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Wang N, Wang T. Innovative translational platforms for rapid developing clinical vaccines against COVID-19 and other infectious disease. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300658. [PMID: 38403469 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
A vaccine is a biological preparation that contains the antigen capable of stimulating the immune system to form the defense against pathogens. Vaccine development often confronts big challenges, including time/energy-consuming, low efficacy, lag to pathogen emergence and mutation, and even safety concern. However, these seem now mostly conquerable through constructing the advanced translational platforms that can make innovative vaccines, sometimes, potentiated with a distinct multifunctional VADS (vaccine adjuvant delivery system), as evidenced by the development of various vaccines against the covid-19 pandemic at warp speed. Particularly, several covid-19 vaccines, such as the viral-vectored vaccines, mRNA vaccines and DNA vaccines, regarded as the innovative ones that are rapidly made via the high technology-based translational platforms. These products have manifested powerful efficacy while showing no unacceptable safety profile in clinics, allowing them to be approved for massive vaccination at also warp speed. Now, the proprietary translational platforms integrated with the state-of-the-art biotechnologies, and even the artificial intelligence (AI), represent an efficient mode for rapid making innovative clinical vaccines against infections, thus increasingly attracting interests of vaccine research and development. Herein, the advanced translational platforms for making innovative vaccines, together with their design principles and immunostimulatory efficacies, are comprehensively elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Food and Biological engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
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2
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Castañeda-Montes MA, Cuevas-Romero JS, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, de María Ávila-De la Vega L, García-Cambrón JB, Ramírez-Álvarez H. Small ruminant lentivirus capsid protein (SRLV-p25) antigenic structural prediction and immunogenicity to recombinant SRLV-rp25-coupled to immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:267-278. [PMID: 36535645 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect sheep and goats resulting in significant economic losses. This study evaluated for the first time the predicted conformational structure of the SRLV-capsid-protein 25 (SRLV-p25) and analyzed the antigenicity of recombinant protein (SRLV-rp25) in mice by coupling to an immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid liposomes (GAL) and tested plasma from goats and sheep naturally infected. Analysis in silico and conformational structure of SRLV-p25 (genotype B-FESC-752) showed similar characteristics to other lentiviral capsids. The efficient expression of SRLV-rp25 was confirmed by Western blot. The humoral immune responses in mice showed an increased level of antibodies from day 21 to 35 of the SRLV-rp25-GAL and SRLV-rp25-ISCOM® groups and the cellular immune response showed no significant difference in IL-10 levels (P >.05), however, a significant difference (P <.001) was observed when comparing SRLV-rp25-GAL with SRLV-rp25 groups. Immunoreactivity toward SRLV-rp25 revealed 61% of positive samples from naturally infected goats and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Azucena Castañeda-Montes
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, México
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP, KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP, KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Lucero de María Ávila-De la Vega
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, México
| | - José Bryan García-Cambrón
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP, KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Hugo Ramírez-Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine, Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México, México
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3
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Castañeda-Montes MA, Cuevas-Romero JS, Cerriteño-Sánchez JL, de María Ávila-De la Vega L, García-Cambrón JB, Ramírez-Álvarez H. Small ruminant lentivirus capsid protein (SRLV-p25) antigenic structural prediction and immunogenicity to recombinant SRLV- rp25-coupled to immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022. [DOI: https:/doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbac206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLV) infect sheep and goats resulting in significant economic losses. This study evaluated for the first time the predicted conformational structure of the SRLV-capsid-protein 25 (SRLV-p25) and analyzed the antigenicity of recombinant protein (SRLV-rp25) in mice by coupling to an immunostimulatory complexes based on glycyrrhizinic acid liposomes (GAL) and tested plasma from goats and sheep naturally infected. Analysis in silico and conformational structure of SRLV-p25 (genotype B-FESC-752) showed similar characteristics to other lentiviral capsids. The efficient expression of SRLV-rp25 was confirmed by Western blot. The humoral immune responses in mice showed an increased level of antibodies from day 21 to 35 of the SRLV-rp25-GAL and SRLV-rp25-ISCOM® groups and the cellular immune response showed no significant difference in IL-10 levels (P >.05), however, a significant difference (P <.001) was observed when comparing SRLV-rp25-GAL with SRLV-rp25 groups. Immunoreactivity toward SRLV-rp25 revealed 61% of positive samples from naturally infected goats and sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Azucena Castañeda-Montes
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine , Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México , México
| | - Julieta Sandra Cuevas-Romero
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP , KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México , México
| | - José Luis Cerriteño-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP , KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México , México
| | - Lucero de María Ávila-De la Vega
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine , Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México , México
| | - José Bryan García-Cambrón
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal e Inocuidad (CENID-SAI), INIFAP , KM. 15.5 Carretera México-Toluca, Col. Palo Alto, Cuajimalpa, Ciudad de México , México
| | - Hugo Ramírez-Álvarez
- Virology, Genetics, and Molecular Biology Laboratory. Faculty of Higher Education, Cuautitlán, Veterinary Medicine , Campus 4. National Autonomous University of Mexico. Km. 2.5 ctra. Cuautitlán-Teoloyucan, San Sebastián Xhala. Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México , México
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4
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van
der Put RMF, Smitsman C, de Haan A, Hamzink M, Timmermans H, Uittenbogaard J, Westdijk J, Stork M, Ophorst O, Thouron F, Guerreiro C, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A, Mulard LA. The First-in-Human Synthetic Glycan-Based Conjugate Vaccine Candidate against Shigella. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2022; 8:449-460. [PMID: 35559427 PMCID: PMC9088300 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c01479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Shigella, the causative agent of shigellosis, is among the main causes of diarrheal diseases with still a high morbidity in low-income countries. Relying on chemical synthesis, we implemented a multidisciplinary strategy to design SF2a-TT15, an original glycoconjugate vaccine candidate targeting Shigella flexneri 2a (SF2a). Whereas the SF2a O-antigen features nonstoichiometric O-acetylation, SF2a-TT15 is made of a synthetic 15mer oligosaccharide, corresponding to three non-O-acetylated repeats, linked at its reducing end to tetanus toxoid by means of a thiol-maleimide spacer. We report on the scale-up feasibility under GMP conditions of a high yielding bioconjugation process established to ensure a reproducible and controllable glycan/protein ratio. Preclinical and clinical batches complying with specifications from ICH guidelines, WHO recommendations for polysaccharide conjugate vaccines, and (non)compendial tests were produced. The obtained SF2a-TT15 vaccine candidate passed all toxicity-related criteria, was immunogenic in rabbits, and elicited bactericidal antibodies in mice. Remarkably, the induced IgG antibodies recognized a large panel of SF2a circulating strains. These preclinical data have paved the way forward to the first-in-human study for SF2a-TT15, demonstrating safety and immunogenicity. This contribution discloses the yet unreported feasibility of the GMP synthesis of conjugate vaccines featuring a unique homogeneous synthetic glycan hapten fine-tuned to protect against an infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alex de Haan
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Hamzink
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Janny Westdijk
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Stork
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Olga Ophorst
- Intravacc, P.O. Box 450, 3720 AL Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Françoise Thouron
- Institut
Pasteur, U1202 Inserm, Unité
de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Catherine Guerreiro
- Institut
Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Philippe J. Sansonetti
- Institut
Pasteur, U1202 Inserm, Unité
de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- Chaire
de Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Collège de France, 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Armelle Phalipon
- Institut
Pasteur, U1202 Inserm, Unité
de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut
Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3523, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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5
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Engineering immunity via skin-directed drug delivery devices. J Control Release 2022; 345:385-404. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
A favorable outcome of the COVID-19 crisis might be achieved with massive vaccination. The proposed vaccines contain several different vaccine active principles (VAP), such as inactivated virus, antigen, mRNA, and DNA, which are associated with either standard adjuvants or nanomaterials (NM) such as liposomes in Moderna's and BioNTech/Pfizer's vaccines. COVID-19 vaccine adjuvants may be chosen among liposomes or other types of NM composed for example of graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, micelles, exosomes, membrane vesicles, polymers, or metallic NM, taking inspiration from cancer nano-vaccines, whose adjuvants may share some of their properties with those of viral vaccines. The mechanisms of action of nano-adjuvants are based on the facilitation by NM of targeting certain regions of immune interest such as the mucus, lymph nodes, and zones of infection or blood irrigation, the possible modulation of the type of attachment of the VAP to NM, in particular VAP positioning on the NM external surface to favor VAP presentation to antigen presenting cells (APC) or VAP encapsulation within NM to prevent VAP degradation, and the possibility to adjust the nature of the immune response by tuning the physico-chemical properties of NM such as their size, surface charge, or composition. The use of NM as adjuvants or the presence of nano-dimensions in COVID-19 vaccines does not only have the potential to improve the vaccine benefit/risk ratio, but also to reduce the dose of vaccine necessary to reach full efficacy. It could therefore ease the overall spread of COVID-19 vaccines within a sufficiently large portion of the world population to exit the current crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard Alphandéry
- Sorbonne Université, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS 7590, IRD, Institut de Minéralogie, de Physique des Matériaux et de Cosmochimie, IMPMC, 75005 Paris, France. .,Nanobacterie SARL, 36 Boulevard Flandrin, 75116, Paris, France.,Institute of Anatomy, UZH University of Zurich, Instiute of Anatomy, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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Stefanetti G, Borriello F, Richichi B, Zanoni I, Lay L. Immunobiology of Carbohydrates: Implications for Novel Vaccine and Adjuvant Design Against Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:808005. [PMID: 35118012 PMCID: PMC8803737 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.808005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrates are ubiquitous molecules expressed on the surface of nearly all living cells, and their interaction with carbohydrate-binding proteins is critical to many immunobiological processes. Carbohydrates are utilized as antigens in many licensed vaccines against bacterial pathogens. More recently, they have also been considered as adjuvants. Interestingly, unlike other types of vaccines, adjuvants have improved immune response to carbohydrate-based vaccine in humans only in a few cases. Furthermore, despite the discovery of many new adjuvants in the last years, aluminum salts, when needed, remain the only authorized adjuvant for carbohydrate-based vaccines. In this review, we highlight historical and recent advances on the use of glycans either as vaccine antigens or adjuvants, and we review the use of currently available adjuvants to improve the efficacy of carbohydrate-based vaccines. A better understanding of the mechanism of carbohydrate interaction with innate and adaptive immune cells will benefit the design of a new generation of glycan-based vaccines and of immunomodulators to fight both longstanding and emerging diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Stefanetti
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Francesco Borriello
- Division of Immunology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ivan Zanoni
- Division of Immunology, Division of Gastroenterology, Harvard Medical School and Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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8
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Chatzikleanthous D, O'Hagan DT, Adamo R. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles for Delivery of Vaccine Adjuvants and Antigens: Toward Multicomponent Vaccines. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2867-2888. [PMID: 34264684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the many advances that have occurred in the field of vaccine adjuvants, there are still unmet needs that may enable the development of vaccines suitable for more challenging pathogens (e.g., HIV and tuberculosis) and for cancer vaccines. Liposomes have already been shown to be highly effective as adjuvant/delivery systems due to their versatility and likely will find further uses in this space. The broad potential of lipid-based delivery systems is highlighted by the recent approval of COVID-19 vaccines comprising lipid nanoparticles with encapsulated mRNA. This review provides an overview of the different approaches that can be evaluated for the design of lipid-based vaccine adjuvant/delivery systems for protein, carbohydrate, and nucleic acid-based antigens and how these strategies might be combined to develop multicomponent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Despo Chatzikleanthous
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, G4 0RE Glasgow, U.K.,GSK, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
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9
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Gurbanov R. Synthetic Polysaccharide‐Based Vaccines: Progress and Achievements. POLYSACCHARIDES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119711414.ch31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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10
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Anderluh M, Berti F, Bzducha-Wróbel A, Chiodo F, Colombo C, Compostella F, Durlik K, Ferhati X, Holmdahl R, Jovanovic D, Kaca W, Lay L, Marinovic-Cincovic M, Marradi M, Ozil M, Polito L, Reina JJ, Reis CA, Sackstein R, Silipo A, Švajger U, Vaněk O, Yamamoto F, Richichi B, van Vliet SJ. Recent advances on smart glycoconjugate vaccines in infections and cancer. FEBS J 2021; 289:4251-4303. [PMID: 33934527 PMCID: PMC9542079 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the greatest achievements in biomedical research preventing death and morbidity in many infectious diseases through the induction of pathogen-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Currently, no effective vaccines are available for pathogens with a highly variable antigenic load, such as the human immunodeficiency virus or to induce cellular T-cell immunity in the fight against cancer. The recent SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has reinforced the relevance of designing smart therapeutic vaccine modalities to ensure public health. Indeed, academic and private companies have ongoing joint efforts to develop novel vaccine prototypes for this virus. Many pathogens are covered by a dense glycan-coat, which form an attractive target for vaccine development. Moreover, many tumor types are characterized by altered glycosylation profiles that are known as "tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens". Unfortunately, glycans do not provoke a vigorous immune response and generally serve as T-cell-independent antigens, not eliciting protective immunoglobulin G responses nor inducing immunological memory. A close and continuous crosstalk between glycochemists and glycoimmunologists is essential for the successful development of efficient immune modulators. It is clear that this is a key point for the discovery of novel approaches, which could significantly improve our understanding of the immune system. In this review, we discuss the latest advancements in development of vaccines against glycan epitopes to gain selective immune responses and to provide an overview on the role of different immunogenic constructs in improving glycovaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Anderluh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chair of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Anna Bzducha-Wróbel
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry (ICB), Italian National Research Council (CNR), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Cinzia Colombo
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Katarzyna Durlik
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Xhenti Ferhati
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Rikard Holmdahl
- Division of Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dragana Jovanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Wieslaw Kaca
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Poland
| | - Luigi Lay
- Department of Chemistry and CRC Materiali Polimerici (LaMPo), University of Milan, Italy
| | - Milena Marinovic-Cincovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of thе Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marco Marradi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Musa Ozil
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, Rize, Turkey
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Milan, Italy
| | - Josè Juan Reina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Spain.,Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology-BIONAND, Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, Málaga, Spain
| | - Celso A Reis
- I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,IPATIMUP-Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Robert Sackstein
- Department of Translational Medicine, Translational Glycobiology Institute, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant'Angelo, Napoli, Italy
| | - Urban Švajger
- Blood Transfusion Center of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ondřej Vaněk
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fumiichiro Yamamoto
- Immunohematology & Glycobiology Laboratory, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Seeberger PH. Discovery of Semi- and Fully-Synthetic Carbohydrate Vaccines Against Bacterial Infections Using a Medicinal Chemistry Approach. Chem Rev 2021; 121:3598-3626. [PMID: 33794090 PMCID: PMC8154330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The glycocalyx, a thick layer of carbohydrates, surrounds the cell wall of most bacterial and parasitic pathogens. Recognition of these unique glycans by the human immune system results in destruction of the invaders. To elicit a protective immune response, polysaccharides either isolated from the bacterial cell surface or conjugated with a carrier protein, for T-cell help, are administered. Conjugate vaccines based on isolated carbohydrates currently protect millions of people against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and Neisseria meningitides infections. Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) are increasingly discovered by medicinal chemistry and synthetic in origin, rather than isolated from natural sources. Converting vaccines from biologicals to pharmaceuticals requires a fundamental understanding of how the human immune system recognizes carbohydrates and could now be realized. To illustrate the chemistry-based approach to vaccine discovery, I summarize efforts focusing on synthetic glycan-based medicinal chemistry to understand the mammalian antiglycan immune response and define glycan epitopes for novel synthetic glycoconjugate vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and other bacteria. The chemical tools described here help us gain fundamental insights into how the human system recognizes carbohydrates and drive the discovery of carbohydrate vaccines.
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12
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Dhara D, Mulard LA. Exploratory N-Protecting Group Manipulation for the Total Synthesis of Zwitterionic Shigella sonnei Oligosaccharides. Chemistry 2021; 27:5694-5711. [PMID: 33314456 PMCID: PMC8048667 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Shigella sonnei surface polysaccharides are well-established protective antigens against this major cause of diarrhoeal disease. They also qualify as unique zwitterionic polysaccharides (ZPSs) featuring a disaccharide repeating unit made of two 1,2-trans linked rare aminodeoxy sugars, a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-l-altruronic acid (l-AltpNAcA) and a 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-d-galactopyranose (AAT). Herein, the stereoselective synthesis of S. sonnei oligosaccharides comprising two, three and four repeating units is reported for the first time. Several sets of up to seven protecting groups were explored, shedding light on the singular conformational behavior of protected altrosamine and altruronic residues. A disaccharide building block equipped with three distinct N-protecting groups and featuring the uronate moiety already in place was designed to accomplish the iterative high yielding glycosylation at the axial 4-OH of the altruronate component and achieve the challenging full deprotection step. Key to the successful route was the use of a diacetyl strategy whereby the N-acetamido group of the l-AltpNAcA is masked in the form of an imide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Dhara
- Unité de Chimie des BiomoléculesUMR 3523 CNRS, Institut Pasteur28 rue du Dr Roux75015ParisFrance
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Unité de Chimie des BiomoléculesUMR 3523 CNRS, Institut Pasteur28 rue du Dr Roux75015ParisFrance
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13
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Morelli L, Polito L, Richichi B, Compostella F. Glyconanoparticles as tools to prevent antimicrobial resistance. Glycoconj J 2021; 38:475-490. [PMID: 33728545 PMCID: PMC7964520 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-021-09988-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The increased phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance and the slow pace of development of new antibiotics are at the base of a global health concern regarding microbial infections. Antibiotic resistance kills an estimated 700,000 people each year worldwide, and this number is expected to increase dramatically if efforts are not made to develop new drugs or alternative containment strategies. Increased vaccination coverage, improved sanitation or sustained implementation of infection control measures are among the possible areas of action. Indeed, vaccination is one of the most effective tools of preventing infections. Starting from 1970s polysaccharide-based vaccines against Meningococcus, Pneumococcus and Haemophilus influenzae type b have been licensed, and provided effective protection for population. However, the development of safe and effective vaccines for infectious diseases with broad coverage remains a major challenge in global public health. In this scenario, nanosystems are receiving attention as alternative delivery systems to improve vaccine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this report, we provide an overview of current applications of glyconanomaterials as alternative platforms in the development of new vaccine candidates. In particular, we will focus on nanoparticle platforms, used to induce the activation of the immune system through the multivalent-displacement of saccharide antigens. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Polito
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Barbara Richichi
- Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Federica Compostella
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Saldini 50, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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14
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Khatun F, Toth I, Stephenson RJ. Immunology of carbohydrate-based vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 165-166:117-126. [PMID: 32320714 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are considered as promising targets for vaccine development against infectious diseases where cell surface glycan's on many infectious agents are attributed to playing an important role in pathogenesis. Understanding the relationship between carbohydrates and immune components at a molecular level is crucial for the development of well-defined vaccines. Recently, carbohydrate immunology research has been accelerated by the development of new technologies that contribute to the design of optimum antigens, synthesis of antigens and the studies of antigen-antibody interactions, and as a result, several promising carbohydrate-based vaccine candidates have been prepared in recent years. This article briefly presents the mechanistic pathways of polysaccharide, glycoconjugate, glycolipid and zwitterionic vaccines and the interplay between carbohydrate antigen and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Khatun
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; East West University, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia; Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
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15
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Barel LA, Mulard LA. Classical and novel strategies to develop a Shigella glycoconjugate vaccine: from concept to efficacy in human. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 15:1338-1356. [PMID: 31158047 PMCID: PMC6663142 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1606972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Shigella are gram-negative bacteria that cause severe diarrhea and dysentery, with a high level of antimicrobial resistance. Disease-induced protection against reinfection in Shigella-endemic areas provides convincing evidence on the feasibility of a vaccine and on the importance of Shigella lipopolysaccharides as targets of the host humoral protective immune response against disease. This article provides an overview of the original and current strategies toward the development of a Shigella glycan-protein conjugate vaccine that would cover the most commonly detected strains. Going beyond pioneering “lattice”-type polysaccharide-protein conjugates, progress, and challenges are addressed with focus on promising alternatives, which have reached phases I and II clinical trial. Glycoengineered bioconjugates and “sun”-type conjugates featuring well-defined synthetic carbohydrate antigens are discussed with insights on the molecular parameters governing the rational design of a cost-effective glycoconjugate vaccine efficacious in preventing diseases caused by Shigella in the most at risk populations, young children living in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Antoine Barel
- a Chemistry of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry , Institut Pasteur, UMR3523, CNRS , Paris , France.,b Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Laurence A Mulard
- a Chemistry of Biomolecules Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry , Institut Pasteur, UMR3523, CNRS , Paris , France
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16
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Micoli F, Del Bino L, Alfini R, Carboni F, Romano MR, Adamo R. Glycoconjugate vaccines: current approaches towards faster vaccine design. Expert Rev Vaccines 2019; 18:881-895. [PMID: 31475596 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2019.1657012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the last decades, glycoconjugate vaccines have been proven to be a successful strategy to prevent infectious diseases. Many diseases remain to be controlled, especially in developing countries, and emerging antibiotic-resistant bacteria present an alarming public-health threat. The increasing complexity of future vaccines, and the need to accelerate development processes have triggered the development of faster approaches to glycoconjugate vaccines design. Areas covered: This review provides an overview of recent progress in glycoconjugation technologies toward faster vaccine design. Expert opinion: Among the different emerging approaches, glycoengineering has the potential to combine glycan assembly and conjugation to carrier systems (such as proteins or outer membrane vesicles) in one step, resulting in a simplified manufacturing process and fewer analytical controls. Chemical and enzymatic strategies, and their automation can facilitate glycoepitope identification for vaccine design. Other approaches, such as the liposomal encapsulation of polysaccharides, potentially enable fast and easy combination of numerous antigens in the same formulation. Additional progress is envisaged in the near future, and some of these systems still need to be further validated in humans. In parallel, new strategies are needed to accelerate the vaccine development process, including the associated clinical trials, up to vaccine release onto the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
| | | | - Renzo Alfini
- Technology Platform, GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health s.r.l , Siena , Italy
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17
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Wang N, Chen M, Wang T. Liposomes used as a vaccine adjuvant-delivery system: From basics to clinical immunization. J Control Release 2019; 303:130-150. [PMID: 31022431 PMCID: PMC7111479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes are widely utilized as a carrier to improve therapeutic efficacy of agents thanks to their merits of high loading capacity, targeting delivery, reliable protection of agents, good biocompatibility, versatile structure modification and adjustable characteristics, such as size, surface charge, membrane flexibility and the agent loading mode. In particular, in recent years, through modification with immunopotentiators and targeting molecules, and in combination with innovative immunization devices, liposomes are rapidly developed as a multifunctional vaccine adjuvant-delivery system (VADS) that has a high capability in inducing desired immunoresponses, as they can target immune cells and even cellular organelles, engender lysosome escape, and promote Ag cross-presentation, thus enormously enhancing vaccination efficacy. Moreover, after decades of development, several products developed on liposome VADS have already been authorized for clinical immunization and are showing great advantages over conventional vaccines. This article describes in depth some critical issues relevant to the development of liposomes as a VADS, including principles underlying immunization, physicochemical properties of liposomes as the immunity-influencing factors, functional material modification to enhance immunostimulatory functions, the state-of-the-art liposome VADSs, as well as the marketed vaccines based on a liposome VADS. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive reference to the development of novel liposome vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Hefei University of Technology, 193 Tun Brook Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230009, China
| | - Minnan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Plum Hill Road, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China.
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18
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Micoli F, Adamo R, Costantino P. Protein Carriers for Glycoconjugate Vaccines: History, Selection Criteria, Characterization and New Trends. Molecules 2018; 23:E1451. [PMID: 29914046 PMCID: PMC6100388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23061451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently licensed glycoconjugate vaccines are composed of a carbohydrate moiety covalently linked to a protein carrier. Polysaccharides are T-cell independent antigens able to directly stimulate B cells to produce antibodies. Disease burden caused by polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria is highest in the first year of life, where plain polysaccharides are not generally immunogenic, limiting their use as vaccines. This limitation has been overcome by covalent coupling carbohydrate antigens to proteins that provide T cell epitopes. In addition to the protein carriers currently used in licensed glycoconjugate vaccines, there is a search for new protein carriers driven by several considerations: (i) concerns that pre-exposure or co-exposure to a given carrier can lead to immune interference and reduction of the anti-carbohydrate immune response; (ii) increasing interest to explore the dual role of proteins as carrier and protective antigen; and (iii) new ways to present carbohydrates antigens to the immune system. Protein carriers can be directly coupled to activated glycans or derivatized to introduce functional groups for subsequent conjugation. Proteins can be genetically modified to pre-determine the site of glycans attachment by insertion of unnatural amino acids bearing specific functional groups, or glycosylation consensus sequences for in vivo expression of the glycoconjugate. A large portion of the new protein carriers under investigation are recombinant ones, but more complex systems such as Outer Membrane Vesicles and other nanoparticles are being investigated. Selection criteria for new protein carriers are based on several aspects including safety, manufacturability, stability, reactivity toward conjugation, and preclinical evidence of immunogenicity of corresponding glycoconjugates. Characterization panels of protein carriers include tests before conjugation, after derivatization when applicable, and after conjugation. Glycoconjugate vaccines based on non-covalent association of carrier systems to carbohydrates are being investigated with promising results in animal models. The ability of these systems to convert T-independent carbohydrate antigens into T-dependent ones, in comparison to traditional glycoconjugates, needs to be assessed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Micoli
- GSK Vaccines Institute for Global Health (GVGH), 53100 Siena, Italy.
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19
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Weyant KB, Mills DC, DeLisa MP. Engineering a new generation of carbohydrate-based vaccines. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2018; 19:77-85. [PMID: 30568873 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in chemical synthesis, conjugation chemistry, engineered biosynthesis, and formulation design have spawned a new generation of vaccines that incorporate carbohydrate antigens. By providing better immunity against a variety of pathogens or malignant cells and lowering the cost of production, these developments overcome many of the limitations associated with conventional vaccines involving polysaccharides. Moreover, the resulting vaccine candidates are shedding light on how the immune system responds to carbohydrates and providing mechanistic insight that can help guide future vaccine design. Here, we review recent engineering efforts to develop and manufacture carbohydrate-based vaccines that are efficacious, durable, and cost-effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B Weyant
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Dominic C Mills
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
| | - Matthew P DeLisa
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.,Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA
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20
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Courant T, Bayon E, Reynaud-Dougier HL, Villiers C, Menneteau M, Marche PN, Navarro FP. Tailoring nanostructured lipid carriers for the delivery of protein antigens: Physicochemical properties versus immunogenicity studies. Biomaterials 2017; 136:29-42. [PMID: 28511142 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New vaccine formulations are still highly anticipated in the near-future to face incoming health challenges, such as emergence or reemergence of severe infectious diseases, immunosenescence associated with elderly or the spread of pathogens resistant to antibiotics. In particular, new nanoparticle-based adjuvants are promising for sub-unit vaccines in order to elicit potent and long lasting immune responses with a better control on their safety. In this context, an innovative delivery system of protein antigens has been designed based on the chemical grafting of the antigen onto the shell of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC). By using the well-known ovalbumin (OVA) as model of protein antigen, we have compared the immunogenicity properties in mice of different formulations of NLC grafted with OVA, by studying the influence of two main parameters: the size (80 nm versus 120 nm) and the surface charge (anionic versus cationic). We have shown that all mice immunized with OVA delivered through NLC produced much higher antibody titers for all tested formulations as compared to that immunized with OVA or OVA formulated in Complete Freund Adjuvant (CFA, positive control). More interestingly, the 80 nm anionic lipid particles were the most efficient antigen carrier for eliciting higher humoral immune response, as well as cellular immune response characterized by a strong secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ). These results associated with the demonstrated non-immunogenicity of the NLC carrier by itself open new avenues for the design of smart sub-unit vaccines containing properly engineered lipid nanoparticles which could stimulate or orient the immune system in a specific way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Courant
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Emilie Bayon
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054, Grenoble, France; INSERM U1209, IAB, F-38042, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Christian Villiers
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France; INSERM U1209, IAB, F-38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathilde Menneteau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrice N Marche
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France; INSERM U1209, IAB, F-38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabrice P Navarro
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000, Grenoble, France; CEA, LETI, MINATEC Campus, F-38054, Grenoble, France.
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21
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Solvolysis with trifluoroacetic acid: an efficient method for selective cleavage of polysaccharides. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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22
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Gauthier C, Chassagne P, Theillet FX, Guerreiro C, Thouron F, Nato F, Delepierre M, Sansonetti PJ, Phalipon A, Mulard LA. Non-stoichiometric O-acetylation of Shigella flexneri 2a O-specific polysaccharide: synthesis and antigenicity. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 12:4218-32. [PMID: 24836582 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42586j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic functional mimics of the O-antigen from Shigella flexneri 2a are seen as promising vaccine components against endemic shigellosis. Herein, the influence of the polysaccharide non-stoichiometric di-O-acetylation on antigenicity is addressed for the first time. Three decasaccharides, representing relevant internal mono- and di-O-acetylation profiles of the O-antigen, were synthesized from a pivotal protected decasaccharide designed to tailor late stage site-selective O-acetylation. The latter was obtained via a convergent route involving the imidate glycosylation chemistry. Binding studies to five protective mIgGs showed that none of the acetates adds significantly to broad antibody recognition. Yet, one of the five antibodies had a unique pattern of binding. With IC50 in the micromolar to submicromolar range mIgG F22-4 exemplifies a remarkable tight binding antibody against diversely O-acetylated and non-O-acetylated fragments of a neutral polysaccharide of medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Gauthier
- Institut Pasteur, Chimie des Biomolécules, Dépt de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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23
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Wang Z, Qin C, Hu J, Guo X, Yin J. Recent advances in synthetic carbohydrate-based human immunodeficiency virus vaccines. Virol Sin 2016; 31:110-7. [PMID: 26992403 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3691-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is urgently needed to prevent HIV infection and progression to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). As glycosylation of viral proteins becomes better understood, carbohydrate-based antiviral vaccines against special viruses have attracted much attention. Significant efforts in carbohydrate synthesis and immunogenicity research have resulted in the development of multiple carbohydrate-based HIV vaccines. This review summarizes recent advances in synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines design strategies and the applications of these vaccines in the prevention of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chunjun Qin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Wuxi Medical School, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jian Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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24
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Hartwell BL, Smalter Hall A, Swafford D, Sullivan BP, Garza A, Sestak JO, Northrup L, Berkland C. Molecular Dynamics of Multivalent Soluble Antigen Arrays Support a Two-Signal Co-delivery Mechanism in the Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:330-43. [PMID: 26636828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Many current therapies for autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) result in global immunosuppression, rendering insufficient efficacy with increased risk of adverse side effects. Multivalent soluble antigen arrays, nanomaterials presenting both autoantigen and secondary inhibitory signals on a flexible polymer backbone, are hypothesized to shift the immune response toward selective autoantigenic tolerance to repress autoimmune disease. Two-signal co-delivery of both autoantigen and secondary signal were deemed necessary for therapeutic efficacy against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a murine model of MS. Dynamic light scattering and in silico molecular dynamics simulations complemented these studies to illuminate the role of two-signal co-delivery in determining therapeutic potential. Physicochemical characteristics such as particle size and molecular affinity for intermolecular interactions and chain entanglement likely facilitated cotransport of two signals to produce efficacy. These findings elucidate potential mechanisms whereby soluble antigen arrays enact their therapeutic effect and help to guide the development of future multivalent antigen-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany L Hartwell
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Aaron Smalter Hall
- Molecular Graphics and Modeling Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2034 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - David Swafford
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Bradley P Sullivan
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | | | - Joshua O Sestak
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Laura Northrup
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Cory Berkland
- Therapeutic Particles and Biomaterials Technology Laboratory, University of Kansas , 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas , 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
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25
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Hartwell BL, Antunez L, Sullivan BP, Thati S, Sestak JO, Berkland C. Multivalent Nanomaterials: Learning from Vaccines and Progressing to Antigen-Specific Immunotherapies. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:346-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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26
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Adamo R, Nilo A, Castagner B, Boutureira O, Berti F, Bernardes GJL. Synthetically defined glycoprotein vaccines: current status and future directions. Chem Sci 2013; 4:2995-3008. [PMID: 25893089 PMCID: PMC4396375 DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50862e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary examples in vaccine design have shown good levels of carbohydrate-specific antibody generation when raised using extracted or fully synthetic capsular polysaccharide glycans covalently coupled to a protein carrier. Herein, we cover recent clinical developments of carbohydrate-based vaccines and describe how novel cutting-edge methodology for the total synthesis of oligosaccharides and for the precise placement of carbohydrates at pre-determined sites within a protein may be used to further improve the safety and efficacy of glycovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Adamo
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Alberto Nilo
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Bastien Castagner
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences , ETH Zürich , Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10 , 8093 Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Omar Boutureira
- Departament de Química Analítica i Química Orgànica , Universitat Rovira i Virgili , C/Marcel·lí Domingo s/n , 43007 Tarragona , Spain
| | - Francesco Berti
- Research Center , Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics , Via Fiorentina 1 , 53100 Siena , Italy .
| | - Gonçalo J L Bernardes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge , CB2 1EW , UK . ; Instituto de Medicina Molecular , Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa , Av. Prof. Egas Moniz , 1649-028 Lisboa , Portugal .
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27
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Abstract
Are there general rules to obtain efficient immunization against carbohydrate antigens? Thanks to technological advances in glycobiology and glycochemistry we entered a new era in which the rational design of carbohydrate vaccines has become an achievable goal. The aim of this Tutorial Review is to present the most recent accomplishments in the field of semi and fully synthetic carbohydrate vaccines against viruses, bacteria and cancer. It is also pointed out that the understanding of the chemical and biochemical processes related to immunization allows the modern chemist to rationally design carbohydrate vaccines with improved efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Peri
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 2, 20126 Milano, Italy.
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28
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Champion E, Guérin F, Moulis C, Barbe S, Tran TH, Morel S, Descroix K, Monsan P, Mourey L, Mulard LA, Tranier S, Remaud-Siméon M, André I. Applying Pairwise Combinations of Amino Acid Mutations for Sorting Out Highly Efficient Glucosylation Tools for Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of Bacterial Oligosaccharides. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:18677-88. [DOI: 10.1021/ja306845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elise Champion
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Guérin
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- Département de Biologie
Structurale et Biophysique, 205 Route de Narbonne, CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale),
BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Barbe
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Thu Hoai Tran
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- Département de Biologie
Structurale et Biophysique, 205 Route de Narbonne, CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale),
BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Morel
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Karine Descroix
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux,
75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Pierre Monsan
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Département de Biologie
Structurale et Biophysique, 205 Route de Narbonne, CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale),
BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurence A. Mulard
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Chimie des Biomolécules, 28 rue du Dr. Roux,
75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
- CNRS UMR3523, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Samuel Tranier
- Département de Biologie
Structurale et Biophysique, 205 Route de Narbonne, CNRS, IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale),
BP 64182, F-31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Siméon
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- Université de Toulouse; INSA,UPS,INP; LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil,
F-31077 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, F-31400 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792 Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des
Procédés, F-31400 Toulouse, France
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Safari D, Marradi M, Chiodo F, Th Dekker HA, Shan Y, Adamo R, Oscarson S, Rijkers GT, Lahmann M, Kamerling JP, Penadés S, Snippe H. Gold nanoparticles as carriers for a synthetic Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 conjugate vaccine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:651-62. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.11.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: Coupling of capsular polysaccharides of pathogens to immunogenic protein carriers (conjugate vaccines) improves carbohydrate immune response. Our idea is to explore gold nanoclusters as carriers to prepare fully synthetic carbohydrate vaccines. Materials & methods: Gold glyconanoparticles bearing a synthetic tetrasaccharide epitope related to the Streptococcus pneumoniae type 14 capsular polysaccharide (Pn14PS), the T-helper ovalbumin 323–339 peptide (OVA323–339), and D-glucose were prepared by a one-pot method. Their immunogenicity was tested in mice. Cytokine levels after spleen cell stimulation with OVA323–339 were analyzed using a luminex-multiplex cytokine assay. The capacity of the evoked antibodies to promote the uptake of S. pneumoniae type 14 by leukocytes was assessed. Results & discussion: Glyconanoparticles containing 45% of tetrasaccharide and 5% OVA323–339 triggered specific anti-Pn14PS IgG antibodies. Cytokine levels confirmed that glyconanoparticles led to T-helper cell activation. The anti-saccharide antibodies promoted the phagocytosis of type 14 bacteria by human leukocytes, indicating the functionality of the antibodies. Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles have great potential as carriers for the development of a great diversity of fully synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccines. Original submitted 17 May 2011; Revised submitted 27 July 2011
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Affiliation(s)
- Dodi Safari
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Marradi
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain and Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Huberta A Th Dekker
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yulong Shan
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Roberto Adamo
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Oscarson
- Center for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ger T Rijkers
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | | | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center, Department of Bio-Organic Chemistry, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Soledad Penadés
- Laboratory of GlycoNanotechnology, Biofunctional Nanomaterials Unit, CIC biomaGUNE, San Sebastián, Spain and Networking Research Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Harm Snippe
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Morelli L, Poletti L, Lay L. Carbohydrates and Immunology: Synthetic Oligosaccharide Antigens for Vaccine Formulation. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Morelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Poletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Lay
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, CISI and ISTM‐CNR, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Venezian 21, 20133 Milano, Italy
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31
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Thomann JS, Heurtault B, Weidner S, Brayé M, Beyrath J, Fournel S, Schuber F, Frisch B. Antitumor activity of liposomal ErbB2/HER2 epitope peptide-based vaccine constructs incorporating TLR agonists and mannose receptor targeting. Biomaterials 2011; 32:4574-83. [PMID: 21474175 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic and molecularly defined constructs containing the minimal components to mimic and amplify the physiological immune response are able to induce an efficient cytotoxic response. In the current study this approach was applied to the development of highly versatile liposomal constructs to co-deliver peptide epitopes in combination with TLR agonists in order to induce a specific anti-tumor cellular immune response against ErbB2 protein-expressing tumor cells. Liposomes containing ErbB2 p63-71 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and HA307-319 T- helper (Th) peptide epitopes associated to innovative synthetic TLR2/1 (Pam(3)CAG) or TLR2/6 agonists (Pam(2)CAG and Pam(2)CGD), were injected in mice bearing ErbB2 protein-expressing tumor cells. Mannosylated ligands were also incorporated into the constructs to target antigen-presenting cells. We showed that the TLR2/6 agonists were more efficient than the TLR2/1 agonists for the eradication of tumors expressing ErbB2 protein. Furthermore, mannose-targeted liposomes displayed higher therapeutic efficiency against tumor allowing treatment with decreased quantities of both TLR ligands and peptide epitopes. Our results validated that antigen-associated mannosylated liposomes combined with efficient TLR ligands are effective vectors for vaccination against tumor. In this study we developed useful tools to evaluate the vaccination efficiency of various adjuvants and/or targeting molecules and their potential synergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- Equipe de Biovectorologie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Illkirch, France
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Heurtault B, Frisch B, Pons F. Liposomes as delivery systems for nasal vaccination: strategies and outcomes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2010; 7:829-44. [PMID: 20459361 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2010.488687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Among the particulate systems that have been envisaged in vaccine delivery, liposomes are very attractive. These phospholipid vesicles can indeed deliver a wide range of molecules. They have been shown to enhance considerably the immunogenicity of weak protein antigens or synthetic peptides. Also, they offer a wide range of pharmaceutical options for the design of vaccines. In the past decade, the nasal mucosa has emerged as an effective route for vaccine delivery, together with the opportunity to develop non-invasive approaches in vaccination. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review focuses on the recent strategies and outcomes that have been developed around the use of liposomes in nasal vaccination. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The various formulation parameters, including lipid composition, size, charge and mucoadhesiveness, that have been investigated in the design of liposomal vaccine candidates dedicated to nasal vaccination are outlined. Also, an overview of the immunological and protective responses obtained with the developed formulations is presented. TAKE HOME MESSAGE This review illustrates the high potential of liposomes as nasal vaccine delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Heurtault
- Equipe de Biovectorologie, Laboratoire de Conception et Application de Molécules Bioactives, UMR 7199 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74, route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch Cedex, France.
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Applications of synthetic carbohydrates to chemical biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2010; 14:404-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize recent advances that contribute to the development of new vaccines against gastrointestinal infections. RECENT FINDINGS The main themes of this review include epidemiology assessing disease burden of enteric pathogens, increasing antibiotic resistance, positive effect of existing enteric vaccines in developed and developing countries, and recommendations of advisory bodies; antigen discovery and preclinical testing, including live vector systems expressing heterologous antigens, conjugation of antigen to carrier proteins, and plant-based expression systems; as well as clinical studies highlighting recently published enteric vaccine candidates, studies assessing immune correlates of protection, as well as a trend for technology transfer to developing countries where enteric vaccines can be produced less expensively. SUMMARY It is an exciting time for the development of novel vaccines against gastrointestinal infections. Better understanding of disease burden, interest from funding sources, identification of novel antigens, better understanding of protective immune responses, and steady progress in the conduct of clinical trials make the development of new enteric vaccines a goal that is attainable in the near future.
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