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Chen Y, MacGilvary NJ, Tan S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to cholesterol is integrated with environmental pH and potassium levels via a lipid metabolism regulator. PLoS Genet 2024; 20:e1011143. [PMID: 38266039 PMCID: PMC10843139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Successful colonization of the host requires Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) to sense and respond coordinately to disparate environmental cues during infection and adapt its physiology. However, how Mtb response to environmental cues and the availability of key carbon sources may be integrated is poorly understood. Here, by exploiting a reporter-based genetic screen, we have unexpectedly found that overexpression of transcription factors involved in Mtb lipid metabolism altered the dampening effect of low environmental potassium concentrations ([K+]) on the pH response of Mtb. Cholesterol is a major carbon source for Mtb during infection, and transcriptional analyses revealed that Mtb response to acidic pH was augmented in the presence of cholesterol and vice versa. Strikingly, deletion of the putative lipid regulator mce3R had little effect on Mtb transcriptional response to acidic pH or cholesterol individually, but resulted specifically in loss of cholesterol response augmentation in the simultaneous presence of acidic pH. Similarly, while mce3R deletion had little effect on Mtb response to low environmental [K+] alone, augmentation of the low [K+] response by the simultaneous presence of cholesterol was lost in the mutant. Finally, a mce3R deletion mutant was attenuated for growth in foamy macrophages and for colonization in a murine infection model that recapitulates caseous necrotic lesions and the presence of foamy macrophages. These findings reveal the critical coordination between Mtb response to environmental cues and cholesterol, a vital carbon source, and establishes Mce3R as a transcription factor that crucially serves to integrate these signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nathan J. MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Current affiliation: Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Chen Y, MacGilvary NJ, Tan S. Mycobacterium tuberculosis response to cholesterol is integrated with environmental pH and potassium levels via a lipid utilization regulator. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.22.554309. [PMID: 37662244 PMCID: PMC10473576 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.22.554309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
How bacterial response to environmental cues and nutritional sources may be integrated in enabling host colonization is poorly understood. Exploiting a reporter-based screen, we discovered that overexpression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lipid utilization regulators altered Mtb acidic pH response dampening by low environmental potassium (K+). Transcriptional analyses unveiled amplification of Mtb response to acidic pH in the presence of cholesterol, a major carbon source for Mtb during infection, and vice versa. Strikingly, deletion of the putative lipid regulator mce3R resulted in loss of augmentation of (i) cholesterol response at acidic pH, and (ii) low [K+] response by cholesterol, with minimal effect on Mtb response to each signal individually. Finally, the ∆mce3R mutant was attenuated for colonization in a murine model that recapitulates lesions with lipid-rich foamy macrophages. These findings reveal critical coordination between bacterial response to environmental and nutritional cues, and establish Mce3R as a crucial integrator of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Nathan J. MacGilvary
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | - Shumin Tan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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3
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Parise D, Teixeira Dornelles Parise M, Pinto Gomide AC, Figueira Aburjaile F, Bentes Kato R, Salgado-Albarrán M, Tauch A, Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo V, Baumbach J. The Transcriptional Regulatory Network of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020415. [PMID: 33671149 PMCID: PMC7923171 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a Gram-positive, facultative intracellular, pathogenic bacterium that infects several different hosts, yielding serious economic losses in livestock farming. It causes several diseases including oedematous skin disease (OSD) in buffaloes, ulcerative lymphangitis (UL) in horses, and caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) in sheep, goats and humans. Despite its economic and medical-veterinary importance, our understanding concerning this organism’s transcriptional regulatory mechanisms is still limited. Here, we review the state of the art knowledge on transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of this pathogenic species, covering regulatory interactions mediated by two-component systems, transcription factors and sigma factors. Key transcriptional regulatory players involved in virulence and pathogenicity of C. pseudotuberculosis, such as the PhoPR system and DtxR, are in the focus of this review, as these regulators are promising targets for future vaccine design and drug development. We conclude that more experimental studies are needed to further understand the regulatory repertoire of this important zoonotic pathogen, and that regulators are promising targets for future vaccine design and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doglas Parise
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (M.T.D.P.); (M.S.-A.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
- Correspondence: or
| | - Mariana Teixeira Dornelles Parise
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (M.T.D.P.); (M.S.-A.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
| | - Anne Cybelle Pinto Gomide
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
| | | | - Rodrigo Bentes Kato
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
| | - Marisol Salgado-Albarrán
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (M.T.D.P.); (M.S.-A.); (J.B.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Cuajimalpa, Mexico City 05348, Mexico
| | - Andreas Tauch
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Vasco Ariston de Carvalho Azevedo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 31270-901, Brazil; (A.C.P.G.); (R.B.K.); (V.A.d.C.A.)
| | - Jan Baumbach
- Chair of Experimental Bioinformatics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany; (M.T.D.P.); (M.S.-A.); (J.B.)
- Computational BioMedicine lab, Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Chair of Computational Systems Biology, University of Hamburg, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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Pérez I, Uranga S, Sayes F, Frigui W, Samper S, Arbués A, Aguiló N, Brosch R, Martín C, Gonzalo-Asensio J. Live attenuated TB vaccines representing the three modern Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages reveal that the Euro-American genetic background confers optimal vaccine potential. EBioMedicine 2020; 55:102761. [PMID: 32361249 PMCID: PMC7195525 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a plethora of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) strains belonging to seven phylogenetic branches. Lineages 2, 3 and 4 are considered “modern” branches of the MTBC responsible for the majority of worldwide TB. Since the current BCG vaccine confers variable protection against pulmonary TB, new candidates are investigated. MTBVAC is the unique live attenuated vaccine based on M. tuberculosis in human clinical trials. Methods MTBVAC was originally constructed by unmarked phoP and fadD26 deletions in a clinical isolate belonging to L4. Here we construct new vaccines based on isogenic gene deletions in clinical isolates of the L2 and L3 modern lineages. These three vaccine candidates were characterized at molecular level and also in animal experiments of protection and safety. Findings Safety studies in immunocompromised mice showed that MTBVAC-L2 was less attenuated than BCG Pasteur, while the original MTBVAC was found even more attenuated than BCG and MTBVAC-L3 showed an intermediate phenotype. The three MTBVAC candidates showed similar or superior protection compared to BCG in immunocompetent mice vaccinated with each MTBVAC candidate and challenged with three representative strains of the modern lineages. Interpretation MTBVAC vaccines, based on double phoP and fadD26 deletions, protect against TB independently of the phylogenetic linage used as template strain for their construction. Nevertheless, lineage L4 confers the best safety profile. Funding European Commission (TBVAC2020, H2020-PHC-643381), Spanish Ministry of Science (RTI2018-097625-B-I00), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (PI18/0336), Gobierno de Aragón/Fondo Social Europeo and the French National Research Council (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID, ANR-16-CE35-0009, ANR-16-CE15-0003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pérez
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Santiago Uranga
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fadel Sayes
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Wafa Frigui
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Sofía Samper
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unidad de Investigación Translacional, Instituto Aragonés de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Arbués
- Present adress: Medical Parasitology & Infection Biology Department, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nacho Aguiló
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roland Brosch
- Institut Pasteur, Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, CNRS UMR 3525, Paris, France
| | - Carlos Martín
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Servicio de Microbiología Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Jesús Gonzalo-Asensio
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Departamento de Microbiología y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Biocomputación y Física de Sistemas Complejos (BIFI), Zaragoza, Spain.
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Liu J, Cai M, Yan H, Fu J, Wu G, Zhao Z, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Sun Y, You Y, Lin L, Huang J, Huang R, Zeng J. Yunnan Baiyao reduces hospital-acquired pressure ulcers via suppressing virulence gene expression and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Med Sci 2019; 16:1078-1088. [PMID: 31523169 PMCID: PMC6743274 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.33723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Yunnan Baiyao (YB) as a kind of famous Chinese herbal medicine, possessed hemostatic, invigorating the circulation of blood, and anti-inflammatory effects. Identifying strategies to protect patients at risk for hospital-acquired pressure ulcers (HAPU) is essential. Herein, our results showed that YB treatment can effectively reduce the acne wound area and improve efficacy in a comparative study of 60 cases HAPU patients with S. aureus positive of acne wound pathogens. Furthermore, YB inhibited HIa expression and suppressed accessory gene regulator (agr) system controlled by regulatory RNA II and RNA III molecule using pALC1740, pALC1742 and pALC1743 S. aureus strain linked to gfpuvr reporter gene. Moreover, YB downregulated cao mRNA expression and inhibited coagulase activity by RT-PCR, slide and tube coagulase test. Additionally, YB downregulated seb, sec, sed, and tsst-1 mRNA expression to suppress enterotoxin and tsst-1 secretion and adhesion function related genes sarA, icaA, and cidA mRNA expression. Taken together, the data suggest that YB may reduce HAPU via suppressing virulence gene expression and biofilm formation of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China.,Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Mufa Cai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Jiawu Fu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Guocai Wu
- Department of Blood Internal Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524001, China
| | - Zuguo Zhao
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongke You
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hongkong, Pokfulam, Hongkong
| | - Liyao Lin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524001, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jincheng Zeng
- Dongguan Key Laboratory of Medical Bioactive Molecular Developmental and Translational Research, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, China
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Abstract
This article describes the nature of the host response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the mouse and guinea pig models of infection. It describes the great wealth of information obtained from the mouse model, reflecting the general availability of immunological reagents, as well as genetic manipulations of the mouse strains themselves. This has led to a good understanding of the nature of the T-cell response to the infection, as well as an appreciation of the complexity of the response involving multiple cytokine- and chemokine-mediated systems. As described here and elsewhere, we have a growing understanding of how multiple CD4-positive T-cell subsets are involved, including regulatory T cells, TH17 cells, as well as the subsequent emergence of effector and central memory T-cell subsets. While, in contrast, our understanding of the host response in the guinea pig model is less advanced, considerable strides have been made in the past decade in terms of defining the basis of the immune response, as well as a better understanding of the immunopathologic process. This model has long been the gold standard for vaccine testing, and more recently is being revisited as a model for testing new drug regimens (bedaquiline being the latest example).
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Marinova D, Gonzalo-Asensio J, Aguilo N, Martin C. MTBVAC from discovery to clinical trials in tuberculosis-endemic countries. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:565-576. [PMID: 28447476 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1324303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION BCG remains the only vaccine against tuberculosis (TB) in use today and despite its impressive global coverage, the nature of BCG protection against the pulmonary forms of TB remains subject to ongoing debate. Because of the limitations of BCG, novel TB vaccine candidates have been developed and several have reached the clinical pipeline. One of these candidates is MTBVAC, the first and only TB vaccine in the clinical pipeline to date based on live-attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis that has successfully entered clinical evaluation, a historic milestone in human vaccinology. Areas covered: This review describes development of MTBVAC from discovery to clinical development in high burden TB-endemic countries. The preclinical experiments where MTBVAC has shown to confer improved safety and efficacy over BCG are presented and the clinical development plans for MTBVAC are revealed. The search of all supportive literature in this manuscript was carried out via Pubmed. Expert commentary: Small experimental medicine trials in humans and preclinical efficacy studies with a strong immunological component mimicking clinical trial design are considered essential by the scientific community to help identify reliable vaccine-specific correlates of protection in order to support and accelerate community-wide efficacy trials of new TB vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dessislava Marinova
- a Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,b CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Jesus Gonzalo-Asensio
- a Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,b CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain.,c Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, ISS Aragón , Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Nacho Aguilo
- a Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,b CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain
| | - Carlos Martin
- a Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública , Universidad de Zaragoza , Zaragoza , Spain.,b CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias , Instituto de Salud Carlos III , Madrid , Spain.,c Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, ISS Aragón , Zaragoza , Spain
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de Keijzer J, Mulder A, de Ru AH, van Soolingen D, van Veelen PA. Parallel reaction monitoring of clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineages reveals pre-existent markers of rifampicin tolerance in the emerging Beijing lineage. J Proteomics 2016; 150:9-17. [PMID: 27576137 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2016.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The spread of multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the major challenges in tuberculosis control. In Eurasia, the spread of multidrug resistant tuberculosis is driven by the M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype. In this study, we examined whether selective advantages are present in the proteome of Beijing isolates that contribute to the emergence of this genotype. To this end, we compared the proteome of M. tuberculosis Beijing to that of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, both in the presence and absence of the first-line antibiotic rifampicin. During rifampicin exposure, both M. tuberculosis genotypes express proteins belonging to the DosR dormancy regulon, which induces a metabolically hypoactive-, drug tolerant phenotype. However, these markers of rifampicin tolerance were already more abundant in the M. tuberculosis Beijing isolate prior to drug exposure. To determine whether the a priori high abundance of specific proteins contribute to the formation of antibiotic resistance in M. tuberculosis Beijing, we quantified the abundance of 33 selected proteins in 27 clinical isolates from the five most common M. tuberculosis lineages using parallel reaction monitoring. The observed pre-existing high abundance of dormancy proteins in Beijing strains provides an evolutionary advantage that allows these strains to persist for prolonged periods during rifampicin treatment. SIGNIFICANCE M. tuberculosis is the leading cause of death by a bacterial infection worldwide. Treatment-regimen to eradicate this pathogen make use of the first-line antibiotic rifampicin, which is considered to be the cornerstone of modern day anti-tuberculosis treatment. Despite the potency of rifampicin, there is an increasing occurrence of rifampicin resistant mutants in a specific cluster of M. tuberculosis, the Beijing genotype. Using both a data dependent acquisition and a targeted proteomic approach we identified markers of rifampicin tolerance to be high abundant in members of the M. tuberculosis Beijing genotype, already prior drug exposure. The identification of this M. tuberculosis Beijing specific trait will contribute to improved diagnostics and treatment of M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen de Keijzer
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, 2300, RC, The Netherlands.
| | - Arnout Mulder
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, 3720, BA, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud H de Ru
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, 2300, RC, The Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, 2300, RC, The Netherlands
| | - Dick van Soolingen
- Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, 3720, BA, The Netherlands; Departments of Pulmonary Diseases and Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands
| | - Peter A van Veelen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, 2300, RC, The Netherlands; Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, 2300, RC, The Netherlands
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Tang J, Yam WC, Chen Z. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and vaccine development. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 98:30-41. [PMID: 27156616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Following HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis (TB) continues to be the second most deadly infectious disease in humans. The global TB prevalence has become worse in recent years due to the emergence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively-drug resistant (XDR) strains, as well as co-infection with HIV. Although Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine has nearly been used for a century in many countries, it does not protect adult pulmonary tuberculosis and even causes disseminated BCG disease in HIV-positive population. It is impossible to use BCG to eliminate the Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) infection or to prevent TB onset and reactivation. Consequently, novel vaccines are urgently needed for TB prevention and immunotherapy. In this review, we discuss the TB prevalence, interaction between M. tb and host immune system, as well as recent progress of TB vaccine research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Tang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wing-Cheong Yam
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- AIDS Institute and Department of Microbiology, Research Centre for Infection and Immunity, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKU-AIDS Institute Shenzhen Research Laboratory and AIDS Clinical Research Laboratory, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, PR China.
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Abstract
Two-component regulatory systems (2CRSs) are widely used by bacteria to sense and respond to environmental stimuli with coordinated changes in gene expression. Systems are normally comprised of a sensory kinase protein that activates a transcriptional regulator by phosphorylation. Mycobacteria have few 2CRSs, but they are of key importance for bacterial survival and play important roles in pathogenicity. Mycobacterium tuberculosis has 12 paired two-component regulatory systems (which include a system with two regulators and one sensor, and a split sensor system), as well as four orphan regulators. Several systems are involved in virulence, and disruption of different systems leads to attenuation or hypervirulence. PhoPR plays a major role in regulating cell wall composition, and its inactivation results in sufficient attenuation of M. tuberculosis that deletion strains are live vaccine candidates. MprAB controls the stress response and is required for persistent infections. SenX3-RegX3 is required for control of aerobic respiration and phosphate uptake, and PrrAB is required for adaptation to intracellular infection. MtrAB is an essential system that controls DNA replication and cell division. The remaining systems (KdpDE, NarL, TrcRS, TcrXY, TcrA, PdtaRS, and four orphan regulators) are less well understood. The structure and binding motifs for several regulators have been characterized, revealing variations in function and operation. The sensors are less well characterized, and stimuli for many remain to be confirmed. This chapter reviews our current understanding of the role of two-component systems in mycobacteria, in particular M. tuberculosis.
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Evaluation of the immunogenicity and diagnostic interference caused by M. tuberculosis SO2 vaccination against tuberculosis in goats. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:73-9. [PMID: 26679799 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and diagnostic interference caused by M. tuberculosis SO2, a prototype vaccine first time tested in goats was evaluated. Tuberculosis-free goats were distributed in four groups: [1], non-vaccinated; [2], subcutaneously (SC) BCG vaccinated; [3], intranasally (IN) SO2 vaccinated and [4], SC SO2 vaccinated. Intradermal tuberculin and IFN-γ tests using PPDs and alternative antigenic cocktails containing mainly ESAT-6 and CFP-10 (E/C) were applied at different times post-vaccination. Results showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in the number of reactors detected using both PPD-based intradermal and IFN-γ tests at different times in all the vaccinated groups. No intradermal reactivity was detected in the vaccinated goats using a cocktail containing E/C, Rv3615c and Rv3020c. A higher overall reactivity was observed in the group [4] in comparison with the other vaccinated groups. Results showed that antigens used to differentiate BCG vaccinated animals could be potentially used to differentiate SO2 vaccinated ones.
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Smith SG, Smits K, Joosten SA, van Meijgaarden KE, Satti I, Fletcher HA, Caccamo N, Dieli F, Mascart F, McShane H, Dockrell HM, Ottenhoff THM. Intracellular Cytokine Staining and Flow Cytometry: Considerations for Application in Clinical Trials of Novel Tuberculosis Vaccines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138042. [PMID: 26367374 PMCID: PMC4569436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cytokine staining combined with flow cytometry is one of a number of assays designed to assess T-cell immune responses. It has the specific advantage of enabling the simultaneous assessment of multiple phenotypic, differentiation and functional parameters pertaining to responding T-cells, most notably, the expression of multiple effector cytokines. These attributes make the technique particularly suitable for the assessment of T-cell immune responses induced by novel tuberculosis vaccines in clinical trials. However, depending upon the particular nature of a given vaccine and trial setting, there are approaches that may be taken at different stages of the assay that are more suitable than other alternatives. In this paper, the Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (TBVI) TB Biomarker Working group reports on efforts to assess the conditions that will determine when particular assay approaches should be employed. We have found that choices relating to the use of fresh whole blood or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and frozen PBMC; use of serum-containing or serum-free medium; length of stimulation period and use of co-stimulatory antibodies can all affect the sensitivity of intracellular cytokine assays. In the case of sample material, frozen PBMC, despite some loss of sensitivity, may be more advantageous for batch analysis. We also recommend that for multi-site studies, common antibody panels, gating strategies and analysis approaches should be employed for better comparability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G. Smith
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kaatje Smits
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Iman Satti
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen A. Fletcher
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Caccamo
- Biomedical Research Centre, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Dieli
- Biomedical Research Centre, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Biotecnologie Mediche e Forensi, Università di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francoise Mascart
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Mucosal Immunity, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Immunobiology Clinic, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel M. Dockrell
- Department of Immunology and Infection, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Tiwari S, da Costa MP, Almeida S, Hassan SS, Jamal SB, Oliveira A, Folador EL, Rocha F, de Abreu VAC, Dorella F, Hirata R, de Oliveira DM, da Silva Teixeira MF, Silva A, Barh D, Azevedo V. C. pseudotuberculosis Phop confers virulence and may be targeted by natural compounds. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 6:1088-99. [PMID: 25212181 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00140k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial two-component system (TCS) regulates genes that are crucial for virulence in several pathogens. One of such TCS, the PhoPR system, consisting of a transmembrane sensory histidine kinase protein (PhoR) and an intracellular response regulator protein (PhoP), has been reported to have a major role in mycobacterial pathogenesis. We knocked out the phoP in C. pseudotuberculosis, the causal organism of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA), and using a combination of in vitro and in vivo mouse system, we showed for the first time, that the PhoP of C. pseudotuberculosis plays an important role in the virulence and pathogenicity of this bacterium. Furthermore, we modeled the PhoP of C. pseudotuberculosis and our docking results showed that several natural compounds including Rhein, an anthraquinone from Rheum undulatum, and some drug-like molecules may target PhoP to inhibit the TCS of C. pseudotuberculosis, and therefore may facilitate a remarkable attenuation of bacterial pathogenicity being the CLA. Experiments are currently underway to validate these in silico docking results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Tiwari
- PG Program in Bioinformatics, Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics (LGCM), Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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14
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Sander P, Clark S, Petrera A, Vilaplana C, Meuli M, Selchow P, Zelmer A, Mohanan D, Andreu N, Rayner E, Dal Molin M, Bancroft GJ, Johansen P, Cardona PJ, Williams A, Böttger EC. Deletion of zmp1 improves Mycobacterium bovis BCG-mediated protection in a guinea pig model of tuberculosis. Vaccine 2015; 33:1353-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Traditionally, the design of new vaccines directed against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the most successful bacterial pathogen on the planet, has focused on prophylactic candidates that would be given to individuals while they are still young. It is becoming more apparent, however, that there are several types of vaccine candidates now under development that could be used under various conditions. Thus, in addition to prophylactic vaccines, such as recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG or BCG-boosting vaccines, other applications include vaccines that could prevent infection, vaccines that could be given in emergency situations as postexposure vaccines, vaccines that could be used to facilitate chemotherapy, and vaccines that could be used to reduce or prevent relapse and reactivation disease. These approaches are discussed here, including the type of immunity we are trying to specifically target, as well as the limitations of these approaches.
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16
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Principi N, Esposito S. The present and future of tuberculosis vaccinations. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 95:6-13. [PMID: 25458613 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The clinical, social, and economic burden of tuberculosis (TB) remains high worldwide, thereby highlighting the importance of TB prevention. The bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine that is currently available can protect younger children but is less effective in adults, the major source of TB transmission. In addition, the emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains and the high prevalence of HIV infection have significantly complicated TB prognosis and treatment. Together, these data highlight the need for new and more effective vaccines. Recently, several vaccines containing multiple antigens, including some of those specific for dormant Mtb strains, have been developed. These vaccines appear to be the best approach for satisfactory Mtb prevention. However, until a new vaccine is proven more effective and safe than BCG, BCG should remain part of the immunization schedules for neonates and children at risk for TB as a fundamental prophylactic measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Principi
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy.
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17
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Arbues A, Aguilo JI, Gonzalo-Asensio J, Marinova D, Uranga S, Puentes E, Fernandez C, Parra A, Cardona PJ, Vilaplana C, Ausina V, Williams A, Clark S, Malaga W, Guilhot C, Gicquel B, Martin C. Construction, characterization and preclinical evaluation of MTBVAC, the first live-attenuated M. tuberculosis-based vaccine to enter clinical trials. Vaccine 2013; 31:4867-73. [PMID: 23965219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of a new tuberculosis vaccine is an urgent need due to the failure of the current vaccine, BCG, to protect against the respiratory form of the disease. MTBVAC is an attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis vaccine candidate genetically engineered to fulfil the Geneva consensus requirements to enter human clinical trials. We selected a M. tuberculosis clinical isolate to generate two independent deletions without antibiotic-resistance markers in the genes phoP, coding for a transcription factor key for the regulation of M. tuberculosis virulence, and fadD26, essential for the synthesis of the complex lipids phthiocerol dimycocerosates (DIM), one of the major mycobacterial virulence factors. The resultant strain MTBVAC exhibits safety and biodistribution profiles similar to BCG and confers superior protection in preclinical studies. These features have enabled MTBVAC to be the first live attenuated M. tuberculosis vaccine to enter clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Arbues
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/ Domingo Miral s/n, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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18
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Zhao ZG, Yan SS, Yu YM, Mi N, Zhang LX, Liu J, Li XL, Liu F, Xu JF, Yang WQ, Li GM. An aqueous extract of Yunnan Baiyao inhibits the quorum-sensing-related virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Microbiol 2013; 51:207-12. [PMID: 23625222 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2595-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Yunnan Baiyao is a famous Chinese medicine that has long been directly applied to wounds to reduce bleeding, pain, and swelling without causing infection. However, little is known about its ability to prevent infection. The present study aimed to assess in vitro the anti-virulence activity of an aqueous extract of Yunnan Baiyao (YBX) using Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a pathogenic model. We found that a sub-MIC (2.5 mg/ml) of YBX can efficiently interfere with the quorum-sensing (QS) signaling circuit. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that a sub-MIC of YBX down-regulated the transcriptions of lasR, lasI, rhlR, and rhlI, which resulted in global attenuation of QS-regulated virulence activities, such as biofilm formation, and secretion of LasA protease, LasB elastase and pyocyanin. Further, YBX reduced the motility of P. aeruginosa related to QS, and impaired the formation of biofilms. These results suggest that YBX may possess global inhibitory activity against the virulence of P. aeruginosa and that YBX may also exhibit antimicrobial activity in vivo. The present study suggests that Yunnan Baiyao represents a potential source for isolating novel, safe, and efficacious antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zu-Guo Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang 524023, P. R. China
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19
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20
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Kaufmann SHE, Gengenbacher M. Recombinant live vaccine candidates against tuberculosis. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2012; 23:900-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Aporta A, Arbues A, Aguilo JI, Monzon M, Badiola JJ, de Martino A, Ferrer N, Marinova D, Anel A, Martin C, Pardo J. Attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis SO2 vaccine candidate is unable to induce cell death. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45213. [PMID: 23028853 PMCID: PMC3446966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been proposed that Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulent strains inhibit apoptosis and trigger cell death by necrosis of host macrophages to evade innate immunity, while non-virulent strains induce typical apoptosis activating a protective host response. As part of the characterization of a novel tuberculosis vaccine candidate, the M. tuberculosis phoP mutant SO2, we sought to evaluate its potential to induce host cell death. The parental M. tuberculosis MT103 strain and the current vaccine against tuberculosis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) were used as comparators in mouse models in vitro and in vivo. Our data reveal that attenuated SO2 was unable to induce apoptotic events neither in mouse macrophages in vitro nor during lung infection in vivo. In contrast, virulent MT103 triggers typical apoptotic events with phosphatidylserine exposure, caspase-3 activation and nuclear condensation and fragmentation. BCG strain behaved like SO2 and did not induce apoptosis. A clonogenic survival assay confirmed that viability of BCG- or SO2-infected macrophages was unaffected. Our results discard apoptosis as the protective mechanism induced by SO2 vaccine and provide evidence for positive correlation between classical apoptosis induction and virulent strains, suggesting apoptosis as a possible virulence determinant during M. tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Aporta
- Grupo Apoptosis, Inmunidad y Cáncer, Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ainhoa Arbues
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Fac. Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan I. Aguilo
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Fac. Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Monzon
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juan J. Badiola
- Research Centre for Encephalopathies and Transmissible Emerging Diseases, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Nadia Ferrer
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Fac. Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dessislava Marinova
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Fac. Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Anel
- Grupo Apoptosis, Inmunidad y Cáncer, Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Carlos Martin
- Grupo de Genética de Micobacterias, Dpto. Microbiología, Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Fac. Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- CIBER Enfermedades respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Julian Pardo
- Fundación Aragón I+D (ARAID), Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
- Grupo Inmunidad Celular Efectora (ICE), Dpto. Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Fac. Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza/IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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22
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23
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Nambiar JK, Pinto R, Aguilo JI, Takatsu K, Martin C, Britton WJ, Triccas JA. Protective immunity afforded by attenuated, PhoP-deficient Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with sustained generation of CD4+ T-cell memory. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:385-92. [PMID: 22105536 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Definition of protective immunity induced by effective vaccines is important for the design of new pathogen control strategies. Inactivation of the PhoP response-regulator in Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in a highly attenuated strain that demonstrates impressive protective efficacy in pre-clinical models of tuberculosis. In this report we demonstrate that the protection afforded by the M. tuberculosis phoP mutant strain is associated with the long-term maintenance of CD4(+) T-cell memory. Immunization of mice with SO2 resulted in enhanced expansion of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4(+) T cells compared with vaccination with the BCG vaccine, with an increased frequency of these cells persisting at extended time-points after vaccination. Strikingly, vaccination with SO2 resulted in sustained generation of CD4(+) T cells displaying a central memory phenotype, a property not shared by BCG. Further, SO2 vaccination markedly improved the generation of polyfunctional cytokine-secreting CD4(+) T cells compared with BCG vaccination. The improved generation of functionally competent memory T cells by SO2 correlated with augmented recall responses in SO2-vaccinated animals after challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis. This study defines a mechanism for the protective effect of the SO2 vaccine and suggests that deletion of defined virulence networks may provide vaccine strains with potent immuno-stimulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Nambiar
- Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunity Group, Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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24
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Bretl DJ, Demetriadou C, Zahrt TC. Adaptation to environmental stimuli within the host: two-component signal transduction systems of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2011; 75:566-82. [PMID: 22126994 PMCID: PMC3232741 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.05004-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic microorganisms encounter a variety of environmental stresses following infection of their respective hosts. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is an unusual bacterial pathogen in that it is able to establish lifelong infections in individuals within granulomatous lesions that are formed following a productive immune response. Adaptation to this highly dynamic environment is thought to be mediated primarily through transcriptional reprogramming initiated in response to recognition of stimuli, including low-oxygen tension, nutrient depletion, reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, altered pH, toxic lipid moieties, cell wall/cell membrane-perturbing agents, and other environmental cues. To survive continued exposure to these potentially adverse factors, M. tuberculosis encodes a variety of regulatory factors, including 11 complete two-component signal transduction systems (TCSSs) and several orphaned response regulators (RRs) and sensor kinases (SKs). This report reviews our current knowledge of the TCSSs present in M. tuberculosis. In particular, we discuss the biochemical and functional characteristics of individual RRs and SKs, the environmental stimuli regulating their activation, the regulons controlled by the various TCSSs, and the known or postulated role(s) of individual TCSSs in the context of M. tuberculosis physiology and/or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas C. Zahrt
- Center for Infectious Disease Research and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226-0509
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25
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Abstract
The current tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), is a live vaccine used worldwide, as it protects against severe forms of the disease, saving thousands of lives every year, but its efficacy against pulmonary forms of TB, responsible for transmission of the diseases, is variable. For more than 80 years now no new TB vaccines have been successfully developed. Over the last decade the effort of the scientific community has resulted in the design and construction of promising vaccine candidates. The goal is to develop a new generation of vaccines effective against respiratory forms of the disease. We will focus this review on new prophylactic vaccine candidates that aim to prevent TB diseases. Two are the main strategies used to improve the immunity conferred by the current BCG vaccine, by boosting it with new subunit vaccines, and a second strategy is focused on the construction of new more effective live vaccines, capable to replace the current BCG and to be used as prime vaccines. After rigorous preclinical studies in different animal models new TB vaccine candidates enter in clinical trials in humans. First, a small Phase I for safety followed by immunological evaluation in Phase II trials and finally evaluated in large population Phase III efficacy trials in endemic countries. At present BCG prime and boost with different subunit vaccine candidates are the more advanced assessed in Phase II. Two prime vaccines (based on recombinant BCG) have been successfully evaluated for safety in Phase I trials. A short number of live attenuated vaccines are in advance preclinical studies and the candidates ready to enter Phase I safety trials are produced under current good manufacturing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martín Montañés
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Zaragoza, CIBER Enfermedades Respiratorias, Zaragoza, Spain.
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26
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Sampson SL, Mansfield KG, Carville A, Magee DM, Quitugua T, Howerth EW, Bloom BR, Hondalus MK. Extended safety and efficacy studies of a live attenuated double leucine and pantothenate auxotroph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2011; 29:4839-47. [PMID: 21549795 PMCID: PMC3146342 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described the development of a live, fully attenuated Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) vaccine candidate strain with two independent attenuating auxotrophic mutations in leucine and pantothenate biosynthesis. In the present work, those studies have been extended to include testing for protective efficacy in a long-term guinea pig survival model and safety testing in the highly tuberculosis susceptible Rhesus macaque. To model the safety of the ΔleuD ΔpanCD strain in HIV-infected human populations, a Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Rhesus macaque group was included. Immunization with the non-replicating ΔleuD ΔpanCD conferred long-term protection against challenge with virulent M. tuberculosis equivalent to that afforded by BCG as measured by guinea pig survival. In safety studies, clinical, hematological and bacteriological monitoring of both SIV-positive and SIV-negative Rhesus macaques immunized with ΔleuD ΔpanCD, revealed no vaccine-associated adverse effects. The results support the further development of the ΔleuD ΔpanCD strain as a viable tuberculosis (TB) vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Sampson
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Keith G. Mansfield
- New England Regional Primate Research Center, Pathology Division, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Angela Carville
- New England Regional Primate Research Center, Pathology Division, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - D. Mitchell Magee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Sciences Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Teresa Quitugua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Health Sciences Centre at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78245, USA
| | - Elizabeth W. Howerth
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Barry R. Bloom
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mary K. Hondalus
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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27
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Orme IM. Development of new vaccines and drugs for TB: limitations and potential strategic errors. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:161-77. [PMID: 21366417 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.10.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The concomitant HIV and TB epidemics pose an enormous threat to humanity. After invading the host Mycobacterium tuberculosis initially behaves as an intracellular pathogen, which elicits the emergence of acquired specific resistance in the form of a T-helper-1 T-cell response, and involves the secretion of a myriad of cytokines and chemokines to drive protective immunity and granuloma formation. However, after that, a second phase of the disease process involves survival of bacilli in an extracellular state that is still poorly understood. This article briefly reviews the various strategies currently being used to improve both vaccination and drug therapy of TB, and attempts to make the argument that current viewpoints that dominate [both the field and the current literature] may be seriously flawed. This includes both the choice of new vaccine and drug candidates, and also the ways these are being tested in animal models, which in the opinion of the author run the risk of driving the field backwards rather than forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian M Orme
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Colorado, CO 80523, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Effective prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccination is a key strategy for controlling the global TB epidemic. The partial effectiveness of the existing TB vaccine, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), suggests effective vaccination is possible and highlights the need for an improved vaccination strategy. Clinical trials are evaluating both modifications to the existing BCG immunization methods and also novel TB vaccines, designed to replace or boost BCG. Candidate vaccines in clinical development include live mycobacterial vaccines designed to replace BCG, subunit vaccines designed to boost BCG and therapeutic vaccines designed as an adjunct to chemotherapy. There is a great need for validated animal models, identification of immunological biomarkers of protection and field sites with the capacity for large-scale efficacy testing in order to develop and license a novel TB vaccine or regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalind Rowland
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Helen McShane
- The Jenner Institute, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford University, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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29
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Obregón-Henao A, Shanley C, Bianco MV, Cataldi AA, Basaraba RJ, Orme IM, Bigi F. Vaccination of guinea pigs using mce operon mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Vaccine 2011; 29:4302-7. [PMID: 21515327 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The limited efficacy of the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis, coupled with emerging information suggesting that it is poorly protective against newly emerging strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis such as the W-Beijing isolates, makes it paramount to search for more potent alternatives. One such class of candidates is attenuated mutants derived from M. tuberculosis itself. We demonstrate here, in an initial short term assay, that mutants derived from disruption of the mce genes of the bacillus were highly protective in guinea pigs exposed by low dose aerosol infection with the virulent W-Beijing isolate SA161. This protection was demonstrated by a significant reduction in the numbers of bacilli harvested from the lungs, and dramatic improvements in lung histopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Obregón-Henao
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Novel tuberculosis vaccines on the horizon. Curr Opin Immunol 2010; 22:374-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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The second Geneva Consensus: Recommendations for novel live TB vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 28:2259-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Asensio JG, Arbues A, Marinova D, Martín C. Uma nova vacina viva contra a tuberculose com base na inativação do phoP. REVISTA PORTUGUESA DE PNEUMOLOGIA 2010; 16SA:S43-8. [DOI: 10.1016/s0873-2159(15)30092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Barker LF, Brennan MJ, Rosenstein PK, Sadoff JC. Tuberculosis vaccine research: the impact of immunology. Curr Opin Immunol 2009; 21:331-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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