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Scheunemann JF, Risch F, Reichwald JJ, Lenz B, Neumann AL, Garbe S, Frohberger SJ, Koschel M, Ajendra J, Rothe M, Latz E, Coch C, Hartmann G, Schumak B, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Potential of Nucleic Acid Receptor Ligands to Improve Vaccination Efficacy against the Filarial Nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050966. [PMID: 37243070 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
More than two-hundred-million people are infected with filariae worldwide. However, there is no vaccine available that confers long-lasting protection against filarial infections. Previous studies indicated that vaccination with irradiated infective L3 larvae reduces the worm load. This present study investigated whether the additional activation of cytosolic nucleic acid receptors as an adjuvant improves the efficacy of vaccination with irradiated L3 larvae of the rodent filaria Litomosoides sigmodontis with the aim of identifying novel vaccination strategies for filarial infections. Subcutaneous injection of irradiated L3 larvae in combination with poly(I:C) or 3pRNA resulted in neutrophil recruitment to the skin, accompanied by higher IP-10/CXCL10 and IFN-β RNA levels. To investigate the impact on parasite clearance, BALB/c mice received three subcutaneous injections in 2-week intervals with irradiated L3 larvae in combination with poly(I:C) or 3pRNA prior to the challenge infection. Vaccination with irradiated L3 larvae in combination with poly(I:C) or 3pRNA led to a markedly greater reduction in adult-worm counts by 73% and 57%, respectively, compared to the immunization with irradiated L3 larvae alone (45%). In conclusion, activation of nucleic acid-sensing immune receptors boosts the protective immune response against L. sigmodontis and nucleic acid-receptor agonists as vaccine adjuvants represent a promising novel strategy to improve the efficacy of vaccines against filariae and potentially other helminths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna F Scheunemann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Frederic Risch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia J Reichwald
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lenz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Neumann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephan Garbe
- Clinic for Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan J Frohberger
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marianne Koschel
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Jesuthas Ajendra
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Maximilian Rothe
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute for Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Coch
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Nextevidence GmbH, 81541 Munich, Germany
| | - Gunther Hartmann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrix Schumak
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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Ehrens A, Hoerauf A, Hübner MP. Eosinophils in filarial infections: Inducers of protection or pathology? Front Immunol 2022; 13:983812. [PMID: 36389745 PMCID: PMC9659639 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.983812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Filariae are parasitic roundworms, which can cause debilitating diseases such as lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. Lymphatic filariasis, also known as elephantiasis, and onchocerciasis, commonly referred to as river blindness, can lead to stigmatizing pathologies and present a socio-economic burden for affected people and their endemic countries. Filariae typically induce a type 2 immune response, which is characterized by cytokines, i.e., IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13 as well as type 2 immune cells including alternatively activated macrophages, innate lymphoid cells and Th2 cells. However, the hallmark characteristic of filarial infections is a profound eosinophilia. Eosinophils are innate immune cells and pivotal in controlling helminth infections in general and filarial infections in particular. By modulating the function of other leukocytes, eosinophils support and drive type 2 immune responses. Moreover, as primary effector cells, eosinophils can directly attack filariae through the release of granules containing toxic cationic proteins with or without extracellular DNA traps. At the same time, eosinophils can be a driving force for filarial pathology as observed during tropical pulmonary eosinophilia in lymphatic filariasis, in dermatitis in onchocerciasis patients as well as adverse events after treatment of onchocerciasis patients with diethylcarbamazine. This review summarizes the latest findings of the importance of eosinophil effector functions including the role of eosinophil-derived proteins in controlling filarial infections and their impact on filarial pathology analyzing both human and experimental animal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Ehrens
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P. Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Al-Naseri A, Al-Absi S, Mahana N, Tallima H, El Ridi R. Protective immune potential of multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) constructs comprising peptides that are shared by several cysteine peptidases against Schistosoma mansoni infection in mice. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2022; 248:111459. [PMID: 35041897 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2022.111459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vaccine trials, Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B1 (SmCB1), helminth cathepsins of the L family (e.g., SmCL3), and papain consistently induce highly significant reductions in challenge worm burden and egg viability, but generated no additive protective effects when used in combination. The protective capacity of the cysteine peptidases is associated with modest (SmCB1) and poor (cathepsins L) production of cytokines and antibodies, essentially of the type 2 axis, and is only marginally reduced upon use of proteolytically inactive enzymes. In this work, peptides shared by SmCB1, cathepsins of the L family, papain and other allergens were selected, synthesized as tetrabranched multiple antigen peptide constructs (MAP-1 and MAP-2), and used in two independent experiments to immunize outbred mice, in parallel with papain. The two peptides elicited significant (P < 0.05) reduction in challenge worm burden when compared to unimmunized mice, albeit lower than that achieved by papain. Protection was associated with modest serum type 2 cytokines and antibody levels in MAP-, and papain-immunized mice. Immunization with papain also elicited a reduction in parasite egg load, viability, and granuloma numbers in liver and intestine. MAP-1 and MAP-2 immunogens displayed some opposite effects- MAP-1 leading to higher egg numbers with poor vitality, whereas MAP-2 immunization yielded fewer eggs. Cysteine peptidase thus appear to carry peptides that elicit opposing outcomes, highlighting the difficulty of reaching fully fledged protection, unless a vaccine is based on carefully selected peptides and combined with an effective adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Al-Naseri
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Samar Al-Absi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Noha Mahana
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
| | - Hatem Tallima
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Engineering, American University in Cairo, New Cairo, 11835, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Rashika El Ridi
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 12613, Egypt
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Lustigman S, Makepeace BL, Klei TR, Babayan SA, Hotez P, Abraham D, Bottazzi ME. Onchocerca volvulus: The Road from Basic Biology to a Vaccine. Trends Parasitol 2017; 34:64-79. [PMID: 28958602 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human onchocerciasis - commonly known as river blindness - is one of the most devastating yet neglected tropical diseases, leaving many millions in sub-Saharan Africa blind and/or with chronic disabilities. Attempts to eliminate onchocerciasis, primarily through the mass drug administration of ivermectin, remains challenging and has been heightened by the recent news that drug-resistant parasites are developing in some populations after years of drug treatment. Needed, and needed now, in the fight to eliminate onchocerciasis are new tools, such as preventive and therapeutic vaccines. This review summarizes the progress made to advance the onchocerciasis vaccine from the research laboratory into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Lustigman
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Lindsley F Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Makepeace
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Thomas R Klei
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Simon A Babayan
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow and Moredun Research Institute, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter Hotez
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Tropical Medicine, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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Abstract
Helminth parasites infect over one fourth of the human population and are highly prevalent in livestock worldwide. In model systems, parasites are strongly immunomodulatory, but the immune system can be driven to expel them by prior vaccination. However, no vaccines are currently available for human use. Recent advances in vaccination with recombinant helminth antigens have been successful against cestode infections of livestock and new vaccines are being tested against nematode parasites of animals. Numerous vaccine antigens are being defined for a wide range of helminth parasite species, but greater understanding is needed to define the mechanisms of vaccine-induced immunity, to lay a rational platform for new vaccines and their optimal design. With human trials underway for hookworm and schistosomiasis vaccines, a greater integration between veterinary and human studies will highlight the common molecular and mechanistic pathways, and accelerate progress towards reducing the global health burden of helminth infection.
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Morris CP, Evans H, Larsen SE, Mitre E. A comprehensive, model-based review of vaccine and repeat infection trials for filariasis. Clin Microbiol Rev 2013; 26:381-421. [PMID: 23824365 PMCID: PMC3719488 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00002-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Filarial worms cause highly morbid diseases such as elephantiasis and river blindness. Since the 1940s, researchers have conducted vaccine trials in 27 different animal models of filariasis. Although no vaccine trial in a permissive model of filariasis has provided sterilizing immunity, great strides have been made toward developing vaccines that could block transmission, decrease pathological sequelae, or decrease susceptibility to infection. In this review, we have organized, to the best of our ability, all published filaria vaccine trials and reviewed them in the context of the animal models used. Additionally, we provide information on the life cycle, disease phenotype, concomitant immunity, and natural immunity during primary and secondary infections for 24 different filaria models.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Paul Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly Evans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sasha E. Larsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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7
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Basophils help establish protective immunity induced by irradiated larval vaccination for filariasis. Vaccine 2013; 31:3675-82. [PMID: 23777951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Basophils are increasingly recognized as playing important roles in the immune response toward helminths. In this study, we evaluated the role of basophils in vaccine-mediated protection against filariae, tissue-invasive parasitic nematodes responsible for diseases such as elephantiasis and river blindness. Protective immunity and immunological responses were assessed in BALB/c mice vaccinated with irradiated L3 stage larvae and depleted of basophils with weekly injections of anti-CD200R3 antibody. Depletion of basophils after administration of the vaccination regimen but before challenge infection did not alter protective immunity. In contrast, basophil depletion initiated prior to vaccination and continued after challenge infection significantly attenuated the protective effect conferred by vaccination. Vaccine-induced cellular immune responses to parasite antigen were substantially decreased in basophil-depleted mice, with significant decreases in CD4(+) T-cell production of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Interestingly, skin mast cell numbers, which increased significantly after vaccination with irradiated L3 larvae, were unchanged after vaccination in basophil-depleted mice. These findings demonstrate that basophils help establish the immune responses responsible for irradiated L3 vaccine protection.
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8
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Honglin L, Wang J, Zhangwe T, Guzhi L, Zhouxu M. WITHDRAWN: Co-administration of CCL5 and IL4 enhances DNA vaccine-induced protective immunity to Ascaris suum infection in mice. Int J Parasitol 2013:S0020-7519(13)00105-7. [PMID: 23597869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Honglin
- Key Construction Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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9
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Nag JK, Shrivastava N, Gupta J, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Recombinant translation initiation factor-1 of Wolbachia is an immunogenic excretory secretory protein that elicits Th2 mediated immune protection against Brugia malayi. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2013; 36:25-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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10
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Hübner MP, Killoran KE, Rajnik M, Wilson S, Yim KC, Torrero MN, Morris CP, Nikonenko B, Blanco JCG, Hemming VG, Mitre E. Chronic helminth infection does not exacerbate Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1970. [PMID: 23285308 PMCID: PMC3529511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic helminth infections induce a Th2 immune shift and establish an immunoregulatory
milieu. As both of these responses can suppress Th1 immunity, which is necessary for
control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection, we hypothesized
that chronic helminth infections may exacerbate the course of MTB. Methodology/Principal Findings Co-infection studies were conducted in cotton rats as they are the natural host for the
filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis and are an excellent model
for human MTB. Immunogical responses, histological studies, and quantitative
mycobacterial cultures were assessed two months after MTB challenge in cotton rats with
and without chronic L. sigmodontis infection. Spleen cell proliferation
and interferon gamma production in response to purified protein derivative were similar
between co-infected and MTB-only infected animals. In contrast to our hypothesis, MTB
loads and occurrence and size of lung granulomas were not increased in co-infected
animals. Conclusions/Significance These findings suggest that chronic filaria infections do not exacerbate MTB infection
in the cotton rat model. While these results suggest that filaria eradication programs
may not facilitate MTB control, they indicate that it may be possible to develop
worm-derived therapies for autoimmune diseases that do not substantially increase the
risk for infections. Tuberculosis prevalence is high in areas that are endemic for helminths, suggesting that
many people are chronically infected with both pathogens. As parasitic helminths can
suppress the host immune system to facilitate their own survival, they frequently impact
the host immune response to bystander antigens. Thus, while helminth infections ameliorate
allergies and autoimmune diseases, they also decrease immune responses elicited by
vaccines. Several studies have shown that helminth exposure impairs Mycobacterium
tuberculosis-specific immune responses, raising the possibility that helminth
infections may decrease the host's ability to control M.
tuberculosis infection. To test this, we analyzed whether chronic infection of
cotton rats with the filarial worm Litomosoides sigmodontis exacerbates
the course of M. tuberculosis infection. Cotton rats are an excellent
model organism to study human M. tuberculosis as they develop, in
contrast to mice, distinct granuloma formation during infection. In addition, cotton rats
are the natural host for L. sigmodontis, a nematode that establishes
long-lived infections (>2 years) with circulating microfilariae in these animals. The
results of this study demonstrate that chronic filarial infection does not exacerbate
M. tuberculosis-associated pathology or mycobacterial burdens in cotton
rats and suggest that filaria-induced immunoregulation can be overcome to respond
effectively to newly acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P. Hübner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of
America
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and
Parasitology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (EM); (MPH)
| | - Kristin E. Killoran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Michael Rajnik
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Samuel Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Kevin C. Yim
- Virion Systems, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United
States of America
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., Rockville, Maryland,
United States of America
| | - Marina N. Torrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Christopher P. Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of
America
| | - Boris Nikonenko
- Sequella, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United States
of America
| | - Jorge C. G. Blanco
- Virion Systems, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United
States of America
- Sigmovir Biosystems Inc., Rockville, Maryland,
United States of America
| | - Val G. Hemming
- Department of Pediatrics, Uniformed Services
University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of
America
- Virion Systems, Inc., Rockville, Maryland, United
States of America
| | - Edward Mitre
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed
Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of
America
- * E-mail: (EM); (MPH)
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11
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Periago MV, Bethony JM. Hookworm virulence factors: making the most of the host. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1451-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Larson D, Mitre E. Histamine release and surface CD200R1 staining as sensitive methods for assessing murine mast cell activation. J Immunol Methods 2012; 379:15-22. [PMID: 22394590 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mast cells are important effector cells of allergy and are involved in the pathology of many other diseases. Measurement of β-hexosaminidase activity, the most commonly used method for evaluation of murine mast cell activity, requires a large number of cells and thus is of limited utility for studying mast cells in mouse models of disease. In this study we evaluated the sensitivity of histamine release as compared to β-hexosaminidase activity in the measurement of mast cell activation. Whereas a minimum of 6×10(4) mast cells per ml were required to detect slight increases in β-hexosaminidase activity after anti-IgE and ionomycin stimulation, substantial increases in histamine release could be detected under the same activating conditions with as few as 480 mast cells per ml. These findings demonstrate that measurement of histamine release is substantially more sensitive than assessment of β-hexosaminidase activity for detecting mast cell activation. Additionally, we describe a novel flow cytometric method for detecting murine mast cell activation. When using 7.5×10(5) peritoneal cells per condition and gating on IgE+c-kit+cells, mast cell expression of surface CD200R1 increased after both IgE and non IgE-mediated activation. This flow cytometric procedure was uncomplicated and rapid, with increases in surface CD200R1 expression appearing after as little as 30 min of stimulation time. Measuring histamine release and surface CD200R1 expression are sensitive approaches for detection of murine mast cell activation. Further, both approaches can be done on unpurified peritoneal cell populations. By requiring low numbers of cells, these approaches are ideal for investigating mast cell activation in murine models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Larson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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13
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Torrero MN, Hübner MP, Larson D, Karasuyama H, Mitre E. Basophils amplify type 2 immune responses, but do not serve a protective role, during chronic infection of mice with the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7426-34. [PMID: 21057084 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic helminth infections induce a type 2 immune response characterized by eosinophilia, high levels of IgE, and increased T cell production of type 2 cytokines. Because basophils have been shown to be substantial contributors of IL-4 in helminth infections, and because basophils are capable of inducing Th2 differentiation of CD4(+) T cells and IgE isotype switching in B cells, we hypothesized that basophils function to amplify type 2 immune responses in chronic helminth infection. To test this, we evaluated basophil function using the Litomosoides sigmodontis filaria model of chronic helminth infection in BALB/c mice. Time-course studies showed that eosinophilia, parasite Ag-specific CD4(+) T cell production of IL-4 and IL-5 and basophil activation and IL-4 production in response to parasite Ag all peak late (6-8 wk) in the course of L. sigmodontis infection, after parasite-specific IgE has become detectable. Mixed-gender and single-sex worm implantation experiments demonstrated that the relatively late peak of these responses was not dependent on the appearance of circulating microfilariae, but may be due to initial low levels of parasite Ag load and/or habitation of the developing worms in the pleural space. Depletion of basophils throughout the course of L. sigmodontis infection caused significant decreases in total and parasite-specific IgE, eosinophilia, and parasite Ag-driven CD4(+) T cell proliferation and IL-4 production, but did not alter total worm numbers. These results demonstrate that basophils amplify type 2 immune responses, but do not serve a protective role, in chronic infection of mice with the filarial nematode L. sigmodontis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina N Torrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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