1
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Canturri A, Pieters M. Characterizing the detection of inactivated Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae DNA in the respiratory tract of pigs. Vet Res 2024; 55:19. [PMID: 38360700 PMCID: PMC10870464 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
A positive Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae PCR result in a clinical specimen may eventually represent the mere detection of non-viable bacteria, complicating the diagnostic interpretation. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the PCR detection of non-viable M. hyopneumoniae and its residual cell-free DNA in live pigs. Pigs were inoculated with either active or inactivated M. hyopneumoniae and were sampled for up to 14 days. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was not detected by PCR at any timepoint in pigs inoculated with the inactivated bacterium, suggesting that in healthy pigs, the non-viable M. hyopneumoniae DNA was rapidly sensed and cleared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Canturri
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Maria Pieters
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
- Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA.
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2
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Haegeman A, De Leeuw I, Philips W, De Regge N. Development and Validation of a New DIVA Real-Time PCR Allowing to Differentiate Wild-Type Lumpy Skin Disease Virus Strains, Including the Asian Recombinant Strains, from Neethling-Based Vaccine Strains. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040870. [PMID: 37112850 PMCID: PMC10146157 DOI: 10.3390/v15040870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The current epidemic in Asia, driven by LSDV recombinants, poses difficulties to existing DIVA PCR tests, as these do not differentiate between homologous vaccine strains and the recombinant strains. We, therefore, developed and validated a new duplex real-time PCR capable of differentiating Neethling-based vaccine strains from classical and recombinant wild-type strains that are currently circulating in Asia. The DIVA potential of this new assay, seen in the in silico evaluation, was confirmed on samples from LSDV infected and vaccinated animals and on isolates of LSDV recombinants (n = 12), vaccine (n = 5), and classic wild-type strains (n = 6). No cross-reactivity or a-specificity with other capripox viruses was observed under field conditions in non-capripox viral stocks and negative animals. The high analytical sensitivity is translated into a high diagnostic specificity as more than 70 samples were all correctly detected with Ct values very similar to those of a published first-line pan capripox real-time PCR. Finally, the low inter- and intra-run variability observed shows that the new DIVA PCR is very robust which facilitates its implementation in the lab. All validation parameters that are mentioned above indicate the potential of the newly developed test as a promising diagnostic tool which could help to control the current LSDV epidemic in Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Haegeman
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
- Correspondence:
| | - Ilse De Leeuw
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Wannes Philips
- Sciensano, EURL for Diseases Caused by Capripox Viruses, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nick De Regge
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Animals, Exotic and Vector-Borne Diseases, Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium
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3
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Sailleau C, Postic L, Chatenet X, Salat O, Turpaud M, Durand B, Vitour D, Zientara S, Bréard E. Serological Responses in Cattle following Booster Vaccination against Serotypes 4 and 8 Bluetongue Virus with Two Bivalent Commercial Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122719. [PMID: 36560723 PMCID: PMC9781302 DOI: 10.3390/v14122719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of bluetongue in Northern Europe in 2006, numerous outbreaks involving several serotypes have been observed. Since 2008, compulsory or voluntary vaccination campaigns with inactivated vaccines have been carried out to eradicate these serotypes. In France, serotypes 8 and 4 have been enzootic since 2017, and currently, the majority of vaccinations take place in the context of animal movements, to comply with the regulations of the importing countries. Several vaccine manufacturers have developed inactivated vaccines against serotypes 4 and 8 (mono or bivalent). In this study, we investigated and compared the serological responses to a booster vaccination with two different bivalent inactivated vaccines (BTVPUR suspension injectable® 4 + 8, Boehringer Ingelheim or SYVAZUL ® BTV 4 + 8, Biové) following a primary vaccination with BTVPUR® 4 + 8 in the previous year. The results show that using an alternative vaccine for booster vaccination is at least as effective as using the homologous vaccine. Indeed, the antibody response against BTV-8 is higher in the case of a heterologous vaccination and identical for BTV-4. This information could allow more flexibility in the choice of vaccines used for booster vaccination, particularly in cases where homologous vaccines are in short supply or unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Sailleau
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Lydie Postic
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | | | - Olivier Salat
- Commissions Vaches Laitières et Qualité du Lait de la SNGTV, Clinique Vétérinaire de la Haute Auvergne, 15100 Saint Flour, France
| | - Mathilde Turpaud
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Benoit Durand
- Epidemiology Unit, Laboratory for Animal Health, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Damien Vitour
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Stéphan Zientara
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Emmanuel Bréard
- UMR VIROLOGIE, INRAE, École Nationale Vétérinaire d’Alfort, ANSES Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Université Paris-Est, 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
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4
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A Qualitative Risk Assessment for Bluetongue Disease and African Horse Sickness: The Risk of Entry and Exposure at a UK Zoo. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030502. [PMID: 35336912 PMCID: PMC8950286 DOI: 10.3390/v14030502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) cause economically important diseases that are currently exotic to the United Kingdom (UK), but have significant potential for introduction and onward transmission. Given the susceptibility of animals kept in zoo collections to vector-borne diseases, a qualitative risk assessment for the introduction of BTV and AHSV to ZSL London Zoo was performed. Risk pathways for each virus were identified and assessed using published literature, animal import data and outputs from epidemiological models. Direct imports of infected animals, as well as wind-borne infected Culicoides, were considered as routes of incursion. The proximity of ongoing disease events in mainland Europe and proven capability of transmission to the UK places ZSL London Zoo at higher risk of BTV release and exposure (estimated as low to medium) than AHSV (estimated as very low to low). The recent long-range expansion of AHSV into Thailand from southern Africa highlights the need for vector competence studies of Palearctic Culicoides for AHSV to assess the risk of transmission in this region.
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The Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) Vaccine Platform Based on Deletion NS3/NS3a Protein Is Safe and Protective in Cattle and Enables DIVA. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050857. [PMID: 34067226 PMCID: PMC8151055 DOI: 10.3390/v13050857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The bluetongue virus (BTV) is transmitted by Culicoides biting midges and causes bluetongue (BT), an OIE-notifiable disease of ruminants. At least 29 BTV serotypes are described as determined by the outer shell proteins VP2 and VP5. Vaccination is the most effective control measure. Inactivated and live-attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently available. These vaccines have their specific pros and cons, and both are not DIVA vaccines. The BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform is based on LAV without nonessential NS3/NS3a expression and is applicable for many serotypes by the exchange of outer shell proteins. The DISA vaccine is effective and completely safe. Further, transmission of the DISA vaccine by midges is blocked (DISA principle). Finally, the DISA vaccine enables DIVA because of a lack of antibodies against the immunogenic NS3/NS3a protein (DIVA principle). The deletion of 72 amino acids (72aa) in NS3/NS3a is sufficient to block virus propagation in midges. Here, we show that a prototype DISA vaccine based on LAV with the 72aa deletion enables DIVA, is completely safe and induces a long-lasting serotype-specific protection in cattle. In conclusion, the in-frame deletion of 72-aa codons in the BT DISA/DIVA vaccine platform is sufficient to fulfil all the criteria for modern veterinary vaccines.
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Toohey-Kurth K, Reising MM, Tallmadge RL, Goodman LB, Bai J, Bolin SR, Pedersen JC, Bounpheng MA, Pogranichniy RM, Christopher-Hennings J, Killian ML, Mulrooney DM, Maes R, Singh S, Crossley BM. Suggested guidelines for validation of real-time PCR assays in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:802-814. [PMID: 32988335 PMCID: PMC7649544 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720960829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This consensus document presents the suggested guidelines developed by the Laboratory Technology Committee (LTC) of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) for development, validation, and modification (methods comparability) of real-time PCR (rtPCR) assays. These suggested guidelines are presented with reference to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) guidelines for validation of nucleic acid detection assays used in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Additionally, our proposed practices are compared to the guidelines from the Foods Program Regulatory Subdivision of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and from the American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology (ASVCP). The LTC suggestions are closely aligned with those from the OIE and comply with version 2021-01 of the AAVLD Requirements for an Accredited Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, although some LTC recommendations are more stringent and extend beyond the AAVLD requirements. LTC suggested guidelines are substantially different than the guidelines recently published by the U.S. FDA for validation and modification of regulated tests used for detection of pathogens in pet food and animal-derived products, such as dairy. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories that perform assays from the FDA Bacteriological Analytical Method (BAM) manual must be aware of the different standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy Toohey-Kurth
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California–Davis, San Bernardino, branches, CA
| | | | | | - Laura B. Goodman
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steven R. Bolin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | | | | | - Roman M. Pogranichniy
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | | | - Donna M. Mulrooney
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | - Roger Maes
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - Shri Singh
- Breathitt Veterinary Center, Murray State University, Hopkinsville, KY
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7
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Toohey-Kurth KL, Mulrooney DM, Hinkley S, Lea Killian M, Pedersen JC, Bounpheng MA, Pogranichniy R, Bolin S, Maes R, Tallmadge RL, Goodman LB, Crossley BM. Best practices for performance of real-time PCR assays in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:815-825. [PMID: 32996402 PMCID: PMC7649542 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720962076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The exquisite sensitivity of in vitro amplification assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR) requires the establishment of thorough and robust laboratory practices. To this end, an American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians (AAVLD) committee of subject matter experts was convened to develop a set of best practices for performance of nucleic acid amplification assays. Consensus advice for the performance of preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical steps is presented here, along with a review of supporting literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy L. Toohey-Kurth
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California–Davis, San Bernardino
| | - Donna M. Mulrooney
- Oregon Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
| | | | | | | | | | - Roman Pogranichniy
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve Bolin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | - Roger Maes
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI
| | | | - Laura B. Goodman
- Population Medicine & Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Beate M. Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California–Davis, San Bernardino and Davis branches, CA
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8
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Harcourt-Brown FM, Harcourt-Brown N, Joudou LM. RHDV2 epidemic in UK pet rabbits. Part 2: PCR results and correlation with vaccination status. J Small Anim Pract 2020; 61:487-493. [PMID: 32715488 PMCID: PMC7496770 DOI: 10.1111/jsap.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To report PCR results and vaccination status of rabbits with rabbit haemorrhagic disease following an investigation into sudden or unexpected death. Materials and Methods PCR testing for RHDV2 and RHDV1 was performed on rabbit liver samples at two laboratories. Laboratory A reported results as positive or negative; Laboratory B reported results quantitatively as RNA copies per mg liver, categorised as negative, inconclusive or positive. The vaccination status of rabbits with both histopathological features of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and positive PCR test results were collated. Results PCR results matched histopathological findings in 188 of 195 (96%) cases. Seven individuals showed equivocal results, all of which had histopathological features of RHD but three tested PCR‐negative and four results conflicted between laboratories. RHDV2 was the serotype detected in all PCR‐positive cases. Histological features of rabbit haemorrhagic disease and PCR test results were positive in 125 rabbits; 51 unvaccinated, 56 in‐date with Nobivac Myxo‐RHD and 13 vaccinated against RHDV2 – although nine of these were vaccinated within 10 days of death. Clinical Significance PCR testing complements histopathology in cases of sudden death in rabbits by confirming the diagnosis and identifying virus serotype, but there can be false negatives. Although RHDV2 is currently prevalent in UK pet rabbits, vaccination against both RHDV1 and RHDV2 is recommended. Failures of RHDV2 vaccine are infrequent.
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9
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van Rijn PA, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Boonstra J, van Gennip RGP. Diagnostic DIVA tests accompanying the Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine platform for African horse sickness. Vaccine 2018; 36:3584-3592. [PMID: 29759377 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV) (Orbivirus genus, Reoviridae family) causes high mortality in naïve domestic horses with enormous economic and socio-emotional impact. There are nine AHSV serotypes showing limited cross neutralization. AHSV is transmitted by competent species of Culicoides biting midges. AHS is a serious threat beyond the African continent as endemic Culicoides species in moderate climates transmit the closely related prototype bluetongue virus. There is a desperate need for safe and efficacious vaccines, while DIVA (Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated) vaccines would accelerate control of AHS. Previously, we have shown that highly virulent AHSV with an in-frame deletion of 77 amino acids (aa) in NS3/NS3a is completely safe, does not cause viremia and shows protective capacity. This deletion mutant is a promising DISA (Disabled Infectious Single Animal) vaccine platform, since exchange of serotype specific virus proteins has been shown for all nine serotypes. Here, we show that a prototype NS3 competitive ELISA is DIVA compliant to AHS DISA vaccine platforms. Epitope mapping of NS3/NS3a shows that more research is needed to evaluate this prototype serological DIVA assay regarding sensitivity and specificity, in particular for AHSVs expressing antigenically different NS3/NS3a proteins. Further, an experimental panAHSV PCR test targeting genome segment 10 is developed that detects reference AHSV strains, whereas AHS DISA vaccine platforms were not detected. This DIVA PCR test completely guarantees genetic DIVA based on in silico and in vitro validation, although test validation regarding diagnostic sensitivity and specificity has not been performed yet. In conclusion, the prototype NS3 cELISA and the PCR test described here enable serological and genetic DIVA accompanying AHS DISA vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Mieke A Maris-Veldhuis
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Boonstra
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
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Challenges in the rabbit haemorrhagic disease 2 (RHDV2) molecular diagnosis of vaccinated rabbits. Vet Microbiol 2017; 198:43-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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van Rijn PA, Daus FJ, Maris-Veldhuis MA, Feenstra F, van Gennip RGP. Bluetongue Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine: Studies on the optimal route and dose in sheep. Vaccine 2016; 35:231-237. [PMID: 27916409 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a disease of ruminants caused by bluetongue virus (BTV) transmitted by biting midges of the Culicoides genus. Outbreaks have been controlled successfully by vaccination, however, currently available BT vaccines have several shortcomings. Recently, we have developed BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccines based on live-attenuated BTV without expression of dispensable non-structural NS3/NS3a protein. DISA vaccines are non-pathogenic replicating vaccines, do not cause viremia, enable DIVA and are highly protective. NS3/NS3a protein is involved in virus release, cytopathogenic effect and suppression of Interferon-I induction, suggesting that the vaccination route can be of importance. A standardized dose of DISA vaccine for serotype 8 has successfully been tested by subcutaneous vaccination. We show that 10 and 100times dilutions of this previously tested dose did not reduce the VP7 humoral response. Further, the vaccination route of DISA vaccine strongly determined the induction of VP7 directed antibodies (Abs). Intravenous vaccination induced high and prolonged humoral response but is not practical in field situations. VP7 seroconversion was stronger by intramuscular vaccination than by subcutaneous vaccination. For both vaccination routes and for two different DISA vaccine backbones, IgM Abs were rapidly induced but declined after 14days post vaccination (dpv), whereas the IgG response was slower. Interestingly, intramuscular vaccination resulted in an initial peak followed by a decline up to 21dpv and then increased again. This second increase is a steady and continuous increase of IgG Abs. These results indicate that intramuscular vaccination is the optimal route. The protective dose of DISA vaccine has not been determined yet, but it is expected to be significantly lower than of currently used BT vaccines. Therefore, in addition to the advantages of improved safety and DIVA compatibility, the novel DISA vaccines will be cost-competitive to commercially available live attenuated and inactivated vaccines for Bluetongue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabolomics, North-West University, South Africa.
| | - Franz J Daus
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | | | - Femke Feenstra
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
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12
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Tacken MGJ, Daus FJ, Feenstra F, van Gennip RGP, van Rijn PA. Development of a competitive ELISA for NS3 antibodies as DIVA test accompanying the novel Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine for Bluetongue. Vaccine 2015; 33:5539-5545. [PMID: 26387435 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have developed a novel vaccine for Bluetongue named BT Disabled Infectious Single Animal (DISA) vaccine. Due to the lack of non-essential NS3/NS3a protein, BT DISA vaccine is a replicating vaccine, but without the inherent risks of live-attenuated vaccines, such as residual virulence or reversion to virulence by mutations, reassortment with field virus, horizontal spread by vectors and vertical transmission. The immune response induced by BT DISA vaccines is rapidly induced, highly protective and serotype specific which is dependent on the immunodominant and serotype determining VP2 protein. The BT DISA vaccine platform provides the replacement of exclusively VP2 from different serotypes in order to safely formulate multivalent cocktail vaccines. The lack of NS3/NS3a directed antibodies by BT DISA vaccination enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA principle). A highly conserved immunogenic site corresponding to the late domain was mapped in the N-terminal region of NS3. We here established an NS3-specific competitive ELISA (NS3 cELISA) as serological DIVA test accompanying BT DISA vaccines. To this end, NS3 protein missing putative transmembrane regions was produced in large amounts in bacteria and used as antigen in the NS3 cELISA which was investigated with a variety of sera. The NS3 cELISA displayed a high sensitivity and specificity similar to the commercially available VP7-specific cELISA. Results of previously performed vaccination-challenge trials with BT DISA vaccines clearly demonstrate the DIVA system based on the NS3 cELISA and BT vaccine free of NS3 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirriam G J Tacken
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Franz J Daus
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Feenstra
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - René G P van Gennip
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Piet A van Rijn
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR, Lelystad, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Human Metabonomics, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
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13
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Analysis of genome integrity of influenza virus in formaldehyde-inactivated split vaccines. Genes Genomics 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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van Rijn PA, van de Water SGP, van Gennip HGP. Bluetongue virus with mutated genome segment 10 to differentiate infected from vaccinated animals: a genetic DIVA approach. Vaccine 2013; 31:5005-8. [PMID: 24021311 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus (BTV) includes 24 serotypes and recently even more serotypes are proposed. Mass vaccination campaigns highlight the need for differential diagnostics in vaccinated populations. Bluetongue disease is routinely diagnosed by serological and virological tests by which differentiation infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA principle) is not possible. Real time PCR tests preferably detect all BTV serotypes (panBTV PCR tests). These PCR tests operate as frontline test to detect new BTV incursions. However, highly sensitive panBTV PCR tests can also detect currently applied inactivated and modified-live vaccines. Here, BTV with eight silent mutations in segment 10 (Seg-10) was generated by reverse genetics. This BTV mutant is not detected by a Seg-10 panBTV PCR test (genetic DIVA). Thus, inactivated BT vaccine with this mutated Seg-10 will avoid false positive PCR results post vaccination, whereas BTV infected animals can be positively diagnosed with the accompanying Seg-10 panBTV PCR test (DIVA-test) far beyond the infectious period.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A van Rijn
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen UR (CVI), Department of Virology, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Vögtlin A, Hofmann MA, Nenniger C, Renzullo S, Steinrigl A, Loitsch A, Schwermer H, Kaufmann C, Thür B. Long-term infection of goats with bluetongue virus serotype 25. Vet Microbiol 2013; 166:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Rapid generation of replication-deficient monovalent and multivalent vaccines for bluetongue virus: protection against virulent virus challenge in cattle and sheep. J Virol 2013; 87:9856-64. [PMID: 23824810 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01514-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1998, 9 of the 26 serotypes of bluetongue virus (BTV) have spread throughout Europe, and serotype 8 has suddenly emerged in northern Europe, causing considerable economic losses, direct (mortality and morbidity) but also indirect, due to restriction in animal movements. Therefore, many new types of vaccines, particularly subunit vaccines, with improved safety and efficacy for a broad range of BTV serotypes are currently being developed by different laboratories. Here we exploited a reverse genetics-based replication-deficient BTV serotype 1 (BTV-1) (disabled infectious single cycle [DISC]) strain to generate a series of DISC vaccine strains. Cattle and sheep were vaccinated with these viruses either singly or in cocktail form as a multivalent vaccine candidate. All vaccinated animals were seroconverted and developed neutralizing antibody responses to their respective serotypes. After challenge with the virulent strains at 21 days postvaccination, vaccinated animals showed neither any clinical reaction nor viremia. Further, there was no interference with protection with a multivalent preparation of six distinct DISC viruses. These data indicate that a very-rapid-response vaccine could be developed based on which serotypes are circulating in the population at the time of an outbreak.
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17
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De Leeuw I, Garigliany M, Bertels G, Willems T, Desmecht D, De Clercq K. Bluetongue virus RNA detection by real-time rt-PCR in post-vaccination samples from cattle. Transbound Emerg Dis 2013; 62:157-62. [PMID: 23611408 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) was responsible for a large outbreak among European ruminant populations in 2006-2009. In spring 2008, a massive vaccination campaign was undertaken, leading to the progressive disappearance of the virus. During surveillance programmes in Western Europe in 2010-2011, a low but significant number of animals were found weakly positive using BTV-specific real-time RT-PCR, raising questions about a possible low level of virus circulation. An interference of the BTV-8 inactivated vaccine on the result of the real-time RT-PCR was also hypothesized. Several studies specifically addressed the potential association between a recent vaccination and BTV-8 RNA detection in the blood of sheep. Results were contradictory and cattles were not investigated. To enlighten this point, a large study was performed to determine the risks of detection of bluetongue vaccine-associated RNA in the blood and spleen of cattle using real-time RT-PCR. Overall, the results presented clearly demonstrate that vaccine viral RNA can reach the blood circulation in sufficient amounts to be detected by real-time RT-PCR in cattle. This BTV-8 vaccine RNA carriage appears as short lasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- I De Leeuw
- Department of Virology, Unit of Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, CODA-CERVA, Ukkel, Belgium
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18
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Stewart M, Dubois E, Sailleau C, Bréard E, Viarouge C, Desprat A, Thiéry R, Zientara S, Roy P. Bluetongue virus serotype 8 virus-like particles protect sheep against virulent virus infection as a single or multi-serotype cocktail immunogen. Vaccine 2012; 31:553-8. [PMID: 23159460 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Since 1998, there have been multiple separate outbreaks of Bluetongue disease (BT) in Europe with the largest outbreak ever recorded in Northern Europe caused by Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8). Coinciding with the BTV-8 outbreak, a virulent strain of BTV-1 emerged and co-infections of these two serotypes were reported. In response, we generated VLPs for BTV-8 and tested the efficacy of BTV-8 VLPs as a single immunogen and as a component of a multivalent vaccine, with VLPs of BTV-1 and BTV-2, in order to test if there was any interference between serotypes. All pre-Alps sheep vaccinated with BTV-8 VLPs developed a strong neutralising antibody response to BTV-8 and multivalent VLP vaccinated animals also developed neutralising antibodies to BTV-1 and BTV-2. There were no side effects observed due to the vaccination with either the single- or multivalent VLP cocktail. All VLP-vaccinated animals had no clinical manifestation of BT or viraemia after challenge with a virulent BTV-8 isolate. This data indicates that BTV-8 VLPs delivered as a single immunogen or as a component of a multivalent vaccine are highly efficacious. Moreover, there was no interference on the development of a strong protective immune response due to the combination of different phylogenetically unrelated BTV serotypes in the vaccinated animals. This report further highlights that BTV VLPs are safe and efficacious immunogens that are able to afford complete protection against a virulent virus challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Stewart
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
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19
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Zientara S, Amat JP, Sailleau C, Viarouge C, Desprat A, Vitour D, Bréard E. Difficulties in the interpretation of bluetongue RT-PCR results in France. Vet Rec 2012; 170:599. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.100485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Zientara
- ANSES Alfort; UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cédex France
| | - J. P. Amat
- ANSES; Risk Assessment Department; 27-31 Avenue du Général Leclerc Maisons-Alfort France
| | - C. Sailleau
- ANSES Alfort; UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cédex France
| | - C. Viarouge
- ANSES Alfort; UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cédex France
| | - A. Desprat
- ANSES Alfort; UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cédex France
| | - D. Vitour
- ANSES Alfort; UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cédex France
| | - E. Bréard
- ANSES Alfort; UMR 1161 ANSES/INRA/ENVA 94703 Maisons-Alfort Cédex France
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20
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Pérez de Diego AC, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, de las Heras AI, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. Characterization of the immune response induced by a commercially available inactivated bluetongue virus serotype 1 vaccine in sheep. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:147158. [PMID: 22619592 PMCID: PMC3349316 DOI: 10.1100/2012/147158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective immune response generated by a commercial monovalent inactivated vaccine against bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV1) was studied. Five sheep were vaccinated, boost-vaccinated, and then challenged against BTV1 ALG/2006. RT-PCR did not detect viremia at any time during the experiment. Except a temperature increase observed after the initial and boost vaccinations, no clinical signs or lesions were observed. A specific and protective antibody response checked by ELISA was induced after vaccination and boost vaccination. This specific antibody response was associated with a significant increase in B lymphocytes confirmed by flow cytometry, while significant increases were not observed in T lymphocyte subpopulations (CD4+, CD8+, and WC1+), CD25+ regulatory cells, or CD14+ monocytes. After challenge with BTV1, the antibody response was much higher than during the boost vaccination period, and it was associated with a significant increase in B lymphocytes, CD14+ monocytes, CD25+ regulatory cells, and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Pérez de Diego
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre and Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Avenida Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Vangeel I, De Leeuw I, Méroc E, Vandenbussche F, Riocreux F, Hooyberghs J, Raemaekers M, Houdart P, Van der Stede Y, De Clercq K. Bluetongue sentinel surveillance program and cross-sectional serological survey in cattle in Belgium in 2010-2011. Prev Vet Med 2012; 106:235-43. [PMID: 22483650 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) emerged in Central Western Europe in 2006 causing a large scale epidemic in 2007 that involved several European Union (EU) countries including Belgium. As in several other EU member states, vaccination against BTV-8 with inactivated vaccines was initiated in Belgium in spring 2008 and appeared to be successful. Since 2009, no clinical cases of Bluetongue (BT) have been reported in Belgium and BTV-8 circulation seemed to have completely disappeared by spring 2010. Therefore, a series of repeated cross-sectional surveys, the BT sentinel surveillance program, based on virus detection in blood samples by means of real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) were carried out in dairy cattle from the end of 2010 onwards with the aim to demonstrate the absence of BTV circulation in Belgium. This paper describes the results of the first two sampling rounds of this BT sentinel surveillance program carried out in October-November 2010 and January-February 2011. In addition, the level of BTV-specific maternal antibodies in young non-vaccinated animals was monitored and the level of herd immunity against BTV-8 after 3 consecutive years of compulsory BTV-8 vaccination was measured by ELISA. During the 1st sampling round of the BT sentinel surveillance program, 15 animals tested positive and 2 animals tested doubtful for BTV RNA by RT-qPCR. During the 2nd round, 17 animals tested positive and 5 animals tested doubtful. The positive/doubtful animals in both rounds were re-sampled 2-4 weeks after the original sampling and then all tested negative by RT-qPCR. These results demonstrate the absence of BTV circulation in Belgium in 2010 at a minimum expected prevalence of 2% and 95% confidence level. The study of the maternal antibodies in non-vaccinated animals showed that by the age of 7 months maternal antibodies against BTV had disappeared in most animals. The BTV seroprevalence at herd level after 3 years of compulsory BTV-8 vaccination was very high (97.4% [95% CI: 96.2-98.2]). The overall true within-herd BTV seroprevalence in 6-24 month old Belgian cattle in early 2011 was estimated at 73.4% (95% CI: 71.3-75.4).
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Affiliation(s)
- I Vangeel
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre (CODA-CERVA), Coordination of Veterinary Diagnostics, Epidemiology and Risk Assessment (CVD-ERA), Groeselenberg 99, B-1180 Brussels, Belgium.
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Garigliany M, De Leeuw I, Kleijnen D, Vandenbussche F, Callens J, Van Loo H, Lebrun M, Saulmont M, Desmecht D, De Clercq K. The presence of bluetongue virus serotype 8 RNA in Belgian cattle since 2008. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:503-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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