1
|
Mosadegh S, Abtahi H, Amani J, Karizi SZ, Salmanian AH. Protective immunization against Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae Type 1 by chitosan nanoparticle loaded with recombinant chimeric antigens comprising EIT and STX1B-IpaD. Microb Pathog 2023; 184:106344. [PMID: 37704060 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrated that Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (S. dysenteriae1) are considered pathogens, that are connected with diarrhea and are still the greatest cause of death in children under the age of five years, worldwide. EHEC and S. dysenteriae 1 infections can be prevented and managed using a vaccination strategy against pathogen attachment stages. In this study, the chitosan nanostructures were loaded with recombinant EIT and STX1B-IpaD polypeptides. The immunogenic properties of this nano-vaccine candidate were investigated. The EIT and STX1B-IpaD recombinant proteins were heterologous expressed, purified, and confirmed by western blotting. The chitosan nanoparticles, were used to encapsulate the purified proteins. The immunogenicity of recombinant nano vaccine candidate, was examined in three groups of BalB/c mice by injection, oral delivery, and combination of oral-injection. ELISA and antibody titer, evaluated the humoral immune response. Finally, all three mice groups were challenged by two pathogens to test the ability of the nano-vaccine candidate to protect against bacterial infection. The Sereny test in guinea pigs was used to confirm the neutralizing effect of immune sera in controlling S. dysenteriae 1, infections. SDS-PAGE and western blotting, confirmed the presence and specificity of 63 and 27 kDa recombinant EIT and STX1B-IpaD, respectively. The results show that the nanoparticles containing recombinant proteins could stimulate the systemic and mucosal immune systems by producing IgG and IgA, respectively. The challenge test showed that, the candidate nano-vaccine could protect the animal model from bacterial infection. The combination of multiple recombinant proteins, carrying several epitopes and natural nanoparticles could evocate remarkable humoral and mucosal responses and improve the protection properties of synthetic antigens. Furthermore, compared with other available antigen delivery methods, using oral delivery as immune priming and injection as a booster method, could act as combinatorial methods to achieve a higher level of immunity. This approach could present an appropriate vaccine candidate against both EHEC and S. dysenteriae 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Mosadegh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Abtahi
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Zare Karizi
- Department of Biology, Varamin Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Pishva, Varamin, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Montero DA, Garcia-Betancourt R, Vidal RM, Velasco J, Palacios PA, Schneider D, Vega C, Gómez L, Montecinos H, Soto-Shara R, Oñate Á, Carreño LJ. A chimeric protein-based vaccine elicits a strong IgG antibody response and confers partial protection against Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186368. [PMID: 37575242 PMCID: PMC10413102 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a foodborne pathogen that causes gastrointestinal infections, ranging from acute diarrhea and dysentery to life-threatening diseases such as Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome. Currently, a vaccine to prevent STEC infection is an unmet medical need. Results We developed a chimeric protein-based vaccine targeting seven virulence factors of STEC, including the Stx2B subunit, Tir, Intimin, EspA, Cah, OmpT, and AggA proteins. Immunization of mice with this vaccine candidate elicited significant humoral and cellular immune responses against STEC. High levels of specific IgG antibodies were found in the serum and feces of immunized mice. However, specific IgA antibodies were not detected in either serum or feces. Furthermore, a significantly higher percentage of antigen-specific CD4+ T cells producing IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 was observed in the spleens of immunized mice. Notably, the immunized mice showed decreased shedding of STEC O157:H7 and STEC O91:H21 strains and were protected against weight loss during experimental infection. Additionally, infection with the STEC O91:H21 strain resulted in kidney damage in control unimmunized mice; however, the extent of damage was slightly lower in immunized mice. Our findings suggest that IgG antibodies induced by this vaccine candidate may have a role in inhibiting bacterial adhesion and complement-mediated killing. Conclusion This study provides evidence that IgG responses are involved in the host defense against STEC. However, our results do not rule out that other classes of antibodies also participate in the protection against this pathogen. Additional work is needed to improve the protection conferred by our vaccine candidate and to elucidate the relevant immune responses that lead to complete protection against this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Montero
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Richard Garcia-Betancourt
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto M. Vidal
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Microbiología y Micología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juliana Velasco
- Unidad de Paciente Crítico, Clínica Hospital del Profesor, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Formación de Especialista en Medicina de Urgencia, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. Palacios
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Schneider
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Vega
- Plataforma Experimental, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Gómez
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Hernán Montecinos
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Soto-Shara
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ángel Oñate
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Leandro J. Carreño
- Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto Milenio de Inmunología e Inmunoterapia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pokharel P, Dhakal S, Dozois CM. The Diversity of Escherichia coli Pathotypes and Vaccination Strategies against This Versatile Bacterial Pathogen. Microorganisms 2023; 11:344. [PMID: 36838308 PMCID: PMC9965155 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a gram-negative bacillus and resident of the normal intestinal microbiota. However, some E. coli strains can cause diseases in humans, other mammals and birds ranging from intestinal infections, for example, diarrhea and dysentery, to extraintestinal infections, such as urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, meningitis, and sepsis. In terms of morbidity and mortality, pathogenic E. coli has a great impact on public health, with an economic cost of several billion dollars annually worldwide. Antibiotics are not usually used as first-line treatment for diarrheal illness caused by E. coli and in the case of bloody diarrhea, antibiotics are avoided due to the increased risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome. On the other hand, extraintestinal infections are treated with various antibiotics depending on the site of infection and susceptibility testing. Several alarming papers concerning the rising antibiotic resistance rates in E. coli strains have been published. The silent pandemic of multidrug-resistant bacteria including pathogenic E. coli that have become more difficult to treat favored prophylactic approaches such as E. coli vaccines. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of different pathotypes of E. coli, the virulence factors involved and updates on the major aspects of vaccine development against different E. coli pathotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pravil Pokharel
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Sabin Dhakal
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - Charles M. Dozois
- Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), 531 Boul des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie Porcine et Avicole (CRIPA), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal Saint-Hyacinthe, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC J2S 2M2, Canada
- Pasteur Network, Laval, QC H7V 1B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Segura A, Bertin Y, Durand A, Benbakkar M, Forano E. Transcriptional analysis reveals specific niche factors and response to environmental stresses of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 in bovine digestive contents. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:284. [PMID: 34663220 PMCID: PMC8524897 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02343-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are responsible for severe diseases in humans, and the ruminant digestive tract is considered as their main reservoir. Their excretion in bovine feces leads to the contamination of foods and the environment. Thus, providing knowledge of processes used by EHEC to survive and/or develop all along the bovine gut represents a major step for strategies implementation. Results We compared the transcriptome of the reference EHEC strain EDL933 incubated in vitro in triplicate samples in sterile bovine rumen, small intestine and rectum contents with that of the strain grown in an artificial medium using RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq), focusing on genes involved in stress response, adhesion systems including the LEE, iron uptake, motility and chemotaxis. We also compared expression of these genes in one digestive content relative to the others. In addition, we quantified short chain fatty acids and metal ions present in the three digestive contents. RNA-seq data first highlighted response of EHEC EDL933 to unfavorable physiochemical conditions encountered during its transit through the bovine gut lumen. Seventy-eight genes involved in stress responses including drug export, oxidative stress and acid resistance/pH adaptation were over-expressed in all the digestive contents compared with artificial medium. However, differences in stress fitness gene expression were observed depending on the digestive segment, suggesting that these differences were due to distinct physiochemical conditions in the bovine digestive contents. EHEC activated genes encoding three toxin/antitoxin systems in rumen content and many gene clusters involved in motility and chemotaxis in rectum contents. Genes involved in iron uptake and utilization were mostly down-regulated in all digestive contents compared with artificial medium, but feo genes were over-expressed in rumen and small intestine compared with rectum. The five LEE operons were more expressed in rectum than in rumen content, and LEE1 was also more expressed in rectum than in small intestine content. Conclusion Our results highlight various strategies that EHEC may implement to survive in the gastrointestinal environment of cattle. These data could also help defining new targets to limit EHEC O157:H7 carriage and shedding by cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02343-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Segura
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yolande Bertin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alexandra Durand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Mhammed Benbakkar
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, IRD, OPGC, Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Evelyne Forano
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, MEDIS 0454, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Swietnicki W. Secretory System Components as Potential Prophylactic Targets for Bacterial Pathogens. Biomolecules 2021; 11:892. [PMID: 34203937 PMCID: PMC8232601 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secretory systems are essential for virulence in human pathogens. The systems have become a target of alternative antibacterial strategies based on small molecules and antibodies. Strategies to use components of the systems to design prophylactics have been less publicized despite vaccines being the preferred solution to dealing with bacterial infections. In the current review, strategies to design vaccines against selected pathogens are presented and connected to the biology of the system. The examples are given for Y. pestis, S. enterica, B. anthracis, S. flexneri, and other human pathogens, and discussed in terms of effectiveness and long-term protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Swietnicki
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mucosal IFNγ production and potential role in protection in Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccinated and challenged cattle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9769. [PMID: 33963240 PMCID: PMC8105325 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89113-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157)-based vaccines can provide a potential intervention strategy to limit foodborne zoonotic transmission of O157. While the peripheral antibody response to O157 vaccination has been characterized, O157-specific cellular immunity at the rectoanal junction (RAJ), a preferred site for O157 colonization, remains poorly described. Vaccine induced mucosal O157-specific antibodies likely provide some protection, cellular immune responses at the RAJ may also play a role in protection. Distinct lymphoid follicles were increased in the RAJ of vaccinated/challenged animals. Additionally, increased numbers of interferon (IFN)γ-producing cells and γδ + T cells were detected in the follicular region of the RAJ of vaccinated/challenged animals. Likewise, adjuvanted-vaccine formulation is critical in immunogenicity of the O157 parenteral vaccine. Local T cell produced IFNγ may impact epithelial cells, subsequently limiting O157 adherence, which was demonstrated using in vitro attachment assays with bovine epithelial cells. Thus, distinct immune changes induced at the mucosa of vaccinated and challenged animals provide insight of mechanisms associated with limiting O157 fecal shedding. Enhancing mucosal immunity may be critical in the further development of efficacious vaccines for controlling O157 in ruminants and thus limiting O157 transmission to humans.
Collapse
|
7
|
The potential for vaccines against scour worms of small ruminants. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:533-553. [PMID: 32569640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the research landscape regarding vaccines against scour worms, particularly Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta. The inability of past research to deliver scour-worm vaccines with reliable and reproducible efficacy has been due in part to gaps in knowledge concerning: (i) host-parasite interactions leading to development of type-2 immunity, (ii) definition of an optimal suite of parasite antigens, and (iii) rational formulation and administration to induce protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) at the site of infestation. Recent 'omics' developments enable more systematic analyses. GIN genomes are reaching completion, facilitating "reverse vaccinology" approaches that have been used successfully for the Rhipicephalus australis vaccine for cattle tick, while methods for gene silencing and editing in GIN enable identification and validation of potential vaccine antigens. We envisage that any efficacious scour worm vaccine(s) would be adopted similarly to "Barbervax™" within integrated parasite management schemes. Vaccines would therefore effectively parallel the use of resistant animals, and reduce the frequency of drenching and pasture contamination. These aspects of integration, efficacy and operation require updated models and validation in the field. The conclusion of this review outlines an approach to facilitate an integrated research program.
Collapse
|
8
|
Wilson HL, Gerdts V, Babiuk LA. Mucosal Vaccine Development for Veterinary and Aquatic Diseases. MUCOSAL VACCINES 2020. [PMCID: PMC7149622 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-811924-2.00048-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Because most pathogens and food antigens enter the host via the mucosal surfaces, effective mucosal immunity is critical for maintaining homeostasis through immune regulation, tolerance, and induction of effective immune responses when needed. Thus the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues represent an important target for vaccination. Indeed, more than 20 years of research have clearly demonstrated the benefits of mucosal vaccination versus systemic vaccination. Such benefits include local induction of secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) as well as activation and maturation of mucosal dendritic cells, homing of effector cells to the mucosal surfaces, expression of specific host defense peptides, and other innate effector molecules. In addition, mucosal vaccination offers the opportunity to induce colostral and lactogenic immunity during pregnancy and the possibility of avoiding neutralization of early life vaccines by maternal antibodies, both of which are critical for protecting the most susceptible from infectious diseases. Moreover, mucosal administration offers the advantage of inducing both effective systemic immunity and mucosal immunity, enhancing vaccine efficacy and providing improved protection. A number of animal vaccines are already administered via the mucosal surfaces, with many more to come over the next few years. It is gratifying to see that veterinary vaccine development has yet again taken a leadership role in exploring innovative approaches and technologies to mucosal vaccination. For the veterinary field, considerations for mucosal vaccine development and use necessarily include costs (often pennies per dose), mass delivery that preferably avoids animal restraint, and economic and trade considerations. In this chapter, we provide an overview of some of the existing vaccine technologies and discuss their advantages and disadvantages.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mir RA, Schaut RG, Allen HK, Looft T, Loving CL, Kudva IT, Sharma VK. Cattle intestinal microbiota shifts following Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccination and colonization. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226099. [PMID: 31805148 PMCID: PMC6894827 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination-induced Escherichia coli O157:H7-specific immune responses have been shown to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding in cattle. Although E. coli O157:H7 colonization is correlated with perturbations in intestinal microbial diversity, it is not yet known whether vaccination against E. coli O157:H7 could cause shifts in bovine intestinal microbiota. To understand the impact of E. coli O157:H7 vaccination and colonization on intestinal microbial diversity, cattle were vaccinated with two doses of different E. coli O157:H7 vaccine formulations. Six weeks post-vaccination, the two vaccinated groups (Vx-Ch) and one non-vaccinated group (NonVx-Ch) were orally challenged with E. coli O157:H7. Another group was neither vaccinated nor challenged (NonVx-NonCh). Fecal microbiota analysis over a 30-day period indicated a significant (FDR corrected, p <0.05) association of bacterial community structure with vaccination until E. coli O157:H7 challenge. Shannon diversity index and species richness were significantly lower in vaccinated compared to non-vaccinated groups after E. coli O157:H7 challenge (p < 0.05). The Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio (p > 0.05) was not associated with vaccination but the relative abundance of Proteobacteria was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in vaccinated calves after E. coli O157:H7 challenge. Similarly, Vx-Ch calves had higher relative abundance of Paeniclostridium spp. and Christenellaceae R7 group while Campylobacter spp., and Sutterella spp. were more abundant in NonVx-Ch group post-E. coli O157:H7 challenge. Only Vx-Ch calves had significantly higher (p < 0.001) E. coli O157:H7-specific serum IgG but no detectable E. coli O157:H7-specific IgA. However, E. coli O157:H7-specific IL-10-producing T cells were detected in vaccinated animals prior to challenge, but IFN-γ-producing T cells were not detected. Neither E. coli O157:H7-specific IgG nor IgA were detected in blood or feces, respectively, of NonVx-Ch and NonVx-NonCh groups prior to or post vaccinations. Both Vx-Ch and NonVx-Ch animals shed detectable levels of challenge strain during the course of the study. Despite the lack of protection with the vaccine formulations there were detectable shifts in the microbiota of vaccinated animals before and after challenge with E. coli O157:H7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raies A. Mir
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Schaut
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
| | - Heather K. Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Torey Looft
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Crystal L. Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VKS); (ITK)
| | - Vijay K. Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States of America
- * E-mail: (VKS); (ITK)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fitzgerald SF, Beckett AE, Palarea-Albaladejo J, McAteer S, Shaaban S, Morgan J, Ahmad NI, Young R, Mabbott NA, Morrison L, Bono JL, Gally DL, McNeilly TN. Shiga toxin sub-type 2a increases the efficiency of Escherichia coli O157 transmission between animals and restricts epithelial regeneration in bovine enteroids. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008003. [PMID: 31581229 PMCID: PMC6776261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Specific Escherichia coli isolates lysogenised with prophages that express Shiga toxin (Stx) can be a threat to human health, with cattle being an important natural reservoir. In many countries the most severe pathology is associated with enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) serogroups that express Stx subtype 2a. In the United Kingdom, phage type (PT) 21/28 O157 strains have emerged as the predominant cause of life-threatening EHEC infections and this phage type commonly encodes both Stx2a and Stx2c toxin types. PT21/28 is also epidemiologically linked to super-shedding (>103 cfu/g of faeces) which is significant for inter-animal transmission and human infection as demonstrated using modelling studies. We demonstrate that Stx2a is the main toxin produced by stx2a+/stx2c+ PT21/28 strains induced with mitomycin C and this is associated with more rapid induction of gene expression from the Stx2a-encoding prophage compared to that from the Stx2c-encoding prophage. Bacterial supernatants containing either Stx2a and/or Stx2c were demonstrated to restrict growth of bovine gastrointestinal organoids with no restriction when toxin production was not induced or prevented by mutation. Isogenic strains that differed in their capacity to produce Stx2a were selected for experimental oral colonisation of calves to assess the significance of Stx2a for both super-shedding and transmission between animals. Restoration of Stx2a expression in a PT21/28 background significantly increased animal-to-animal transmission and the number of sentinel animals that became super-shedders. We propose that while both Stx2a and Stx2c can restrict regeneration of the epithelium, it is the relatively rapid and higher levels of Stx2a induction, compared to Stx2c, that have contributed to the successful emergence of Stx2a+ E. coli isolates in cattle in the last 40 years. We propose a model in which Stx2a enhances E. coli O157 colonisation of in-contact animals by restricting regeneration and turnover of the colonised gastrointestinal epithelium. Enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) O157 strains are found in cattle where they are asymptomatic, while human exposure can lead to severe symptoms including bloody diarrhoea and kidney damage due to the activity of Shiga toxin (Stx). The most serious symptoms in humans are associated with isolates that encode Stx subtype 2a. The advantage of these toxins in the animal reservoir is still not clear, however there is experimental evidence implicating Stx with increased bacterial adherence, immune modulation and suppression of predatory protozoa. In this study, the hypothesis that Stx2a is important for super-shedding and calf-to-calf transmission was tested by comparing excretion and transmission dynamics of E. coli O157 strains with and without Stx2a. While Stx2a did not alter excretion levels when calfs were orally challenge, it enabled colonisation of more in contact ‘sentinel’ animals in our transmission model. We show that Stx2a is generally induced more rapidly than Stx2c, resulting in increased levels of Stx2a expression. Both Stx2a and Stx2c were able to restrict cellular proliferation of epithelial cells in cultured bovine enteroids. Taken together, we propose that rapid production of Stx2a and its role in establishing E. coli O157 colonisation in the bovine gastrointestinal tract facilitate effective transmission and have led to its expansion in the cattle E. coli O157 population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen F. Fitzgerald
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E. Beckett
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sean McAteer
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Sharif Shaaban
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Morgan
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
| | | | - Rachel Young
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Morrison
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - James L. Bono
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - David L. Gally
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, The University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DLG); (TNM)
| | - Tom N. McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (DLG); (TNM)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khanifar J, Salmanian AH, Haji Hosseini R, Amani J, Kazemi R. Chitosan nano-structure loaded with recombinant E. coli O157:H7 antigens as a vaccine candidate can effectively increase immunization capacity. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2593-2604. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1629947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Khanifar
- Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rohoallah Kazemi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Green Gene Company, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Khanifar J, Hosseini RH, Kazemi R, Ramandi MF, Amani J, Salmanian AH. Prevention of EHEC infection by chitosan nano-structure coupled with synthetic recombinant antigen. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 157:100-107. [PMID: 30633949 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
One of highly effective methods for prevention and control of Entrohemorragic Esherichia coli (EHEC) infections is to use vaccination against extremely immunogenic part of attachment factors. In this study rEIT (EspA, Intimin, Tir) was produced in bacteria and then encapsulated with chitosan nanoparticle as a candidate nanovaccine. A chimeric trivalent recombinant protein which was previously found to provide reasonable immunogenicity against E.coli O157:H7 was used as a base. Mice immunized orally with chitosan based nanoparticle containing rEIT antigen. The rEIT-specific immune responses (IgG and IgA) were measured by indirect ELISA. In challenging tests different groups of immunized mice were infected orally with E.coli O157:H7. The results showed that the recombinant nanovaccine candidate could induce the strong humoral and mucosal immune responses and protect the mice from live EHEC O157:H7 challenge. Higher titers of serum anti rEIT IgG were achieved after the last immunization in all of the groups. Comparison of the amount of IgA titers in serum and feces showed higher values for the latter. In vitro study of binding inhibition assay on Caco-2 cell monolayers by pre-incubated antisera with EHEC bacteria, showed that immunized mice antibody could reduce adhesion properties of E. coli O157:H7. In a challenging study with EHEC bacteria, reduction in number of colonies was observed in all of the immunized groups for over two weeks. Results from the present study prove that nanovaccine candidate with rEIT can reduce signs and symptoms of EHEC infections. This novel approach can be a new strategy for inducing immunity against E. coli O157:H7. This study suggests the use of oral -injection combined vaccination routes comparing to other methods available in order to achieve higher humoral and mucosal immunogenicity levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Khanifar
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences Tehran Shargh, Payaam Noor University, Biochemistry Research Center, Iran
| | - Reza Haji Hosseini
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences Tehran Shargh, Payaam Noor University, Biochemistry Research Center, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Fasihi Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Department of agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mir RA, Kudva IT. Antibiotic‐resistant Shiga toxin‐producing
Escherichia coli
: An overview of prevalence and intervention strategies. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 66:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raies A. Mir
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Ames Iowa
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) ARS Research Participation Program Oak Ridge Tennessee
| | - Indira T. Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service U.S. Department of Agriculture Ames Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Intranasal co-administration of recombinant active fragment of Zonula occludens toxin and truncated recombinant EspB triggers potent systemic, mucosal immune responses and reduces span of E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding in BALB/c mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:89-100. [PMID: 30209565 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 with its traits such as intestinal colonization and fecal-oral route of transmission demands mucosal vaccine development. E. coli secreted protein B (EspB) is one of the key type III secretory system (TTSS) targets for mucosal candidate vaccine due to its indispensable role in the pathogenesis of E. coli O157:H7. However, mucosally administered recombinant proteins have low immunogenicity which could be overcome by the use of mucosal adjuvants. The quest for safe, potent mucosal adjuvant has recognized ΔG fragment of Zonula occludens toxin of Vibrio cholerae with such properties. ΔG enhances mucosal permeability via the paracellular route by altering epithelial tight junction structure in a reversible, ephemeral and non-toxic manner. Therefore, we tested whether recombinant ΔG intranasally co-administered with truncated EspB (EspB + ΔG) could serve as an effective mucosal adjuvant. Results showed that EspB + ΔG group induced higher systemic IgG and mucosal IgA than EspB alone. Moreover, EspB alone developed Th2 type response with IgG1/IgG2a ratio (1.64) and IL-4, IL-10 cytokines whereas that of EspB + ΔG group generated mixed Th1/Th2 type immune response evident from IgG1/IgG2a ratio (1.17) as well as IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-γ cytokine levels compared to control. Sera of EspB + ΔG group inhibited TTSS mediated haemolysis of murine RBCs more effectively compared to EspB, control group and sera of both EspB + ΔG, EspB group resulted in similar levels of efficacious reduction in E. coli O157:H7 adherence to Caco-2 cells compared to control. Moreover, vaccination with EspB + ΔG resulted in significant reduction in E. coli O157:H7 fecal shedding compared to EspB and control group in experimentally challenged streptomycin-treated mice. These results demonstrate mucosal adjuvanticity of ΔG co-administered with EspB in enhancing overall immunogenicity to reduce E. coli O157:H7 shedding.
Collapse
|
15
|
Shekar A, Ramlal S, Jeyabalaji JK, Sripathy MH. Intranasal immunization of cocktail/fusion protein containing Tir along with ΔG active fragment of Zot as mucosal adjuvant confers enhanced immunogenicity and reduces E. coli O157:H7 shedding in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2018; 63:211-219. [PMID: 30103196 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ruminants are the major reservoirs of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its fecal shedding mainly act as a source of entry of this pathogen into the human food chain. In humans, E. coli O157:H7 infection causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Intimate adherence of E. coli O157:H7 is mediated by Translocated intimin receptor (Tir) to which intimin binds in the host cell. Since E. coli O157:H7 colonizes intestinal epithelium, the mucosal vaccine has a potential to prevent its colonization. Zonula occludens toxin (Zot) of Vibrio cholerae transiently, reversibly alters epithelial tight junction structure to increase mucosal permeability of macromolecules via paracellular route. The C-terminal region of Zot (ΔG) responsible for this function could be used for mucosal antigen delivery. Therefore, we employed individual (Tir), cocktail (ΔG + Tir), fusion protein (ΔG-Tir) and assessed the efficacy of its intranasal immunization on immunogenicity and fecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 in streptomycin treated mouse model. Compared to control, ΔG + Tir, ΔG-Tir immunized mice elicited significant antigen specific antibody titers in serum (IgG, IgA) and feces (IgA), whereas Tir immunized mice induced only serum IgG titer. Cytokine analysis revealed mixed Th1/Th2 type immune response in case of ΔG + Tir, ΔG-Tir group while that of Tir group was solely Th2 type. Tir, ΔG + Tir and ΔG-Tir immunized mice showed reduction in shedding of E. coli O157:H7 compared to control group. However, ΔG-Tir immunized group performed better than ΔG + Tir, Tir group in reducing fecal shedding. Overall, our results demonstrate that intranasal immunization of ΔG-Tir induces effective systemic, mucosal, cellular immune responses and represents a promising mucosal subunit vaccine to prevent E. coli O157:H7 colonization.
Collapse
|
16
|
Fingermann M, Avila L, De Marco MB, Vázquez L, Di Biase DN, Müller AV, Lescano M, Dokmetjian JC, Fernández Castillo S, Pérez Quiñoy JL. OMV-based vaccine formulations against Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli strains are both protective in mice and immunogenic in calves. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2208-2213. [PMID: 29923791 PMCID: PMC6183318 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1490381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) can cause the severe Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS). Shiga toxins are protein toxins that bind and kill microvascular cells, damaging vital organs. No specific therapeutics or vaccines have been licensed for use in humans yet. The most common route of infection is by consumption of dairy or farm products contaminated with STEC. Domestic cattle colonized by STEC strains represent the main reservoir, and thus a source of contamination. Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) obtained after detergent treatment of gram-negative bacteria have been used over the past decades for producing many licensed vaccines. These nanoparticles are not only multi-antigenic in nature but also potent immunopotentiators and immunomodulators. Formulations based on chemical-inactivated OMV (OMVi) obtained from a virulent STEC strain (O157:H7 serotype) were found to protect against pathogenicity in a murine model and to be immunogenic in calves. These initial studies suggest that STEC-derived OMV has a potential for the formulation of both human and veterinary vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía Avila
- a INPB, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | - Luciana Vázquez
- b UOCCB, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | | | - Mirta Lescano
- a INPB, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán" , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Martorelli L, Garimano N, Fiorentino GA, Vilte DA, Garbaccio SG, Barth SA, Menge C, Ibarra C, Palermo MS, Cataldi A. Efficacy of a recombinant Intimin, EspB and Shiga toxin 2B vaccine in calves experimentally challenged with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Vaccine 2018; 36:3949-3959. [PMID: 29807709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a zoonotic pathogen of global importance and the serotype of Shiga toxin-producing E.coli (STEC) most frequently associated with Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) in humans. The main STEC reservoir is cattle. Vaccination of calves with the carboxy-terminal fraction of Intimin γ (IntC280) and EspB can reduce E.coli O157:H7 fecal shedding after experimental challenge. Shiga toxin (Stx) exerts local immunosuppressive effects in the bovine intestine and Stx2B fused to Brucella lumazine synthase (BLS-Stx2B) induces Stx2-neutralizing antibodies. To determine if an immune response against Stx could improve a vaccine's effect on fecal shedding, groups of calves were immunized with EspB + IntC280, with EspB + IntC280 + BLS-Stx2B, or kept as controls. At 24 days post vaccination calves were challenged with E.coli O157:H7. Shedding of E.coli O157:H7 was assessed in recto-anal mucosal swabs by direct plating and enrichment followed by immunomagnetic separation and multiplex PCR. Calves were euthanized 15 days after the challenge and intestinal segments were obtained to assess mucosal antibodies. Vaccination induced a significant increase of IntC280 and EspB specific antibodies in serum and intestinal mucosa in both vaccinated groups. Antibodies against Stx2B were detected in serum and intestinal mucosa of animals vaccinated with 3 antigens. Sera and intestinal homogenates were able to neutralize Stx2 verocytotoxicity compared to the control and the 2-antigens vaccinated group. Both vaccines reduced E.coli O157:H7 shedding compared to the control group. The addition of Stx2B to the vaccine formulation did not result in a superior level of protection compared to the one conferred by IntC280 and EspB alone. It remains to be determined if the inclusion of Stx2B in the vaccine alters E.coli O157:H7 shedding patterns in the long term and after recurrent low dose exposure as occurring in cattle herds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisina Martorelli
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Garimano
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela A Fiorentino
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis e Inmunología de Procesos Infecciosos, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, (IMEX), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel A Vilte
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Sergio G Garbaccio
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Stefanie A Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Jena, Germany
| | - Cristina Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay (IFIBIO Houssay-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina S Palermo
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis e Inmunología de Procesos Infecciosos, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, (IMEX), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)-Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel Cataldi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lawan A, Jesse FFA, Idris UH, Odhah MN, Arsalan M, Muhammad NA, Bhutto KR, Peter ID, Abraham GA, Wahid AH, Mohd-Azmi ML, Zamri-Saad M. Mucosal and systemic responses of immunogenic vaccines candidates against enteric Escherichia coli infections in ruminants: A review. Microb Pathog 2018; 117:175-183. [PMID: 29471137 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Innumerable Escherichia coli of animal origin are identified, which are of economic significance, likewise, cattle, sheep and goats are the carrier of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli, which are less pathogenic, and can spread to people by way of direct contact and through the contamination of foodstuff or portable drinking water, causing serious illness. The immunization of ruminants has been carried out for ages and is largely acknowledged as the most economical and maintainable process of monitoring E. coli infection in ruminants. Yet, only a limited number of E. coli vaccines are obtainable. Mucosal surfaces are the most important ingress for E. coli and thus mucosal immune responses function as the primary means of fortification. Largely contemporary vaccination processes are done by parenteral administration and merely limited number of E. coli vaccines are inoculated via mucosal itinerary, due to its decreased efficacy. Nevertheless, aiming at maximal mucosal partitions to stimulate defensive immunity at both mucosal compartments and systemic site epitomises a prodigious task. Enormous determinations are involved in order to improve on novel mucosal E. coli vaccines candidate by choosing apposite antigens with potent immunogenicity, manipulating novel mucosal itineraries of inoculation and choosing immune-inducing adjuvants. The target of E. coli mucosal vaccines is to stimulate a comprehensive, effective and defensive immunity by specifically counteracting the antibodies at mucosal linings and by the stimulation of cellular immunity. Furthermore, effective E. coli mucosal vaccine would make vaccination measures stress-free and appropriate for large number of inoculation. On account of contemporary advancement in proteomics, metagenomics, metabolomics and transcriptomics research, a comprehensive appraisal of the immeasurable genes and proteins that were divulged by a bacterium is now in easy reach. Moreover, there exist marvellous prospects in this bourgeoning technologies in comprehending the host bacteria affiliation. Accordingly, the flourishing knowledge could massively guarantee to the progression of immunogenic vaccines against E. coli infections in both humans and animals. This review highlight and expounds on the current prominence of mucosal and systemic immunogenic vaccines for the prevention of E. coli infections in ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Lawan
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria.
| | - F F A Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Farm & Exotic Animals Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - U H Idris
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - M N Odhah
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Thamar University, Yemen
| | - M Arsalan
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia; Livestock and Dairy Development Department Baluchistan, Pakistan
| | - N A Muhammad
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - K R Bhutto
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Veterinary Research & Diagnosis, Livestock and Fisheries Department, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - I D Peter
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - G A Abraham
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Farm & Exotic Animals Medicine & Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A H Wahid
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - M L Mohd-Azmi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - M Zamri-Saad
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Newell DG, La Ragione RM. Enterohaemorrhagic and other Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC): Where are we now regarding diagnostics and control strategies? Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 65 Suppl 1:49-71. [PMID: 29369531 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli comprises a highly diverse group of Gram-negative bacteria and is a common member of the intestinal microflora of humans and animals. Generally, such colonization is asymptomatic; however, some E. coli strains have evolved to become pathogenic and thus cause clinical disease in susceptible hosts. One pathotype, the Shiga toxigenic E. coli (STEC) comprising strains expressing a Shiga-like toxin is an important foodborne pathogen. A subset of STEC are the enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), which can cause serious human disease, including haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). The diagnosis of EHEC infections and the surveillance of STEC in the food chain and the environment require accurate, cost-effective and timely tests. In this review, we describe and evaluate tests now in routine use, as well as upcoming test technologies for pathogen detection, including loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). We have considered the need for improved diagnostic tools in current strategies for the control and prevention of these pathogens in humans, the food chain and the environment. We conclude that although significant progress has been made, STEC still remains an important zoonotic issue worldwide. Substantial reductions in the public health burden due to this infection will require a multipronged approach, including ongoing surveillance with high-resolution diagnostic techniques currently being developed and integrated into the routine investigations of public health laboratories. However, additional research requirements may be needed before such high-resolution diagnostic tools can be used to enable the development of appropriate interventions, such as vaccines and decontamination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D G Newell
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - R M La Ragione
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Citrobacter rodentium: a model enteropathogen for understanding the interplay of innate and adaptive components of type 3 immunity. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1108-1117. [PMID: 28612839 PMCID: PMC5969517 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural murine intestinal pathogen that shares a core set of virulence factors with the related human pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC). C. rodentium is now the most widely used small animal model for studying the molecular underpinnings of EPEC and EHEC infections in vivo, including: enterocyte attachment; virulence; colonization resistance; and mucosal immunity. In this review, we discuss type 3 immunity in the context of C. rodentium infection and discuss recent publications that use this model to understand how the innate and adaptive components of immunity intersect to mediate host protection against enteric pathogens and maintain homeostasis with the microbiota.
Collapse
|
21
|
Against the tide: the role of bacterial adhesion in host colonization. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 44:1571-1580. [PMID: 27913666 PMCID: PMC5134996 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Evolving under the constant exposure to an abundance of diverse microbial life, the human body has developed many ways of defining the boundaries between self and non-self. Many physical and immunological barriers to microbial invasion exist, and yet bacteria have found a multitude of ways to overcome these, initiate interactions with and colonize the human host. Adhesion to host cells and tissues is a key feature allowing bacteria to persist in an environment under constant flux and to initiate transient or permanent symbioses with the host. This review discusses reasons why adhesion is such a seemingly indispensable requirement for bacteria–host interactions, and whether bacteria can bypass the need to adhere and still persist. It further outlines open questions about the role of adhesion in bacterial colonization and persistence within the host.
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin R, Zhu B, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Zhi F, Long B, Li Y, Wu Y, Wu X, Fan H. Intranasal immunization with novel EspA-Tir-M fusion protein induces protective immunity against enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 challenge in mice. Microb Pathog 2017; 105:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
23
|
Martorelli L, Garbaccio S, Vilte DA, Albanese AA, Mejías MP, Palermo MS, Mercado EC, Ibarra CE, Cataldi AA. Immune Response in Calves Vaccinated with Type Three Secretion System Antigens and Shiga Toxin 2B Subunit of Escherichia coli O157:H7. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169422. [PMID: 28046078 PMCID: PMC5207737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruminants are the primary reservoir of Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O157:H7 and the main source of infection for humans. The aim of this study was to assess the immunogenic properties of a candidate vaccine consisting on the recombinant proteins of E. coli O157:H7 IntiminC280, the carboxy-terminal fraction of Intimin γ, EspB and the fusion protein between the B subunit of Stx2 and Brucella Lumazine Synthase (BLS)(BLS-Stx2B), in Holstein Fresian calves.To accomplish this goal we vaccinated calves with two doses of different vaccine formulations: 2 antigens (IntiminC280, EspB), 3 antigens (IntiminC280, EspB, BLS-Stx2B), BLS-Stx2B alone and a control non-vaccinated group. All antigens were expressed as recombinant proteins in E. coli. Specific IgG titres increased in vaccinated calves and the inclusion of BLS-Stx2B in the formulation seems to have a stimulatory effect on the humoral response to IntiminC280 and EspB after the booster. The neutralizing activity of antibodies against these two antigens was assessed in Red Blood Cell lysis assays and adherence to Hep-2 cells as a correlate of T3SS activity. Both sera from animals vaccinated with 2 or 3 antigens inhibited both virulence properties. Serological response to Stx2 was observed in animals vaccinated only with BLS-Stx2B and with 3 antigens and neutralization of Stx2 cytotoxicity was also observed in both groups. In conclusion, immunization of calves with BLS-Stx2B, IntiminC280 and EspB elicited a potent humoral response able to neutralize Shiga toxin 2 cytotoxity and the T3SS virulence properties in vitro. These results suggest that this formulation is a good candidate vaccine to reduce STEC shedding in cattle and needs to be further assessed in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisina Martorelli
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Sergio Garbaccio
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Daniel A. Vilte
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Adriana A. Albanese
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María P. Mejías
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis e Inmunología de Procesos Infecciosos, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, (IMEX), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)- Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina S. Palermo
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis e Inmunología de Procesos Infecciosos, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, (IMEX), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)- Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elsa C. Mercado
- Instituto de Patobiología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| | - Cristina E. Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatogenia, Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angel A. Cataldi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Hurlingham, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Saeedi P, Yazdanparast M, Behzadi E, Salmanian AH, Mousavi SL, Nazarian S, Amani J. A review on strategies for decreasing E. coli O157:H7 risk in animals. Microb Pathog 2017; 103:186-195. [PMID: 28062285 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 is a food-borne pathogen that younger children are most prone to this microorganism. Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) caused by EHEC, leads to the destruction of red blood cells and kidney failure. The virulence of E.coli O157:H7 is attributed to fimbriae, that facilitate colonization of bacteria within the colon and verotoxins (VT) or Shiga toxins (Stx) that are released into the blood. Although, in most cases, the infection is self-limitedin young children and aged population, it may cause HUS. Therefore, several investigations are performed in order to offer effective therapies and vaccines, which can prevent and treat the infection in appropriate time. As the pathogenesis of this infection is complicated, a multi-targeted strategy is required. Since cattle are the most important reservoir of EHEC and the root of contamination, reducing E. coli O157:H7 at the farm level should decrease the risk of human illness. Several vaccine approaches have been employed with different proper outcomes in animal models, including recombinant proteins (virulence factors such as; Stx1/2, intimin, EspA, fusion proteins of A and B Stx subunits), avirulent ghost cells of EHEC O157:H7, live attenuated bacteria expressing recombinant proteins, recombinant fimbrial proteins. In addition to protein-based vaccines, DNA vaccines have provided proper prevention in the laboratory animal model. This review paper summarizes the previous studies, current status and future perspective of different immunization strategies for eradicating Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Saeedi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Yazdanparast
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Behzadi
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Hatef Salmanian
- Plant Bioproducts Department, Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Latif Mousavi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Nazarian
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Imam Hossein University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Corbishley A, Connelley TK, Wolfson EB, Ballingall K, Beckett AE, Gally DL, McNeilly TN. Identification of epitopes recognised by mucosal CD4(+) T-cell populations from cattle experimentally colonised with Escherichia coli O157:H7. Vet Res 2016; 47:90. [PMID: 27590451 PMCID: PMC5010706 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines targeting enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 shedding in cattle are only partially protective. The correlates of protection of these vaccines are unknown, but it is probable that they reduce bacterial adherence at the mucosal surface via the induction of blocking antibodies. Recent studies have indicated a role for cellular immunity in cattle during colonisation, providing an impetus to understand the bacterial epitopes recognised during this response. This study mapped the epitopes of 16 EHEC O157:H7 proteins recognised by rectal lymph node CD4(+) T-cells from calves colonised with Shiga toxin producing EHEC O157:H7 strains. 20 CD4(+) T-cell epitopes specific to E. coli from 7 of the proteins were identified. The highly conserved N-terminal region of Intimin, including the signal peptide, was consistently recognised by mucosal CD4(+) T-cell populations from multiple animals of different major histocompatibility complex class II haplotypes. These T-cell epitopes are missing from many Intimin constructs used in published vaccine trials, but are relatively conserved across a range of EHEC serotypes, offering the potential to develop cross protective vaccines. Antibodies recognising H7 flagellin have been consistently identified in colonised calves; however CD4(+) T-cell epitopes from H7 flagellin were not identified in this study, suggesting that H7 flagellin may act as a T-cell independent antigen. This is the first time that the epitopes recognised by CD4(+) T-cells following colonisation with an attaching and effacing pathogen have been characterised in any species. The findings have implications for the design of antigens used in the next generation of EHEC O157:H7 vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Corbishley
- Farm Animal Practice, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Timothy K Connelley
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Eliza B Wolfson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Keith Ballingall
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Amy E Beckett
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.,Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - David L Gally
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Tom N McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lackraj T, Johnson-Henry K, Sherman PM, Goodman SD, Segall AM, Barnett Foster D. Novel antimicrobial peptide prevents C. rodentium infection in C57BL/6 mice by enhancing acid-induced pathogen killing. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1641-1650. [PMID: 27412446 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a Gram-negative, murine-specific enteric pathogen that infects epithelial cells in the colon. It is closely related to the clinically relevant human pathogen, enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), a leading cause of haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome. We have previously reported that a novel antimicrobial peptide, wrwycr, compromises bacterial DNA repair and significantly reduces the survival of acid-stressed EHEC, suggesting an antimicrobial strategy for targeting the survival of ingested EHEC. This study examines the impact of peptide pretreatment on survival of the closely related murine pathogen, C. rodentium, before and after acid stress, using both in vitro and in vivo investigations. Peptide pretreatment of C. rodentium significantly and dramatically increases acid-stress-induced killing in a peptide-dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Reduction in survival rates after brief pretreatment with peptide (25-65 µM) followed by 1 h at pH 3.5 ranges from 6 to 8 log fold relative to untreated C. rodentium, with no detectable bacteria after 65 µM peptide-acid treatment. Using a C57BL/6 mouse model of infection, peptide pretreatment of C. rodentium with wrwycr prior to orogastric gavage eliminates evidence of infection based on C. rodentium colonization levels, faecal scores, colonic histology, faecal microbiome and visual observation of overall animal health. These findings provide compelling evidence for the role of the peptide wrwycr as a potential strategy to control the growth and colonization of enteric pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Lackraj
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kathene Johnson-Henry
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip M Sherman
- Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steve D Goodman
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Anca M Segall
- Department of Biology, Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Debora Barnett Foster
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Molecular Structure and Function Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
The Locus of Enterocyte Effacement and Associated Virulence Factors of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Microbiol Spectr 2016; 2:EHEC-0007-2013. [PMID: 26104209 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ehec-0007-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains, termed enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), is defined in part by the ability to produce attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on intestinal epithelia. Such lesions are characterized by intimate bacterial attachment to the apical surface of enterocytes, cytoskeletal rearrangements beneath adherent bacteria, and destruction of proximal microvilli. A/E lesion formation requires the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE), which encodes a Type III secretion system that injects bacterial proteins into host cells. The translocated proteins, termed effectors, subvert a plethora of cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen, for example, by recruiting cytoskeletal proteins, disrupting epithelial barrier integrity, and interfering with the induction of inflammation, phagocytosis, and apoptosis. The LEE and selected effectors play pivotal roles in intestinal persistence and virulence of EHEC, and it is becoming clear that effectors may act in redundant, synergistic, and antagonistic ways during infection. Vaccines that target the function of the Type III secretion system limit colonization of reservoir hosts by EHEC and may thus aid control of zoonotic infections. Here we review the features and functions of the LEE-encoded Type III secretion system and associated effectors of E. coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin-producing E. coli strains.
Collapse
|
28
|
Riquelme-Neira R, Rivera A, Sáez D, Fernández P, Osorio G, del Canto F, Salazar JC, Vidal RM, Oñate A. Vaccination with DNA Encoding Truncated Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) Factor for Adherence-1 Gene (efa-1') Confers Protective Immunity to Mice Infected with E. coli O157:H7. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 5:104. [PMID: 26835434 PMCID: PMC4718977 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is the predominant causative agent of hemorrhagic colitis in humans and is the cause of haemolytic uraemic syndrome and other illnesses. Cattle have been implicated as the main reservoir of this organism. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding conserved sequences of truncated EHEC factor for adherence-1 (efa-1′) in a mouse model. Intranasal administration of plasmid DNA carrying the efa-1′ gene (pVAXefa-1′) into C57BL/6 mice elicited both humoral and cellular immune responses. In animals immunized with pVAXefa-1′, EHEC-secreted protein-specific IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in sera at day 45. Anti-EHEC-secreted protein sIgA was also detected in nasal and bronchoalveolar lavages. In addition, antigen-specific T-cell-proliferation, IL-10, and IFN-γ were observed upon re-stimulation with either heat-killed bacteria or EHEC-secreted proteins. Vaccinated animals were also protected against challenge with E. coli O157:H7 strain EDL933. These results suggest that DNA vaccine encoding efa-1′ have therapeutic potential in interventions against EHEC infections. This approach could lead to a new strategy in the production of vaccines that prevent infections in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Riquelme-Neira
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandra Rivera
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Darwin Sáez
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Pablo Fernández
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Osorio
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe del Canto
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan C Salazar
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto M Vidal
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile Santiago, Chile
| | - Angel Oñate
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad de Concepción Concepción, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rybarczyk J, Kieckens E, De Zutter L, Remon JP, Vanrompay D, Cox E. Effects of lactoferrin treatment on Escherichia coli O157:H7 rectal colonization in cattle. Vet Microbiol 2015; 202:38-46. [PMID: 26791110 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The terminal rectal mucosa has been identified as the predominant colonization site of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in cattle, thus a possible intervention approach should directly target this colonization site. To determine the effect of lactoferrin on E. coli O157:H7 mucosal colonization at the rectum, five 6-month-old Holstein-Friesian calves were experimentally infected with E. coli O157:H7 and received daily rectal treatment with bovine lactoferrin. Three calves that did not receive the lactoferrin served as control group. The treatment decreased faecal shedding of E. coli O157:H7 and completely eliminated the infection in all animals (n=5) after 19 days administration. The rectal mucosa of all animals (n=5) was cleared from E. coli O157:H7 within 13 days of lactoferrin treatment. To evaluate the local immune responses, three calves treated previously with lactoferrin and three calves of the control group were re-infected when E. coli O157:H7 excretion was no longer detected. The rectal administration of lactoferrin resulted in an EspA- and EspB-specific IgA responses at the rectal mucosa. These mucosal antibodies were not detected in the animals which did not receive the lactoferrin powder. Interestingly, no serum IgA antibodies could be found in animals of the group that received the lactoferrin. These findings emphasize the ability of bovine lactoferrin to clear E. coli O157:H7 colonization in cattle, where lactoferrin may influence the local immune processes against E. coli O157:H7 infection. Thus, bovine lactoferrin treatment could be used in the field to eliminate high-level faecal excretion of E. coli O157:H7 in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rybarczyk
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Evelien Kieckens
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Jean Paul Remon
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Daisy Vanrompay
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
O'Ryan M, Vidal R, del Canto F, Carlos Salazar J, Montero D. Vaccines for viral and bacterial pathogens causing acute gastroenteritis: Part II: Vaccines for Shigella, Salmonella, enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) enterohemorragic E. coli (EHEC) and Campylobacter jejuni. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 11:601-19. [PMID: 25715096 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1011578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In Part II we discuss the following bacterial pathogens: Shigella, Salmonella (non-typhoidal), diarrheogenic E. coli (enterotoxigenic and enterohemorragic) and Campylobacter jejuni. In contrast to the enteric viruses and Vibrio cholerae discussed in Part I of this series, for the bacterial pathogens described here there is only one licensed vaccine, developed primarily for Vibrio cholerae and which provides moderate protection against enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) (Dukoral(®)), as well as a few additional candidates in advanced stages of development for ETEC and one candidate for Shigella spp. Numerous vaccine candidates in earlier stages of development are discussed.
Collapse
Key Words
- CFU, colony-forming units
- CFs, colonization factors
- CT, cholera toxin
- CT-B cholera toxin B subunit
- Campylobacter
- CtdB, cytolethal distending toxin subunit B
- E. coli
- EHEC
- EPEC, enteropathogenic E. coli
- ETEC
- ETEC, enterotoxigenic E. coli
- GEMS, Global enterics multicenter study
- HUS, hemolytic uremic syndrome
- IM, intramuscular
- IgA, immunoglobulin A
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- LEE, locus of enterocyte effacement
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LT, heat labile toxin
- LT-B
- OMV, outer membrane vesicles
- ST, heat stable toxin
- STEC
- STEC, shigatoxin producing E. coli
- STh, human heat stable toxin
- STp, porcine heat stable toxin
- Salmonella
- Shigella
- Stx, shigatoxin
- TTSS, type III secretion system
- V. cholera
- WHO, World Health Organization
- acute diarrhea
- dmLT, double mutant heat labile toxin
- enteric pathogens
- enterohemorrhagic E. coli
- gastroenteritis
- heat labile toxin B subunit
- norovirus
- rEPA, recombinant exoprotein A of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- rotavirus
- vaccines
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel O'Ryan
- a Microbiology and Mycology Program; Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; Universidad de Chile; Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Desin TS, Townsend HG, Potter AA. Antibodies Directed against Shiga-Toxin Producing Escherichia coli Serotype O103 Type III Secreted Proteins Block Adherence of Heterologous STEC Serotypes to HEp-2 Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139803. [PMID: 26451946 PMCID: PMC4599963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serotype O103 is a zoonotic pathogen that is capable of causing hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans. The main animal reservoir for STEC is ruminants and hence reducing the levels of this pathogen in cattle could ultimately lower the risk of STEC infection in humans. During the process of infection, STECO103 uses a Type III Secretion System (T3SS) to secrete effector proteins (T3SPs) that result in the formation of attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. Vaccination of cattle with STEC serotype O157 T3SPs has previously been shown to be effective in reducing shedding of STECO157 in a serotype-specific manner. In this study, we tested the ability of rabbit polyclonal sera against individual STECO103 T3SPs to block adherence of the organism to HEp-2 cells. Our results demonstrate that pooled sera against EspA, EspB, EspF, NleA and Tir significantly lowered the adherence of STECO103 relative to pre-immune sera. Likewise, pooled anti-STECO103 sera were also able to block adherence by STECO157. Vaccination of mice with STECO103 recombinant proteins induced strong IgG antibody responses against EspA, EspB, NleA and Tir but not against EspF. However, the vaccine did not affect fecal shedding of STECO103 compared to the PBS vaccinated group over the duration of the experiment. Cross reactivity studies using sera against STECO103 recombinant proteins revealed a high degree of cross reactivity with STECO26 and STECO111 proteins implying that sera against STECO103 proteins could potentially provide neutralization of attachment to epithelial cells by heterologous STEC serotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taseen S. Desin
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization–International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Hugh G. Townsend
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization–International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andrew A. Potter
- Vaccine & Infectious Disease Organization–International Vaccine Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ghunaim H, Desin TS. Potential Impact of Food Safety Vaccines on Health Care Costs. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2015; 12:733-40. [PMID: 26111256 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2014.1924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens continue to cause several outbreaks every year in many parts of the world. Among the bacterial pathogens involved, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and nontyphoidal Salmonella species cause a significant number of human infections worldwide, resulting in a huge annual economic burden that amounts to millions of dollars in health care costs. Human infections are primarily caused by the consumption of contaminated food. Vaccination of food-producing animals is an attractive, cost-effective strategy to lower the levels of these pathogens that will ultimately result in a safer food supply and fewer human infections. However, producers are often reluctant to routinely vaccinate animals against these pathogens since they do not cause any detectable clinical symptoms. This review highlights recent approaches used to develop effective food safety vaccines and the potential impact these vaccines might have on health care costs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Ghunaim
- 1 Department of Health Sciences, College of Arts and Science, Qatar University , Doha, Qatar
| | - Taseen S Desin
- 2 Basic Sciences Department, College of Science & Health Professions, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Impact of Infection Dose and Previous Serum Antibodies against the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement Proteins on Escherichia coli O157:H7 Shedding in Calves following Experimental Infection. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:290679. [PMID: 26167480 PMCID: PMC4475743 DOI: 10.1155/2015/290679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is the main causative agent of haemolytic uremic syndrome. Cattle are the main reservoir of these bacteria, and have been shown to develop immune response to colonization. Our aim was to investigate the faecal shedding pattern of E. coli O157:H7 in calves challenged intragastrically with either 108 or 1010 CFU, as well as the ability of specific preexisting antibodies to reduce shedding of the pathogen. Shedding was analysed by direct counting as well as enrichment of rectoanal mucosal swabs. Statistical analysis was performed using a linear model for repeated measures with and without the inclusion of preexisting antibodies against the carboxy-terminal fraction of intimin-γ (γ-intimin C280) as a covariable. Results suggest that there is a statistical difference in the area under the shedding curves between both doses for 14 as well as 28 days after challenge (p = 0.0069 and 0.0209, resp.). This difference is increased when the prechallenge antibodies are taken into account (p = 0.0056 and 0.0185). We concluded that the bacterial dose influences shedding on calves experimentally challenged and that preexisting antibodies against E. coli O157:H7 γ-intimin C280 could partially reduce faecal excretion.
Collapse
|
34
|
McNeilly TN, Mitchell MC, Corbishley A, Nath M, Simmonds H, McAteer SP, Mahajan A, Low JC, Smith DGE, Huntley JF, Gally DL. Optimizing the Protection of Cattle against Escherichia coli O157:H7 Colonization through Immunization with Different Combinations of H7 Flagellin, Tir, Intimin-531 or EspA. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128391. [PMID: 26020530 PMCID: PMC4447243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are important human pathogens, causing hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uraemic syndrome in humans. E. coli O157:H7 is the most common serotype associated with EHEC infections worldwide, although other non-O157 serotypes cause life-threatening infections. Cattle are a main reservoir of EHEC and intervention strategies aimed at limiting EHEC excretion from cattle are predicted to lower the risk of human infection. We have previously shown that immunization of calves with recombinant versions of the type III secretion system (T3SS)-associated proteins EspA, intimin and Tir from EHEC O157:H7 significantly reduced shedding of EHEC O157 from experimentally-colonized calves, and that protection could be augmented by the addition of H7 flagellin to the vaccine formulation. The main aim of the present study was to optimize our current EHEC O157 subunit vaccine formulations by identifying the key combinations of these antigens required for protection. A secondary aim was to determine if vaccine-induced antibody responses exhibited cross-reactive potential with antigens from other EHEC serotypes. Immunization with EspA, intimin and Tir resulted in a reduction in mean EHEC O157 shedding following challenge, but not the mean proportion of calves colonized. Removal of Tir resulted in more prolonged shedding compared with all other groups, whereas replacement of Tir with H7 flagellin resulted in the highest levels of protection, both in terms of reducing both mean EHEC O157 shedding and the proportion of colonized calves. Immunization of calves with recombinant EHEC O157 EspA, intimin and Tir resulted in the generation of antibodies capable of cross-reacting with antigens from non-O157 EHEC serotypes, suggesting that immunization with these antigens may provide a degree of cross-protection against other EHEC serotypes. Further studies are now required to test the efficacy of these vaccines in the field, and to formally test the cross-protective potential of the vaccines against other non-O157 EHEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tom N. McNeilly
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Alexander Corbishley
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mintu Nath
- Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Simmonds
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sean P. McAteer
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Arvind Mahajan
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - J. Christopher Low
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David G. E. Smith
- Moredun Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Institute of Infection, Immunity & Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - David L. Gally
- Division of Immunity and Infection, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rahal EA, Fadlallah SM, Nassar FJ, Kazzi N, Matar GM. Approaches to treatment of emerging Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections highlighting the O104:H4 serotype. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2015; 5:24. [PMID: 25853096 PMCID: PMC4364364 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2015.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) are a group of diarrheagenic bacteria associated with foodborne outbreaks. Infection with these agents may result in grave sequelae that include fatality. A large number of STEC serotypes has been identified to date. E. coli serotype O104:H4 is an emerging pathogen responsible for a 2011 outbreak in Europe that resulted in over 4000 infections and 50 deaths. STEC pathogenicity is highly reliant on the production of one or more Shiga toxins that can inhibit protein synthesis in host cells resulting in a cytotoxicity that may affect various organ systems. Antimicrobials are usually avoided in the treatment of STEC infections since they are believed to induce bacterial cell lysis and the release of stored toxins. Some antimicrobials have also been reported to enhance toxin synthesis and production from these organisms. Various groups have attempted alternative treatment approaches including the administration of toxin-directed antibodies, toxin-adsorbing polymers, probiotic agents and natural remedies. The utility of antibiotics in treating STEC infections has also been reconsidered in recent years with certain modalities showing promise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elias A Rahal
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sukayna M Fadlallah
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah J Nassar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Natalie Kazzi
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghassan M Matar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Tahoun A, Jensen K, Corripio-Miyar Y, McAteer SP, Corbishley A, Mahajan A, Brown H, Frew D, Aumeunier A, Smith DGE, McNeilly TN, Glass EJ, Gally DL. Functional analysis of bovine TLR5 and association with IgA responses of cattle following systemic immunisation with H7 flagella. Vet Res 2015; 46:9. [PMID: 25827709 PMCID: PMC4333180 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-014-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flagellin subunits are important inducers of host immune responses through activation of TLR5 when extracellular and the inflammasome if cytosolic. Our previous work demonstrated that systemic immunization of cattle with flagella generates systemic and mucosal IgA responses. The IgA response in mice is TLR5-dependent and TLR5 can impact on the general magnitude of the adaptive response. However, due to sequence differences between bovine and human/murine TLR5 sequences, it is not clear whether bovine TLR5 (bTLR5) is able to stimulate an inflammatory response following interaction with flagellin. To address this we have examined the innate responses of both human and bovine cells containing bTLR5 to H7 flagellin from E. coli O157:H7. Both HEK293 (human origin) and embryonic bovine lung (EBL) cells transfected with bTLR5 responded to addition of H7 flagellin compared to non-transfected controls. Responses were significantly reduced when mutations were introduced into the TLR5-binding regions of H7 flagellin, including an R90T substitution. In bovine primary macrophages, flagellin-stimulated CXCL8 mRNA and secreted protein levels were significantly reduced when TLR5 transcript levels were suppressed by specific siRNAs and stimulation was reduced with the R90T-H7 variant. While these results indicate that the bTLR5 sequence produces a functional flagellin-recognition receptor, cattle immunized with R90T-H7 flagella also demonstrated systemic IgA responses to the flagellin in comparison to adjuvant only controls. This presumably either reflects our findings that R90T-H7 still activates bTLR5, albeit with reduced efficiency compared to WT H7 flagellin, or that other flagellin recognition pathways may play a role in this mucosal response.
Collapse
|
37
|
Crossland WL, Callaway TR, Tedeschi LO. Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli and Ruminant Diets. Food Saf (Tokyo) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800245-2.00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
38
|
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Human infection with Shiga toxin-producing
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 (STEC O157) is relatively rare, but the consequences can be serious, especially in the very young and the elderly. Efforts to control the flow of STEC O157 during beef processing have meaningfully reduced the incidence of human STEC O157 infection, particularly prior to 2005. Unfortunately, despite early progress, the incidence of STEC O157 infection has not changed meaningfully or statistically in recent years, suggesting that additional actions, for example, targeting the cattle reservoir, are necessary to further reduce STEC O157 illness. Ideally, preharvest interventions against STEC O157 should reduce the likelihood that cattle carry the organism, have practical application within the beef production system, and add sufficient value to the cattle to offset the cost of the intervention. A number of STEC O157 antigens are being investigated as potential vaccine targets. Some vaccine products have demonstrated efficacy to reduce the prevalence of cattle carrying STEC O157 by making the gut unfavorable to colonization. However, in conditions of natural exposure, efficacy afforded by vaccination depends on how the products are used to control environmental transmission within groups of cattle and throughout the production system. Although cattle vaccines against STEC O157 have gained either full or preliminary regulatory approval in Canada and the United States, widespread use by cattle feeders is unlikely until there is an economic signal to indicate that cattle vaccinated against STEC O157 are valued over other cattle.
Collapse
|
39
|
Strain-dependent cellular immune responses in cattle following Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization. Infect Immun 2014; 82:5117-31. [PMID: 25267838 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02462-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 causes hemorrhagic diarrhea and potentially fatal renal failure in humans. Ruminants are considered to be the primary reservoir for human infection. Vaccines that reduce shedding in cattle are only partially protective, and their underlying protective mechanisms are unknown. Studies investigating the response of cattle to colonization generally focus on humoral immunity, leaving the role of cellular immunity unclear. To inform future vaccine development, we studied the cellular immune responses of cattle during EHEC O157:H7 colonization. Calves were challenged either with a phage type 21/28 (PT21/28) strain possessing the Shiga toxin 2a (Stx2a) and Stx2c genes or with a PT32 strain possessing the Stx2c gene only. T-helper cell-associated transcripts at the terminal rectum were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Induction of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and T-bet was observed with peak expression of both genes at 7 days in PT32-challenged calves, while upregulation was delayed, peaking at 21 days, in PT21/28-challenged calves. Cells isolated from gastrointestinal lymph nodes demonstrated antigen-specific proliferation and IFN-γ release in response to type III secreted proteins (T3SPs); however, responsiveness was suppressed in cells isolated from PT32-challenged calves. Lymph node cells showed increased expression of the proliferation marker Ki67 in CD4(+) T cells from PT21/28-challenged calves, NK cells from PT32-challenged calves, and CD8(+) and γδ T cells from both PT21/28- and PT32-challenged calves following ex vivo restimulation with T3SPs. This study demonstrates that cattle mount cellular immune responses during colonization with EHEC O157:H7, the temporality of which is strain dependent, with further evidence of strain-specific immunomodulation.
Collapse
|
40
|
Physiopathological effects of Escherichia coli O157:H7 inoculation in weaned calves fed with colostrum containing antibodies to EspB and Intimin. Vaccine 2014; 32:3823-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
41
|
Callaway TR, Edrington TS, Nisbet DJ. MEAT SCIENCE AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY SYMPOSIUM: Ecological and dietary impactors of foodborne pathogens and methods to reduce fecal shedding in cattle1,2. J Anim Sci 2014; 92:1356-65. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-7308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T. R. Callaway
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845
| | - T. S. Edrington
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845
| | - D. J. Nisbet
- Food and Feed Safety Research Unit, Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, College Station, TX 77845
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang X, Yu Z, Zhang S, He K. Immunization with H7-HCP-tir-intimin significantly reduces colonization and shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in goats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91632. [PMID: 24632795 PMCID: PMC3954762 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 is the causative agent of hemorrhagic colitis and hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans. However, the bacterium can colonize the intestines of ruminants without causing clinical signs. EHEC O157:H7 needs flagella (H7) and hemorrhagic coli pili (HCP) to adhere to epithelial cells. Then the bacterium uses the translocated intimin receptor (Tir) and an outer membrane adhesion (Intimin) protein to colonize hosts. This leads to the attachment and effacement of (A/E) lesions. A tetravalent recombinant vaccine (H7-HCP-Tir-Intimin) composed of immunologically important portions of H7, HCP, Tir and Intimin proteins was constructed and its efficacy was evaluated using a caprine model. The results showed that the recombinant vaccine induced strong humoral and mucosal immune responses and protected the subjects from live challenges with EHEC O157:H7 86-24 stain. After a second immunization, the average IgG titer peaked at 7.2 × 10(5). Five days after challenge, E. coli O157:H7 was no longer detectable in the feces of vaccinated goats, but naïve goats shed the bacterium throughout the course of the challenge. Cultures of intestinal tissues showed that vaccination of goats with H7-HCP-Tir-Intimin reduced the amount of intestinal colonization by EHEC O157:H7 effectively. Recombinant H7-HCP-Tir-Intimin protein is an excellent vaccine candidate. Data from the present study warrant further efficacy studies aimed at reducing EHEC O157:H7 load on farms and the contamination of carcasses by this zoonotic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuehan Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products of Agricultural Ministry, Nanjing, P. R. China
- National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (KH)
| | - Zhengyu Yu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products of Agricultural Ministry, Nanjing, P. R. China
- National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kongwang He
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products of Agricultural Ministry, Nanjing, P. R. China
- National Center for Engineering Research of Veterinary Bio-products, Nanjing, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (XZ); (KH)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wisener LV, Sargeant JM, O'Connor AM, Faires MC, Glass-Kaastra SK. The Evidentiary Value of Challenge Trials for Three Pre-harvest Food Safety Topics: A Systematic Assessment. Zoonoses Public Health 2013; 61:449-76. [DOI: 10.1111/zph.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. V. Wisener
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - J. M. Sargeant
- Centre for Public Health and Zoonoses; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
- Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | - A. M. O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine; College of Veterinary Medicine; Iowa State University; Ames IA Canada
| | - M. C. Faires
- Population Medicine; University of Guelph; Guelph ON Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Predicting the public health benefit of vaccinating cattle against Escherichia coli O157. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16265-70. [PMID: 24043803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1304978110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the major sources of risk in disease transmission is key to designing effective controls. However, understanding of transmission dynamics across species boundaries is typically poor, making the design and evaluation of controls particularly challenging for zoonotic pathogens. One such global pathogen is Escherichia coli O157, which causes a serious and sometimes fatal gastrointestinal illness. Cattle are the main reservoir for E. coli O157, and vaccines for cattle now exist. However, adoption of vaccines is being delayed by conflicting responsibilities of veterinary and public health agencies, economic drivers, and because clinical trials cannot easily test interventions across species boundaries, lack of information on the public health benefits. Here, we examine transmission risk across the cattle-human species boundary and show three key results. First, supershedding of the pathogen by cattle is associated with the genetic marker stx2. Second, by quantifying the link between shedding density in cattle and human risk, we show that only the relatively rare supershedding events contribute significantly to human risk. Third, we show that this finding has profound consequences for the public health benefits of the cattle vaccine. A naïve evaluation based on efficacy in cattle would suggest a 50% reduction in risk; however, because the vaccine targets the major source of human risk, we predict a reduction in human cases of nearly 85%. By accounting for nonlinearities in transmission across the human-animal interface, we show that adoption of these vaccines by the livestock industry could prevent substantial numbers of human E. coli O157 cases.
Collapse
|
45
|
Advances in the development of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli vaccines using murine models of infection. Vaccine 2013; 31:3229-35. [PMID: 23707170 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) strains are food borne pathogens with importance in public health. EHEC colonizes the large intestine and causes diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis and in some cases, life-threatening hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) due to the production of Shiga toxins (Stx). The lack of effective clinical treatment, sequelae after infection and mortality rate in humans supports the urgent need of prophylactic approaches, such as development of vaccines. Shedding from cattle, the main EHEC reservoir and considered the principal food contamination source, has prompted the development of licensed vaccines that reduce EHEC colonization in ruminants. Although murine models do not fully recapitulate human infection, they are commonly used to evaluate EHEC vaccines and the immune/protective responses elicited in the host. Mice susceptibility differs depending of the EHEC inoculums; displaying different mortality rates and Stx-mediated renal damage. Therefore, several experimental protocols have being pursued in this model to develop EHEC-specific vaccines. Recent candidate vaccines evaluated include those composed of virulence factors alone or as fused-subunits, DNA-based, attenuated bacteria and bacterial ghosts. In this review, we summarize progress in the design and testing of EHEC vaccines and the use of different strategies for the evaluation of novel EHEC vaccines in the murine model.
Collapse
|
46
|
Farrokh C, Jordan K, Auvray F, Glass K, Oppegaard H, Raynaud S, Thevenot D, Condron R, De Reu K, Govaris A, Heggum K, Heyndrickx M, Hummerjohann J, Lindsay D, Miszczycha S, Moussiegt S, Verstraete K, Cerf O. Review of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:190-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
47
|
Antibodies to intimin and Escherichia coli-secreted proteins EspA and EspB in sera of Brazilian children with hemolytic uremic syndrome and healthy controls. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 152:121-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
48
|
Law RJ, Gur-Arie L, Rosenshine I, Finlay BB. In vitro and in vivo model systems for studying enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infections. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:a009977. [PMID: 23457294 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) belong to a group of bacteria known as attaching and effacing (A/E) pathogens that cause disease by adhering to the lumenal surfaces of their host's intestinal epithelium. EPEC and EHEC are major causes of infectious diarrhea that result in significant childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recent advances in in vitro and in vivo modeling of these pathogens have contributed to our knowledge of how EPEC and EHEC attach to host cells and subvert host-cell signaling pathways to promote infection and cause disease. A more detailed understanding of how these pathogenic microbes infect their hosts and how the host responds to infection could ultimately lead to new therapeutic strategies to help control these significant enteric pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robyn J Law
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Nataro JP, Barry EM. Diarrhea caused by bacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00048-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
50
|
Zhang Y, Wang G, Wu Y, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Sun Z. PCR-DGGE analysis of earthworm gut bacteria diversity in stress of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.43a058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|