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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Samuel VP, Almalki WH, Kazmi I, Alzarea SI, Saleem S, Khan R, Altwaijry N, Patel S, Patel A, Singh SK, Dua K. Immunopathology of herpes simplex virus-associated neuroinflammation: Unveiling the mysteries. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2491. [PMID: 37985599 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The immunopathology of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-associated neuroinflammation is a captivating and intricate field of study within the scientific community. HSV, renowned for its latent infection capability, gives rise to a spectrum of neurological expressions, ranging from mild symptoms to severe encephalitis. The enigmatic interplay between the virus and the host's immune responses profoundly shapes the outcome of these infections. This review delves into the multifaceted immune reactions triggered by HSV within neural tissues, intricately encompassing the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity. Furthermore, this analysis delves into the delicate equilibrium between immune defence and the potential for immunopathology-induced neural damage. It meticulously dissects the roles of diverse immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines, unravelling the intricacies of neuroinflammation modulation and its subsequent effects. By exploring HSV's immune manipulation and exploitation mechanisms, this review endeavours to unveil the enigmas surrounding the immunopathology of HSV-associated neuroinflammation. This comprehensive understanding enhances our grasp of viral pathogenesis and holds promise for pioneering therapeutic strategies designed to mitigate the neurological ramifications of HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Kuthambakkam, India
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India
| | - Vijaya Paul Samuel
- Department of Anatomy, RAK College of Medicine, RAK Medical and Health Sciences, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Waleed Hassan Almalki
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shakir Saleem
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruqaiyah Khan
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Deanship of Preparatory Year for the Health Colleges, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Archita Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Analysis, Ramanbhai Patel College of Pharmacy, Charotar University of Science and Technology, Changa, Gujarat, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Australia
- Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, New South Wales, Australia
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Borase H, Shukla D. The Interplay of Genital Herpes with Cellular Processes: A Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Perspective. Viruses 2023; 15:2195. [PMID: 38005873 PMCID: PMC10675801 DOI: 10.3390/v15112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Genital herpes, primarily caused by herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2), remains a pressing global health concern. Its remarkable ability to intertwine with cellular processes, from harnessing host machinery for replication to subverting antiviral defenses like autophagy and programmed cell death, exemplifies the intricate interplay at the heart of its pathogenesis. While the biomedical community has extensively researched antiviral interventions, the efficiency of these strategies in managing HSV-2 remains suboptimal. Recognizing this, attention has shifted toward leveraging host cellular components to regulate HSV-2 replication and influence the cell cycle. Furthermore, innovative interventional strategies-including drug repurposing, microbivacs, connecting the host microbiome, and exploiting natural secondary metabolites-are emerging as potential game changers. This review summarizes the key steps in HSV-2 pathogenesis and newly discovered cellular interactions, presenting the latest developments in the field, highlighting existing challenges, and offering a fresh perspective on HSV-2's pathogenesis and the potential avenues for its treatment by targeting cellular proteins and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemant Borase
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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3
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Sharma D, Sharma S, Akojwar N, Dondulkar A, Yenorkar N, Pandita D, Prasad SK, Dhobi M. An Insight into Current Treatment Strategies, Their Limitations, and Ongoing Developments in Vaccine Technologies against Herpes Simplex Infections. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020206. [PMID: 36851084 PMCID: PMC9966607 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, the most prevalent viral infection that typically lasts for a lifetime, is associated with frequent outbreaks of oral and genital lesions. Oral herpes infection is mainly associated with HSV-1 through oral contact, while genital herpes originates due to HSV-2 and is categorized under sexually transmitted diseases. Immunocompromised patients and children are more prone to HSV infection. Over the years, various attempts have been made to find potential targets for the prevention of HSV infection. Despite the global distress caused by HSV infections, there are no licensed prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines available on the market against HSV. Nevertheless, there are numerous promising candidates in the pre-clinical and clinical stages of study. The present review gives an overview of two herpes viruses, their history, and life cycle, and different treatments adopted presently against HSV infections and their associated limitations. Majorly, the review covers the recent investigations being carried out globally regarding various vaccine strategies against oral and genital herpes virus infections, together with the recent and advanced nanotechnological approaches for vaccine development. Consequently, it gives an insight to researchers as well as people from the health sector about the challenges and upcoming solutions associated with treatment and vaccine development against HSV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Supriya Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
| | - Natasha Akojwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Ayusha Dondulkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Nikhil Yenorkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Deepti Pandita
- Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Satyendra K. Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur 440033, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mahaveer Dhobi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, Sector-III, Pushp Vihar, Government of NCT of Delhi, New Delhi 110017, India
- Correspondence: (D.P.); (S.K.P.); (M.D.)
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4
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Krishnan R, Stuart PM. Developments in Vaccination for Herpes Simplex Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:798927. [PMID: 34950127 PMCID: PMC8691362 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.798927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an alpha herpes virus, with two subtypes: HSV-1 and HSV-2. HSV is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted infections. It is the cause of severe neonatal infections and a leading cause of infectious blindness in the Western world. As of 2016, 13.2% of the global population ages 15-49 were existing with HSV-2 infection and 66.6% with HSV-1. This high prevalence of disease and the fact that resistance to current therapies is on the rise makes it imperative to develop and discover new methods of HSV prevention and management. Among the arsenal of therapies/treatments for this virus has been the development of a prophylactic or therapeutic vaccine to prevent the complications of HSV reactivation. Our current understanding of the immune responses involved in latency and reactivation provides a unique challenge to the development of vaccines. There are no approved vaccines currently available for either prophylaxis or therapy. However, there are various promising candidates in the pre-clinical and clinical phases of study. Vaccines are being developed with two broad focuses: preventative and therapeutic, some with a dual use as both immunotherapeutic and prophylactic. Within this article, we will review the current guidelines for the treatment of herpes simplex infections, our understanding of the immunological pathways involved, and novel vaccine candidates in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick M. Stuart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Assessment of Two Novel Live-Attenuated Vaccine Candidates for Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2) in Guinea Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030258. [PMID: 33805768 PMCID: PMC7999511 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment to ameliorate the symptoms of infection with herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and to suppress reactivation has been available for decades. However, a safe and effective preventative or therapeutic vaccine has eluded development. Two novel live-attenuated HSV-2 vaccine candidates (RVx201 and RVx202) have been tested preclinically for safety. Hartley guinea pigs were inoculated vaginally (n = 3) or intradermally (n = 16) with either vaccine candidate (2 × 107 PFU) and observed for disease for 28 days. All animals survived to study end without developing HSV-2-associated disease. Neither vaccine candidate established latency in dorsal root or sacral sympathetic ganglia, as determined by viral DNA quantification, LAT expression, or explant reactivation. Infectious virus was shed in vaginal secretions for three days following vaginal inoculation with RVx202, but not RVx201, although active or latent HSV-2 was not detected at study end. In contrast, guinea pigs inoculated with wild-type HSV-2 MS (2 × 105 PFU) vaginally (n = 5) or intradermally (n = 16) developed acute disease, neurological signs, shed virus in vaginal secretions, experienced periodic recurrences throughout the study period, and had latent HSV-2 in their dorsal root and sacral sympathetic ganglia at study end. Both vaccine candidates generated neutralizing antibody. Taken together, these findings suggest that these novel vaccine candidates are safe in guinea pigs and should be tested for efficacy as preventative and/or therapeutic anti-HSV-2 vaccines.
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Singh VK, Kumar S, Dhaked RK, Ansari AS, Lohiya NK, Tapryal S. Generation of oligomers of subunit vaccine candidate glycoprotein D of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 expressed in fusion with IgM Fc domain(s) in Escherichia coli: A strategy to enhance the immunogenicity of the antigen. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:463. [PMID: 33047090 PMCID: PMC7541101 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02452-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycoprotein D (gD) of Herpes Simplex Virus-2 is used as an antigen in various anti-herpes subunit vaccines owing to its involvement in binding the host cell receptors for host infectivity. However, most of these monomeric protein based candidates have shown low immunogenicity in animal models. To enhance the immunogenicity of gD, a fresh approach of fusing its ectodomain with the Fc domain(s) of IgM has been adopted to oligomerize the viral antigen and to exploite the immune-modulating potential of IgM Fc. Six vaccine constructs, generated by fusing three gD-ectodomain-length-variants with the Ig µ-chain domain 4 (µCH4) and µCH3-CH4 fragment, were cloned in Escherichia coli using pET28b( +) vector. The vaccine proteins were expressed in the form of inclusion bodies (IBs) and were in vitro refolded into protein oligomers of high stoichiometries of ~ 15–24, with 70–80% refolding yields. The conformations of gD and Fc components of the refolded oligomers were analyzed by ELISA and CD spectroscopy and were found to be native-like. The sizes and profiles of the size-distribution of oligomers were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The candidate C2 (gD-μCH3-CH4), showing the most compact oligomer size and uniform distribution of its particles was chosen as the suitable candidate for mice immunization studies to assess the immunogenicity of the antigen gD. The C2 oligomer stimulated a strong anti-gD humoral response with an antibody titer of 102,400 and a strong, biased Th1 immune response in C57BL/6 mice, indicating its potential as a strong immunogen which may serve as an effective vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
| | - Rajeev Kumar Dhaked
- Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Abdul S. Ansari
- Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Nirmal K. Lohiya
- Indian Society for the Study of Reproduction and Fertility, Department of Zoology, Center for Advanced Studies, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan India 302004
| | - Suman Tapryal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandar Sindri, Ajmer, Rajasthan India 305817
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7
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Immune Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Infection and Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8020302. [PMID: 32545507 PMCID: PMC7350219 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are among the most common viral infections and usually last for a lifetime. The virus can potentially be controlled with vaccines since humans are the only known host. However, despite the development and trial of many vaccines, this has not yet been possible. This is normally attributed to the high latency potential of the virus. Numerous immune cells, particularly the natural killer cells and interferon gamma and pathways that are used by the body to fight HSV infections have been identified. On the other hand, the virus has developed different mechanisms, including using different microRNAs to inhibit apoptosis and autophagy to avoid clearance and aid latency induction. Both traditional and new methods of vaccine development, including the use of live attenuated vaccines, replication incompetent vaccines, subunit vaccines and recombinant DNA vaccines are now being employed to develop an effective vaccine against the virus. We conclude that this review has contributed to a better understanding of the interplay between the immune system and the virus, which is necessary for the development of an effective vaccine against HSV.
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Marchese V, Dal Zoppo S, Quaresima V, Rossi B, Matteelli A. Vaccines for STIs: Present and Future Directions. Sex Transm Infect 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02200-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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9
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Schiffer JT, Gottlieb SL. Biologic interactions between HSV-2 and HIV-1 and possible implications for HSV vaccine development. Vaccine 2019; 37:7363-7371. [PMID: 28958807 PMCID: PMC5867191 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Development of a safe and effective vaccine against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) has the potential to limit the global burden of HSV-2 infection and disease, including genital ulcer disease and neonatal herpes, and is a global sexual and reproductive health priority. Another important potential benefit of an HSV-2 vaccine would be to decrease HIV infections, as HSV-2 increases the risk of HIV-1 acquisition several-fold. Acute and chronic HSV-2 infection creates ulcerations and draws dendritic cells and activated CD4+ T cells into genital mucosa. These cells are targets for HIV entry and replication. Prophylactic HSV-2 vaccines (to prevent infection) and therapeutic vaccines (to modify or treat existing infections) are currently under development. By preventing or modifying infection, an effective HSV-2 vaccine could limit HSV-associated genital mucosal inflammation and thus HIV risk. However, a vaccine might have competing effects on HIV risk depending on its mechanism of action and cell populations generated in the genital mucosa. In this article, we review biologic interactions between HSV-2 and HIV-1, consider HSV-2 vaccine development in the context of HIV risk, and discuss implications and research needs for future HSV vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Schiffer
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Seattle, WA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Department of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Sami L Gottlieb
- World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research, Geneva, Switzerland
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11
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Parra-Sánchez M. Genital ulcers caused by herpes simplex virus. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2018; 37:260-264. [PMID: 30580877 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted disease caused by herpes simplex virus type1 (HSV-1) and type2 (HSV-2) belonging to the alphaherpesvirus family, that includes the varicella zoster virus. HSV infection continues to be the most common cause of vulvar ulcers among the sexually active population. Its incidence increases every year. This review summarises the microbiology of the virus, pathogenesis and infection in genitalia, clinical manifestations and correct identification, the different laboratory diagnostic methods, and choice of the correct treatment according to the first infection, recurrence or special cases. Finally, the cost of routine herpes simplex virus infection is analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Parra-Sánchez
- Molecular Diagnostics Deparment, Vircell Microbiologists, Parque Tecnológico de la Salud, Granada, España.
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12
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Gottlieb SL, Giersing BK, Hickling J, Jones R, Deal C, Kaslow DC. Meeting report: Initial World Health Organization consultation on herpes simplex virus (HSV) vaccine preferred product characteristics, March 2017. Vaccine 2017; 37:7408-7418. [PMID: 29224963 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of vaccines against herpes simplex virus (HSV) is an important global goal for sexual and reproductive health. A key priority to advance development of HSV vaccines is the definition of preferred product characteristics (PPCs), which provide strategic guidance on World Health Organization (WHO) preferences for new vaccines, specifically from a low- and middle-income country (LMIC) perspective. To start the PPC process for HSV vaccines, the WHO convened a global stakeholder consultation in March 2017, to define the priority public health needs that should be addressed by HSV vaccines and discuss the key considerations for HSV vaccine PPCs, particularly for LMICs. Meeting participants outlined an initial set of overarching public health goals for HSV vaccines in LMICs, which are: to reduce the acquisition of HIV associated with HSV-2 infection in high HIV-prevalence populations and to reduce the burden of HSV-associated disease, including mortality and morbidity due to neonatal herpes and impacts on sexual and reproductive health. Participants also considered the role of prophylactic versus therapeutic vaccines, whether both HSV-2 and HSV-1 should be targeted, important target populations, and infection and disease endpoints for clinical trials. This article summarizes the main discussions from the consultation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carolyn Deal
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Topalis D, Gillemot S, Snoeck R, Andrei G. Distribution and effects of amino acid changes in drug-resistant α and β herpesviruses DNA polymerase. Nucleic Acids Res 2016; 44:9530-9554. [PMID: 27694307 PMCID: PMC5175367 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug-resistance to all FDA-approved antiherpesvirus agents is an increasing concern in immunocompromised patients. Herpesvirus DNA polymerase (DNApol) is currently the target of nucleos(t)ide analogue-based therapy. Mutations in DNApol that confer resistance arose in immunocompromised patients infected with herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), and to lesser extent in herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2), varicella zoster virus (VZV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). In this review, we present distinct drug-resistant mutational profiles of herpesvirus DNApol. The impact of specific DNApol amino acid changes on drug-resistance is discussed. The pattern of genetic variability related to drug-resistance differs among the herpesviruses. Two mutational profiles appeared: one favoring amino acid changes in the Palm and Finger domains of DNApol (in α-herpesviruses HSV-1, HSV-2 and VZV), and another with mutations preferentially in the 3′-5′ exonuclease domain (in β-herpesvirus HCMV and HHV-6). The mutational profile was also related to the class of compound to which drug-resistance emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Topalis
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Gillemot
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - R Snoeck
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - G Andrei
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
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14
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Phenotypically distinct helper NK cells are required for gp96-mediated anti-tumor immunity. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29889. [PMID: 27431727 PMCID: PMC4949418 DOI: 10.1038/srep29889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs), in the extracellular environment, are immunogenic. Following cross-presentation of HSP-chaperoned peptides by CD91+ antigen presenting cells (APCs), T cells are primed with specificity for the derivative antigen-bearing cell. Accordingly, tumor-derived HSPs are in clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy. We investigate the role of NK cells in gp96-mediated anti-tumor immune responses given their propensity to lyse tumor cells. We show that gp96-mediated rejection of tumors requires a unique and necessary helper role in NK cells. This helper role occurs during the effector phase of the anti-tumor immune response and is required for T cell and APC function. Gp96 activates NK cells indirectly via APCs to a phenotype distinct from NK cells activated by other mechanisms such as IL-2. While NK cells have both lytic and cytokine producing properties, we show that gp96 selectively activates cytokine production in NK cells, which is important in the HSP anti-tumor immune response, and leaves their cytotoxic capacity unchanged.
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Jaishankar D, Shukla D. Genital Herpes: Insights into Sexually Transmitted Infectious Disease. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2016; 3:438-450. [PMID: 28357380 PMCID: PMC5354570 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.09.528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Etiology, transmission and protection: Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) is a leading cause of sexually transmitted infections with recurring manifestations throughout the lifetime of infected hosts. Currently no effective vaccines or prophylactics exist that provide complete protection or immunity from the virus, which is endemic throughout the world. Pathology/Symptomatology: Primary and recurrent infections result in lesions and inflammation around the genital area and the latter accounts for majority of genital herpes instances. Immunocompromised patients including neonates are susceptible to additional systemic infections including debilitating consequences of nervous system inflammation. Epidemiology, incidence and prevalence: More than 500 million people are infected worldwide and most reported cases involve the age groups between 16-40 years, which coincides with an increase in sexual activity among this age group. While these numbers are an estimate, the actual numbers may be underestimated as many people are asymptomatic or do not report the symptoms. Treatment and curability: Currently prescribed medications, mostly nucleoside analogs, only reduce the symptoms caused by an active infection, but do not eliminate the virus or reduce latency. Therefore, no cure exists against genital herpes and infected patients suffer from periodic recurrences of disease symptoms for their entire lives. Molecular mechanisms of infection: The last few decades have generated many new advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that drive HSV infection. The viral entry receptors such as nectin-1 and HVEM have been identified, cytoskeletal signaling and membrane structures such as filopodia have been directly implicated in viral entry, host motor proteins and their viral ligands have been shown to facilitate capsid transport and many host and HSV proteins have been identified that help with viral replication and pathogenesis. New understanding has emerged on the role of autophagy and other innate immune mechanisms that are subverted to enhance HSV pathogenesis. This review summarizes our current understanding of HSV-2 and associated diseases and available or upcoming new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh Jaishankar
- Departments of Bioengineering and Ophthalmology and Visual
Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL
60612
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Departments of Bioengineering and Ophthalmology and Visual
Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at
Chicago, IL 60612
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Kaufmann JK, Flechtner JB. Evolution of rational vaccine designs for genital herpes immunotherapy. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 17:80-86. [PMID: 26896782 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapeutic vaccines have emerged as a novel treatment modality for genital herpes, a sexually transmitted disease mainly caused by herpes simplex virus type 2. The approaches to identify potential vaccine antigens have evolved from classic virus attenuation and characterization of antibody and T cell responses in exposed, but seronegative individuals, to systematic screens for novel T cell antigens. Combined with implementation of novel vaccine concepts revolving around immune evasion and local recruitment of immune effectors, the development of a safe and effective therapeutic vaccine is within reach. Here, we describe the vaccine approaches that currently show promise at clinical and pre-clinical stages and link them to the evolving scientific strategies that led to their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Baker Flechtner
- Genocea Biosciences Inc., Cambridge Discovery Park, 100 Acorn Park Drive, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
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17
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Halford WP, Geltz J, Messer RJ, Hasenkrug KJ. Antibodies Are Required for Complete Vaccine-Induced Protection against Herpes Simplex Virus 2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145228. [PMID: 26670699 PMCID: PMC4682860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) 0ΔNLS is a live HSV-2 ICP0- mutant vaccine strain that is profoundly attenuated in vivo due to its interferon-hypersensitivity. Recipients of the HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine are resistant to high-dose HSV-2 challenge as evidenced by profound reductions in challenge virus spread, shedding, disease and mortality. In the current study, we investigated the requirements for HSV-2 0ΔNLS vaccine-induced protection. Studies using (UV)-inactivated HSV-2 0ΔNLS revealed that self-limited replication of the attenuated virus was required for effective protection from vaginal or ocular HSV-2 challenge. Diminished antibody responses in recipients of the UV-killed HSV-2 vaccine suggested that antibodies might be playing a critical role in early protection. This hypothesis was investigated in B-cell-deficient μMT mice. Vaccination with live HSV-2 0ΔNLS induced equivalent CD8+ T cell responses in wild-type and μMT mice. Vaccinated μMT mice shed ~40-fold more infectious HSV-2 at 24 hours post-challenge relative to vaccinated wild-type (B-cell+) mice, and most vaccinated μMT mice eventually succumbed to a slowly progressing HSV-2 challenge. Importantly, passive transfer of HSV-2 antiserum restored full protection to HSV-2 0ΔNLS-vaccinated μMT mice. The results demonstrate that B cells are required for complete vaccine-induced protection against HSV-2, and indicate that virus-specific antibodies are the dominant mediators of early vaccine-induced protection against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P. Halford
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joshua Geltz
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, 62702, United States of America
| | - Ronald J. Messer
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, United States of America
| | - Kim J. Hasenkrug
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, 59840, United States of America
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18
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Stanfield B, Kousoulas KG. Herpes Simplex Vaccines: Prospects of Live-attenuated HSV Vaccines to Combat Genital and Ocular infections. CURRENT CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 2:125-136. [PMID: 27114893 DOI: 10.1007/s40588-015-0020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) and its closely related type-2 (HSV-2) viruses cause important clinical manifestations in humans including acute ocular disease and genital infections. These viruses establish latency in the trigeminal ganglionic and dorsal root neurons, respectively. Both viruses are widespread among humans and can frequently reactivate from latency causing disease. Currently, there are no vaccines available against herpes simplex viral infections. However, a number of promising vaccine approaches are being explored in pre-clinical investigations with few progressing to early phase clinical trials. Consensus research findings suggest that robust humoral and cellular immune responses may partially control the frequency of reactivation episodes and reduce clinical symptoms. Live-attenuated viral vaccines have long been considered as a viable option for generating robust and protective immune responses against viral pathogens. Varicella zoster virus (VZV) belongs to the same alphaherpesvirus subfamily with herpes simplex viruses. A live-attenuated VZV vaccine has been extensively used in a prophylactic and therapeutic approach to combat primary and recurrent VZV infection indicating that a similar vaccine approach may be feasible for HSVs. In this review, we summarize pre-clinical approaches to HSV vaccine development and current efforts to test certain vaccine approaches in human clinical trials. Also, we discuss the potential advantages of using a safe, live-attenuated HSV-1 vaccine strain to protect against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Stanfield
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Konstantin Gus Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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19
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Binder RJ. Functions of heat shock proteins in pathways of the innate and adaptive immune system. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:5765-71. [PMID: 25480955 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
For more than 50 years, heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been studied for their role in protecting cells from elevated temperature and other forms of stress. More recently, several roles have been ascribed to HSPs in the immune system. These include intracellular roles in Ag presentation and expression of innate receptors, as well as extracellular roles in tumor immunosurveillance and autoimmunity. Exogenously administered HSPs can elicit a variety of immune responses that have been used in immunotherapy of cancer, infectious diseases, and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Julian Binder
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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20
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Awasthi S, Shaw C, Friedman H. Improving immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines for genital herpes containing herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:1475-88. [PMID: 25138572 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.951336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
No vaccines are approved for prevention or treatment of genital herpes. The focus of genital herpes vaccine trials has been on prevention using herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD2) alone or combined with glycoprotein B. These prevention trials did not achieve their primary end points. However, subset analyses reported some positive outcomes in each study. The most recent trial was the Herpevac Trial for Women that used gD2 with monophosphoryl lipid A and alum as adjuvants in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 seronegative women. Unexpectedly, the vaccine prevented genital disease by HSV-1 but not HSV-2. Currently, HSV-1 causes more first episodes of genital herpes than HSV-2, highlighting the importance of protecting against HSV-1. The scientific community is conflicted between abandoning vaccine efforts that include gD2 and building upon the partial successes of previous trials. We favor building upon success and present approaches to improve outcomes of gD2-based subunit antigen vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sita Awasthi
- 522F Johnson Pavilion, Infectious Disease Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6073, USA
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21
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genital herpes has a high global prevalence and burden of disease. This manuscript highlights recent advances in our understanding of genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. RECENT FINDINGS Studies demonstrate a changing epidemiological landscape with an increasing proportion of genital herpes cases associated with HSV type 1. There is also growing evidence that the majority of infected individuals exhibit frequent, brief shedding episodes that are most often asymptomatic, which likely contribute to high HSV transmission rates. Given this finding as well as readily available serological assays, some have proposed that routine HSV screening be performed; however, this remains controversial and is not currently recommended. Host immune responses, particularly local CD4 and CD8 T cell activity, are crucial for HSV control and clearance following initial infection, during latency and after reactivation. Prior HSV immunity may also afford partial protection against HSV reinfection and disease. Although HSV vaccine trials have been disappointing to date and existing antiviral medications are limited, novel prophylactic and therapeutic modalities are currently in development. SUMMARY Although much remains unknown about genital herpes, improved knowledge of HSV epidemiology, pathogenesis and host immunity may help guide new strategies for disease prevention and control.
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22
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Awasthi S, Friedman HM. Status of prophylactic and therapeutic genital herpes vaccines. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 6:6-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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23
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Zhu XP, Muhammad ZS, Wang JG, Lin W, Guo SK, Zhang W. HSV-2 vaccine: current status and insight into factors for developing an efficient vaccine. Viruses 2014; 6:371-90. [PMID: 24469503 PMCID: PMC3939461 DOI: 10.3390/v6020371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2), a globally sexually transmitted virus, and also one of the main causes of genital ulcer diseases, increases susceptibility to HIV-1. Effective vaccines to prevent HSV-2 infection are not yet available, but are currently being developed. To facilitate this process, the latest progress in development of these vaccines is reviewed in this paper. A summary of the most promising HSV-2 vaccines tested in animals in the last five years is presented, including the main factors, and new ideas for developing an effective vaccine from animal experiments and human clinical trials. Experimental results indicate that future HSV-2 vaccines may depend on a strategy that targets mucosal immunity. Furthermore, estradiol, which increases the effectiveness of vaccines, may be considered as an adjuvant. Therefore, this review is expected to provide possible strategies for development of future HSV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Zhu
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zaka S Muhammad
- School of International Studies, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian-Guang Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wu Lin
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shi-Kun Guo
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325025, Zhejiang, China.
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24
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Zhou YJ, Messmer MN, Binder RJ. Establishment of tumor-associated immunity requires interaction of heat shock proteins with CD91. Cancer Immunol Res 2013; 2:217-28. [PMID: 24778318 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Host antitumor adaptive immune responses are generated as a result of the body's immunosurveillance mechanisms. How the antitumor immune response is initially primed remains unclear, given that soluble tumor antigens generally are quantitatively insufficient for cross-priming and tumors generally lack the classical pathogen-associated molecular patterns to activate costimulation and initiate cross-priming. We explored the interaction of the tumor-derived heat shock proteins (HSP) with their common receptor (CD91) on antigen-presenting cells (APC) as a mechanism for host-priming of T-cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Using targeted genetic disruption of the interaction between HSPs and CD91, we demonstrated that specific ablation of CD91 in APCs prevented the establishment of antitumor immunity. The antitumor immunity was also inhibited when the transfer of tumor-derived HSPs to APCs was prevented using an endogenous inhibitor of CD91. Inhibition was manifested in a reduction of cross-presentation of tumor-derived antigenic peptides in the lymph nodes, providing a molecular basis for the observed immunity associated with tumor development. Our findings demonstrate that early in tumor development, the HSP-CD91 pathway is critical for the establishment of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jerry Zhou
- Authors' Affiliation: Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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25
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Messmer MN, Pasmowitz J, Kropp LE, Watkins SC, Binder RJ. Identification of the cellular sentinels for native immunogenic heat shock proteins in vivo. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:4456-65. [PMID: 24048898 PMCID: PMC3801103 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Select members of the heat shock proteins (HSPs) family, such as gp96, elicit immune responses specific to their chaperoned peptides. Although immunologic effects of HSPs on APCs described to date have largely been demonstrated with cell lines or primary cells in culture, their collective responses in vitro have been consistent with priming immune responses. In this study, we examine the physiologically relevant APCs in mice that are targeted after vaccination with native, murine HSPs, and we characterize those cells. Gp96 accesses the subcapsular region of the draining lymph node, and it is internalized predominantly by CD11b(+) cells in this locale. Cells acquiring gp96 can transfer protective antitumor immunity to naive mice by actively cross-presenting gp96-chaperoned peptides and providing costimulation. Our studies illustrate how HSPs act to alert the immune system of cellular damage and will be of paramount importance in immunotherapy of patients with cancer and infectious disease.
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26
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Dutton JL, Li B, Woo WP, Marshak JO, Xu Y, Huang ML, Dong L, Frazer IH, Koelle DM. A novel DNA vaccine technology conveying protection against a lethal herpes simplex viral challenge in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76407. [PMID: 24098493 PMCID: PMC3789751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are a number of licensed veterinary DNA vaccines, to date, none have been licensed for use in humans. Here, we demonstrate that a novel technology designed to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines protects against lethal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) challenge in a murine model. Polynucleotides were modified by use of a codon optimization algorithm designed to enhance immune responses, and the addition of an ubiquitin-encoding sequence to target the antigen to the proteasome for processing and to enhance cytotoxic T cell responses. We show that a mixture of these codon-optimized ubiquitinated and non-ubiquitinated constructs encoding the same viral envelope protein, glycoprotein D, induced both B and T cell responses, and could protect against lethal viral challenge and reduce ganglionic latency. The optimized vaccines, subcloned into a vector suitable for use in humans, also provided a high level of protection against the establishment of ganglionic latency, an important correlate of HSV reactivation and candidate endpoint for vaccines to proceed to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Li
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wai-Ping Woo
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua O. Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meei-li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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27
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Shin H, Iwasaki A. Generating protective immunity against genital herpes. Trends Immunol 2013; 34:487-94. [PMID: 24012144 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genital herpes is an incurable, chronic disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Not only does genital herpes cause painful, recurrent symptoms, it is also a significant risk factor for the acquisition of other sexually transmitted infections such as HIV-1. Antiviral drugs are used to treat herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection, but they cannot stop viral shedding and transmission. Thus, developing a vaccine that can prevent or clear infection will be crucial in limiting the spread of disease. In this review we outline recent studies that improve our understanding of host responses against HSV infection, discuss past clinical vaccine trials, and highlight new strategies for vaccine design against genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Shin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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28
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Mosca F, Romano N, Malatesta D, Ceccarelli G, Brunetti A, Bulfon C, Volpatti D, Abelli L, Galeotti M, Falconi A, Tiscar PG. Heat shock protein 70 kDa (HSP70) increase in sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L 1758) thymus after vaccination against Listonella anguillarum. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:615-626. [PMID: 23053607 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-012-9724-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins 70 kDa (HSP70) and apoptosis were investigated in thymus of sea bass juveniles (Dicentrarchus labrax) subsequently to a vaccination against Listonella (syn. Vibrio) anguillarum. HSP70 expression was measured by immunohistochemistry and immunoenzymatic methods, resulting in increase in HSP70 after bath immunization and persistent in fish exposed to an intraperitoneal (i.p.) booster. The HSP70 increase in thymus was suggested as induction in lymphocytic cells, to be related to immune system stimulation after vaccination. However, a thymic recruitment of lymphocyte subpopulations, characterized by higher expression of HSP70, was also hypothesized after vaccination. No apparent relationships were found between HSP70 and apoptosis. In fact, the vaccination did not modulate the apoptosis response, as measured by TUNEL assay and by immunohistochemistry for active caspase-3 expression. The lack of apoptosis effects could be ascribed to the use of inactivated bacteria that appeared not able to interfere with programmed cell death mechanisms. This manuscript aims to contribute to the knowledge of some biochemical features underlying the immunization, with a particular emphasis on the modulation of HSP70. However, further parameters involved in innate/adaptative immunity and apoptosis pathways have to be taken into account to well establish the functional role of HSP70 in fish vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mosca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Comparate, P.zza A. Moro 45, 64100 Teramo, Italy
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29
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Platt RJ, Khodai T, Townend TJ, Bright HH, Cockle P, Perez-Tosar L, Webster R, Champion B, Hickling TP, Mirza F. CD8+ T Lymphocyte Epitopes From The Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 Proteins To Facilitate Vaccine Design And Characterization. Cells 2013; 2:19-42. [PMID: 24709642 PMCID: PMC3972665 DOI: 10.3390/cells2010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have the potential to control HSV-2 infection. However, limited information has been available on CD8+ T cell epitopes or the functionality of antigen specific T cells during infection or following immunization with experimental vaccines. Peptide panels from HSV-2 proteins ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14 were selected from in silico predictions of binding to human HLA-A*0201 and mouse H-2Kd, Ld and Dd molecules. Nine previously uncharacterized CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified from HSV-2 infected BALB/c mice. HSV-2 specific peptide sequences stabilized HLA-A*02 surface expression with intermediate or high affinity binding. Peptide specific CD8+ human T cell lines from peripheral blood lymphocytes were generated from a HLA-A*02+ donor. High frequencies of peptide specific CD8+ T cell responses were elicited in mice by DNA vaccination with ICP27, VP22 and VP13/14, as demonstrated by CD107a mobilization. Vaccine driven T cell responses displayed a more focused immune response than those induced by viral infection. Furthermore, vaccination with ICP27 reduced viral shedding and reduced the clinical impact of disease. In conclusion, this study describes novel HSV-2 epitopes eliciting strong CD8+ T cell responses that may facilitate epitope based vaccine design and aid immunomonitoring of antigen specific T cell frequencies in preclinical and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Platt
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Tansi Khodai
- New Opportunities Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 -9NJ, UK.
| | - Tim J Townend
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Helen H Bright
- New Opportunities Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13 -9NJ, UK.
| | - Paul Cockle
- Vaccine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Luis Perez-Tosar
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Rob Webster
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Brian Champion
- Vaccine Research Unit, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Timothy P Hickling
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
| | - Fareed Mirza
- Biotherapeutics and Translational Research, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, CT13-9NJ, UK.
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30
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Stanberry LR. Genital and Perinatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections. Sex Transm Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391059-2.00012-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Pawaria S, Kropp LE, Binder RJ. Immunotherapy of tumors with α2-macroglobulin-antigen complexes pre-formed in vivo. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50365. [PMID: 23226267 PMCID: PMC3511516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell surface receptor CD91/LRP-1 binds to immunogenic heat shock proteins (HSP) and α2M ligands to elicit T cell immune responses. In order to generate specific immune responses, the peptides chaperoned by HSPs or α2M are cross-presented on MHC molecules to T cells. While the immunogenic HSPs naturally chaperone peptides within cells and can be purified as an intact HSP-peptide complex, the peptides have had to be complexed artificially to α2M in previous studies. Here, we show that immunogenic α2M-peptide complexes can be isolated from the blood of tumor-bearing mice without further experimental manipulation in vitro demonstrating the natural association of tumor antigens with α2M. The naturally formed immunogenic α2M-peptide complexes are effective in prophylaxis and therapy of cancer in mouse models. We investigate the mechanisms of cross-presentation of associated peptides and co-stimulation by APCs that interact with α2M. These data have implications for vaccine design in immunotherapy of cancer and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Pawaria
- Department of Rheumatology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Kropp
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Binder
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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32
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Immunogenicity and efficacy of intramuscular replication-defective and subunit vaccines against herpes simplex virus type 2 in the mouse genital model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46714. [PMID: 23071620 PMCID: PMC3469653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a sexually transmitted virus that is highly prevalent worldwide, causing a range of symptoms that result in significant healthcare costs and human suffering. ACAM529 is a replication-defective vaccine candidate prepared by growing the previously described dl5-29 on a cell line appropriate for GMP manufacturing. This vaccine, when administered subcutaneously, was previously shown to protect mice from a lethal vaginal HSV-2 challenge and to afford better protection than adjuvanted glycoprotein D (gD) in guinea pigs. Here we show that ACAM529 given via the intramuscular route affords significantly greater immunogenicity and protection in comparison with subcutaneous administration in the mouse vaginal HSV-2 challenge model. Further, we describe a side-by-side comparison of intramuscular ACAM529 with a gD vaccine across a range of challenge virus doses. While differences in protection against death are not significant, ACAM529 protects significantly better against mucosal infection, reducing peak challenge virus shedding at the highest challenge dose by over 500-fold versus 5-fold for gD. Over 27% (11/40) of ACAM529-immunized animals were protected from viral shedding while 2.5% (1/40) were protected by the gD vaccine. Similarly, 35% (7/20) of mice vaccinated with ACAM529 were protected from infection of their dorsal root ganglia while none of the gD-vaccinated mice were protected. These results indicate that measuring infection of the vaginal mucosa and of dorsal root ganglia over a range of challenge doses is more sensitive than evaluating survival at a single challenge dose as a means of directly comparing vaccine efficacy in the mouse vaginal challenge model. The data also support further investigation of ACAM529 for prophylaxis in human subjects.
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Chung E, Sen J. The ongoing pursuit of a prophylactic HSV vaccine. Rev Med Virol 2012; 22:285-300. [PMID: 22396215 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HSV is among the most common human pathogens in the world. It is known to cause painful, persistent skin lesions, while also being the most common cause of fatal non-epidemic encephalitis as well as the leading cause of corneal blindness. The development of prophylactic vaccines could substantially reduce global health problems associated with HSV. So far, HSV vaccine strategies have shown noticeable efficacy in early development during preclinical phases but remained unsuccessful or unproven in human trials. New understanding of how the immune system mounts a defence against HSV offers practical strategies for vaccine development. A number of promising vaccine candidates are currently awaiting clinical development or already undergoing clinical testing. Therefore, this is a suitable time to assess the progress of HSV vaccine development and consider existing challenges and future improvements needed to achieve an effective prophylactic HSV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Chung
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3M2, Canada.
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Laing KJ, Dong L, Sidney J, Sette A, Koelle DM. Immunology in the Clinic Review Series; focus on host responses: T cell responses to herpes simplex viruses. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:47-58. [PMID: 22132884 PMCID: PMC3248086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. This review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically important CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to HSV in humans. The expanding data set is discussed in the context of the search for an effective HSV vaccine as therapy for existing infections and to prevent new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wald A, Koelle DM, Fife K, Warren T, Leclair K, Chicz RM, Monks S, Levey DL, Musselli C, Srivastava PK. Safety and immunogenicity of long HSV-2 peptides complexed with rhHsc70 in HSV-2 seropositive persons. Vaccine 2011; 29:8520-9. [PMID: 21945262 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2011] [Revised: 09/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
HSV-2, the primary causative agent of genital herpes, establishes latency in sensory ganglia and reactivates causing recurrent lesions and viral shedding. Induction or expansion of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses are expected to be important for a successful therapeutic vaccine against HSV-2. A candidate vaccine consisting of 32 synthetic 35mer HSV-2 peptides non-covalently complexed with recombinant human Hsc70 protein (named HerpV, formerly AG-707) was tested for safety and immunogenicity in a Phase I study. These peptides are derived from 22 HSV-2 proteins representative of all phases of viral replication. Thirty-five HSV-2 infected participants were randomized and treated in one of four groups: HerpV+QS-21 (saponin adjuvant), HerpV, QS-21, or vehicle. The vaccine was well tolerated and safe. All seven participants with evaluable samples who were administered HerpV with QS-21 demonstrated a statistically significant CD4(+) T cell response to HSV-2 antigens, and the majority of such participants demonstrated a statistically significant CD8(+) T cell response as well. To our knowledge, this is the first candidate vaccine against HSV-2 to demonstrate a broad CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell response in HSV-2(+) participants, and the first HSP-based vaccine to show immune responses against viral antigens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wald
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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