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Lim JS, Jeon EJ, Go HS, Kim HJ, Kim KY, Nguyen TQT, Lee DY, Kim KS, Pietrocola F, Hong SH, Lee SE, Kim KS, Park TS, Choi DH, Jeong YJ, Park JH, Kim HS, Min JJ, Kim YS, Park JT, Cho JH, Lee GW, Lee JH, Choy HE, Park SC, Lee CH, Rhee JH, Serrano M, Cho KA. Mucosal TLR5 activation controls healthspan and longevity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:46. [PMID: 38167804 PMCID: PMC10761998 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Addressing age-related immunological defects through therapeutic interventions is essential for healthy aging, as the immune system plays a crucial role in controlling infections, malignancies, and in supporting tissue homeostasis and repair. In our study, we show that stimulating toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) via mucosal delivery of a flagellin-containing fusion protein effectively extends the lifespan and enhances the healthspan of mice of both sexes. This enhancement in healthspan is evidenced by diminished hair loss and ocular lens opacity, increased bone mineral density, improved stem cell activity, delayed thymic involution, heightened cognitive capacity, and the prevention of pulmonary lung fibrosis. Additionally, this fusion protein boosts intestinal mucosal integrity by augmenting the surface expression of TLR5 in a certain subset of dendritic cells and increasing interleukin-22 (IL-22) secretion. In this work, we present observations that underscore the benefits of TLR5-dependent stimulation in the mucosal compartment, suggesting a viable strategy for enhancing longevity and healthspan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jae Jeon
- MediSpan, Inc, Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sun Go
- MediSpan, Inc, Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Jin Kim
- MediSpan, Inc, Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Young Kim
- MediSpan, Inc, Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Quynh Trang Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Young Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Federico Pietrocola
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Seol Hee Hong
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Shin Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Choi
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Sik Kim
- Medical Photonic Research Center, Korea Photonics Technology Institute, Gwangju, 61007, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Min
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Sook Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju, 61469, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Tae Park
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Woo Lee
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyon E Choy
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 264 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- Future Life and Society Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy Medical Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 264 Seoyang-ro, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
| | - Manuel Serrano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
- Altos Labs, Cambridge Institute of Science, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Kyung A Cho
- Department of Biochemistry, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- MediSpan, Inc, Bundang-gu, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea.
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
- Future Life and Society Research Center, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun, Jeonnam-do, 58128, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Shuremu M, Abate KH, Belachew T. Effect of nutrition education intervention to improve dietary diversity practice and nutritional status of the older people: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7383-7395. [PMID: 37970381 PMCID: PMC10630808 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing aging population raises nutrition and health concerns, with malnutrition in the elderly linked to negative health outcomes. Our objective was to implement theory-based nutritional education interventions to improve the nutritional status of the elderly through diversified dietary practices. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted from December 1, 2021, to May 30, 2021, among 782 older persons randomly selected from two urban and 12 semi-urban areas in southwest Ethiopia. We used Social cognitive theory (SCT) in guiding the nutritional education intervention. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) tool was used to assess nutritional status, and a qualitative 24-h eating recall was used to evaluate dietary diversity. Difference-in-difference and generalized estimating equation models were used to assess the intervention effect. In total, 720 participants (361 in the intervention group and 359 in the control group) were included for analysis. The mean dietary diversity score differed significantly between the intervention group and the control group (p < .001). According to the multivariable generalized estimating equations model, the intervention group was 7.7 times (AOR = 7.746, 95% CI: 5.012, 11.973) more likely to consume a diverse diet than the control group. The nutrition status of the elderly in the intervention group improved significantly at the end of the intervention (p < .001). SCT-based nutritional education interventions can effectively improve healthy eating and nutritional status. For older adults, with its convenient approach and low cost, SCT should be considered an effective and efficient nutritional education approach for behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluneh Shuremu
- Department of nutrition and dieteticsJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
| | | | - Tefera Belachew
- Department of nutrition and dieteticsJimma UniversityJimmaEthiopia
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Lu Y, Luo Y, Zhang Q, Chen W, Zhang N, Wang L, Zhang Y. Decoding the immune landscape following hip fracture in elderly patients: unveiling temporal dynamics through single-cell RNA sequencing. Immun Ageing 2023; 20:54. [PMID: 37848979 PMCID: PMC10580557 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hip fractures in the elderly have significant consequences, stemming from the initial trauma and subsequent surgeries. Hidden blood loss and stress due to concealed injury sites could impact the whole osteoimmune microenvironment. This study employs scRNA-seq technique to map immune profiles in elderly hip fracture patients from post-trauma to the recovery period, investigating the dynamic changes of immune inflammation regulation subgroups. METHODS We collected peripheral blood samples from four elderly hip fracture patients (two males and two females, all > 75 years of age) at three different time points (24 h post-trauma, 24 h post-operation, and day 7 post-operation) and applied scRNA-seq technique to analyze the cellular heterogeneity and identify differentially expressed genes in peripheral blood individual immune cells from elderly hip fracture patients. RESULTS In this study, we analyzed the composition and gene expression profiles of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from elderly hip fracture patients by scRNA-seq and further identified new CD14 monocyte subpopulations based on marker genes and transcriptional profiles. Distinct gene expression changes were observed in various cell subpopulations at different time points. C-Mono2 monocyte mitochondria-related genes were up-regulated and interferon-related and chemokine-related genes were down-regulated within 24 h post-operation. Further analysis of gene expression profiles at day 7 post-operation showed that C-Mono2 monocytes showed downregulation of inflammation-related genes and osteoblast differentiation-related genes. However, the expression of these genes in cytotoxic T cells, Treg cells, and B cell subsets exhibited a contrasting trend. GZMK+CD8+ cytotoxic T cells showed downregulation of chemokine-related genes, and Treg cells showed upregulation of genes related to the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Furthermore, we examined interactions among diverse immune cell subsets, pinpointing specific ligand-receptor pairs. These findings imply cross-talk and communication between various cell types in the post-traumatic immune response. CONCLUSIONS Our study elucidates the notable alterations in immune cell subpopulations during different stages of hip fracture in elderly patients, both in terms of proportions and differential gene expressions. These changes provide significant clinical implications for tissue repair, infection prevention, and fracture healing in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yining Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.
- Department of Orthopedic Oncology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.
| | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Orthopedic Research Center, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, P.R. China.
- Chinese Academy of Engineering, Beijing, 100088, People's Republic of China.
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Cao H, Huang Y, Zhong C, Liao X, Tan W, Zhao S, Guo L, Fan R. Antibody response and safety of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in chronic hepatitis B patients with and without cirrhosis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1167533. [PMID: 37266421 PMCID: PMC10230951 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1167533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune response and safety of inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines among patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), especially those with cirrhosis, are not clear. Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among CHB patients with and without cirrhosis. Patients and methods A total of 643 CHB patients who received two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (BBIBP-CorV and CoronaVac) were enrolled. Serum samples were collected and tested for SARS-CoV-2 S-receptor-binding domain (S-RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) at enrollment. Data on adverse events (AEs) within 7 days after the second dose were obtained using a questionnaire. Results A total of 416 non-cirrhotic and 227 cirrhotic patients were included in the analysis. Cirrhotic patients had lower antibody titers than non-cirrhotic patients after adjusting for age, sex, and time interval (2.45 vs. 2.60 ng/ml, p = 0.034). Furthermore, the study revealed that cirrhotic patients demonstrated a slower rate of seropositivity increase, with the highest rate being recorded at week 4 and reaching 94.7%. On the other hand, among non-cirrhotic patients, the seropositivity rate peak was observed at week 2 and reached 96.0%. In addition, cirrhotic patients displayed a more rapid decline in the seropositivity rate, dropping to 54.5% after ≥16 weeks, while non-cirrhotic patients exhibited a decrease to 67.2% after the same time period. The overall incidence of AEs was low (18.4%), and all AEs were mild and self-limiting. In addition, 16.0% of participants had mild liver function abnormalities, and half of them returned to normality within the next 6 months without additional therapy. The participants who experienced liver function abnormalities showed a higher seropositivity rate and antibody titer than those who did not (91.6% vs. 79.5%, p = 0.005; 2.73 vs. 2.41 ng/ml, p < 0.001). Conclusion Cirrhotic CHB patients had lower antibody titers to inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines than non-cirrhotic patients. The vaccines were generally well tolerated in both non-cirrhotic and cirrhotic CHB patient groups. Patients with abnormal liver function may have a better antibody response than those without.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Dongguan People’s Hospital, Southern Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunxiu Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xingmei Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjuan Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Siru Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangxu Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Viral Hepatitis Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Viral Hepatitis, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases Research in South China, Ministry of Education, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Myc-Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 (Miz-1) Is Essential to Maintain Homeostasis and Immunocompetence of the B Cell Lineage. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11040504. [PMID: 35453704 PMCID: PMC9027237 DOI: 10.3390/biology11040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aging of the immune system is described as a progressive loss of the ability to respond to immunologic stimuli and is commonly referred to as immunosenescence. B cell immunosenescence is characterized by a decreased differentiation rate in the bone marrow and accumulation of antigen-experienced and age-associated B cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs). A specific deletion of the POZ-domain of the transcription factor Miz-1 in pro-B cells, which is known to be involved in bone marrow hematopoiesis, leads to premature aging of the B cell lineage. In mice, this causes a severe reduction in bone marrow-derived B cells with a drastic decrease from the pre-B cell stage on. Further, mature, naïve cells in SLOs are reduced at an early age, while post-activation-associated subpopulations increase prematurely. We propose that Miz-1 interferes at several key regulatory checkpoints, critical during B cell aging, and counteracts a premature loss of immunocompetence. This enables the use of our mouse model to gain further insights into mechanisms of B cell aging and it can significantly contribute to understand molecular causes of impaired adaptive immune responses to counteract loss of immunocompetence and restore a functional immune response in the elderly.
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Thyagarajan B, Faul J, Vivek S, Kim JK, Nikolich-Žugich J, Weir D, Crimmins EM. Age-related differences in T cell subsets in a nationally representative sample of people over age 55: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 77:927-933. [PMID: 34633448 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Though T cell immunosenescence is a major risk factor for age-related diseases, susceptibility to infections, and responses to vaccines, differences in T cells subset counts and representation by age and sex have not been determined for a large sample representative of the national population of the US. We evaluated the counts of T cell subsets including total, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and their naïve (Tn), effector memory (Tem) and effector subsets, in the context of age, sex and exposure to cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection among 8,848 Health and Retirement Study (HRS) participants, a nationally representative study of adults over 55 years. Total T cells (CD3+) and CD4+ cells declined markedly with age; CD8+ T cells declined somewhat less. While CD4+ T cell declines with age occurred for both CMV seropositive and CMV seronegative groups, total T cells and CD8+ cells were both substantially higher among the CMV seropositive group. Numbers of Tn CD4+ and CD8+ cells were strongly and inversely related to age, were better conserved among women, and were independent of CMV seropositivity. By contrast, accumulation of the CD8+ and CD4+ Tem and effector subsets was CMV-associated. This is the first study to provide counts of T cell subsets by age and sex in a national sample of older US adults over the age of 55 years. Understanding T cell changes with age and sex is an important first step in determining strategies to reduce its impact on age-related diseases and susceptibility to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Jessica Faul
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sithara Vivek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN
| | - Jung Ki Kim
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ
| | - David Weir
- Institute for Social Research, Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Eileen M Crimmins
- Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA
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Heine A, Juranek S, Brossart P. Clinical and immunological effects of mRNA vaccines in malignant diseases. Mol Cancer 2021; 20:52. [PMID: 33722265 PMCID: PMC7957288 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro-transcribed messenger RNA-based therapeutics represent a relatively novel and highly efficient class of drugs. Several recently published studies emphasize the potential efficacy of mRNA vaccines in treating different types of malignant and infectious diseases where conventional vaccine strategies and platforms fail to elicit protective immune responses. mRNA vaccines have lately raised high interest as potent vaccines against SARS-CoV2. Direct application of mRNA or its electroporation into dendritic cells was shown to induce polyclonal CD4+ and CD8+ mediated antigen-specific T cell responses as well as the production of protective antibodies with the ability to eliminate transformed or infected cells. More importantly, the vaccine composition may include two or more mRNAs coding for different proteins or long peptides. This enables the induction of polyclonal immune responses against a broad variety of epitopes within the encoded antigens that are presented on various MHC complexes, thus avoiding the restriction to a certain HLA molecule or possible immune escape due to antigen-loss. The development and design of mRNA therapies was recently boosted by several critical innovations including the development of technologies for the production and delivery of high quality and stable mRNA. Several technical obstacles such as stability, delivery and immunogenicity were addressed in the past and gradually solved in the recent years.This review will summarize the most recent technological developments and application of mRNA vaccines in clinical trials and discusses the results, challenges and future directions with a special focus on the induced innate and adaptive immune responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Cancer Vaccines/genetics
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Drug Delivery Systems
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Humans
- Immunity
- Immunotherapy
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Neoplasms/etiology
- Neoplasms/pathology
- Neoplasms/therapy
- RNA Stability
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Annkristin Heine
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immune-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Juranek
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immune-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Brossart
- Medical Clinic III for Oncology, Hematology, Immune-Oncology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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8
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Walsh EE, Frenck RW, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Neuzil K, Mulligan MJ, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Li P, Koury K, Kalina W, Cooper D, Fontes-Garfias C, Shi PY, Türeci Ö, Tompkins KR, Lyke KE, Raabe V, Dormitzer PR, Jansen KU, Şahin U, Gruber WC. Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates. N Engl J Med 2020; 383:2439-2450. [PMID: 33053279 PMCID: PMC7583697 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2027906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1775] [Impact Index Per Article: 443.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), have spread to millions of persons worldwide. Multiple vaccine candidates are under development, but no vaccine is currently available. Interim safety and immunogenicity data about the vaccine candidate BNT162b1 in younger adults have been reported previously from trials in Germany and the United States. METHODS In an ongoing, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded, dose-escalation, phase 1 trial conducted in the United States, we randomly assigned healthy adults 18 to 55 years of age and those 65 to 85 years of age to receive either placebo or one of two lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine candidates: BNT162b1, which encodes a secreted trimerized SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain; or BNT162b2, which encodes a membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike, stabilized in the prefusion conformation. The primary outcome was safety (e.g., local and systemic reactions and adverse events); immunogenicity was a secondary outcome. Trial groups were defined according to vaccine candidate, age of the participants, and vaccine dose level (10 μg, 20 μg, 30 μg, and 100 μg). In all groups but one, participants received two doses, with a 21-day interval between doses; in one group (100 μg of BNT162b1), participants received one dose. RESULTS A total of 195 participants underwent randomization. In each of 13 groups of 15 participants, 12 participants received vaccine and 3 received placebo. BNT162b2 was associated with a lower incidence and severity of systemic reactions than BNT162b1, particularly in older adults. In both younger and older adults, the two vaccine candidates elicited similar dose-dependent SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing geometric mean titers, which were similar to or higher than the geometric mean titer of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent serum samples. CONCLUSIONS The safety and immunogenicity data from this U.S. phase 1 trial of two vaccine candidates in younger and older adults, added to earlier interim safety and immunogenicity data regarding BNT162b1 in younger adults from trials in Germany and the United States, support the selection of BNT162b2 for advancement to a pivotal phase 2-3 safety and efficacy evaluation. (Funded by BioNTech and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT04368728.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward E Walsh
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Robert W Frenck
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Ann R Falsey
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Nicholas Kitchin
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Judith Absalon
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Alejandra Gurtman
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Stephen Lockhart
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Kathleen Neuzil
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Mark J Mulligan
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Ruth Bailey
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Kena A Swanson
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Ping Li
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Kenneth Koury
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Warren Kalina
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - David Cooper
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Camila Fontes-Garfias
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Özlem Türeci
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Kristin R Tompkins
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Kirsten E Lyke
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Vanessa Raabe
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Philip R Dormitzer
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Kathrin U Jansen
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - Uğur Şahin
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
| | - William C Gruber
- From the University of Rochester and Rochester General Hospital, Rochester (E.E.W., A.R.F.), Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Pearl River (J.A., A.G., K.A.S., K.K., W.K., D.C., K.R.T., P.R.D., K.U.J., W.C.G.), and New York University Langone Vaccine Center and Grossman School of Medicine, New York (M.J.M., V.R.) - all in New York; Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati (R.W.F.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Hurley, United Kingdom (N.K., S.L., R.B.); the University of Maryland School of Medicine, Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, Baltimore (K.N., K.E.L.); Vaccine Research and Development, Pfizer, Collegeville, PA (P.L.); the University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (C.F.-G., P.-Y.S.); and BioNTech, Mainz, Germany (ÖT., U.Ş.)
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Walsh EE, Frenck R, Falsey AR, Kitchin N, Absalon J, Gurtman A, Lockhart S, Neuzil K, Mulligan MJ, Bailey R, Swanson KA, Li P, Koury K, Kalina W, Cooper D, Fontes-Garfias C, Shi PY, Türeci Ö, Thompkins KR, Lyke KE, Raabe V, Dormitzer PR, Jansen KU, Sahin U, Gruber WC. RNA-Based COVID-19 Vaccine BNT162b2 Selected for a Pivotal Efficacy Study. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2020. [PMID: 32839784 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.17.20176651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections and the resulting disease, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have spread to millions of people globally. Multiple vaccine candidates are under development, but no vaccine is currently available. METHODS Healthy adults 18-55 and 65-85 years of age were randomized in an ongoing, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded dose-escalation study to receive 2 doses at 21-day intervals of placebo or either of 2 lipid nanoparticle-formulated, nucleoside-modified RNA vaccine candidates: BNT162b1, which encodes a secreted trimerized SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain, or BNT162b2, which encodes a prefusion stabilized membrane-anchored SARS-CoV-2 full-length spike. In each of 13 groups of 15 participants, 12 received vaccine and 3 received placebo. Groups were distinguished by vaccine candidate, age of participant, and vaccine dose level. Interim safety and immunogenicity data of BNT162b1 in younger adults have been reported previously from US and German trials. We now present additional safety and immunogenicity data from the US Phase 1 trial that supported selection of the vaccine candidate advanced to a pivotal Phase 2/3 safety and efficacy evaluation. RESULTS In both younger and older adults, the 2 vaccine candidates elicited similar dose-dependent SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing geometric mean titers (GMTs), comparable to or higher than the GMT of a panel of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent sera. BNT162b2 was associated with less systemic reactogenicity, particularly in older adults. CONCLUSION These results support selection of the BNT162b2 vaccine candidate for Phase 2/3 large-scale safety and efficacy evaluation, currently underway.
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The Effect of Age on the Immunogenicity of the Live Attenuated Zoster Vaccine Is Predicted by Baseline Regulatory T Cells and Varicella-Zoster Virus-Specific T Cell Immunity. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00305-19. [PMID: 31092579 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00305-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Older age is associated with increased infectious morbidity and decreased immune responses to vaccines, but the mechanisms that mediate this effect are incompletely understood. The efficacy and immunogenicity of the live attenuated zoster vaccine (ZVL) have a very-well-described negative association with the age of the vaccinee. In a study of 600 ZVL recipients 50 to >80 years of age, we investigated immunological factors that might explain the effect of age on the immunogenicity of ZVL. Using FluoroSpot assays and flow cytometry, we determined that varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-specific peak T helper 1 (VZV-Th1) responses to ZVL were independently predicted by prevaccination VZV-Th1 responses, regulatory T cells (Treg), and PD1-expressing immune checkpoint T cells (Tcheck) but not by the age of the vaccinee. Persistence of VZV-Th1 1 year after vaccination was independently predicted by the factors mentioned above, by peak VZV-Th1 responses to ZVL, and by the age of the vaccinee. We further demonstrated by ex vivo blocking experiments the mechanistic role of PD1 and CTLA4 as modulators of decreased VZV-Th1 responses in the study participants. VZV-specific cytotoxic T cell (VZV-CTL) and T follicular helper responses to ZVL did not correlate with age, but similar to other Th1 responses, VZV-CTL peak and baseline responses were independently correlated. These data expand our understanding of the factors affecting the magnitude and kinetics of T cell responses to ZVL in older adults and show the importance of prevaccination Treg and Tcheck in modulating the immunogenicity of ZVL. This presents new potential interventions to increase vaccine responses in older adults.IMPORTANCE Vaccination is the most effective method to protect older adults against viral infections. However, the immunogenicity of viral vaccines in older adults is notoriously poor. The live attenuated zoster vaccine (ZVL) provides the best example of a gradual decrease of vaccine immunogenicity with every 10-year age increase above 50 years. Here we show that the abundance of regulatory T cells before vaccine administration to older adults has a significant inhibitory effect on immune responses to ZVL and, together with baseline immunity to varicella-zoster virus, explains the effect of age on the immunogenicity of ZVL. Moreover, in vitro blockade of regulatory T cell mechanisms of action with biologic modulators restores immune responses to varicella-zoster virus in vaccinees. Collectively, these observations suggest that immune modulators that block regulatory T cell activity may increase responses to viral attenuated vaccines in older adults.
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11
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Alexander JE, Colyer A, Haydock RM, Hayek MG, Park J. Understanding How Dogs Age: Longitudinal Analysis of Markers of Inflammation, Immune Function, and Oxidative Stress. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2019; 73:720-728. [PMID: 29126143 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As in human populations, advances in nutrition and veterinary care have led to an increase in the lifespan of companion animals. Detrimental physiological changes occurring later in life must be understood before interventions can be made to slow or reduce them. One important aspect of human aging is upregulation of the inflammatory response and increase in oxidative damage resulting in pathologies linked to chronic inflammation. To determine whether similar processes occur in the aging dog, changes in markers of inflammation and oxidative stress were investigated in 80 Labrador retrievers from adulthood to the end of life. Serum levels of immunoglobulin M (p < .001) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (p < .001) increased with age, whereas no effect of age was detected for immunoglobulin G or C-reactive protein unless the last year of life was included in the analysis (p = .002). Baseline levels of heat shock protein 70 decreased with age (p < .001) while those after exposure to heat stress were maintained (p = .018). However, when excluding final year of life data, a decline in the heat shock protein 70 response after heat stress was observed (p = .004). These findings indicate that aging dogs undergo changes similar to human inflammaging and offer the possibility of nutritional or pharmacological intervention to delay or reduce these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet E Alexander
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, UK
| | - Alison Colyer
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, UK
| | - Richard M Haydock
- WALTHAM Centre for Pet Nutrition, Waltham-on-the-Wolds, Melton Mowbray, UK
| | | | - JeanSoon Park
- Royal Canin Pet Health and Nutrition Centre, Lewisburg, Ohio
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12
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Gehrig AC, Hartmann K, Günther F, Klima A, Habacher G, Bergmann M. A survey of vaccine history in German cats and owners' attitudes to vaccination. J Feline Med Surg 2019; 21:73-83. [PMID: 29529958 PMCID: PMC10814604 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18759838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vaccination is the most important measure for prevention of feline infectious diseases. Cat owner compliance with vaccination recommendations has been investigated in the UK but not in other European countries. The aim of the present study was to determine cat owners' attitudes towards vaccination in cats in Germany, to identify factors that are associated with the vaccination status of their cats and to compare the results with those of the UK survey. METHODS The survey was conducted using an online questionnaire and was aimed at respondents throughout Germany. Respondents under 16 years of age, cats that were less than 9 weeks old and veterinarians were excluded. A total of 920 questionnaires were evaluated, and information about cats and respondents was assessed with respect to the current vaccination status of the cats using a linear logistic regression model. RESULTS The majority of cats (77.9%; n = 717) were vaccinated according to current guidelines; only 5.4% (n = 50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.00-9.00) of cats had never received a vaccine. Having visited a cattery, a cat show or travelled abroad in the past 12 months (n = 96/773; odds ratio [OR] 6.95; 95% CI 1.65-52.19) had the highest positive impact on the vaccination status of cats. In addition, detailed veterinary advice about vaccination had a positive impact (n = 275/773; OR 2.09; 95% CI 0.67-6.25) on the attitude of owners towards vaccinating their cats. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A history of travelling abroad or visiting cat shows or a cattery, and thus regulatory requirements, had the greatest positive impact on the current vaccination status of the cats. Veterinary consultation on preventive measures, including vaccination, is crucial for protecting the cat population against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Claire Gehrig
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - André Klima
- Department of Statistics, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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13
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Grebenciucova E, Berger JR. Immunosenescence: the Role of Aging in the Predisposition to Neuro-Infectious Complications Arising from the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2018; 17:61. [PMID: 28669032 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights some of the important changes in the immune system that occur in the process of normal aging. Immunosenescence as a concept is directly relevant to the world of neuro-inflammation, as it may be a contributing factor to the risks associated with some of the current immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory therapies used in treating multiple sclerosis (MS) and other inflammatory disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Profound qualitative and quantitative changes occur in the adaptive and innate immunity compartments during aging. These changes may explain why patients of older age are at an increased risk of infections and infection-associated mortality. Immunosenescence-associated changes may be additive or synergistic with the effects produced by immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive medications. Clinicians should exercise a high level of vigilance in monitoring the risk of infections in older patients on these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grebenciucova
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, The Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Convention Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Multiple Sclerosis Division, The Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Convention Avenue, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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14
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Frasca D, Blomberg BB. Adipose Tissue Inflammation Induces B Cell Inflammation and Decreases B Cell Function in Aging. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1003. [PMID: 28894445 PMCID: PMC5581329 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the greatest risk factor for developing chronic diseases. Inflamm-aging, the age-related increase in low-grade chronic inflammation, may be a common link in age-related diseases. This review summarizes recent published data on potential cellular and molecular mechanisms of the age-related increase in inflammation, and how these contribute to decreased humoral immune responses in aged mice and humans. Briefly, we cover how aging and related inflammation decrease antibody responses in mice and humans, and how obesity contributes to the mechanisms for aging through increased inflammation. We also report data in the literature showing adipose tissue infiltration with immune cells and how these cells are recruited and contribute to local and systemic inflammation. We show that several types of immune cells infiltrate the adipose tissue and these include macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells, innate lymphoid cells, eosinophils, T cells, B1, and B2 cells. Our main focus is how the adipose tissue affects immune responses, in particular B cell responses and antibody production. The role of leptin in generating inflammation and decreased B cell responses is also discussed. We report data published by us and by other groups showing that the adipose tissue generates pro-inflammatory B cell subsets which induce pro-inflammatory T cells, promote insulin resistance, and secrete pathogenic autoimmune antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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15
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Albuquerque AS, Fernandes SM, Tendeiro R, Cheynier R, Lucas M, Silva SL, Victorino RMM, Sousa AE. Major CD4 T-Cell Depletion and Immune Senescence in a Patient with Chronic Granulomatous Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:543. [PMID: 28553289 PMCID: PMC5425576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) results from primary defects in phagocytic reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. T-cell evaluation is usually neglected during patients’ follow-up, although T-cell depletion has been reported in CGD through unknown mechanisms. We describe here a 36-year-old patient with X-linked CGD with severe CD4 T-cell depletion <200 CD4 T-cells/μl, providing insights into the mechanisms that underlie T-cell loss in the context of oxidative burst defects. In addition to the typical infections, the patient featured a progressive T-cell loss associated with persistent lymphocyte activation, expansion of interleukin (IL)-17-producing CD4 T-cells, and impaired thymic activity, leading to a reduced replenishment of the T-cell pool. A relative CD4 depletion was also found at the gut mucosal level, although no bias to IL-17-production was documented. This immunological pattern of exhaustion of immune resources favors prompt, potentially curative, therapeutic interventions in CGD patients, namely, stem-cell transplantation or gene therapy. Moreover, this clinical case raises new research questions on the interplay of ROS production and T-cell homeostasis and immune senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana S Albuquerque
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Imunodeficiência Primárias de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana M Fernandes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Tendeiro
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Cytokines and Viral Infections, Immunology Infection and Inflammation Department, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Margarida Lucas
- Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Susana L Silva
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Imunodeficiência Primárias de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rui M M Victorino
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Imunodeficiência Primárias de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana E Sousa
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Centro de Imunodeficiência Primárias de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
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16
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Blomberg BB. Human peripheral late/exhausted memory B cells express a senescent-associated secretory phenotype and preferentially utilize metabolic signaling pathways. Exp Gerontol 2017; 87:113-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Rana A, Murthy B, Pallister Z, Kueht M, Cotton R, Galvan NTN, Etheridge W, Liu H, Goss J, O'Mahony C. Profiling risk for acute rejection in kidney transplantation: recipient age is a robust risk factor. J Nephrol 2016; 30:859-868. [PMID: 27686224 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-016-0354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Careful management of immunosuppression is paramount to prevent acute rejection in kidney transplantation. We studied a cohort of 139,875 kidney transplant recipients from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN) database between 2002 and 2013. We confirmed the analysis with a cohort of 35,277 who received thymoglobulin induction with tacrolimus maintenance, and a third cohort of 12,161 recipients who received basiliximab induction with tacrolimus maintenance. We performed multivariate logistic regression analyses on data from all three cohorts and identified independent risk factors for treated acute rejection at 1 year. Recipient age was a robust risk factor for rejection in all three cohorts in a dose response pattern. Young age (18-25 years) was among the strongest risk factors for rejection in all three cohorts; thymoglobulin cohort: OR 1.87 (1.59-2.19); basiliximab cohort: OR 2.41 (1.89-3.05); and inclusive cohort: OR 1.97 (1.83-2.12). The opposite was true for old age (65-69 years); thymoglobulin cohort: OR 0.69 (0.59-0.81); basiliximab cohort: OR 0.77 (0.62-0.96); and inclusive cohort: OR 0.75 (0.70-0.80). This study is unique because it is the largest and most comprehensive multivariate analysis that demonstrates recipient age is a robust risk factor for acute rejection in an inverse dose response pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Rana
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery,Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS:BCM390, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Bhamidipati Murthy
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery,Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS:BCM390, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zachery Pallister
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael Kueht
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald Cotton
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery,Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS:BCM390, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - N Thao N Galvan
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery,Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS:BCM390, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Whiston Etheridge
- Department of Transplant Nephrology, Baylor St Luke's Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hau Liu
- Dan Duncan Cancer Center, Department of Biostatistics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John Goss
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery,Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS:BCM390, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Christine O'Mahony
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery,Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS:BCM390, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
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18
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Blomberg BB. Ageing and obesity similarly impair antibody responses. Clin Exp Immunol 2016; 187:64-70. [PMID: 27314456 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is characterized by increased low-grade chronic inflammation, which is a significant risk factor for morbidity and mortality of elderly individuals. Similar to ageing, obesity is considered to be an inflammatory predisposition associated with chronic activation of immune cells and consequent local and systemic inflammation. Both ageing and obesity are characterized by reduced innate and adaptive immune responses. This review focuses on B cells, how they may contribute, at least locally, to low-grade chronic inflammation in ageing and obesity and on the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - A Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - M Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
| | - B B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, USA
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19
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Kueht ML, Cotton RT, Galvan NTN, O'Mahony CA, Goss JA, Rana A. Profiling immunologic risk for acute rejection in liver transplantation: Recipient age is an important risk factor. Transpl Immunol 2016; 38:44-9. [PMID: 27423762 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Careful management of induction and maintenance of immunosuppression is paramount to prevent acute rejection in liver transplantation. A methodical analysis of risk factors for acute cellular rejection may provide a more comprehensive method to profile the immunologic risk of candidates. METHODS Using registry data from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), we identified 42,508 adult recipients who underwent orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) between 2002 and 2013. We excluded recipients with a blank entry for treated rejection. We analyzed this all inclusive cohort in addition to a subset of 27,493 patients with just tacrolimus immunosuppression. Multivariate logistic regression was used on both cohorts and identified independent risk factors for treated acute rejection at one year. RESULTS Recipient age (reference group was 40 to 60years) was a dominant risk factor for rejection in both cohorts and had a dose response relationship. The strongest risk factors in the inclusive cohort were: age 18-25 (OR 2.20), age 26-29 (OR 2.03), and primary biliary cholangitis (OR 1.55). The most protective factors were age 70 and older (OR 0.68), and age 65-69 (OR 0.70). The rates of rejection had a similar pattern. CONCLUSIONS Although prior studies have suggested age as a risk factor for rejection in liver transplantation, this is the first study of national-level data to demonstrate a robust dose dependent relationship between age and risk for rejection at one year. Clinicians should place significant weight on recipient age when they assess their recipients for the immunologic risk of rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kueht
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ronald T Cotton
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - N Thao N Galvan
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Christine A O'Mahony
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John A Goss
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abbas Rana
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation and Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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20
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Weltevrede M, Eilers R, de Melker HE, van Baarle D. Cytomegalovirus persistence and T-cell immunosenescence in people aged fifty and older: A systematic review. Exp Gerontol 2016; 77:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Tabibian-Keissar H, Hazanov L, Schiby G, Rosenthal N, Rakovsky A, Michaeli M, Shahaf GL, Pickman Y, Rosenblatt K, Melamed D, Dunn-Walters D, Mehr R, Barshack I. Aging affects B-cell antigen receptor repertoire diversity in primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. Eur J Immunol 2015; 46:480-92. [PMID: 26614343 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201545586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The elderly immune system is characterized by reduced responses to infections and vaccines, and an increase in the incidence of autoimmune diseases and cancer. Age-related deficits in the immune system may be caused by peripheral homeostatic pressures that limit bone marrow B-cell production or migration to the peripheral lymphoid tissues. Studies of peripheral blood B-cell receptor spectratypes have shown that those of the elderly are characterized by reduced diversity, which is correlated with poor health status. In the present study, we performed for the first time high-throughput sequencing of immunoglobulin genes from archived biopsy samples of primary and secondary lymphoid tissues in old (74 ± 7 years old, range 61-89) versus young (24 ± 5 years old, range 18-45) individuals, analyzed repertoire diversities and compared these to results in peripheral blood. We found reduced repertoire diversity in peripheral blood and lymph node repertoires from old people, while in the old spleen samples the diversity was larger than in the young. There were no differences in somatic hypermutation characteristics between age groups. These results support the hypothesis that age-related immune frailty stems from altered B-cell homeostasis leading to narrower memory B-cell repertoires, rather than changes in somatic hypermutation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Tabibian-Keissar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Lena Hazanov
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ginette Schiby
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noemie Rosenthal
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Aviya Rakovsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Miri Michaeli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gitit Lavy Shahaf
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Yishai Pickman
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | | | - Doron Melamed
- Department of Immunology, Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Deborah Dunn-Walters
- Division of Immunology, Infection, and Inflammatory Diseases, King's College London, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ramit Mehr
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Iris Barshack
- Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Shet U, Oh HK, Chung HJ, Kim YJ, Kim OS, Lim HJ, Shin MH, Lee SW. Humoral immune responses to periodontal pathogens in the elderly. J Periodontal Implant Sci 2015; 45:178-83. [PMID: 26550526 PMCID: PMC4635439 DOI: 10.5051/jpis.2015.45.5.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Elderly people are thought to be more susceptible to periodontal disease due to reduced immune function associated with aging. However, little information is available on the nature of immune responses against putative periodontal pathogens in geriatric patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the serum IgG antibody responses to six periodontal pathogens in geriatric subjects. METHODS The study population consisted of 85 geriatric patients and was divided into three groups: 29 mild (MCP), 27 moderate (MoCP) and 29 severe (SCP) chronic periodontitis patients. Serum levels of IgG antibody to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Prevotella intermedia were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared among the groups. RESULTS All three groups showed levels of serum IgG in response to P. gingivalis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and P. intermedia that were three to four times higher than levels of IgG to T. forsythia, T. denticola, and F. nucleatum. There were no significant differences among all three groups in IgG response to P. gingivalis (P=0.065), T. forsythia (P=0.057), T. denticola (P=0.1), and P. intermedia (P=0.167), although the IgG levels tended to be higher in patients with SCP than in those with MCP or MoCP (with the exception of those for P. intermedia). In contrast, there were significant differences among the groups in IgG levels in response to F. nucleatum (P=0.001) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (P=0.003). IgG levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans were higher in patients with MCP than in those with MoCP or SCP. CONCLUSIONS When IgG levels were compared among three periodontal disease groups, only IgG levels to F. nucleatum significantly increased with the severity of disease. On the contrary, IgG levels to A. actinomycetemcomitans decreased significantly in patients with SCP compared to those with MCP. There were no significant differences in the IgG levels for P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, T. denticola, and P. intermedia among geriatric patients with chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttom Shet
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hee-Kyun Oh
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Chung
- Department of Periodontology, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Ok-Su Kim
- Department of Periodontology, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoi-Jeong Lim
- Department of Orthodontics, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Shin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Lee
- Department of Periodontology, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea. ; Department of Dental Education, Dental Science Research Institute, Chonnam National University School of Dentistry, Gwangju, Korea
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Lim JS, Nguyen KCT, Nguyen CT, Jang I, Han JM, Fabian C, Lee SE, Rhee JH, Cho KA. Flagellin-dependent TLR5/caveolin-1 as a promising immune activator in immunosenescence. Aging Cell 2015. [PMID: 26223660 PMCID: PMC4568978 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-associated decline of immune responses causes high susceptibility to infections and reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly. However, the mechanisms underlying age-related deficits are unclear. Here, we found that the expression and signaling of flagellin (FlaB)-dependent Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), unlike the other TLRs, were well maintained in old macrophages, similar to young macrophages. The expression and activation of TLR5/MyD88, but not TLR4, were sensitively regulated by the upregulation of caveolin-1 in old macrophages through direct interaction. This interaction was also confirmed using macrophages from caveolin-1 or MyD88 knockout mice. Because TLR5 and caveolin-1 were well expressed in major old tissues including lung, skin, intestine, and spleen, we analyzed in vivo immune responses via a vaccine platform with FlaB as a mucosal adjuvant for the pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection in young and aged mice. The FlaB-PspA fusion protein induced a significantly higher level of PspA-specific IgG and IgA responses and demonstrated a high protective efficacy against a lethal challenge with live S. pneumoniae in aged mice. These results suggest that caveolin-1/TLR5 signaling plays a key role in age-associated innate immune responses and that FlaB-PspA stimulation of TLR5 may be a new strategy for a mucosal vaccine adjuvant against pneumococcal infection in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Sung Lim
- Department of Biochemistry Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
| | - Kim Cuc Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
| | - Chung Truong Nguyen
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital 160 Ilsim‐Ri Hwasun‐gun Jeonnam 519‐809 South Korea
| | - Ik‐Soon Jang
- Division of Life Science Korea Basic Science Institute Daejeon 305‐333 South Korea
| | - Jung Min Han
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science Yonsei University Seoul 120‐749 South Korea
- College of Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon 406‐840 South Korea
| | - Claire Fabian
- Department of Immunology Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI) University of Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
- Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) University of Leipzig 04103 Leipzig Germany
| | - Shee Eun Lee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital 160 Ilsim‐Ri Hwasun‐gun Jeonnam 519‐809 South Korea
- Dental Science Research Institute School of Dentistry Chonnam National University Gwangju 500‐757 South Korea
| | - Joon Haeng Rhee
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital 160 Ilsim‐Ri Hwasun‐gun Jeonnam 519‐809 South Korea
- Department of Microbiology Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
| | - Kyung A Cho
- Department of Biochemistry Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
- Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
- Clinical Vaccine R&D Center Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital 160 Ilsim‐Ri Hwasun‐gun Jeonnam 519‐809 South Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences Chonnam National University Medical School Gwangju 501‐746 South Korea
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Wachholz PA, Nunes VS, Nunes HRC, Valle AP, Villas Boas PJF. Effectiveness of probiotics for preventing infections in the elderly: Systematic review and meta‐analysis – study protocol. NUTR BULL 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/nbu.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Wachholz
- Department of Public HealthBotucatu Medical SchoolUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil
| | - V. S. Nunes
- Department of Internal MedicineBotucatu Medical SchoolUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil
| | - H. R. C. Nunes
- Escritório de Apoio à PesquisaUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil
| | - A. P. Valle
- Department of Internal MedicineBotucatu Medical SchoolUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil
| | - P. J. F. Villas Boas
- Department of Internal MedicineBotucatu Medical SchoolUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Botucatu Brazil
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Ulbert S, Magnusson SE. Technologies for the development of West Nile virus vaccines. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:1221-32. [PMID: 25405890 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.14.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV), an emerging mosquito-borne and zoonotic flavivirus, continues to spread worldwide and represents a major problem for human and veterinary medicine. In recent years, severe outbreaks were observed in the USA and Europe with neighboring countries, and the virus is considered to be endemic in an increasing number of areas. Although most infections remain asymptomatic, WNV can cause severe, even fatal, neurological disease, which affects mostly the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Several vaccines have been licensed in the veterinary sector, but no human vaccine is available today. This review summarizes recent strategies that are being followed to develop WNV vaccines with emphasis on technologies suitable for the use in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Ulbert
- Department of Immunology, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy & Immunology, Perlickstrasse 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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26
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Corsini E, Galbiati V, Pinto A, Davin A, Polito L, Guaita A, Racchi M. Immunostimulatory effects of RACK1 pseudosubstrate in human leukocytes obtained from young and old donors. Oncotarget 2015; 6:6524-34. [PMID: 25779661 PMCID: PMC4466631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims of this study were to investigate the ability of RACK1 pseudosubstrate alone or in combination with classical immune stimuli to activate human leukocytes, and to restore age-associated immune defects.A total of 25 donors (17 old donors, 77-79 yrs; 8 young donors, 25-34 yrs) were enrolled. To evaluate the effect of RACK1 pseudosubstrate on cytokine production and CD86 expression the whole blood assay was used. Cultures were treated with RACK1 pseudosubstrate in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and incubated for 24 h or 48 h for LPS-induced CD86 expression, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 production, and PHA-induced IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, respectively. RACK1 pseudosubstrate alone induced IL-6, IL-8, and CD86 expression in both young and old donors, and IFN-γ in old donors. In combination with LPS an increase in IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α was observed, also resulting in restoration of age-associated defective production, while no changes in the other parameters investigated were found.Even if based on a small sample size, these results suggest the possibility to by-pass some of age-associated immune alterations, which may be beneficial in situations were natural immune stimulation is required, and highlight a different role of PKCβ in immune cells activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Corsini
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Galbiati
- Laboratory of Toxicology, DiSFeB, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Pinto
- Department of Drug Sciences - Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Marco Racchi
- Department of Drug Sciences - Pharmacology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Landin AM, Blomberg BB. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity decreases B cell responses to the influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2015; 33:1433-9. [PMID: 25659271 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-seropositivity has been shown to have a negative effect on influenza vaccine-specific antibody responses. In this paper, we confirm and extend these results showing for the first time, a negative association between CMV-seropositivity and B cell predictive biomarkers of optimal vaccine responses. These biomarkers are switched memory B cells and AID in CpG-stimulated B cell cultures measured before vaccination which positively correlate with the serum response to the influenza vaccine. We also found that CMV-seropositivity is associated with increased levels of B cell-intrinsic inflammation and these both correlate with lower B cell function. Finally, CMV-seropositivity is associated with decreased percentages of individuals responding to the vaccine in both young and elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA.
| | - Alain Diaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Maria Romero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Ana Marie Landin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Bonnie B Blomberg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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29
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Boraschi D, Aguado MT, Dutel C, Goronzy J, Louis J, Grubeck-Loebenstein B, Rappuoli R, Del Giudice G. The gracefully aging immune system. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:185ps8. [PMID: 23677590 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged life expectancy in the 20th century has been one of humankind's greatest triumphs. However, the substantial increase in the human life span has ushered in a new concern: healthy aging. Because infectious diseases prominently contribute to morbidity in the particularly vulnerable elderly population, strategies for preventing these diseases would have a clear impact on improving healthy aging. Thus, vaccines and immunization strategies tailored for the elderly population are needed, and vaccines should be developed to take into consideration the peculiar age-induced variations of immune responsiveness. The conference "Ageing and Immunity" recently held in Siena, Italy, has reviewed and discussed several possible causes of immune senescence, as well as strategies for counteracting this waning of immune responsiveness and for restoring immunocompetence. In addition, examples of diseases that should be targeted by vaccination in the senior population were considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Pisa 56124, Italy
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30
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Dewe W, Benoit A, Legrand C. Assessing vaccine efficacy in influenza clinical trials: challenges and difficulties. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 6:403-11. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2013.811817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Stys PK. Pathoetiology of multiple sclerosis: are we barking up the wrong tree? F1000PRIME REPORTS 2013; 5:20. [PMID: 23755367 PMCID: PMC3673225 DOI: 10.12703/p5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite a century of intensive investigation, the underlying cause of multiple sclerosis has eluded us. It is clear that there exists a prominent progressive degenerative phenotype together with an important autoimmune inflammatory component, and careful histopathological examination always shows, to a greater or lesser degree, concomitant degeneration/demyelination and adaptive T cell-dependent immune responses. Given this picture, it is difficult, if not impossible, to definitively say whether degeneration or autoimmunity is the initiator of the disease. In this review, I put forward the evidence for and against both models and speculate that, in contrast to the accepted view, it is equally likely that multiple sclerosis may be a degenerative disease that secondarily elicits an autoimmune response, and suggest how this might influence therapeutic approaches.
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32
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Understanding immunosenescence to improve responses to vaccines. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:428-36. [PMID: 23598398 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 503] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the older adult, the benefits of vaccination to prevent infectious disease are limited, mainly because of the adaptive immune system's inability to generate protective immunity. The age-dependent decrease in immunological competence, often referred to as 'immunosenescence', results from the progressive deterioration of innate and adaptive immune responses. Most insights into mechanisms of immunological aging have been derived from studies of mouse models. In this Review, we explore how well such models are applicable to understanding the aging process throughout the 80-100 years of human life and discuss recent advances in identifying and characterizing the mechanisms that underlie age-associated defective adaptive immunity in humans.
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Thomas-Crusells J, McElhaney JE, Aguado MT. Report of the ad-hoc consultation on aging and immunization for a future WHO research agenda on life-course immunization. Vaccine 2012; 30:6007-12. [PMID: 22835737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
WHO convened a meeting of around 30 experts to address the topic of aging and immunization in March 2011 in Geneva. The purpose of the meeting was to develop a global research agenda to eventually inform WHO policy recommendations regarding immunization beyond childhood and into old age. This issue is becoming more critical, since the population aged 60 and above will reach two billion people - three-quarters of whom will be in developing countries - in the next 40 years. The meeting reviewed current knowledge and gaps in information about: (1) the epidemiology of infectious diseases in the elderly in developed and developing countries and their contribution to disability in old age; (2) the deterioration of the immune system with age ("immune senescence") and possible ways to measure and counteract it; and (3) immunization approaches to maintain or improve health in older persons. These approaches include the concept of a "life-course vaccination" schedule to help sustain immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases beyond childhood and into old age; strategies to strengthen older persons' responses to vaccines (e.g., by adding adjuvants to vaccines, increasing vaccine dosage, and intradermal vaccine administration); and the possible development of new vaccines targeted specifically for older adults. Participants proposed priority research topics as well as strategies to facilitate and coordinate the research, including the establishment of networks of collaborators, with WHO playing a key coordinating role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Thomas-Crusells
- Initiative for Vaccine Research, World Health Organization, 20, Avenue Appia, CH-1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland.
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Puthiyaveetil AG, Caudell DL. Non homologous end joining-mediated DNA break repair is impaired in B lymphocytes of aging mice. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:79-87. [PMID: 22878140 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aging is an irreversible physiological process characterized by increased risk of diseases, reduced effectiveness of vaccines, and decreased immune responses. One of the most prominent paradigms of aging and age related conditions is the progressive accumulation of un-repaired DNA breaks leading to apoptosis and exhaustion of stem cells. Here we hypothesized that B lymphocytes from old mice have reduced DNA repair mechanisms as a contributing factor for DNA break accumulation. We analyzed class switch recombination (CSR) of naïve B lymphocytes from old and adult mice to delineate the DNA double strand repair mechanisms during aging. In vitro CSR assays and DNA break analysis by labeling phosphorylated histone H2AX showed that old mice had significantly reduced DNA repair efficiency following DNA breaks. Functional efficiency analysis of DNA break repairs using plasmid ligation method showed that B lymphocytes from old mice had poor repair efficiency and increased misrepair of linear plasmid. Diminished DNA repair in old age can contribute to reduced immune cell repertoire and impaired immunity; increased occurrence of cancer; and reduced stem cell reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Gafoor Puthiyaveetil
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Center for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Diseases, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be an autoimmune, inflammatory disease of the CNS. In most patients, the disease follows a relapsing-remitting course and is characterized by dynamic inflammatory demyelinating lesions in the CNS. Although on the surface MS may appear consistent with a primary autoimmune disease, questions have been raised as to whether inflammation and/or autoimmunity are really at the root of the disease, and it has been proposed that MS might in fact be a degenerative disorder. We argue that MS may be an 'immunological convolution' between an underlying primary degenerative disorder and the host's aberrant immune response. To better understand this disease, we might need to consider non-inflammatory primary progressive MS as the 'real' MS, with inflammatory forms reflecting secondary, albeit very important, reactions.
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Elicitation of anti-1918 influenza virus immunity early in life prevents morbidity and lower levels of lung infection by 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in aged mice. J Virol 2011; 86:1500-13. [PMID: 22130546 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.06034-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Spanish influenza virus pandemic of 1918 was responsible for 40 million to 50 million deaths and is antigenically similar to the swine lineage 2009 pandemic influenza virus. Emergence of the 2009 pandemic from swine into humans has raised the possibility that low levels of cross-protective immunity to past shared epitopes could confer protection. In this study, influenza viruslike particles (VLPs) were engineered to express the hemagglutinin (HA) and genes from the 1918 influenza virus to evaluate the duration of cross-protection to the H1N1 pandemic strain by vaccinating young mice (8 to 12 weeks) and then allowing the animals to age to 20 months. This immunity was long lasting, with homologous receptor-blocking antibodies detected throughout the lifespan of vaccinated mice. Furthermore, the 1918 VLPs fully protected aged mice from 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus challenge 16 months after vaccination. Histopathological assessment showed that aged vaccinated mice had significant protection from alveolar infection but less protection of the bronchial tissue than adult vaccinated mice. Additionally, passive transfer of immune serum from aged vaccinated mice resulted in protection from death but not morbidity. This is the first report describing the lifelong duration of cross-reactive immune responses elicited by a 1918 VLP vaccine in a murine model. Importantly, these lifelong immune responses did not result in decreased total viral replication but did prevent infection of the lower respiratory tract. These findings show that immunity acquired early in life can restrict the anatomical location of influenza viral replication, rather than preventing infection, in the aged.
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John CM, Sandrasaigaran P, Tong CK, Adam A, Ramasamy R. Immunomodulatory activity of polyphenols derived from Cassia auriculata flowers in aged rats. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:474-9. [PMID: 21924708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The immunomodulatory activity of Cassia auriculata (CA)-derived polyphenols was tested on aged rats. Rats (24-26 months old) were given CA polyphenols supplementation at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 28 days. Flow cytometry analysis of CA polyphenols-treated aged rats showed increased T and B cells percentage along with enhanced proliferation of splenocytes in both resting and LPS-stimulated cells. Increased percentage of pan T cells is further supported by an elevation of CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD25+ regulatory cells. In terms of innate immune cell activity, CA polyphenol supplementation reduced the oxidative burst activity of neutrophils in response to PMA and Escherichia coli activation. Our results collectively show that polyphenols derived from CA boost T cell immunity by increasing the number of T cells and its sensitivity towards stimulants and decreasing ROS production by neutrophils that could potentially harm multiple biological systems in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cini M John
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract
Aging represents a complex remodeling in which both innate and adaptive immunities deteriorate. Age-related changes in humoral immunity are responsible for the reduced vaccine responses observed in elderly individuals. Although T cell alterations play a significant role in age-related humoral immune changes, alterations in B cells also occur. We here provide an overview of age-related changes in B cell markers and functions. Our studies have shown that intrinsic changes in B cells with age contribute to reduced antibody responses such as those to the influenza vaccine.
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Abstract
The 'easiest' vaccines, base on production of neutralizing antibodies, have been made. With the emergence of chronic diseases, vaccine developers have understood the importance to trigger an efficient cellular mediated immune response (CTL response) to respond to this medical need. Several options are currently in development and the utilization of plant virus as vaccine platform for the trigger of a CTL response is considered as an interesting avenue. The highly ordered structures of plant viruses are good triggers of the innate immune system, which in turn, is used to initiate an immune response to a vaccine target. It is likely that plant viruses will play an important role in the development of the vaccine of the futures even if there is still several challenges to face.
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Frasca D, Diaz A, Romero M, Landin AM, Phillips M, Lechner SC, Ryan JG, Blomberg BB. Intrinsic defects in B cell response to seasonal influenza vaccination in elderly humans. Vaccine 2010; 28:8077-84. [PMID: 20974306 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have evaluated the serum response to seasonal influenza vaccination in subjects of different ages and associated this with the specific B cell response to the vaccine in vitro. Although the serum response has previously been shown to decrease with age, this has largely been associated to decreased T cell functions. Our results show that in response to the vaccine, the specific response of B cells in vitro, as measured by AID (activation-induced cytidine deaminase), the in vivo serum HI (hemagglutination inhibition) response, and the in vivo generation of switch memory B cells are decreased with age, as evaluated in the same subjects. This is the first report to demonstrate that intrinsic B cell defects with age contribute to reduced antibody responses to the influenza vaccine. The level of AID in response to CpG before vaccination can also predict the robustness of the vaccine response. These results could contribute to developing more effective vaccines to protect the elderly as well as identifying those most at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Frasca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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