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Pearlman MD. Reducing HSV-2 Morbidity and Mortality: Routine Serologic Screening Still Not the Best Answer. JAMA 2023; 329:469-471. [PMID: 36786801 DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.24870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Pearlman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor
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2
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Price NB, Wood KE. Distinguishing Features Common to Dual Fatal Herpes Simplex Virus Infections That Occur in Both a Pregnant Woman and Her Newborn Infant. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122542. [PMID: 34960811 PMCID: PMC8705528 DOI: 10.3390/v13122542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Deaths from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) are rare. A major exception is perinatally acquired HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection where the neonatal death rate is substantial. Fatal HSV infection also occurs occasionally in pregnant women. The goal of this review is to enumerate the reports that describe dual deaths of both a pregnant woman and her newborn from a herpesvirus infection. A total of 15 reports were found in the medical literature, of which five described pregnant women with HSV encephalitis and 10 described women with disseminated HSV infection. When the virus was typed, most cases of dual mother/newborn deaths were caused by HSV-2. Of interest, in two situations caused by HSV-1, the pregnant woman probably acquired her primary HSV-1 infection from one of her children and not by sexual transmission. Complete genomic sequencing was performed on one set of HSV-1 isolates collected from mother (blood) and newborn (blood and skin). The mother's strain and the newborn's skin strain were 98.9% identical. When the newborn's two strains were compared, they were 97.4% identical. Only one mother was tested by the HerpeSelect IgG antibody kit. During the nine days of her undiagnosed disseminated infection preceding her death, her serology was negative. In summary, although dual mother/newborn deaths from HSV infection are rare, they continue to be reported as recently as 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan B. Price
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Kelly E. Wood
- Newborn Nursery Service and Hospitalist Service, Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa, IA 52242, USA;
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Tsai MS, Wang LC, Tsai HY, Lin YJ, Wu HL, Tzeng SF, Hsu SM, Chen SH. Microglia Reduce Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Lethality of Mice with Decreased T Cell and Interferon Responses in Brains. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212457. [PMID: 34830340 PMCID: PMC8624831 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) infects the majority of the human population and can induce encephalitis, which is the most common cause of sporadic, fatal encephalitis. An increase of microglia is detected in the brains of encephalitis patients. The issues regarding whether and how microglia protect the host and neurons from HSV-1 infection remain elusive. Using a murine infection model, we showed that HSV-1 infection on corneas increased the number of microglia to outnumber those of infiltrating leukocytes (macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells) and enhanced microglia activation in brains. HSV-1 antigens were detected in brain neurons, which were surrounded by microglia. Microglia depletion increased HSV-1 lethality of mice with elevated brain levels of viral loads, infected neurons, neuron loss, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, neutrophils, interferon (IFN)-β, and IFN-γ. In vitro studies demonstrated that microglia from infected mice reduced virus infectivity. Moreover, microglia induced IFN-β and the signaling pathway of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 to inhibit viral replication and damage of neurons. Our study reveals how microglia protect the host and neurons from HSV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Shan Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (M.-S.T.); (H.-L.W.)
| | - Li-Chiu Wang
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan;
| | - Hsien-Yang Tsai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tzu Chi Hospital, Taichung 427, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Jheng Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Hua-Lin Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (M.-S.T.); (H.-L.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fen Tzeng
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Min Hsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (S.-M.H.); (S.-H.C.)
| | - Shun-Hua Chen
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; (M.-S.T.); (H.-L.W.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.-M.H.); (S.-H.C.)
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Berkhout A, Kapoor V, Heney C, Jones CA, Clark JE, Vaska VL, Lai M, Nourse C. Herpes Simplex Virus Infection in Infants: 13 Year Evaluation (2005-2017) of Laboratory Confirmed Cases in Queensland, Australia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2021; 40:209-214. [PMID: 33165280 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND National neonatal surveillance for herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease suggests that the incidence of HSV disease may be higher in Queensland (QLD) than in other Australian States. We sought to investigate the incidence via a retrospective 13-year evaluation of statewide laboratory data, autopsy data and linked clinical records of infants with laboratory confirmed infection. METHODS All positive polymerase chain reaction HSV 1 and 2 results were obtained for infants 0-3 months of age from January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2017. Clinical data were obtained from patient records and parent questionnaires were used to evaluate long-term sequelae. RESULTS One hundred seventy-two infants with HSV positive polymerase chain reaction results: 121 (70.3%) with HSV 1. Of 104 (60.5%) infants with signs of HSV disease, 76 (73.1%) were neonates (≤28 days of age) [incidence 9.6 (95% confidence interval, 7.0-11.5) per 100,000 live births] and 28 (26.9%) were young infants (29-90 days of age) [3.6 (95% confidence interval, 2.4-5.4) per 100,000 live births]. The annual incidence of neonatal HSV disease increased significantly in Queensland over the study period (P < 0.01). Of the 76 neonates with HSV disease, 58 (76.3%) presented with the skin, eye, mouth (SEM) disease, 17 (22.4%) with HSV encephalitis and 11 (14.5%) had disseminated disease. Young infants presented with HSV skin, eye, mouth disease (21, 75.0%) or HSV encephalitis (6, 21.4%). Death occurred in 12/104 (11.5%) infants (all neonates) with 10 attributable to HSV disease. CONCLUSION The incidence of neonatal HSV disease in QLD is almost 3 times the national reported incidence. Further research is being undertaken to explore reasons for this change and implications for practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Berkhout
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland
- Queensland Children's Hospital
| | - Vishal Kapoor
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland
- Queensland Children's Hospital
| | | | - Cheryl A Jones
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney
- Sydney Children's Hospital Network (The Children's Hospital Westmead)
| | - Julia E Clark
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland
- Queensland Children's Hospital
| | | | - Melissa Lai
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland
- The Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clare Nourse
- From the Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland
- Queensland Children's Hospital
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5
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Heimes E, Baier M, Forstner C, Weis S, Bauer M, Fritzenwanger M, Scherag A, Pletz MW, Kesselmeier M, Hagel S. Effect of Antiviral Therapy on the Outcome of Mechanically Ventilated Patients With Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in BAL Fluid: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Chest 2020; 158:1867-1875. [PMID: 32629035 DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is frequently detected in the BAL fluid of patients on mechanical ventilation. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of the study was to investigate whether antiviral therapy is associated with improved overall survival within 30 days. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study in four ICUs between January 2011 and December 2017. All adult patients on mechanical ventilation with a respiratory tract infection with positive polymerase chain reaction testing for HSV-1 in the BAL were included. Patients already receiving antiviral agents on the day BAL was performed were excluded. We performed uni- and multivariable Cox and logistic regression modeling. RESULTS Overall, 306 patients were included in the analysis. Among them, 177 patients (57.8%) received antiviral therapy (90.9% acyclovir, 6.2% ganciclovir, 2.9% both). The overall 30-day mortality rate was 42.4% (n = 75) in the antiviral treatment group and 50.4% (n = 65) in the control group. The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for the primary outcome was 0.62 (95% CI, 0.44-0.87; P = .005), indicating better overall survival within 30 days for the antiviral-treated group than for the untreated group. This benefit was also present in the subgroup of patients without immunosuppression (n = 246; adjusted HR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.36-0.78; P = .001). Overall, the median lengths of hospital stay (31 vs 24 days, P = .002) and ICU stay (24 vs 17 days, P < .001), and the duration of mechanical ventilation (18 vs 11 days, P < .001), were longer for patients with therapy. No evidence for the treatment-related deterioration of renal function was observed. INTERPRETATION These data suggest that detection of HSV-1 in the BAL of patients on mechanical ventilation may be of clinical significance and that specific antiviral treatment may improve clinical outcomes. However, this needs to be proven in multicenter randomized controlled trials before implementation into the clinical routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Heimes
- Institutes for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Baier
- Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Christina Forstner
- Institutes for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Medicine I, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Weis
- Institutes for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Bauer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Therapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Fritzenwanger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, Angiology and Intensive Medical Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - André Scherag
- Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Institute of Medical Statistics, Computer and Data Sciences, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W Pletz
- Institutes for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Miriam Kesselmeier
- Research Group Clinical Epidemiology, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Hagel
- Institutes for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
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Brown BL, Fidell A, Ingolia G, Murad E, Beckham JD. Infectious causes and outcomes in patients presenting with cerebral spinal fluid pleocytosis. J Neurovirol 2019; 25:448-456. [PMID: 30850974 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-019-00739-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the infectious etiologies, clinical features, and outcomes of patients with CNS infections at a tertiary care center. Patients that present with a pleocytosis in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), defined as a CSF WBC count > 5 cells/mm3, from July 2015 to June 2016 at a tertiary care hospital were analyzed for this report. Data from patients with confirmed (n = 43) and presumed (n = 51) CNS infections were analyzed. CNS infection was the leading known cause of CSF pleocytosis (n = 43, 18% of all patients with a pleocytosis in the CSF), and HSV-2 was identified as the leading causative pathogen (n = 10) followed by varicella zoster virus (n = 5). Fifty-three percent of patients with a pleocytosis in the CSF did not receive a diagnosis. In the patients that did not receive a diagnosis, CNS infection was presumed to be the cause in 51 patients (21% of patients with CSF pleocytosis). The mean time to diagnosis for patients with confirmed CNS infection was 16 days, but time to diagnosis was highly variable depending on the causative pathogen. There was a significant overlap in CSF parameters and peripheral white blood cell counts in patients diagnosed with a viral, bacterial, or fungal infection. Neuroimaging changes were present in only 44% of CNS infections. The overall mortality was 7% for CNS infections, and 17% of patients with a CNS infection had a severe neurologic deficit at presentation while only 3% had a severe deficit at the last neurologic assessment. This study provides new insights into the infectious causes of disease in a cohort of patients with pleocytosis in the CSF. The study provides new insights into the time to diagnosis and outcomes in patients that present with pleocytosis in the CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Brown
- Clinical Science Graduate Program, University of Colorado Graduate School, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Andrea Fidell
- Biostatistics & Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Gregory Ingolia
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Eias Murad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J David Beckham
- Clinical Science Graduate Program, University of Colorado Graduate School, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Veterans Administration, Eastern Colorado Health System, Denver, CO, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Research Building 2, Rm 11015, 12700 East 19th Ave, B168, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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Matsuzawa T, Nakamura Y, Ogawa Y, Ishimaru K, Goshima F, Shimada S, Nakao A, Kawamura T. Differential Day-Night Outcome to HSV-2 Cutaneous Infection. J Invest Dermatol 2017; 138:233-236. [PMID: 28842321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.07.838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Matsuzawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Youichi Ogawa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Kayoko Ishimaru
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Fumi Goshima
- Department of Virology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimada
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Nakao
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan; Atopy Research Center, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Tatsuyoshi Kawamura
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Shimokato, Chuo, Yamanashi, Japan.
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Jørgensen LK, Dalgaard LS, Østergaard LJ, Nørgaard M, Mogensen TH. Incidence and mortality of herpes simplex encephalitis in Denmark: A nationwide registry-based cohort study. J Infect 2016; 74:42-49. [PMID: 27717782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the incidence and mortality of herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) in a nationwide cohort. METHODS From the Danish National Patient Registry, we identified all adults hospitalised with a first-time diagnosis of HSE in Denmark during 2004-2014. The HSE diagnoses were verified using medical records and microbiological data. Patients were followed for mortality through the Danish Civil Registry System. We estimated age-standardised incidence rates of HSE and 30-day, 60-day, and 1-year cumulative mortality. Furthermore, we assessed whether calendar year, age, gender, level of comorbidity, virus type, and department type was associated with HSE mortality. RESULTS We identified a total of 230 cases of HSE. Median age was 60.7 years (interquartile range: 49.3-71.6). The overall incidence rate was 4.64 cases per million population per year (95% confidence interval: 4.06-5.28). The cumulative mortality within 30 days, 60 days, and 1 year of the HSE admission was 8.3%, 11.3%, and 18.6%, respectively. Advanced age and presence of comorbidity were associated with increased 60-day and 1-year mortality. CONCLUSIONS This nationwide study of verified HSE found a higher incidence than reported in previous nationwide studies. Presence of comorbidity was identified as a novel adverse prognostic factor. Mortality rates following HSE remain high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Krogh Jørgensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Lars Skov Dalgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Lars Jørgen Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Mette Nørgaard
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Oluf Palmes Allé 43-45, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Trine Hyrup Mogensen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensen Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark; Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Vennelyst Blvd. 4, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Glukhovets BI, Glukhovets NG, Belitchenko NV, Sosunova OA. Immunofluorescence diagnosis of the herpesvirus stillborn infection. Vopr Virusol 2016; 61:219-221. [PMID: 29323854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Congenital herpes infection belongs to the category of actual problems of Perinatal Medicine. Pathological diagnosis of this disease is not effective in the routine method of autopsy studies without virological research. Objective. Determination of the value of the fluorescent antibody technique in the diagnosis of congenital herpes infection of the stillborn is a promising approach to medical diagnosis. subjects and methods. In 96 cases of stillbirth immunofluorescent identification of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 and cytomegalovirus in the placenta and internal organs (brain, heart, lungs, and liver) was implemented. The findings were compared with the results of a complete histological examination of the heart, including its rhythmogenic centers. Results. The herpes viruses were found in 51 observations (53.1%). Among them, HSV-1 were found in 16 observations (16.7%), HSV-2, in 19 (19.7%), CMV, in 16 (16.7%). In 34 stillbirths (35.8%) the pathological signs of herpetic atrial myocarditis were observed, which were regarded as the cause of death. Conclusion. The use of the fluorescent antibody technique in the autopsy practice is an effective way of diagnosis of intrauterine infection caused by the herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus.
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Stanfield BA, Stahl J, Chouljenko VN, Subramanian R, Charles AS, Saied AA, Walker JD, Kousoulas KG. A single intramuscular vaccination of mice with the HSV-1 VC2 virus with mutations in the glycoprotein K and the membrane protein UL20 confers full protection against lethal intravaginal challenge with virulent HSV-1 and HSV-2 strains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109890. [PMID: 25350288 PMCID: PMC4211657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus type-1 (HSV-1) and type-2 (HSV-2) establish life-long infections and cause significant orofacial and genital infections in humans. HSV-1 is the leading cause of infectious blindness in the western world. Currently, there are no available vaccines to protect against herpes simplex infections. Recently, we showed that a single intramuscular immunization with an HSV-1(F) mutant virus lacking expression of the viral glycoprotein K (gK), which prevents the virus from entering into distal axons of ganglionic neurons, conferred significant protection against either virulent HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) intravaginal challenge in mice. Specifically, 90% of the mice were protected against HSV-1(McKrae) challenge, while 70% of the mice were protected against HSV-2(G) challenge. We constructed the recombinant virus VC2 that contains specific mutations in gK and the membrane protein UL20 preventing virus entry into axonal compartments of neurons, while allowing efficient replication in cell culture, unlike the gK-null virus, which has a major defect in virus replication and spread. Intramuscular injection of mice with 107 VC2 plaque forming units did not cause any significant clinical disease in mice. A single intramuscular immunization with the VC2 virus protected 100% of mice against lethal intravaginal challenge with either HSV-1(McKrae) or HSV-2(G) viruses. Importantly, vaccination with VC2 produced robust cross protective humoral and cellular immunity that fully protected vaccinated mice against lethal disease. Quantitative PCR did not detect any viral DNA in ganglionic tissues of vaccinated mice, while unvaccinated mice contained high levels of viral DNA. The VC2 virus may serve as an efficient vaccine against both HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections, as well as a safe vector for the production of vaccines against other viral and bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A. Stanfield
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jacque Stahl
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Vladimir N. Chouljenko
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Subramanian
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Anu-Susan Charles
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Ahmad A. Saied
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jason D. Walker
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Konstantin G. Kousoulas
- Division of Biotechnology & Molecular Medicine and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal herpes infection can have devastating outcomes for otherwise healthy babies. In the UK, the stated incidence is low at 1.65 per 100 000 live births, which is in contrast with an incidence of 33 per 100 000 in the USA. We aimed to discover the current incidence of neonatal herpes infection in our tertiary service, determine the timing of presentations, and to consider which presenting features could be used for early recognition and prognostication. METHODS All cases of neonatal herpes infection occurring in the last 8 years were reviewed, and those cases from an agreed population were used to calculate an incidence. The statistical associations between clinical features and death were examined. FINDINGS There were 57 291 live births between 2006 and 2012. Nineteen cases were identified including 10 from the study population (17.5/100 000 live births). There were nine deaths, all presenting later than 6 days of age. Independent predictors of death were haemodynamic instability, coagulopathy, bleeding and central nervous system features at presentation. All presentations occurred within 2 weeks of birth and were varied and often non-specific. INTERPRETATION Our incidence rate of 17.5 per 100 000 live births represents a significant increase and is much more in line with the higher incidence rates seen in the USA. The range of presentations shows the non-specific nature of this disease. We advocate a heightened awareness of this treatable disease in the UK, and encourage adoption of modern rapid diagnostic techniques and the wider inclusion of Aciclovir in treatment regimens for neonatal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dushyant Batra
- Nottingham Neonatal Service, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | - Patrick Davies
- Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Craig Smith
- Nottingham Neonatal Service, Nottingham University Hospitals, Nottingham, UK
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12
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Dutton JL, Li B, Woo WP, Marshak JO, Xu Y, Huang ML, Dong L, Frazer IH, Koelle DM. A novel DNA vaccine technology conveying protection against a lethal herpes simplex viral challenge in mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76407. [PMID: 24098493 PMCID: PMC3789751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While there are a number of licensed veterinary DNA vaccines, to date, none have been licensed for use in humans. Here, we demonstrate that a novel technology designed to enhance the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines protects against lethal herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) challenge in a murine model. Polynucleotides were modified by use of a codon optimization algorithm designed to enhance immune responses, and the addition of an ubiquitin-encoding sequence to target the antigen to the proteasome for processing and to enhance cytotoxic T cell responses. We show that a mixture of these codon-optimized ubiquitinated and non-ubiquitinated constructs encoding the same viral envelope protein, glycoprotein D, induced both B and T cell responses, and could protect against lethal viral challenge and reduce ganglionic latency. The optimized vaccines, subcloned into a vector suitable for use in humans, also provided a high level of protection against the establishment of ganglionic latency, an important correlate of HSV reactivation and candidate endpoint for vaccines to proceed to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bo Li
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Wai-Ping Woo
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joshua O. Marshak
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Yan Xu
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Meei-li Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lichun Dong
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ian H. Frazer
- Coridon Pty Ltd, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David M. Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
Neonatal herpes simplex virus infections are uncommon, but because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the infection they are often considered in the differential diagnosis of ill neonates. The use of polymerase chain reaction for diagnosis of central nervous system infections and the development of safe and effective antiviral therapy has revolutionized the diagnosis and management of these infants. Initiation of long-term antiviral suppressive therapy in these infants has led to significant improvement in morbidity. This article summarizes the epidemiology of neonatal herpes simplex virus infections and discusses clinical presentation, diagnosis, management, and follow up of infants with neonatal herpes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swetha G Pinninti
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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14
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Fillatre P, Chevrier S, Revest M, Gacouin A, Jouneau S, Leroy H, Robert-Gangneux F, Minjolle S, Le Tulzo Y, Tattevin P. Human herpes virus co-infection is associated with mortality in HIV-negative patients with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 32:189-94. [PMID: 22930407 PMCID: PMC7102362 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1730-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the management and prognosis of severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PJP) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients. An observational cohort study of HIV-negative adults with PJP documented by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) through Gomori-Grocott staining or immunofluorescence, admitted to one intensive care unit (ICU) for acute respiratory failure, was undertaken. From 1990 to 2010, 70 patients (24 females, 46 males) were included, with a mean age of 58.6 ± 18.3 years. The mean Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS)-II was 36.9 ± 20.4. Underlying conditions included hematologic malignancies (n = 21), vasculitis (n = 13), and solid tumors (n = 13). Most patients were receiving systemic corticosteroids (n = 63) and cytotoxic drugs (n = 51). Not a single patient received trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as PJP prophylaxis. Endotracheal intubation (ETI) was required in 42 patients (60.0 %), including 38 with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). In-ICU mortality was 52.9 % overall, reaching 80.9 % and 86.8 %, respectively, for patients who required ETI and for patients with ARDS. In the univariate analysis, in-ICU mortality was associated with SAPS-II (p = 0.0131), ARDS (p < 0.0001), shock (p < 0.0001), and herpes simplex virus (HSV) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) on BAL (p = 0.0031). In the multivariate analysis, only ARDS was associated with in-ICU mortality (odds ratio [OR] 23.4 [4.5-121.9], p < 0.0001). PJP in non-HIV patients remains a serious disease with high in-hospital mortality. Pulmonary co-infection with HSV or CMV may contribute to fatal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Fillatre
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - S. Chevrier
- Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - M. Revest
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
- CIC INSERM 0203, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - A. Gacouin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
- CIC INSERM 0203, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - S. Jouneau
- Pneumologie, Hôpital Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes, France
- IRSET, UMR, INSERM 1085, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - H. Leroy
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
- CIC INSERM 0203, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - F. Robert-Gangneux
- Parasitologie-Mycologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
- IRSET, UMR, INSERM 1085, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - S. Minjolle
- Virologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - Y. Le Tulzo
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
- CIC INSERM 0203, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
| | - P. Tattevin
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et de Réanimation Médicale, CHU Pontchaillou, 2 rue Henri Le Guilloux, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
- CIC INSERM 0203, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
- INSERM U835, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Rennes 1, IFR140, 35033 Rennes, France
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16
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Geurs TL, Hill EB, Lippold DM, French AR. Sex differences in murine susceptibility to systemic viral infections. J Autoimmun 2011; 38:J245-53. [PMID: 22209097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Increased susceptibility to autoimmunity in females is often viewed as the consequence of enhanced immunoreactivity providing superior protection against infections. We paradoxically observed greater mortality in female compared to male mice during systemic viral infections with three large double-stranded DNA viruses (herpes simplex virus type I [HSV], murine cytomegalovirus [MCMV], and vaccinia virus [VV]). Indeed, female mice were 27-fold more susceptible to infection with HSV than male mice. Elimination of estrogen by ovariectomy in female mice or addition of estrogen to castrated male mice only partially eliminated the observed sex differences following HSV infection. However, the differences observed in survival between female and male mice were nearly abrogated in the absence of type I interferon receptor signaling and substantially mitigated in absence of DAP12 signaling. Interestingly, the sex-specific impact of type I interferon receptor and DAP12 signaling differentially influenced survival during systemic viral infections with type I interferon receptor signaling enhancing male survival and DAP12 signaling increasing the susceptibility of female mice. These results have potential implications for the sex disparities observed in human autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa L Geurs
- Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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17
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Keller DL. Maternal and neonatal herpes simplex virus infections. N Engl J Med 2009; 361:2678-9; author reply 2679. [PMID: 20050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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18
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Stout-Delgado H, Du W, Shirali A, Booth CJ, Goldstein DR. Aging promotes neutrophil-induced mortality by augmenting IL-17 production during viral infection. Cell Host Microbe 2009; 6:446-56. [PMID: 19917499 PMCID: PMC2779161 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 09/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality associated with viral infections increase with age, although the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we investigated whether aging alters inflammatory responses during systemic viral infection and thereby contributes to virus-induced death. We found that infection of aged mice with systemic herpes viruses led to rapid increases in serum IL-17, neutrophil activation, and mortality due to hepatocyte necrosis. In contrast, all young mice survived infection, displaying weaker IL-17 induction and neutrophil activation. Natural killer T (NKT) cells isolated from the livers of aged mice produced more IL-17 than did young cells, and adoptively transferred aged NKT cells induced liver injury in young mice impaired in viral control. Importantly, IL-17 neutralization or neutrophil depletion during viral infection reduced liver damage and prevented death of aged mice. These results demonstrate that, during systemic viral infection, aging alters the host-pathogen interaction to overproduce IL-17, contributing to liver injury and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Stout-Delgado
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520-8018, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520-8018, USA
| | - Anushree Shirali
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520-8018, USA
| | - Carmen J. Booth
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520-8018, USA
| | - Daniel R. Goldstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520-8018, USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Corey
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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20
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a rare but serious neonatal pathogen. Prior to the availability of antiviral drugs the mortality associated with all but localised neonatal infection was high, with 85% of infants with disseminated HSV infection and 50% of infants with encephalitis dying by one year of age. The morbidity in the survivors of multiorgan infection was also high, with up to 50% experiencing long-term neurological sequelae. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of antiviral agents in the treatment of neonatal HSV infections on mortality, progression of disease and neurodevelopmental sequelae at approximately one year. The secondary objective was to assess the effect of antiviral agents on major complications associated with the use of these agents including nephrotoxicity and bone marrow suppression. SEARCH STRATEGY Trials were identified by searching the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL, The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2008), MEDLINE (1996 - Nov 2008), EMBASE (1982 - Nov 2008) and reference lists of published trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of antiviral therapy in infants less than one month of age with virologically proven HSV infection were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted and the analyses performed independently by two review authors. Studies were analysed for methodological quality using the criteria of the Cochrane Neonatal Review Group. All data were analysed using RevMan 5.1. When possible, meta-analysis was performed to calculate typical relative risk, typical risk difference, along with their 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS Two eligible studies of a total of 273 infants were included. Both studies were randomized controlled trials. One study treated 63 infants with vidarabine or placebo (Whitley 1980) and the other study treated 210 infants with aciclovir or vidarabine (Whitley 1991).In the study comparing vidarabine with placebo (Whitley 1980), infants with all forms of neonatal HSV disease were included [disseminated disease, central nervous system (CNS) disease alone, and skin, eye and mouth (SEM) disease].There was no significant reduction in the risk of mortality when analyzed as an entire group; however, mortality was significantly reduced when data from infants with CNS disease or disseminated disease were combined. There was no difference in the rate of neurological abnormalities in survivors at one year when analyzed as an entire group or by disease category.There was no difference between aciclovir and vidarabine (Whitley 1991) in preventing mortality from neonatal HSV disease, in preventing disease progression, in reducing the incidence of neurological abnormality at one year, or in the incidence of drug-induced renal or bone marrow toxicity. In infants with SEM disease, there was no significant difference in neurological outcome with aciclovir compared vidarabine treatment. Both drugs were well tolerated in the newborn period. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is insufficient trial evidence to evaluate the effects of antiviral agents with controls or with each other. The rarity of the condition makes effectively powered clinical trials difficult to perform. The efficacy of newer antiviral agents with better bioavailability (e.g. valaciclovir, valganciclovir) for the treatment of neonatal disease needs to be evaluated in randomised trials. The efficacy of oral formulations need to be evaluated as they may be useful for infants with skin, eye or mouth HSV disease or in the treatment of infants with recurrences after the neonatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl A Jones
- The University of SydneyDiscipline of Paediatrics and Child HealthThe Children's Hospital at Westmead Clinical SchoolLocked Bag 4001Westmead, SydneyNSWAustralia2145
| | - Karen S Walker
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadGrace Centre for Newborn CarePO Box 4001SydneyNSWAustralia2115
| | - Nadia Badawi
- The Children's Hospital at WestmeadGrace Centre for Newborn CarePO Box 4001SydneyNSWAustralia2115
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21
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Kushch AA, Galegov GA, Klimova RR, Kozlov AI, Litvin AA. [Investigation of antiviral properties of new formulations of Panavir in the treatment of experimental herpes virus infection in mice]. Antibiot Khimioter 2008; 53:31-34. [PMID: 19227121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Protective action of Panavir was studied in the treatment of experimental herpes virus infection on albino mice. It was shown, that intravenous and rectal Panavir formulations were able to increase survival of the experimental animals (decreased lethality) infected by HSV-1.
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22
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Morris SR, Bauer HM, Samuel MC, Gallagher D, Bolan G. Neonatal herpes morbidity and mortality in California, 1995-2003. Sex Transm Dis 2008; 35:14-18. [PMID: 18217222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal herpes infections can have serious consequences. Methods for monitoring the incidence of neonatal herpes have not been standardized. OBJECTIVES To use existing data to examine neonatal herpes-related morbidity in California. METHODS California hospital discharge and mortality data were used to identify neonatal herpes cases, defined as a herpes-related discharge diagnosis with an admitting age of 42 days or less, and neonatal herpes-related deaths. California birth data were used to identify pregnancies complicated by herpes and to determine cesarean section rates. RESULTS The overall incidence of neonatal herpes was 12.1 per 100,000 live births per year, with no observable change from 1995 to 2003. Neonatal herpes-related mortality, which was estimated to be 0.8 deaths per 100,000 live births, also did not show significant change over time. Between 1995 and 2002, herpes complication in labor declined steadily from 0.23% to 0.09% of all labors (P <0.0001). Among pregnancies with herpes as a complication of labor, cesarean section rates increased from 72.2% to 78.3% (P = 0.01), whereas overall cesarean rates increased from 20.0% to 26.0% (P <0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Existing data can be used to monitor the morbidity and mortality of neonatal herpes. Because the rate of neonatal herpes cases and deaths was stable from 1995 to 2003 despite a decrease in herpes complications in labor and an increase in cesarean rates, new interventions are needed to prevent neonatal herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheldon R Morris
- Department of Health Services, Sexually Transmitted Disease Control Branch of the California, Richmond, California 94804-6403, USA
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23
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Biswas S, Jennens L, Field HJ. Single amino acid substitutions in the HSV-1 helicase protein that confer resistance to the helicase-primase inhibitor BAY 57-1293 are associated with increased or decreased virus growth characteristics in tissue culture. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1489-500. [PMID: 17404685 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two mutants (BAYr1 and BAYr2) that are 100-fold and >3000-fold resistant, respectively, to the helicase-primase inhibitor (HPI) BAY 57-1293 were derived from a plaque-pure parental strain, HSV-1 SC16 cl-2. BAYr1 has two substitutions in the HSV-1 helicase (UL5) protein (A4 to V; K356 to Q) and BAYr2 has one (G352 to R). It was shown reproducibly that BAYr1 grows to higher titres in tissue culture while BAYr2 grows more slowly than wild-type. Marker transfer experiments confirmed that K356Q and G352R are the drug-resistance mutations and that they are directly associated with differences in virus growth in tissue culture. When BAYr1 was tested in a murine infection model, this virus was shown to be fully pathogenic. We present evidence that single mutations close to a predicted functional domain of an essential HSV-1 replication enzyme (helicase) are associated with drug resistance and virus growth characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biswas
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, U.K
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Abstract
Herpesvirus infections are common complications of organ transplantation. The most frequent herpesvirus infections are caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex (HSV) and varicella zoster (VZV). Despite expansion of the therapeutic armamentarium, HSV and VZV continue to cause morbidity and occasional mortality in transplant recipients. Here we review the incidence and risk factors for HSV and VZV disease, their clinical presentation, effects of newer immunosuppressive regimens and prophylaxis for HSV and VZV in solid organ transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Miller
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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25
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Halford WP, Weisend C, Grace J, Soboleski M, Carr DJJ, Balliet JW, Imai Y, Margolis TP, Gebhardt BM. ICP0 antagonizes Stat 1-dependent repression of herpes simplex virus: implications for the regulation of viral latency. Virol J 2006; 3:44. [PMID: 16764725 PMCID: PMC1557838 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-3-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) ICP0 protein is an E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is encoded within the HSV-1 latency-associated locus. When ICP0 is not synthesized, the HSV-1 genome is acutely susceptible to cellular repression. Reciprocally, when ICP0 is synthesized, viral replication is efficiently initiated from virions or latent HSV-1 genomes. The current study was initiated to determine if ICP0's putative role as a viral interferon (IFN) antagonist may be relevant to the process by which ICP0 influences the balance between productive replication versus cellular repression of HSV-1. RESULTS Wild-type (ICP0+) strains of HSV-1 produced lethal infections in scid or rag2-/- mice. The replication of ICP0- null viruses was rapidly repressed by the innate host response of scid or rag2-/- mice, and the infected animals remained healthy for months. In contrast, rag2-/- mice that lacked the IFN-alpha/beta receptor (rag2-/- ifnar-/-) or Stat 1 (rag2-/- stat1-/-) failed to repress ICP0- viral replication, resulting in uncontrolled viral spread and death. Thus, the replication of ICP0- viruses is potently repressed in vivo by an innate immune response that is dependent on the IFN-alpha/beta receptor and the downstream transcription factor, Stat 1. CONCLUSION ICP0's function as a viral IFN antagonist is necessary in vivo to prevent an innate, Stat 1-dependent host response from rapidly repressing productive HSV-1 replication. This antagonistic relationship between ICP0 and the host IFN response may be relevant in regulating whether the HSV-1 genome is expressed, or silenced, in virus-infected cells in vivo. These results may also be clinically relevant. IFN-sensitive ICP0- viruses are avirulent, establish long-term latent infections, and induce an adaptive immune response that is highly protective against lethal challenge with HSV-1. Therefore, ICP0- viruses appear to possess the desired safety and efficacy profile of a live vaccine against herpetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Halford
- Dept of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Carla Weisend
- Dept of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jennifer Grace
- Dept of Veterinary Molecular Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Mark Soboleski
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University Medical School, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Daniel JJ Carr
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - John W Balliet
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumi Imai
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd P Margolis
- Francis I. Proctor Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bryan M Gebhardt
- Dept of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
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26
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Verma A, Dhawan A, Zuckerman M, Hadzic N, Baker AJ, Mieli-Vergani G. Neonatal herpes simplex virus infection presenting as acute liver failure: prevalent role of herpes simplex virus type I. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006; 42:282-6. [PMID: 16540797 DOI: 10.1097/01.mpg.0000214156.58659.4c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute liver failure (ALF) in neonates is rare but carries a high mortality without liver transplantation. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is one of the microbes that more commonly causes ALF and is potentially treatable; hence, early diagnosis and treatment are important to avoid progression to liver failure. PATIENTS AND RESULTS We have analysed retrospectively the case notes of 11 patients with HSV-induced ALF. A history of possible herpes infection was elicited in 5 parents, but HSV had not been suspected clinically. All patients were asymptomatic when discharged from postnatal units and were presented with nonspecific symptoms of poor feeding and lethargy within 2 weeks from birth. Seven of the 11 patients had HSV-1 infection, 4 HSV-2. Only 2 patients who received early treatment with intravenous acyclovir survived. CONCLUSIONS HSV-related ALF in the neonatal period carries high morbidity and mortality and needs a high index of suspicion so that life-saving treatment can be started promptly. Both HSV-1 and HSV-2 can cause severe neonatal infection. It is important to recognise HSV infection in women of childbearing age and their sexual partners.
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MESH Headings
- Acyclovir/therapeutic use
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Female
- Herpes Genitalis/complications
- Herpes Genitalis/drug therapy
- Herpes Genitalis/mortality
- Herpes Simplex/complications
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical
- Liver Failure, Acute/drug therapy
- Liver Failure, Acute/mortality
- Liver Failure, Acute/virology
- Male
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/drug therapy
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/mortality
- Pregnancy Complications, Infectious/virology
- Retrospective Studies
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Verma
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology, Health Protection Agency, London, King's College Hospital, London, UK.
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27
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Meerbach A, Sauerbrei A, Meerbach W, Bittrich HJ, Wutzler P. Fatal outcome of herpes simplex virus type 1-induced necrotic hepatitis in a neonate. Med Microbiol Immunol 2006; 195:101-5. [PMID: 16404606 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-005-0009-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In neonates, herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections can lead to severe diseases associated with high mortality. We report a 6-day-old girl who developed clinical signs of fulminant hepatic failure accompanied by infectious-toxic shock and disseminated coagulopathy secondary to HSV type 1 (HSV-1) infection. The diagnosis was performed postmortem by demonstration of HSV-1 DNA in liver tissue as well as by retrospective detection of HSV-specific antibodies.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
- Fatal Outcome
- Female
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/mortality
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/pathology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Herpes Simplex/complications
- Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human
- Humans
- Infant, Newborn
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Liver Failure, Acute
- Necrosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Meerbach
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Hans-Knöll-Street 2, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Neurohr C, Huppmann P, Leuchte H, Schwaiblmair M, Bittmann I, Jaeger G, Hatz R, Frey L, Uberfuhr P, Reichart B, Behr J. Human herpesvirus 6 in bronchalveolar lavage fluid after lung transplantation: a risk factor for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome? Am J Transplant 2005; 5:2982-91. [PMID: 16303014 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.01103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) is the limiting factor to long-term survival after lung transplantation. Previous studies suggested respiratory viral tract infections are associated with the development of BOS. To identify the impact of virus detection in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, we analyzed BAL samples from 87 consecutive lung transplant recipients for human herpesvirus (HHV)-6, Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes simplex virus 1/2, Cytomegalovirus, respiratory syncytical virus and adenovirus by PCR. Acute rejection, BOS and death were recorded for a mean follow-up time of 3.27 +/- 0.47 years. Results of PCR analysis and other potential risk factors were entered into a Cox regression analysis of BOS predictors and death. Only acute rejection was a distinct risk factor for BOS of all stages, death and death from BOS. HHV-6 was detected in 20 patients. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that HHV-6 was associated with an increased risk to develop BOS > orb = stage 1 and death, separate from the risk attributable to acute rejection. Identification of HHV-6 DNA in BAL fluid is a potential risk factor for BOS. Our results warrant further studies to elucidate a possible causal link between HHV-6 and BOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Neurohr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Klinikum Grosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
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29
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Carey B, DeLay M, Strasser JE, Chalk C, Dudley-McClain K, Milligan GN, Brunner HI, Thornton S, Hirsch R. A soluble divalent class I MHC/IgG1 fusion protein activates CD8+ T cells in vivo. Clin Immunol 2005; 116:65-76. [PMID: 15925833 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T lymphocytes recognize tumor and viral antigens bound to class I major histocompatibility complexes (MHC). Tumors and viruses may evade detection by preventing antigen presentation. The present study was designed to determine whether a soluble divalent fusion protein, containing the extracellular domains of a class I MHC molecule fused to beta2-microglobulin and the constant domains of IgG1, could induce an immune response in vivo. Administration to mice of the fusion protein loaded with a tumor peptide induced peptide-specific T cell activation and retarded tumor growth. Administration of the fusion protein loaded with a glycoprotein B (gB) peptide derived from herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) induced gB-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and protected mice from a lethal HSV-1 challenge. These data suggest that antigen-loaded MHC/IgG fusion proteins may enhance T cell immunity in conditions where antigen presentation is altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna Carey
- William S. Rowe Division of Rheumatology, Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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30
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Betanzos-Cabrera G, Ramírez FJ, Muñoz JL, Barrón BL, Maldonado R. Inactivation of HSV-2 by ascorbate–Cu(II) and its protecting evaluation in CF-1 mice against encephalitis. J Virol Methods 2004; 120:161-5. [PMID: 15288958 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 05/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate is an important antioxidant. However, in the presence of transition metals such as Cu(II) or Fe(III), it also has pro-oxidant capabilities. The effect of ascorbate-Cu(II) in the in vitro infection of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and its protecting effect in a murine model was investigated. HSV-2 was treated with different concentrations of ascorbate in the presence of Cu(II). A group of CF-1 mice were treated with the inactivated virus and other treated with maintenance medium containing only ascorbate-Cu(II). Weeks later, mice were challenged intranasally with infectious viruses. HSV-2 was completely inactivated by 2mM ascorbate plus 1mM Cu(II). Ascorbate or Cu(II) alone did not inactivate the virus. Compared with the control group, 60% of the immunized animals did not show any sign of encephalitis and survived the herpes virus infection, while a 7% survival rate was observed in the control group (P = 0.056). We concluded that the in vitro treatment of HSV-2 with ascorbate-Cu(II) is not only able to inactivate the virus, but also suggested that the viral particles induced a protective response against herpes encephalitis. This inactivation may provide an alternative method to develop new agents therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- Area Académica de Nutrición, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo, Abasolo 600 Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo 42000, Mexico.
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31
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Kawada JI, Kimura H, Ito Y, Ando Y, Tanaka-Kitajima N, Hayakawa M, Nunoi H, Endo F, Morishima T. Evaluation of systemic inflammatory responses in neonates with herpes simplex virus infection. J Infect Dis 2004; 190:494-8. [PMID: 15243922 DOI: 10.1086/422325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2003] [Accepted: 02/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is a severe disease with high mortality and morbidity. To investigate the pathogenesis of neonatal HSV infection, we examined inflammatory responses and markers of apoptosis in patients with neonatal HSV infection. Concentrations of inflammatory cytokines and markers of apoptosis were significantly higher in patients with disseminated HSV infection and were correlated with HSV load. It appears that the immunopathological damage that results from host responses to viral infection leads to organ dysfunction in patients with neonatal HSV infection.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis
- Etanercept
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Herpes Simplex/physiopathology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Infant, Low Birth Weight
- Infant, Newborn
- Infant, Premature
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/immunology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/mortality
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/physiopathology
- Infant, Premature, Diseases/virology
- Interleukin-6/blood
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/blood
- Simplexvirus/genetics
- Simplexvirus/isolation & purification
- Simplexvirus/physiology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/immunology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/mortality
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/physiopathology
- Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/virology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-ichi Kawada
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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32
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Yorty JL, Schultz SA, Bonneau RH. Postpartum maternal corticosterone decreases maternal and neonatal antibody levels and increases the susceptibility of newborn mice to herpes simplex virus-associated mortality. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 150:48-58. [PMID: 15081248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2003] [Revised: 01/15/2004] [Accepted: 01/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of corticosterone on the transmammary transfer of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific antibody and the ability of the neonate to survive HSV-2 infection were assessed. Increased postpartum maternal corticosterone reduced the levels of total and HSV-specific IgG in the serum and milk of mothers. Neonates nursed by these mothers received increased levels of corticosterone and decreased levels of total and HSV-specific IgG. Accordingly, these neonates were more susceptible to HSV-2-associated mortality; however, survival was restored through passive immunization with HSV-specific antibody. These studies demonstrate that postpartum elevations in corticosterone compromise a mother's ability to provide protective antibody to their offspring.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/blood
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/blood
- Animals, Newborn/immunology
- Animals, Suckling/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Corticosterone/administration & dosage
- Corticosterone/blood
- Corticosterone/physiology
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Female
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Herpes Simplex/prevention & control
- Herpes Simplex/transmission
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/physiology
- Immunity, Maternally-Acquired
- Immunization, Passive
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Postpartum Period/blood
- Postpartum Period/immunology
- Postpartum Period/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Virus Replication/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Yorty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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33
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Ong GM, Lowry K, Mahajan S, Wyatt DE, Simpson C, O'Neill HJ, McCaughey C, Coyle PV. Herpes simplex type 1 shedding is associated with reduced hospital survival in patients receiving assisted ventilation in a tertiary referral intensive care unit. J Med Virol 2004; 72:121-5. [PMID: 14635019 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The impact of shedding of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) on hospital survival of patients receiving assisted ventilation in an adult tertiary referral, acute trauma intensive care unit was assessed. The study was designed to address a clinical impression linking HSV-1 recovery with poor survival. Two hundred and forty-one males and 152 females were enrolled into a longitudinal cohort study. Combined throat swabs and tracheal secretions were tested for HSV-1 shedding using a nested nucleic acid amplification protocol; patients were ranked as nonshedders, shedders, and high-level shedders. Nonparametric analysis assessed the impact of shedding on hospital survival and logistic regression measured the confounding influence of sex, age, and the Acute Physiology, Age and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) score. Linear-by-linear association determined the influence of the level of shedding on hospital survival. The observed mortality rate was 113/393 (28.8%). Patients shedding HSV-1 106/393 (27%) had a significant reduction in hospital survival 66/106 (62%) in HSV-1 shedders compared with 217/287 (75.6%) in nonshedders (P = 0.002). This difference remained significant when adjusted for age and sex (P = 0.026). Respective mortality figures for HSV-1 shedders and nonshedders were 43/106 (40.6%) and 70/287 (24.4%) (P = 0.002). HSV-1 shedding was associated with a significant reduction in hospital survival amongst patients receiving assisted ventilation. Hospital mortality in HSV-1 shedders was increased by 16.2% over nonshedders. The role of HSV-1 in this setting needs to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Ong
- Regional Virus Laboratory, Queens University Belfast, Royal Group of Hospitals Trust, Belfast, United Kingdom
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34
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Davis JM, Murphy EA, Brown AS, Carmichael MD, Ghaffar A, Mayer EP. Effects of moderate exercise and oat β-glucan on innate immune function and susceptibility to respiratory infection. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 286:R366-72. [PMID: 14551169 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00304.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Both moderate exercise and the soluble oat fiber β-glucan can increase immune function and decrease risk of infection, but no information exists on their possible combined effects. This study tested the effects of moderate exercise and oat β-glucan on respiratory infection, macrophage antiviral resistance, and natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Mice were assigned to four groups: exercise and water, exercise and oat β-glucan, control water, or control oat β-glucan. Oat β-glucan was fed in the drinking water for 10 days before intranasal inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or euthanasia. Exercise consisted of treadmill running (1 h/day) for 6 days. Macrophage resistance to HSV-1 was increased with both exercise and oat β-glucan, whereas NK cell cytotoxicity was only increased with exercise. Exercise was also associated with a 45 and 38% decrease in morbidity and mortality, respectively. Mortality was also decreased with oat β-glucan, but this effect did not reach statistical significance. No additive effects of exercise and oat β-glucan were found. These data confirm a positive effect of both moderate exercise and oat β-glucan on immune function, but only moderate exercise was associated with a significant reduction in the risk of upper respiratory tract infection in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Davis
- Dept. of Exercise Science, 1300 Wheat St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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35
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Yorty JL, Bonneau RH. Prenatal transfer of low amounts of herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific antibody protects newborn mice against HSV infection during acute maternal stress. Brain Behav Immun 2004; 18:15-23. [PMID: 14651943 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their immunocompromised status, neonates rely heavily upon maternally derived, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific antibody for resistance to HSV infection. Interestingly, previous studies have documented a decreased transfer of maternal IgG antibody and immunocompetence of the offspring following perinatal exposure to stress-induced corticosterone. However, we recently demonstrated that the transplacental transfer of relatively high amounts of HSV-specific antibody is resilient to acute maternal stress and protects neonatal mice against HSV-2-associated mortality. Our current studies demonstrate that transplacentally acquired, HSV-specific antibody declines rapidly in neonate serum such that by day 7 postnatal only 10% of this antibody remains. Prenatal stress does not affect the overall kinetics with which the HSV-specific antibody declines. Surprisingly, this relatively low level of antibody is still sufficient to protect 7-day-old mice against HSV-associated mortality. To extend these studies, we utilized an immunization strategy that elicits low levels of HSV-specific antibody in maternal serum. We demonstrated that despite a stress-induced increase in corticosterone, the prenatal transfer and protective capacity of low amounts of HSV-specific antibody remains intact during acute maternal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Yorty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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36
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Lundberg P, Welander P, Openshaw H, Nalbandian C, Edwards C, Moldawer L, Cantin E. A locus on mouse chromosome 6 that determines resistance to herpes simplex virus also influences reactivation, while an unlinked locus augments resistance of female mice. J Virol 2003; 77:11661-73. [PMID: 14557652 PMCID: PMC229335 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11661-11673.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During studies to determine a role for tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection using TNF receptor null mutant mice, we discovered a genetic locus, closely linked to the TNF p55 receptor (Tnfrsf1a) gene on mouse chromosome 6 (c6), that determines resistance or susceptibility to HSV-1. We named this locus the herpes resistance locus, Hrl, and showed that it also mediates resistance to HSV-2. Hrl has at least two alleles, Hrl(r), expressed by resistant strains like C57BL/6 (B6), and Hrl(s), expressed by susceptible strains like 129S6 (129) and BALB/c. Although Hrl is inherited as an autosomal dominant gene, resistance to HSV-1 is strongly sex biased such that female mice are significantly more resistant than male mice. Analysis of backcrosses between resistant B6 and susceptible 129 mice revealed that a second locus, tentatively named the sex modifier locus, Sml, functions to augment resistance of female mice. Besides determining resistance, Hrl is one of several genes involved in the control of HSV-1 replication in the eye and ganglion. Remarkably, Hrl also affects reactivation of HSV-1, possibly by interaction with some unknown gene(s). We showed that Hrl is distinct from Cmv1, the gene that determines resistance to murine cytomegalovirus, which is encoded in the major NK cell complex just distal of p55 on c6. Hrl has been mapped to a roughly 5-centimorgan interval on c6, and current efforts are focused on obtaining a high-resolution map for Hrl.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Crosses, Genetic
- Ganglion Cysts/virology
- Genetic Linkage
- Herpes Genitalis/genetics
- Herpes Genitalis/mortality
- Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 2, Human/pathogenicity
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C/genetics
- Mice, Inbred C57BL/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Sex Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric Lundberg
- Department of Virology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
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37
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Vogel JU, Cinatl J, Dauletbaev N, Buxbaum S, Treusch G, Cinatl J, Gerein V, Doerr HW. Effects of S-acetylglutathione in cell and animal model of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2003; 194:55-9. [PMID: 14624358 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-003-0212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2003] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular glutathione (GSH) plays an important regulatory role in the host response to viral infections. Replenishment of intracellular GSH is a desirable yet challenging goal, since systemic GSH supplementation is rather inefficient due to a short half-life of GSH in blood plasma. Further, GSH is not taken up by cells directly, but needs to be broken down into amino acids and resynthesized to GSH intracellularly, this process often being impaired during viral infections. These obstacles may be overcome by a novel glutathione derivative S-acetylglutathione (S-GSH), which is more stable in plasma and taken up directly by cells with subsequent conversion to GSH. In the present study, in vitro effects of supplementation with S-GSH or GSH on intracellular GSH levels, cell survival and replication of human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were studied in human foreskin fibroblasts. In addition, in vivo effects of supplementation with S-GSH or GSH on HSV-1-induced mortality were studied in hr/hr mice. In cell culture, viral infection resulted in a significant decrease of intracellular GSH levels. S-GSH efficiently and dose-dependently (5 and 10 mM tested) restored intracellular GSH, and this replenishment was more efficient than with GSH supplementation. In mice, S-GSH, but not GSH, significantly decreased HSV-1-induced mortality ( P<0.05). The data suggest that S-GSH is a suitable antiviral agent against HSV-1 both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that this drug may be of benefit in the adjunctive therapy of HSV-1 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens-Uwe Vogel
- Institute for Medical Virology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Hospital, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 40, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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38
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Mätz-Rensing K, Jentsch KD, Rensing S, Langenhuyzen S, Verschoor E, Niphuis H, Kaup FJ. Fatal Herpes simplex infection in a group of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Vet Pathol 2003; 40:405-11. [PMID: 12824512 DOI: 10.1354/vp.40-4-405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An outbreak of classical herpetic infection causing vesicoulcerative stomatitis in a family group (eight animals) of Callithrix jacchus is described. In all eight infected animals, human herpesvirus 1 (HHV-1) was identified as the causative agent. This was confirmed by histologic, immunohistologic, and molecular biologic investigations, as well as by virus isolation. The clinical picture, the macroscopic appearance, and the histologic results indicated a herpes infection as the cause of mortality. Alterations of the oral mucous membranes were erosive to ulcerative with typical intranuclear inclusions. Immunohistologic and molecular biologic techniques clearly identified the HHV-1 virus and excluded other possible primate herpesviruses such as B-virus, SA8, HVP-2, and Herpes tamarinus. The significance of this herpesvirus infection for colony management is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Mätz-Rensing
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Primate Husbandry, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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39
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Lubinski JM, Jiang M, Hook L, Chang Y, Sarver C, Mastellos D, Lambris JD, Cohen GH, Eisenberg RJ, Friedman HM. Herpes simplex virus type 1 evades the effects of antibody and complement in vivo. J Virol 2002; 76:9232-41. [PMID: 12186907 PMCID: PMC136467 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.18.9232-9241.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) encodes a complement-interacting glycoprotein, gC, and an immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc binding glycoprotein, gE, that mediate immune evasion by affecting multiple aspects of innate and acquired immunity, including interfering with complement components C1q, C3, C5, and properdin and blocking antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Previous studies evaluated the individual contributions of gC and gE to immune evasion. Experiments in a murine model that examines the combined effects of gC and gE immune evasion on pathogenesis are now reported. Virulence of wild-type HSV-1 is compared with mutant viruses defective in gC-mediated C3 binding, gE-mediated IgG Fc binding, or both immune evasion activities. Eliminating both activities greatly increased susceptibility of HSV-1 to antibody and complement neutralization in vitro and markedly reduced virulence in vivo as measured by disease scores, virus titers, and mortality. Studies with C3 knockout mice indicated that other activities attributed to these glycoproteins, such as gC-mediated virus attachment to heparan sulfate or gE-mediated cell-to-cell spread, do not account for the reduced virulence of mutant viruses. The results support the importance of gC and gE immune evasion in vivo and suggest potential new targets for prevention and treatment of HSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lubinski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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40
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Dalai SK, Pesnicak L, Miller GF, Straus SE. Prophylactic and therapeutic effects of human immunoglobulin on the pathobiology of HSV-1 infection, latency, and reactivation in mice. J Neurovirol 2002; 8:35-44. [PMID: 11847590 DOI: 10.1080/135502802317247794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Pooled human immunoglobulin (IgG) was evaluated as prophylaxis and treatment of HSV-1 infection in mice. We compared the effects of IgG on the course of acute infection and spread of virus through the nervous system, as well as on the establishment, maintenance, and reactivation of virus from latency. Balb/c mice received a single 3.75 mg intraperitoneal injection of IgG 24 h before or 24 h, 48 h, or 72 h after ocular infection with 10(6) pfu of HSV-1 strain McKrae. Treatment with IgG protected against death in a time-dependent manner (P < 0.001 for -24 h vs. +48 h and +72 h IgG treatment groups). Viral shedding from the eyes was reduced more in mice treated with IgG at -24 h or +24 h relative to animals treated at +48 h. Viral titers in the eyes were reduced in mice treated with IgG at +24 h, but not at +48 h. In ganglia, virus recovery was reduced (P < 0.05) in mice treated at -24 h, +24 h, or +48 h relative to untreated mice, or ones treated at +72 h. In brains, similar results were observed in mice treated at -24 h, +24 h, or +48 h relative to +72 h. Upon explantation, virus reactivated from all ganglia of all surviving mice regardless of treatment group. DNA quantitation showed that mice pretreated with IgG tended towards lower quantities of latent genome copies compared to +24 h treatment and +48 h treatment. UV irradiation induced reactivation in vivo in 16/40 pretreated mice, 20/29 mice treated at +24 h, and in 8/8 mice treated at +48 h (P = 0.03 and P = 0.004, for comparisons at -24 h vs. +24 h, and -24 h vs. +48 h, respectively). Histopathological studies revealed that mice pretreated and treated with IgG had milder encephalitis and reduced virus spread compared to untreated mice. Pooled human IgG attenuates the spread of, and morbidity from, HSV-1 if given before and within 2 days after ocular infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarat K Dalai
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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41
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Noisakran S, Carr DJ. Topical application of the cornea post-infection with plasmid DNA encoding interferon-alpha1 but not recombinant interferon-alphaA reduces herpes simplex virus type 1-induced mortality in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2001; 121:49-58. [PMID: 11730939 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(01)00442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of recombinant interferon (rIFN)-alphaA to plasmid DNA encoding IFN-alpha1 against ocular herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. The topical application of rIFN-alphaA (100-300 units/eye) onto the cornea of mice subsequently infected 24 h later with HSV-1 antagonized viral-induced mortality. The enhancement in cumulative survival in the rIFN-alphaA-treated mice correlated with a reduction of viral titers recovered in the eye and trigeminal ganglion (TG) at 3 and 6 days post-infection. The protective effect was site-specific such that when rIFN-alphaA was administered orally or intranasally, no efficacy against HSV-1 was observed. However, the protective effect was time-dependent. Specifically, when the rIFN-alphaA (100-1000 units/eye) was administered at 24 h post-infection, no protective effect was observed against HSV-1 compared to the vehicle-treated group. In contrast, plasmid DNA (100 microg/eye) containing the IFN-alpha1 transgene showed significant protection when topically applied 24 h post-infection. Although the transgene was found to traffic distal from the site of application (eye), including the trigeminal ganglion and the spleen where CD11b(+) and CD11c(+) cells express the transgene, the migration of the transgene did not correlate with efficacy. Collectively, the results suggest that naked DNA encoding type I IFN applied post-infection provides a greater degree of protection against ocular HSV-1 infection in comparison with recombinant protein effectively antagonizing viral replication and spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Noisakran
- Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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42
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Abstract
Neonatal HSV disease is a potentially devastating illness with significant mortality and morbidity. Collaborative research efforts over the past 25 years have provided therapeutic options that were beyond hope just a generation ago. The use of high-dose acyclovir for the treatment of acute neonatal HSV disease has reduced mortality rates to their lowest level ever. Application of PCR to clinical specimens from neonates suspected of having neonatal HSV infection largely has eliminated the need to perform invasive brain biopsies, while at the same time providing a new tool with which to re-define the natural history of neonatal HSV disease. A limitation of PCR is the lack of standardisation in methodologies from laboratory to laboratory, which can impede a clinician's ability to interpret the PCR results. As such, all test results, including those from PCR, must be evaluated in the context of the patient's medical condition. Areas for continued research for further means of improvement in disease outcome include raising awareness of neonatal HSV disease so that the time between disease onset and the initiation of antiviral therapy can be shortened, as well as the evaluation of monoclonal antibodies as adjunctive therapy to high-dose acyclovir. Utilisation of suppressive oral acyclovir following acute neonatal disease is another therapeutic option under clinical investigation with the potential to improve morbidity outcomes of neonatal HSV disease survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Kimberlin
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1600 Seventh Avenue South, Suite 616, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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43
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Loutsch JM, Sainz B, Marquart ME, Zheng X, Kesavan P, Higaki S, Hill JM, Tal-Singer R. Effect of famciclovir on herpes simplex virus type 1 corneal disease and establishment of latency in rabbits. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001; 45:2044-53. [PMID: 11408221 PMCID: PMC90598 DOI: 10.1128/aac.45.7.2044-2053.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Famciclovir (FCV) is efficacious in the treatment of acute herpes zoster and recurrent genital infections but has not been used to treat ocular herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections. We evaluated the efficacy of orally administered FCV in treating HSV-1 epithelial keratitis and determined its effects on the establishment of latency and subsequent reactivation. Rabbits were inoculated with HSV-1 strain 17 syn+ and treated twice daily with increasing concentrations of FCV (60 to 500 mg/kg of body weight). This resulted in a significant, dose-dependent improvement in keratitis scores, as well as prolonged survival. Regardless of the dose of drug used, all groups exhibited the high rates of spontaneous and induced reactivation characteristic of 17syn+. The efficacy of 250 mg of FCV per kg was also compared to topical treatment with 1% trifluorothymidine (TFT). Although TFT treatment was more effective at reducing eye disease, FCV-treated rabbits had a better survival rate. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis of rabbit trigeminal ganglia (TG) demonstrated that FCV significantly reduced the HSV-1 copy number compared to that after treatment with TFT or the placebo but not in a dose-dependent manner. In summary, oral FCV treatment significantly reduces the severity of corneal lesions, reduces the number of HSV-1 genomes in the TG, improves survival, and therefore may be beneficial in reducing the morbidity of HSV keratitis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Loutsch
- Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Eye Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112-2234, USA.
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44
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Mohr I, Sternberg D, Ward S, Leib D, Mulvey M, Gluzman Y. A herpes simplex virus type 1 gamma34.5 second-site suppressor mutant that exhibits enhanced growth in cultured glioblastoma cells is severely attenuated in animals. J Virol 2001; 75:5189-96. [PMID: 11333900 PMCID: PMC114924 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.11.5189-5196.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here the neurovirulence properties of a herpes simplex virus type 1 gamma34.5 second-site suppressor mutant. gamma34.5 mutants are nonneurovirulent in animals and fail to grow in a variety of cultured cells due to a block at the level of protein synthesis. Extragenic suppressors with restored capacity to replicate in cells that normally do not support the growth of the parental gamma34.5 deletion mutant have been isolated. Although the suppressor virus reacquires the ability to grow in nonpermissive cultured cells, it remains severely attenuated in mice and is indistinguishable from the mutant gamma34.5 parent virus at the doses investigated. Repairing the gamma34.5 mutation in the suppressor mutant restores neurovirulence to wild-type levels. These studies illustrate that (i) the protein synthesis and neurovirulence defects observed in gamma34.5 mutant viruses can be genetically separated by an extragenic mutation at another site in the viral chromosome; (ii) the extragenic suppressor mutation does not affect neurovirulence; and (iii) the attenuated gamma34.5 mutant, which replicates poorly in many cell types, can be modified by genetic selection to generate a nonpathogenic variant that regains the ability to grow robustly in a nonpermissive glioblastoma cell line. As this gamma34.5 second-site suppressor variant is attenuated and replicates vigorously in neoplastic cells, it may have potential as a replication-competent, viral antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mohr
- Department of Microbiology and Kaplan Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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45
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Pereira RA, Scalzo A, Simmons A. Cutting edge: a NK complex-linked locus governs acute versus latent herpes simplex virus infection of neurons. J Immunol 2001; 166:5869-73. [PMID: 11342599 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.5869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex causes latent infections that periodically reactivate. Specific immunization attempts are failing to control herpes, prompting a fresh look at which host responses predominate. We report a NK complex-linked genetic locus, Rhs1, whose alleles influence the magnitude of experimental herpes simplex. Rhs1 provided rapid control of primary infection but caused a reciprocal increase in the number of latently infected neurons. Thus, in principle, establishment of latency is a consequence of efficient front line defense against herpesvirus infection. Based on conservation between human and mouse NK complexes, the data predict the presence of a human Rhs1 orthologue on chromosome 12p12-13.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens/physiology
- Antigens, Surface
- Chromosome Mapping
- Female
- Ganglia, Sensory/immunology
- Ganglia, Sensory/virology
- Genetic Markers/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/genetics
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/mortality
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/virology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lethal Dose 50
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/virology
- Peripheral Nerves/immunology
- Peripheral Nerves/virology
- Phenotype
- Proteins/physiology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- Skin/virology
- Species Specificity
- Viral Load
- Virus Latency/genetics
- Virus Latency/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pereira
- Pediatric Virology and Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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46
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Shibaki T, Suzutani T, Yoshida I, Ogasawara M, Azuma M. Participation of type I interferon in the decreased virulence of the UL13 gene-deleted mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2001; 21:279-85. [PMID: 11429158 DOI: 10.1089/107999001300177466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We isolated a UL13 gene-deleted mutant of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain VR3 (VRDelta13) and its revertant virus (VRDelta13R). This deletion mutant still had virus host shutoff (vhs) activity, although a previous report had suggested the possibility of a functional relation between the UL13 product, that is protein kinase (PK), and vhs activity. We compared the in vivo growth of these viruses in BALB/c mice. VRDelta13 was cleared in the early period of intraperitoneal infection. VRDelta13 had a higher sensitivity to the mouse type I interferon (IFN) and showed a higher level of IFN induction in the study period of infection than did VR3 and VRDelta13R. These results suggest that a nonspecific antiviral response (i.e., the IFN system) may contribute to this rapid inhibition of viral replication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shibaki
- Department of Microbiology and First Department of Surgery, Asahikawa Medical College, Asahikawa, 078-8510, Japan
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47
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Abstract
Transcription factor activating transcription factor (ATF)-2 is activated by inflammatory signals transduced by the JNK and p38 MAP kinase pathways. To better define the role of ATF-2 in inflammation, adult mice expressing small amounts of a mutant ATF-2 protein were challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), anti-CD3 antibody or virus. Within 3 h of challenge by LPS, ATF-2 mutant mice had decreased induction of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, P-selectin and VCAM-1 as well as the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6 compared with control mice. Stimulation of T lymphocytes by anti-CD3 antibody also showed less induction of IL-1 and IL-6 in ATF-2 mutant tissues. ATF-2 mutant thymocytes treated with anti-CD3 antibody in vitro demonstrated reduced induction of c-Jun, JunB, JunD and Fra-2. However, similar to what was observed after p38 kinase inhibition in normal mice, relative ATF-2 deficiency did not prevent the development of a mononuclear cell infiltrate in the week following an inflammatory stimulus. ATF-2 mutant mice proved more susceptible to death than control mice from LPS plus D-galactosamine injection or Coxsackievirus B3 infection and had a higher incidence of mononuclear pulmonary infiltrates after exposure to Herpes simplex virus-1. ATF-2 is essential for maximal immediate induction of adhesion molecules and cytokine genes, but at later time points may even protect against overactive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Reimold
- Rheumatic Diseases Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8884, USA
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48
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Cantin E, Tanamachi B, Openshaw H, Mann J, Clarke K. Gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) receptor null-mutant mice are more susceptible to herpes simplex virus type 1 infection than IFN-gamma ligand null-mutant mice. J Virol 1999; 73:5196-200. [PMID: 10233988 PMCID: PMC112570 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.6.5196-5200.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/1998] [Accepted: 02/22/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse strains with null mutations in the gamma interferon gene (Ifng) or the gamma interferon receptor gene (Ifngr) have been engineered. The use of these strains as animal models of viral and bacterial infections has enhanced our understanding of the role of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) in the host immune response. However, direct comparisons between Ifng-/- (GKO) and Ifngr-/- (RGKO) mice have been problematic because previously available strains of these mice have had different genetic backgrounds (i.e., C57BL/6 and BALB/c for GKO mice and 129/Sv//Ev for RGKO mice). To enable direct comparison of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infections in GKO and RGKO mice, we introduced the IFN-gamma null mutation into the 129/Sv//Ev background. We report that, after HSV-1 inoculation, mortality was significantly greater in RGKO mice than in GKO mice (38 versus 23%, P = 0.0001). Similarly, the mortality from vaccinia virus challenge was significantly greater in RGKO mice than in GKO mice. With differences in genetic background excluded as a confounding issue, these results are consistent with the existence of an alternative ligand(s) for the IFN-gamma receptor that is also capable of mediating protection against viral challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Cantin
- Department of Neurology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
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49
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Iwayama S, Ohmura Y, Suzuki K, Ono N, Nakazawa H, Aoki M, Tanabe I, Sekiyama T, Tsuji T, Okunishi M, Yamanishi K, Nishiyama Y. Evaluation of anti-herpesvirus activity of (1'S,2'R)-9-[[1',2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl]- guanine (A-5021) in mice. Antiviral Res 1999; 42:139-48. [PMID: 10389656 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The anti-herpesvirus activity of (1'S,2'R)-9-[[1',2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl]guani ne (A-5021) was evaluated in murine cells and in several murine models of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Against HSV type 1 (HSV-1), A-5021 was 15-30- and 30-60-fold more active, and against HSV type 2 (HSV-2), it was 2- and 8-fold more active than acyclovir and penciclovir in Balb/3T3 cells, respectively. When antiviral compounds were administered orally (once daily) to mice infected intraperitoneally with HSV-1 (Tomioka), A-5021 was more active than acyclovir or famciclovir in spite of its relatively low oral bioavailability. A-5021 was as active as penciclovir when the antiviral compounds were given intravenously (three times daily) to mice infected intraperitoneally with HSV-2 (186). In mice with a cutaneous HSV-1 (KOS) infection, three times daily oral therapy with A-5021 at 25 mg/kg per day produced more significant reduction in severity of skin lesions than equivalent treatment with acyclovir or famciclovir. In mice infected intracerebrally with HSV-1 (Tomioka), complete survival was observed in the group treated intravenously with A-5021 at 25 mg/kg per day (three times daily), while more than 50% of mice died in the groups treated intravenously with acyclovir of up to 100 mg/kg per day (three times daily). Moreover, A-5021 was more effective than acyclovir in clearing infectious virus from the brain. These findings demonstrate that A-5021 has potent anti-HSV activity in several murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iwayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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50
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Abstract
We studied the susceptibility of B cell-deficient mice to encephalomyelitis following intraperitoneal inoculation of HSV-1. B cell-deficient mice developed striking CNS signs including tail atony, clumsy gait and limb paralysis after HSV-1 infection. In addition, B cell-deficient mice had decreased survival (LD50 = 2.2 x 10(7) PFU) compared to control C57BL/6 mice (LD50 = 2.3 x 10(8) PFU). B cell-deficient mice had encephalomyelitis and detectable virus in the brain 7 days post-infection while C57BL/6 mice did not. Passive transfer of hyperimmune sera protected B cell-deficient mice from death, suggesting a role for antibody in susceptibility to HSV-1 encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Beland
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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