Huan H. Nguyen
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Man Ki Song
- Laboratory Science Division, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Stab V, Nitsche S, Niezold T, Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann M, Wiechers A, Tippler B, Hannaman D, Ehrhardt C, Überla K, Grunwald T, Tenbusch M. Protective efficacy and immunogenicity of a combinatory DNA vaccine against Influenza A Virus and the Respiratory Syncytial Virus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72217. [PMID: 23967287 PMCID: PMC3743785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Influenza A Virus (IAV) are both two major causative agents of severe respiratory tract infections in humans leading to hospitalization and thousands of deaths each year. In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of a combinatory DNA vaccine in comparison to the single component vaccines against both diseases in a mouse model. Intramuscular electroporation with plasmids expressing the hemagglutinin (HA) of IAV and the F protein of RSV induced strong humoral immune responses regardless if they were delivered in combination or alone. In consequence, high neutralizing antibody titers were detected, which conferred protection against a lethal challenge with IAV. Furthermore, the viral load in the lungs after a RSV infection could be dramatically reduced in vaccinated mice. Concurrently, substantial amounts of antigen-specific, polyfunctional CD8⁺ T-cells were measured after vaccination. Interestingly, the cellular response to the hemagglutinin was significantly reduced in the presence of the RSV-F encoding plasmid, but not vice versa. Although these results indicate a suppressive effect of the RSV-F protein, the protective efficacy of the combinatory vaccine was comparable to the efficacy of both single-component vaccines. In conclusion, the novel combinatory vaccine against RSV and IAV may have great potential to reduce the rate of severe respiratory tract infections in humans without increasing the number of necessary vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Stab
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sandra Nitsche
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Niezold
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Wiechers
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Bettina Tippler
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Drew Hannaman
- Ichor Medical Systems, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Centre of Molecular Biology of Inflammation, Westfaelische Wilhelms University, Muenster, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Grunwald
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Li M, Jiang Y, Xu C, Zhang Z, Sun X. Enhanced immune response against HIV-1 induced by a heterologous DNA prime-adenovirus boost vaccination using mannosylated polyethyleneimine as DNA vaccine adjuvant. Int J Nanomedicine 2013; 8:1843-54. [PMID: 23690682 PMCID: PMC3656813 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s43827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The heterologous deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) prime-adenovirus (AdV) boost vaccination approach has been widely applied as a promising strategy against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. However, the problem of inefficient delivery and lack of specificity of DNA vaccine remains a major issue. In this paper, to improve the transfection of DNA vaccine and realize dendritic cell targeting, we used mannosylated polyethyleneimine (man-PEI) as a DNA vector carrier. Method The DNA plasmid encoding antigen HIV gag fragment was constructed by polymerase chain reaction. Then the DNA plasmid was complexed with man-PEI. The in vitro transfection efficiency of man-PEI/DNA was analyzed on DC 2.4 cells. Mice were primed with 25 μg pVAX1-HIV gag plasmid complexed with man-PEI, 100 μg naked pVAX1-HIV gag plasmid, or empty pVAX1 vector and boosted by AdV encoding the same antigen. The antibody titer, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell response, as well as interferon-γ and interleukin-4 levels in serum and in splenocytes culture were analyzed using flow cytometry or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to evaluate the immune response. To test a long-term effect of the vaccination regimen, CD8+ memory T-cell was also detected by flow cytometry. Results The pVAX1-HIV gag was constructed successfully. The in vitro transfection efficiency in dendritic cells was significantly higher than naked DNA plasmid. Compared with 100 μg naked DNA/AdV group, the immunoglobulin G2a antibody titer, T-cell response percentage, and cytokine production level induced by man-PEI/DNA/AdV group were significantly higher at a lower DNA dose. Also, the man-PEI/DNA could stimulate a memory CD8+ T-cell response. Conclusion Owing to the adjuvant effect of man-PEI, the man-PEI/pVAX1-HIV gag priming plus AdV boosting strategy proved to be a potent vaccine candidate against HIV, which could induce a stronger immune response with a lower DNA dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
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Huang B, Wang W, Li R, Wang X, Jiang T, Qi X, Gao Y, Tan W, Ruan L. Influenza A virus nucleoprotein derived from Escherichia coli or recombinant vaccinia (Tiantan) virus elicits robust cross-protection in mice. Virol J 2012; 9:322. [PMID: 23272943 PMCID: PMC3547759 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunity to conserved viral antigens is an attractive approach to develop a universal vaccine against epidemic and pandemic influenza. A nucleoprotein (NP)-based vaccine has been explored and preliminary studies have shown promise. However, no study has explored the immunity and cross-protective efficacy of recombinant NP derived from Escherichia coli compared with recombinant vaccinia virus (Tiantan). METHODS Recombinant NP protein (rNP) from influenza virus A/Jingke/30/95(H3N2) was obtained from E. coli and recombinant vaccinia virus (Tiantan) RVJ1175NP. Purified rNP without adjuvant and RVJ1175NP were used to immunize BALB/c mice intramuscularly. Humoral immune responses were detected by ELISA, while cell-mediated immune responses were measured by ex vivo IFN-γ ELISPOT and in vivo cytotoxicity assays. The cross-protective efficacy was assessed by a challenge with a heterosubtype of influenza virus A/PR/8/34(H1N1). RESULTS Our results demonstrate that a high dose (90 μg) of rNP induced NP-specific antibodies and T cell responses that were comparable with those of RVJ1175NP in mice. Importantly, the survival ratio (36, 73, and 78%) of the vaccinated mice after the influenza virus A/PR/8/34(H1N1) challenge was rNP vaccine dose-dependent (10, 30, and 90 μg, respectively), and no significant differences were observed between the rNP- and RVJ1175NP-immunized (91%) mice. CONCLUSIONS Influenza A virus NP derived from E. coli or recombinant vaccinia (Tiantan) virus elicited cross-protection against influenza virus in mice, and the immune response and protective efficacy of rNP were comparable to RVJ1175NP. These data provide a basis for the use of prokaryotically expressed NP as a candidate universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Huang
- Biotech Center for Viral Disease Emergency, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention (IVDC), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC), Changbai Road 155, Changping District, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
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Tutykhina IL, Sedova ES, Gribova IY, Ivanova TI, Vasilev LA, Rutovskaya MV, Lysenko AA, Shmarov MM, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Tillib SV, Gintsburg AL. Passive immunization with a recombinant adenovirus expressing an HA (H5)-specific single-domain antibody protects mice from lethal influenza infection. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:318-28. [PMID: 23274786 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
One effective method for the prevention and treatment of influenza infection is passive immunization. In our study, we examined the feasibility of creating an antibody-based preparation with a prolonged protective effect against influenza virus. Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) specific for influenza virus hemagglutinin were generated. Experiments in mouse models showed 100% survivability for both intranasal sdAbs administration 24h prior to influenza challenge and 24h after infection. sdAb-gene delivery by an adenoviral vector led to gene expression for up to 14days. Protection by a recombinant adenovirus containing the sdAb gene was observed in cases of administration prior to influenza infection (14d-24h). We also demonstrated that the single administration of a combined preparation containing sdAb DNA and protein expanded the protection time window from 14d prior to 48h after influenza infection. This approach and the application of a broad-spectrum sdAbs will allow the development of efficient drugs for the prevention and treatment of viral infections produced by pandemic virus variants and other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina L Tutykhina
- Gamaleya Research Institute for Epidemiology and Microbiology, 18, Gamaleya Street, Moscow 123098, Russia
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Tillib SV, Ivanova TI, Vasilev LA, Rutovskaya MV, Saakyan SA, Gribova IY, Tutykhina IL, Sedova ES, Lysenko AA, Shmarov MM, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL. Formatted single-domain antibodies can protect mice against infection with influenza virus (H5N2). Antiviral Res 2012; 97:245-54. [PMID: 23274623 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work continues a series of recently published studies that employ recombinant single-domain antibody (sdAb, or nanobody®) generation technologies to battle viruses by a passive immunization approach. As a proof of principle, we describe a modified technique to efficiently generate protective molecules against a particular strain of influenza virus within a reasonably short period of time. This approach starts with the immunization of a camel (Camelus bactrianus) with the specified antigen-enriched material presented in as natural a form as possible. An avian influenza virus A/Mallard/Pennsylvania/10218/84 (H5N2) adapted for mice was used as a model source of antigens for both the immunization and phage display-based selection procedures. To significantly increase activities of initially selected monovalent single-domain antibodies, we propose a new type of sdAb formatting that involves the addition of a special type of coiled-coil sequence, the isoleucine zipper domain (ILZ). Presumably, the ILZ-containing peptides adopt trimeric parallel conformations. After the formatting, the biological activities (virus neutralization) of the initially selected anti-influenza virus (H5N2) sdAbs were significantly increased. Intraperitoneal or intranasal administration of the formatted sdAb at 2h before or 24h after viral challenge specifically protects mice from lethal infection with influenza virus. We hope that the described approach combined with the selection focused on particular conservative epitopes will lead to the generation of sdAb-based molecules protective against a broad spectrum of influenza virus subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Camelus/genetics
- Camelus/immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Techniques/methods
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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Wang W, Huang B, Jiang T, Wang X, Qi X, Gao Y, Tan W, Ruan L. Robust immunity and heterologous protection against influenza in mice elicited by a novel recombinant NP-M2e fusion protein expressed in E. coli. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52488. [PMID: 23285063 PMCID: PMC3528677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 23-amino acid extracellular domain of matrix 2 protein (M2e) and the internal nucleoprotein (NP) of influenza are highly conserved among viruses and thus are promising candidate antigens for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. Various M2e- or NP-based DNA or viral vector vaccines have been shown to have high immunogenicity; however, high cost, complicated immunization procedures, and vector-specific antibody responses have restricted their applications. Immunization with an NP-M2e fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli may represent an alternative strategy for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS cDNA encoding M2e was fused to the 3' end of NP cDNA from influenza virus A/Beijing/30/95 (H3N2). The fusion protein (NM2e) was expressed in E. coli and isolated with 90% purity. Mice were immunized with recombinant NM2e protein along with aluminum hydroxide gel and/or CpG as adjuvant. NM2e plus aluminum hydroxide gel almost completely protected the mice against a lethal (20 LD(50)) challenge of heterologous influenza virus A/PR/8/34. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The NM2e fusion protein expressed in E. coli was highly immunogenic in mice. Immunization with NM2e formulated with aluminum hydroxide gel protected mice against a lethal dose of a heterologous influenza virus. Vaccination with recombinant NM2e fusion protein is a promising strategy for the development of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenling Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangrong Qi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Ruan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control & Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Patel A, Kobinger GP. Evaluation of mismatched immunity against influenza viruses. Future Virol 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.12.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prior immunity against influenza A viruses generates sterilizing immunity against matched (homologous) viruses and varying levels of protection against mismatched (heterologous) viruses of the same or different subtypes. Natural immunity carries the risk of high morbidity and mortality, therefore immunization offers the best preventative measure. Antibody responses against the viral hemagglutinin protein correlate with protection in humans and evidence increasingly supports a role for robust cellular immune responses. By exploiting mismatched immunity, current conventional and experimental vaccine candidates can improve the generation of cross-protective immune responses against heterologous viruses. Experimental vaccines such as virus-like particles, DNA vectors, viral vectors and broadly neutralizing antibodies are able to expand cross-protection through mismatched B- and T-cell responses. However, the generation of mismatched immune responses can also have the opposite effect and impair protective immunity. This review discusses mismatched immunity in the context of natural infection and immunization. Additionally, we discuss strategies to exploit mismatched immunity in order to improve current conventional and experimental influenza A virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami Patel
- San Raffaele-Telethon Institute of Gene Therapy (hSR-TIGET), Milan, Italy Division of Gene Therapy & Regenerative Medicine, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy, 20132
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Special Pathogens Programme, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Canadian Science Centre for Human & Animal Health, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, R3E 3R2
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Abstract
The emergence of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 has increased the potential for a new pandemic to occur. This event highlights the necessity for developing a new generation of influenza vaccines to counteract influenza disease. These vaccines must be manufactured for mass immunization of humans in a timely manner. Poultry should be included in this policy, since persistent infected flocks are the major source of avian influenza for human infections. Recombinant adenoviral vectored H5N1 vaccines are an attractive alternative to the currently licensed influenza vaccines. This class of vaccines induces a broadly protective immunity against antigenically distinct H5N1, can be manufactured rapidly, and may allow mass immunization of human and poultry. Recombinant adenoviral vectors derived from both human and non-human adenoviruses are currently being investigated and appear promising both in nonclinical and clinical studies. This review will highlight the current status of various adenoviral vectored H5N1 vaccines and will outline novel approaches for the future.
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La Gruta N, Kelso A, Brown LE, Chen W, Jackson DC, Turner SJ. Role of CD8(+) T-cell immunity in influenza infection: potential use in future vaccine development. Expert Rev Respir Med 2012; 3:523-37. [PMID: 20477341 DOI: 10.1586/ers.09.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Continued circulation of the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza A virus has many people worried that an influenza pandemic is imminent. Compounding this is the realization that H5N1 vaccines based on current influenza vaccine technology (designed to generate protective antibody responses) may be suboptimal at providing protection. As a consequence, there is recent interest in vaccine strategies that elicit cellular immunity, particularly the cytotoxic T lymphocyte response, in an effort to provide protection against a potential pandemic. A major issue is the lack of information about the precise role that these 'hitmen' of the immune system have in protecting against both pandemic and seasonal influenza. We need to know more about how the induction and maintenance of cytotoxic T lymphocytes after influenza infection can impact protection from further infection. The challenge is then to use this information in the design of vaccines that will protect against pandemic influenza and will help optimize CD8(+) killer T-cell responses in other infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Broader neutralizing antibodies against H5N1 viruses using prime-boost immunization of hyperglycosylated hemagglutinin DNA and virus-like particles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39075. [PMID: 22720032 PMCID: PMC3374787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses and their transmission capability from birds to humans have raised global concerns about a potential human pandemic. The inherent nature of antigenic changes in influenza viruses has not been sufficiently taken into account in immunogen designs for broadly protective HPAI H5N1 vaccines. METHODS We designed a hyperglycosylated HA vaccine using N-linked glycan masking on highly variable sequences in the HA1 globular head. Immunization of these hyperglycosylated HA DNA vaccines followed by a flagellin-containing virus-like particle booster in mice was conducted to evaluate neutralizing antibody responses against various clades of HPAI H5N1 viruses. RESULTS We introduced nine N-X-S/T motifs in five HA1 regions: 83NNT, 86NNT, 94NFT, 127NSS, 138NRT, 156NTT, 161NRS, 182NDT, and 252NAT according to sequence alignment analyses from 163 HPAI H5N1 human isolates. Although no significant differences of anti-HA total IgG titers were found with these hyperglycosyalted HA compared to the wild-type control, the 83NNT and 127NSS mutants elicited significantly potent cross-clade neutralizing antibodies against HPAI H5N1 viruses. CONCLUSIONS This finding may have value in terms of novel immunogen design for developing cross-protective H5N1 vaccines.
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Zhou C, Zhou L, Chen YH. Immunization with high epitope density of M2e derived from 2009 pandemic H1N1 elicits protective immunity in mice. Vaccine 2012; 30:3463-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2011] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kaminski DA, Lee FEH. Antibodies against conserved antigens provide opportunities for reform in influenza vaccine design. Front Immunol 2011; 2:76. [PMID: 22566865 PMCID: PMC3342000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-performance neutralizing antibody against influenza virus typically recognizes the globular head region of its hemagglutinin (HA) envelope glycoprotein. To-date, approved human vaccination strategies have been designed to induce such antibodies as a sole means of preventing the consequences of this infection. However, frequent amino-acid changes in the HA globular head allow for efficient immune evasion. Consequently, vaccines inducing such neutralizing antibodies need to be annually re-designed and re-administered at a great expense. These vaccines furthermore provide little-to-no immunity against antigenic-shift strains, which arise from complete replacement of HA or of neuraminidase genes, and pose pandemic risks. To address these issues, laboratory research has focused on inducing immunity effective against all strains, regardless of changes in the HA globular head. Despite prior dogma that such cross-protection needs to be induced by cellular immunity alone, several advances in recent years demonstrate that antibodies of other specificities are capable of cross-strain protection in mice. This review discusses the reactivity, induction, efficacy, and mechanisms of antibodies that react with poorly accessible epitopes in the HA stalk, with the matrix 2 membrane ion channel, and even with the internal nucleoprotein. These advances warrant further investigation of the inducibility and efficacy of such revolutionary antibody strategies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise A Kaminski
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Rochester, NY, USA.
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Esghaei M, Monavari SHR, Tavassoti-Kheiri M, Shamsi-Shahrabadi M, Heydarchi B, Farahmand B, Saleh M, Fotouhi F. Expression of the influenza M2 protein in three different eukaryotic cell lines. J Virol Methods 2011; 179:161-5. [PMID: 22079618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Current influenza virus vaccines provide protection in part by antibodies induced to the two surface glycoproteins, the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase. As a result of the continuous antigenic drift of these glycoproteins, a frequent update of the composition of influenza vaccines is required. The search for more conserved viral epitopes which would induce protective immunity against seasonal influenza viruses and eventually also to novel pandemic influenza viruses has a long history. The ectodomain of the Influenza A Virus M2 Protein has been identified as a possible candidate immunization against influenza. The present study describes the expression of cloned M2 gene in MDCK, HeLa, and COS-7 cells, i.e., in three established eukaryotic cell lines. The expression efficiency was demonstrated by immunofluorescent staining of transfected cells by ELISA, by SDS-PAGE-, and by Western blot-analysis. High level of expression was observed in COS-7 cells. Expression in HeLa and MDCK cells was less efficient. The plasmids constructed in this study may, after modifications, be used for the production of a DNA vaccine. Alternatively the expression product could be refined and used as a purified antigen for the vaccine. Thus, the M2 recombinant protein provides an ideal product for further antigenic, biochemical, structural and functional characterization of the protein and for evaluating its potential for immunodiagnosis and in vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esghaei
- Department of Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pillet S, Kobasa D, Meunier I, Gray M, Laddy D, Weiner DB, von Messling V, Kobinger GP. Cellular immune response in the presence of protective antibody levels correlates with protection against 1918 influenza in ferrets. Vaccine 2011; 29:6793-801. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Quinn K, Quirion MR, Lo CY, Misplon JA, Epstein SL, Chiorini JA. Intranasal administration of adeno-associated virus type 12 (AAV12) leads to transduction of the nasal epithelia and can initiate transgene-specific immune response. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1990-8. [PMID: 21829176 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A critical aspect in defining the utility of a vector for gene therapy applications is the cell tropism and biodistribution of the vector. Adeno-associated virus type 12 (AAV12) has several unique biological and immunological properties that could be exploited for gene therapy purposes, including a unique cell surface receptor, transduction of epithelial cells, and limited neutralization by pooled human antibodies. However, little is known about its cell tropism and biodistribution in vivo. In vivo biodistribution studies with AAV12 vectors encoding a cytomegalovirus promoted luciferase transgene indicated preferential transduction of the nasal epithelia which was not observed with AAV2-based vectors. Expression peaked 2 weeks postadministration, before decreasing to a persistent level. The level of neutralizing antibodies (Nab) induced was sevenfold lower for AAV12 than for AAV2, an advantage for use in repeat administration. Furthermore, vectors encoding influenza A nucleoprotein (NP), an antigen which has previously been shown to induce immune protection against challenge, resulted in generation of both anti-A/NP antibodies and lung anti-A/NP T cells. Our findings suggest further evaluation of AAV12 as a vector for gene therapy and as a potential nasal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrina Quinn
- Molecular Physiology and Therapeutics Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) impacts innate and adaptive immune responses. Vaccine 2011; 29:7849-56. [PMID: 21816194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A infection induces a massive inflammatory response in the lungs that leads to significant illness and increases the susceptibility to secondary bacterial pneumonia. The most efficient way to prevent influenza infection is through vaccination. While inactivated vaccines induce protective levels of serum antibodies to influenza hemaglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) surface proteins, these are strain specific and offer little protection against heterosubtypic influenza viruses. In contrast, live attenuated influenza vaccines (LAIVs) induce a T cell response in addition to antibody responses against HA and NA surface proteins. Importantly, LAIV vaccination induces a response in a mouse model that protects against illness due to heterosubtypic influenza strains. While it is not completely clear what is the mechanism of action of LAIV heterosubtypic protection in humans, it has been shown that LAIV induces heterosubtypic protection in mice that is dependent upon a Type 1 immune response and requires CD8 T cells. In this study, we show that LAIV-induced immunity leads to significantly reduced viral titers and inflammatory responses in the lungs of mice following heterosubtypic infection. Not only are viral titers reduced in LAIV vaccinated mice, the amounts of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in lung tissue are significantly lower. Additionally, we show that LAIV vaccination of healthy adults also induces a robust Type 1 memory response including the production of chemokines and cytokines involved in T cell activation and recruitment. Thus, our results indicate that LAIV vaccination functions by inducing immune memory which can act to modulate the immune response to subsequent heterosubtypic challenge by influencing both innate and adaptive responses.
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Moraes TJ, Lin GH, Wen T, Watts TH. Incorporation of 4-1BB ligand into an adenovirus vaccine vector increases the number of functional antigen-specific CD8 T cells and enhances the duration of protection against influenza-induced respiratory disease. Vaccine 2011; 29:6301-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Soboleski MR, Gabbard JD, Price GE, Misplon JA, Lo CY, Perez DR, Ye J, Tompkins SM, Epstein SL. Cold-adapted influenza and recombinant adenovirus vaccines induce cross-protective immunity against pH1N1 challenge in mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21937. [PMID: 21789196 PMCID: PMC3137593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rapid spread of the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza virus (pH1N1) highlighted problems associated with relying on strain-matched vaccines. A lengthy process of strain identification, manufacture, and testing is required for current strain-matched vaccines and delays vaccine availability. Vaccines inducing immunity to conserved viral proteins could be manufactured and tested in advance and provide cross-protection against novel influenza viruses until strain-matched vaccines became available. Here we test two prototype vaccines for cross-protection against the recent pandemic virus. Methodology/Principal Findings BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice were intranasally immunized with a single dose of cold-adapted (ca) influenza viruses from 1977 or recombinant adenoviruses (rAd) expressing 1934 nucleoprotein (NP) and consensus matrix 2 (M2) (NP+M2-rAd). Antibodies against the M2 ectodomain (M2e) were seen in NP+M2-rAd immunized BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice, and cross-reacted with pH1N1 M2e. The ca-immunized mice did not develop antibodies against M2e. Despite sequence differences between vaccine and challenge virus NP and M2e epitopes, extensive cross-reactivity of lung T cells with pH1N1 peptides was detected following immunization. Both ca and NP+M2-rAd immunization protected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice against challenge with a mouse-adapted pH1N1 virus. Conclusion/Significance Cross-protective vaccines such as NP+M2-rAd and ca virus are effective against pH1N1 challenge within 3 weeks of immunization. Protection was not dependent on recognition of the highly variable external viral proteins and could be achieved with a single vaccine dose. The rAd vaccine was superior to the ca vaccine by certain measures, justifying continued investigation of this experimental vaccine even though ca vaccine is already available. This study highlights the potential for cross-protective vaccines as a public health option early in an influenza pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Soboleski
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jon D. Gabbard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Graeme E. Price
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Julia A. Misplon
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Chia-Yun Lo
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suzanne L. Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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46
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LaMere MW, Moquin A, Lee FEH, Misra RS, Blair PJ, Haynes L, Randall TD, Lund FE, Kaminski DA. Regulation of antinucleoprotein IgG by systemic vaccination and its effect on influenza virus clearance. J Virol 2011; 85:5027-35. [PMID: 21367900 PMCID: PMC3126167 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00150-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza epidemics recur due to antigenic drift of envelope glycoprotein antigens and immune evasion of circulating viruses. Additionally, antigenic shift can lead to influenza pandemics. Thus, a universal vaccine that protects against multiple influenza virus strains could alleviate the continuing impact of this virus on human health. In mice, accelerated clearance of a new viral strain (cross-protection) can be elicited by prior infection (heterosubtypic immunity) or by immunization with the highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP). Both heterosubtypic immunity and NP-immune protection require antibody production. Here, we show that systemic immunization with NP readily accelerated clearance of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus isolate in an antibody-dependent manner. However, human immunization with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine (TIV) only rarely and modestly boosted existing levels of anti-NP IgG. Similar results were observed in mice, although the reaction could be enhanced with adjuvants, by adjusting the stoichiometry among NP and other vaccine components, and by increasing the interval between TIV prime and boost. Importantly, mouse heterosubtypic immunity that had waned over several months could be enhanced by injecting purified anti-NP IgG or by boosting with NP protein, correlating with a long-lived increase in anti-NP antibody titers. Thus, current immunization strategies poorly induce NP-immune antibody that is nonetheless capable of contributing to long-lived cross-protection. The high conservation of NP antigen and the known longevity of antibody responses suggest that the antiviral activity of anti-NP IgG may provide a critically needed component of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W. LaMere
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Amy Moquin
- Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, New York 12983
| | - F. Eun-Hyung Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Ravi S. Misra
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Patrick J. Blair
- Respiratory Diseases Research Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California 92106
| | | | - Troy D. Randall
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Frances E. Lund
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
| | - Denise A. Kaminski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642
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LaMere MW, Lam HT, Moquin A, Haynes L, Lund FE, Randall TD, Kaminski DA. Contributions of antinucleoprotein IgG to heterosubtypic immunity against influenza virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4331-9. [PMID: 21357542 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus causes recurring seasonal epidemics and occasional influenza pandemics. Because of changes in envelope glycoprotein Ags, neutralizing Abs induced by inactivated vaccines provide limited cross-protection against new viral serotypes. However, prior influenza infection induces heterosubtypic immunity that accelerates viral clearance of a second strain, even if the external proteins are distinct. In mice, cross-protection can also be elicited by systemic immunization with the highly conserved internal nucleoprotein (NP). Both T lymphocytes and Ab contribute to such cross-protection. In this paper, we demonstrate that anti-NP IgG specifically promoted influenza virus clearance in mice by using a mechanism involving both FcRs and CD8(+) cells. Furthermore, anti-NP IgG rescued poor heterosubtypic immunity in B cell-deficient mice, correlating with enhanced NP-specific CD8 T cell responses. Thus, Ab against this conserved Ag has potent antiviral activity both in naive and in influenza-immune subjects. Such antiviral activity was not seen when mice were vaccinated with another internal influenza protein, nonstructural 1. The high conservation of NP Ag and the known longevity of Ab responses suggest that anti-NP IgG may provide a critically needed component of a universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W LaMere
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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Abstract
Antigenic changes in influenza virus occur gradually, owing to mutations (antigenic drift), and abruptly, owing to reassortment among subtypes (antigenic shift). Availability of strain-matched vaccines often lags behind these changes, resulting in a shortfall in public health. In animal models, cross-protection by vaccines based on conserved antigens does not completely prevent infection, but greatly reduces morbidity, mortality, virus replication and, thus, viral shedding and spread. Such immunity is especially effective and long-lasting with mucosal administration. Cross-protective immunity in humans is controversial, but is suggested by some epidemiological findings. 'Universal' vaccines protective against all influenza A viruses might substantially reduce severity of infection and limit spread of disease during outbreaks. These vaccines could be used 'off the shelf' early in an outbreak or pandemic, before strain-matched vaccines are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Epstein
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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49
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Ding H, Tsai C, Gutiérrez RA, Zhou F, Buchy P, Deubel V, Zhou P. Superior neutralizing antibody response and protection in mice vaccinated with heterologous DNA prime and virus like particle boost against HPAI H5N1 virus. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16563. [PMID: 21305045 PMCID: PMC3030595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although DNA plasmid and virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines have been individually tested against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses, the combination of both vaccines into a heterologous prime-boost strategy against HPAI H5N1 viruses has not been reported before. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We constructed DNA plasmid encoding H5HA (A/Shenzhen/406H/06, subclade 2.3.4) and generated VLP expressing the same H5HA and N1NA. We then compared neutralizing antibody responses and immune protection elicited with heterologous DNA-VLP, homologous DNA-DNA and VLP-VLP prime-boost strategies against HPAI H5N1 viruses in mice. We demonstrate that DNA-VLP elicits the highest neutralizing antibody titers among the three prime-boost strategies, whereas DNA-DNA elicits higher neutralizing antibody titers than VLP-VLP. We show that although all three prime-boost strategies protect mice from death caused by 10 MLD(50) of homologous and heterologous H5N1 challenge, only DNA-VLP and DNA-DNA protect mice from infection as manifested by no weight loss and no lung pathology. In addition, we show that although DNA-VLP and DNA-DNA protect mice from death caused by 1,000 MLD(50) of homologous H5N1 challenge, only DNA-VLP protects mice from infection. Moreover, we show that after 1,000 MLD(50) of heterologous H5N1 challenge, while all mice in PBS, VLP-VLP and DNA-DNA died, 3 of 6 mice in DNA-VLP actually survived. Finally, we show that DNA-VLP completely protects mice from infection after 1,000 MLD(50) of homologous H5N1 challenge even when the challenge was administrated at 60 days post the boost. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results provide strong support for clinical evaluation of heterologous DNA-VLP prime-boost strategy as a public health intervention against a possible H5N1 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ding
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheguo Tsai
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Fan Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Paul Zhou
- Unit of Anti-Viral Immunity and Genetic Therapy, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Vemula SV, Mittal SK. Production of adenovirus vectors and their use as a delivery system for influenza vaccines. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1469-87. [PMID: 20822477 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.519332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD With the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses that have crossed species barriers and are responsible for lethal infections in humans in many countries, there is an urgent need for the development of effective vaccines which can be produced in large quantities at a short notice and confer broad protection against these H5N1 variants. In order to meet the potential global vaccine demand in a pandemic scenario, new vaccine-production strategies must be explored in addition to the currently used egg-based technology for seasonal influenza. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Adenovirus (Ad) based influenza vaccines represent an attractive alternative/supplement to the currently licensed egg-based influenza vaccines. Ad-based vaccines are relatively inexpensive to manufacture, and their production process does not require either chicken eggs or labor-intensive and time-consuming processes necessitating enhanced biosafety facilities. Most importantly, in a pandemic situation, this vaccine strategy could offer a stockpiling option to reduce the response time before a strain-matched vaccine could be developed. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN This review discusses Ad-vector technology and the current progress in the development of Ad-based influenza vaccines. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Ad vector-based influenza vaccines for pandemic preparedness are under development to meet global vaccine demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai V Vemula
- Purdue University, Bindley Bioscience Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Comparative Pathobiology, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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