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Shen YS, Chow YH, Fang CY, Wu SR, Chen CH, Huang MH, Liao CL, Chiang JR, Liu CC. The stability and immunogenicity of formalin-inactivated Enterovirus A71 whole virion vaccine after ten years of low temperature storage. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2023; 56:1121-1128. [PMID: 37919172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine stability is an important issue for vaccine development, which affects whether the vaccine product is effective within a certain period of time in each progress. Hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMD) is an epidemic disease in young children usually caused by Enterovirus A group viruses, and the Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) had caused several pandemics and public health issues around the world. After two decades of research and development, formalin-inactivated EV-A71 (FI-EV-A71) vaccines are the first to complete the phase III clinical trials for protection against EV-A71 infection. Currently, the shelf life of FI-EV-A71 vaccine product is set to be within 18 months, but the stability and the effectiveness of the FI-EV-A71 whole virion when stored long-term at low temperature remains undetermined. METHODS Assessing the long-term storage properties of viral particles facilitates flexibility in manufacturing of vaccine products. In this study, the stability profiles of FI-EV-A71 vaccine lots and bulks after long-term of low temperature storage were analyzed by protein tests, particle measurement and animal immunization study. RESULTS After over ten years of storage, the reduction of protein concentration in the FI-EV-A71 bulk samples is less than 30 % and the antigenic content remained in a suspended, particulate state. Both the packed FI-EV-A71 final vaccine products and the FI-EV-A71 antigens adjuvant premix bulk could elicit strong neutralizing responses in mice. CONCLUSION After ten years of low temperature storage, the FI-EV-A71 vaccine still presents decent stability and good immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Shen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsun Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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2
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Lai J, Li Z, Pan L, Huang Y, Zhou Z, Ma C, Guo J, Xu L. Research progress on pathogenic and therapeutic mechanisms of Enterovirus A71. Arch Virol 2023; 168:260. [PMID: 37773227 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-023-05882-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection has become a major global public health problem, especially for infants and young children. The results of epidemiological research show that EV-A71 infection can cause acute hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and complications of the nervous system in severe cases, including aseptic pediatric meningoencephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and even death. Many studies have demonstrated that EV-A71 infection may trigger a variety of intercellular and intracellular signaling pathways, which are interconnected to form a network that leads to the innate immune response, immune escape, inflammation, and apoptosis in the host. This article aims to provide an overview of the possible mechanisms underlying infection, signaling pathway activation, the immune response, immune evasion, apoptosis, and the inflammatory response caused by EV-A71 infection and an overview of potential therapeutic strategies against EV-A71 infection to better understand the pathogenesis of EV-A71 and to aid in the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmei Lai
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhishan Li
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Pan
- The First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Yunxia Huang
- The Sixth Clinical College, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zifei Zhou
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Ma
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Guo
- Academy of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingqing Xu
- Qingyuan People's Hospital, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan, China.
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3
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Razak A, Altaf I, Ahmad Anjum A, Raza Awan A. Preparation of purified vaccine from local isolate of foot and mouth disease virus and its immune response in bovine calves. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103709. [PMID: 37440959 PMCID: PMC10333673 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is globally pandemic which badly affect the economics of livestock based countries like Pakistan. There are different types of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) among these types O is most prevalent in Pakistan. Recently Pakistan is producing approximately fifteen million doses of non-purified FMD vaccine against the demand of 160 million doses annually. More over the Pakistan is still striving for the development and optimization of concentration as well as purification of FMDV. The present project was designed to develop the technology for the purification of FMDV indigenously. The locally isolated and adapted FMDV type O virus was propagated on adherent culture of BHK-21cells to get final volume of virus one liter. This virus suspension was concentrated by peggylation as well as ultra-filtration method. The purification and quantification of concentrated virus was done by size exclusion chromatography. The results showed that peggylation is better method of concentration up to 603.75 µg/ml with 82.80 % recovery rate than ultra-filtration with 43.90 % followed by chromatography for purification. The PD50 was calculated in bovines at 24, 12, 6, 3 and 1.5 µg of FMDV Ag/dose and it revealed that antigen load of 1.98 µg is the dose, where the 50 % of inoculated animals showed the protective antibody level based upon percent inhibition through antibody detecting ELISA. According to the British pharmacopeia, the vaccine should contain 3PD50 which found equivalent to our findings about 6 µg/dose. The group of animal injected with 6/dose (3.23PD50) showed protective titer up to 20th week post priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Razak
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Altaf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad Anjum
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza Awan
- Institute of Biochemistry, and Biotechnology, University of Veterinary, and Animal Sciences, Syed Abdul Qadir Jillani (Out Fall) Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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4
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Lien SC, Lu CC, Shen YS, Yang YT, Wu SR, Fang CY, Chow YH, Liao CL, Chiang JR, Liu CC. Separation and purification of highly infectious enterovirus A71 particles using a strong anion-exchange column. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1680:463427. [PMID: 36029731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Virions produced from cell culture is the primary source for production of formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccines for enteroviruses. EV-A71 particles produced from culture system comprise two major types, the immature/empty (E)-particle and the mature/full (F)-particle, which both exhibit low isoelectric point (pI) values but have distinct differences in infectivity and immunogenicity. Although EV-A71 particles can conventionally be separated into E-particle and F-particle using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, this procedure is cumbersome and difficult to put into practice for vaccine production. Methods based on ion-exchange chromatography have been exploited to improve the purification efficacy; however, none of them are capable of separating the E- and F-particles efficiently. In this study, we aimed to develop an approach to isolate and purify the highly immunogenic mature EV-A71 particles. By applying a step gradient elution procedure, we successfully isolated the viral structure protein VP0-cleaved particles of EV-A71 from a mixture of cultured viral solution using the Q-membrane anion-exchange chromatography. The elution started with 0.1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution while increasing the percentage of 1x PBS containing 1M NaCl in sequential steps. By this procedure, the VP0-cleaved mature particles and VP0-uncleaved immature particles of EV-A71 could be separated into different fractions in Q-membrane with gradually increased NaCl concentration in elution buffer. The purified VP0-cleaved particles were shown to have characteristics equivalent to those of the highly infectious F-particles of EV-A71. The overall recovery rate for the mature EV-A71 particles by Q-membrane is 56% and its purity was shown to be equivalent to those isolated by the sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Our approach provides a simple and efficient purification method for recovering mature, highly infectious virus particles from the EV-A71 culture bulk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Lien
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Lu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Shen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Yang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
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5
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R.Swartz A, Shieh Y, Gulasarian A, Olson J, R.Rustandi R. Binding of Coxsackievirus A21 procapsids to immobilized glutathione depends on cell culture conditions during infection. Virology 2022; 573:167-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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6
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Konstantinidis S, Poplyk MR, Swartz AR, Rustandi RR, Thompson R, Wang SC. Application of cation exchange chromatography in bind and elute and flowthrough mode for the purification of enteroviruses. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463259. [PMID: 35759911 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Members of the enterovirus genus are promising oncolytic agents. Their morphogenesis involves the generation of both genome-packed infectious capsids and empty capsids. The latter are typically considered as an impurity in need of removal from the final product. The separation of empty and full capsids can take place with centrifugation methods, which are of low throughput and poorly scalable, or scalable chromatographic processes, which typically require peak cutting and a significant trade-off between purity and yield. Here we demonstrate the application of packed bed cation exchange (CEX) column chromatography for the separation of empty capsids from infectious virions for a prototype strain of Coxsackievirus A21. This separation was developed using high throughput chromatography techniques and scaled up as a bind and elute polishing step. The separation was robust over a wide range of operating conditions and returned highly resolved empty and full capsids. The CEX step could be operated in bind and elute or flowthrough mode with similar selectivity and returned yields greater than 70% for full mature virus particles. Similar performance was also achieved using a selection of other bead based CEX chromatography media, demonstrating general applicability of this type of chromatography for Coxsackievirus A21 purification. These results highlight the wide applicability and excellent performance of CEX chromatography for the purification of enteroviruses, such as Coxsackievirus A21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Murphy R Poplyk
- Vaccine Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew R Swartz
- Vaccine Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Rachel Thompson
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Sheng-Ching Wang
- Vaccine Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
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7
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Surface-initiated ARGET ATRP of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) from macroporous hydrogels via oil-in-water high internal phase emulsion templates for specific capture of Enterovirus 71. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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8
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Li ML, Shih SR, Tolbert BS, Brewer G. Enterovirus A71 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030199. [PMID: 33673595 PMCID: PMC7997495 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. Moreover, EV-A71 infection can lead to neurological complications and death. Vaccination is the most efficient way to control virus infection. There are currently three inactivated, whole EV-A71 vaccines licensed by the China NMPA (National Medical Products Administration). Several other types of vaccines, such as virus-like particles and recombinant VP1 (capsid protein), are also under development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of EV-A71 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Blanton S. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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9
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Gu H, Liu Y, Wang L, Zhang B, Yin D, Zhang Q. Polymer
brush‐grafted
monolithic macroporous
polyHIPEs
obtained by
surface‐initiated ARGET ATRP
and heparinized for Enterovirus 71 purification. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Yibin Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Lichun Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Kun'ming China
| | - Baoliang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Dezhong Yin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional and Smart Polymer Materials of Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Northwestern Polytechnical University Xi'an China
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10
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Junter GA, Lebrun L. Polysaccharide-based chromatographic adsorbents for virus purification and viral clearance. J Pharm Anal 2020; 10:291-312. [PMID: 32292625 PMCID: PMC7104128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses still pose a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide. In the fight against viral infections, high-purity viral stocks are needed for manufacture of safer vaccines. It is also a priority to ensure the viral safety of biopharmaceuticals such as blood products. Chromatography techniques are widely implemented at both academic and industrial levels in the purification of viral particles, whole viruses and virus-like particles to remove viral contaminants from biopharmaceutical products. This paper focuses on polysaccharide adsorbents, particulate resins and membrane adsorbers, used in virus purification/removal chromatography processes. Different chromatographic modes are surveyed, with particular attention to ion exchange and affinity/pseudo-affinity adsorbents among which commercially available agarose-based resins (Sepharose®) and cellulose-based membrane adsorbers (Sartobind®) occupy a dominant position. Mainly built on the development of new ligands coupled to conventional agarose/cellulose matrices, the development perspectives of polysaccharide-based chromatography media in this antiviral area are stressed in the conclusive part.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Alain Junter
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Lebrun
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000, Rouen, France
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11
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Wu XX, Chen KD, Chen DZ, Xiao LL, Huang KZ, Zhang YJ, Li LJ. Process optimization for the rapid production of Enterovirus 71. Cytotechnology 2019; 71:1053-1061. [PMID: 31559514 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-019-00340-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). Inactivated EV71 vaccine was effective to prevent EV71 derived HFMD. A highly efficient and economical process for producing EV71 is needed. In our study, the epidemic strain of EV71 (EV71-2013ZJHFMD) was obtained and purified. The Vero cells were cultured for production of EV71. The mini-bioreactor vessel (Amprotein Inc., China) packed with a 0.6 g polymer fiber carrier was used to determine the best seeding cell density, multiplicity of infection (MOI) and temperature. Then the optimized procedure was further applied in a 10 L disposable perfusion bioreactor ACPB (AmProtein Current Perfusion Bioreactor). The Vero cell culture and viral titer were monitored. The seeding density of 1.5 × 107 cells per 0.6 g disk was considered to be the most appropriate for the culture. The best MOI was 0.1 and the temperature was 32 °C. The total cell number increased from 1.5 × 109 to 3.0 × 1010. The maximum viral titers reached 1.0 × 108/mL 3 days post-infection in our optimized special culture procedure (serum-free during the harvest period, supplemented with 0.25% Lactalbumin Hydrolysate). The total volume of the harvested supernatant was 25 L and the total virus yield was 1.93 × 1012. The procedure using Vero cells grown on polymer fiber paper carriers was effective for the large-scale production of EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Ke-Da Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Da-Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lan-Lan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Kai-Zhou Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yan-Jun Zhang
- Department of Virus Inspection, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, 310051, China.
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, Collaborative Innovative Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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12
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Formalin treatment increases the stability and immunogenicity of coxsackievirus B1 VLP vaccine. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104595. [PMID: 31491431 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) are a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and aseptic meningitis. However, no CVB-vaccines are available for human use. We have previously produced virus-like particles (VLPs) for CVB3 with a baculovirus-insect cell production system. Here we have explored the potential of a VLP-based vaccine targeting CVB1 and describe the production of CVB1-VLPs with a scalable VLP purification method. The developed purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography is compatible with industrial scale production. CVB1-VLP vaccine was treated with UV-C or formalin to study whether stability and immunogenicity was affected. Untreated, UV treated and formalin treated VLPs remained morphologically intact for 12 months at 4 °C. Formalin treatment increased, whereas UV treatment decreased the thermostability of the VLP-vaccine. High neutralising and total IgG antibody levels, the latter predominantly of a Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in female BALB/c mice immunised with non-adjuvanted, untreated CVB1-VLP vaccine. The immunogenicity of the differently treated CVB1-VLPs (non-adjuvanted) were compared in C57BL/6 J mice and animals vaccinated with formalin treated CVB1-VLPs mounted the strongest neutralising and, CVB1-specific IgG and IgG1 antibody responses. This study demonstrates that formalin treatment increases the stability and immunogenicity of CVB1-VLP vaccine and may offer a universal tool for the stabilisation of VLPs in the production of more efficient vaccines.
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13
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Lin JY, Kung YA, Shih SR. Antivirals and vaccines for Enterovirus A71. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:65. [PMID: 31481071 PMCID: PMC6720414 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important emerging virus posing a threat to children under five years old. EV-A71 infection in infants or young children can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, or severe neurological complications. However, there are still no effective antivirals for treatment of these infections. In this review, we summarize the antiviral compounds developed to date based on various targets of the EV-A71 life cycle. Moreover, development of a vaccine would be the most effective approach to prevent EV-A71 infection. Therefore, we also summarize the development and clinical progress of various candidate EV-A71 vaccines, including inactivated whole virus, recombinant VP1 protein, synthetic peptides, viral-like particles, and live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Kung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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14
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A comparative study of the effect of UV and formalin inactivation on the stability and immunogenicity of a Coxsackievirus B1 vaccine. Vaccine 2019; 37:5962-5971. [PMID: 31471148 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) belong to the enterovirus genus, and they cause both acute and chronic diseases in humans. CVB infections usually lead to flu-like symptoms but can also result in more serious diseases such as myocarditis, aseptic meningitis and life-threatening multi-organ infections in young infants. Thus, CVBs have long been considered as important targets of future vaccines. We have previously observed CVB1 capsid disintegration and virus concentration decrease with 12-day long formalin inactivation protocol. Here a scalable ion exchange chromatography purification method was developed, and purified CVB1 was inactivated with UV-C or formalin. Virus morphology and concentration remained unchanged, when the UV (2 min) or formalin (5 days) inactivation were performed in the presence of tween80 detergent. The concentration of the native and UV inactivated CVB1 remained constant at 4 °C during a six months stability study, whereas the concentration of the formalin inactivated vaccine decreased 29% during this time. UV treatment decreased, whereas formalin treatment increased the thermal stability of the capsid. The formalin inactivated CVB1 vaccine was more immunogenic than the UV inactivated vaccine; the protective neutralizing antibody levels were higher in mice immunized with formalin inactivated vaccine. High levels of CVB1 neutralizing antibodies as well as IgG1 antibodies were detected in mice that were protected against viremia induced by experimental CVB1 infection. In conclusion, this study describes a scalable ion exchange chromatography purification method and optimized 5-day long formalin inactivation method that preserves CVB1 capsid structure and immunogenicity. Formalin treatment stabilizes the virus particle at elevated temperatures, and the formalin inactivated vaccine induces high levels of serum IgG1 antibodies (Th2 type response) and protective levels of neutralizing antibodies. Formalin inactivated CVB vaccines are promising candidates for human clinical trials.
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Hung MC, Cho CY, Chen CJ, Lai CC, Wu KG. Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated enterovirus A71 vaccine in children 3-6 years and 2-35 months of age- an open-label, randomized phase IIb clinical trial. Vaccine 2019; 37:5559-5566. [PMID: 31399275 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infection can cause severe debilitating complications and even death in young children. The immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated whole EV-A71 virus vaccine were assessed in children 2 months to 6 years of age. METHODS This was an open-label, multi-center and randomized phase IIb study, which divided into part A and B. In part A, children 36 months to 6 years of age were enrolled and randomized into 3 groups, receiving 0.5 μg total viral protein (TP) with adjuvant Al(OH)3, 1.0 μg TP with Al(OH)3 or 1.0 μg TP only. Two doses of vaccines were administered at a 28-day interval and blood was taken before immunization, at week 4, 8, 28 and 52 (optional) for virus neutralization assay. Safety profiles were also monitored. After safety profiles had shown no concerns, children 2 months to 35 months of age (part B) were subsequently enrolled following the same protocol. RESULTS A total of 135 children completed two doses of immunization, including 58 in part A and 77 in part B. Both adjuvanted 0.5 μg and 1.0 μg TP elicited significant raise of neutralizing antibody titers and seroconversion rate was up to 93.75-100.0% after 2 doses of immunization. Adjuvanted 1.0 μg TP induced higher titers of neutralizing antibodies than adjuvanted 0.5 μg TP. By contrast, non-adjuvanted 1.0 μg TP was not immunogenic. No major adverse events were reported. CONCLUSIONS This EV-A71 vaccine containing adjuvant is immunogenic and safe in children 2 months to 6 years of age. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT03268083.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Chiu Hung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ching-Yi Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Jen Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chou-Cheng Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Keh-Gong Wu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.
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Kim H, Kim AY, Kim JS, Lee JM, Kwon M, Bae S, Kim B, Park JW, Park CK, Ko YJ. Determination of the optimal method for the concentration and purification of 146S particles for foot-and-mouth disease vaccine production. J Virol Methods 2019; 269:26-29. [PMID: 30974178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
After the severe outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in South Korea in 2010, the Korean government implemented a vaccination policy and set out to develop an FMD vaccine using a local FMD virus (FMDV) strain. As a part of the basic research for domestic FMD vaccine development, three methods commonly used for the concentration and purification of FMDV to produce FMD vaccine antigens were compared. Among common concentration methods, including polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and ultrafiltration, the most effective method both for concentrating 146S particles and eliminating non-structural proteins (NSPs) was found to be PEG precipitation. Classical PEG precipitation showed the highest recovery of 146S particles (85.4%) with removing 99.8% of the other proteins, including NSPs. To the author's knowledge, this is the first study to compare the current three methods with regard to quantifying intact virus particles (146S). These findings may provide important insights for the development of new FMD vaccines using a local FMDV strain in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah-Young Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seok Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Min Lee
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Kwon
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Bae
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Choi-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Animal Disease Intervention Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young-Joon Ko
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeonsangbuk-do, 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Chia MY, Chung WY, Wang CH, Chang WH, Lee MS. Development of a high-growth enterovirus 71 vaccine candidate inducing cross-reactive neutralizing antibody responses. Vaccine 2018; 36:1167-1173. [PMID: 29398272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Although Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has only one serotype based on serum neutralization tests using hyperimmune animal antisera, three major genogroups (A, B and C) including eleven genotypes (A, B1-B2, and C1-C5) can be well classified based on phylogenetic analysis. Since 1997, large-scale EV71 epidemics occurred cyclically with different genotypes in the Asia-Pacific region. Therefore, development of EV71 vaccines is a national priority in several Asian countries. Currently, five vaccine candidates have been evaluated in clinical trials in China (three C4 candidates), Singapore (one B2 candidate), and Taiwan (one B4 candidate). Overall, the peak viral titers of these 5 vaccine candidates could only reach about 107 TCID50/mL. Moreover, genotypes of these 5 candidates are different from the current predominant genotype B5 in Taiwan and South-Eastern Asia. We adapted a high-growth EV71 genotype B5 (HG-B5) virus after multiple passages and plaque selections in Vero cells and the HG-B5 virus could reach high titers (>108 TCID50/mL) in a microcarrier-based cell culture system. The viral particles were further purified and formulated with alum adjuvant. After two doses of intramuscular immunization in rabbits, the HG-B5 vaccine candidate could induce cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against the three major EV71 genogroups. In conclusion, a high-growth EV71 virus was successfully adapted in Vero cells and could induce broad spectrum neutralizing antibody titers against three (A, B5, and C4) genotypes in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yuan Chia
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Yu Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | | | - Wei-Hau Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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18
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Lim H, In HJ, Lee JA, Sik Yoo J, Lee SW, Chung GT, Choi YK, Chung JK, Cho SJ, Lee JW. The immunogenicity and protection effect of an inactivated coxsackievirus A6, A10, and A16 vaccine against hand, foot, and mouth disease. Vaccine 2018; 36:3445-3452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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19
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Liu CC, Wu SC, Wu SR, Lin HY, Guo MS, Yung-Chih Hu A, Chow YH, Chiang JR, Shieh DB, Chong P. Enhancing enterovirus A71 vaccine production yield by microcarrier profusion bioreactor culture. Vaccine 2017; 36:3134-3139. [PMID: 28274636 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD) are mainly caused by Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) infections. Clinical trials in Asia conducted with formalin-inactivated EV-A71 vaccine candidates produced from serum-free Vero cell culture using either roller bottle or cell factory technology, are found to be safe and highly efficacious. To increase vaccine yields and reduce the production costs, the bioprocess improvement for EV-A71 vaccine manufacturing is currently being investigated. The parameters that could affect and enhance the production yields of EV-A71 virus growth in the microcarrier bioreactor were investigated. The medium replacement culture strategy included a multi-harvested semi-batch process and perfusion technology and was found to increase the production yields more than 7-14 folds. Based on the western blot and cryo-EM analyses of the EV-A71 virus particles produced from either the multi-harvested semi-batch (MHSBC) or perfusion cultures were found to be similar to those virus particles obtained from the single batch culture. Mouse immunogenicity studies indicate that the EV-A71 vaccine candidates produced from the perfusion culture have similar potency to those obtained from single batch bioprocess. The physical structures of the EV-A71 particles revealed by the cryo-EM analysis were found to be spherical capsid particles. These results provide feasible technical bioprocesses for increasing virus yields and the scale up of EV-A71 vaccine manufacturing using the bioreactor cell culture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shin Guo
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- Vaccine Center, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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20
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Development of a full-length cDNA-derived enterovirus A71 vaccine candidate using reverse genetics technology. Antiviral Res 2016; 132:225-32. [PMID: 27387826 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is responsible for epidemics of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in young children. To circumvent difficulties in obtaining clinical enterovirus isolates that might be contaminated with other viruses, a platform technology was developed to quickly generate vaccine virus strains based on the published enterovirus genomic sequences. A recombinant plasmid containing the full-length infectious cDNA clone of EV-A71 vaccine strain E59 was directly generated after transfecting the recombinant plasmid into Vero, RD or HEK293A cells, and phenotypic characteristics similar to the parental strain were observed. The cDNA-derived infectious EV-A71 virus grown in Vero cells produced relatively stable virus titers in both T-flasks and microcarrier culture systems. To evaluate the genetic stability of the cDNA-derived EV-A71 viruses, the immunodominant structural proteins, VP1 and VP2, of the recombinant EV-A71 viruses were sequenced and analyzed. The cDNA-derived EV-A71 virus showed weak pathogenicity in a human SCARB2 mouse model. These results show the successful generation of a recombinant virus derived from a published viral genomic sequence that demonstrated good genetic stability and viral yields, which could represent an efficient and safe vaccine strain for cGMP-grade manufacturing.
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21
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Wang KT, Lin SJ, Wang HC, Chen PC, Lin JJ, Chiang JR, Chang CL, Shih DYC, Lo CF, Wang DY. Establishment of an animal challenge model as a potency assay for an inactivated Enterovirus Type 71 vaccine. Biologicals 2016; 44:183-190. [PMID: 27068365 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) belongs to the Enterovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family, and its occurrence in Asia is associated with hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), leading to death in some cases, in young children. An effective EV71 vaccine is therefore urgently needed. In this study, we established a two-step EV71 vaccine potency model. Intraperitoneal injections in 2-day-old suckling mice were used to establish the LD50 of EV71 B4, B5, C2, C4, and C5 subgenotypes. Only C4 caused hind limb paralysis in mice (LD50: 2.62 ± 0.45). EV71 VP1 protein was identified in the brain tissues at histology. In the second phase of the model, 3-week-old female ICR mice received one primary and two boosting i.p. injections of formalin-inactivated EV71 B4 and C4 vaccine. Immunized serum was neutralized in vitro with EV71 C4 and applied to the murine challenge model. The C4 vaccine-immunized serum exhibited the highest protective titre (ED50 = 114.6), while the B4 immunized serum had the weakest protective titre (ED50 = 34.3). Additionally, human plasma and intravenous immunoglobulin displayed significant protection in the neutralization assay. Our results could facilitate candidate EV71 vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy evaluations, and may help establish reference EV71 antisera in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Teng Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Jie Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiu-Chi Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pin-Chun Chen
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jiao-Jung Lin
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- Centers for Disease Control, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chao-Liang Chang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Chi-Fang Lo
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Der-Yuan Wang
- Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, ROC; National Taipei University of Technology, Taiwan, ROC.
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22
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Immunological and biochemical characterizations of coxsackievirus A6 and A10 viral particles. Antiviral Res 2016; 129:58-66. [PMID: 26899790 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Childhood exanthema caused by different serotypes of coxsackievirus (CV-A) and enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) has become a serious global health problem; it is commonly known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Current EV-A71 vaccine clinical trials have demonstrated that human antibody responses generated by EV-A71 vaccinations do not cross-neutralize coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16). An effective multivalent HFMD vaccine is urgently needed. From molecular epidemiological studies in Southeast Asia, CV-A6 and CV-A10 are commonly found in HFMD outbreaks. In this study, CV-A6 and CV-A10 were individually cultured in rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cells grown in medium containing serum, harvested and concentrated. In viral downstream purification, two viral fractions were separated by sucrose gradient zonal ultracentrifugation and detected using a SDS-PAGE analysis and a virus infectivity assay. These two viral fractions were formalin-inactivated, and only the infectious particle fraction was found to be capable of inducing CV-A serotype-specific neutralizing antibody responses in animal immunogenicity studies. These mouse and rabbit antisera also failed to cross-neutralize EV-A71 and CV-A16 infections. Only a combination of formalin-inactivated EV-A71, CV-A6, CV-A10 and CV-A16 multivalent vaccine candidates elicited cross-neutralizing antibody responses in both mouse and rabbit immunogenicity studies. The current results certainly provide important information for multivalent HFMD vaccine development.
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23
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Mao QY, Wang Y, Bian L, Xu M, Liang Z. EV71 vaccine, a new tool to control outbreaks of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). Expert Rev Vaccines 2016; 15:599-606. [PMID: 26732723 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1138862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
On December 3rd 2015, the China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) approved the first inactivated Enterovirus 71 (EV71) whole virus vaccine for preventing severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). As one of the few preventive vaccines for children's infectious diseases generated by the developing countries in recent years, EV71 vaccine is a blessing to children's health in China and worldwide. However, there are still a few challenges facing the worldwide use of EV71 vaccine, including the applicability against various EV71 pandemic strains in other countries, international requirements on vaccine production and quality control, standardization and harmonization on different pathogen monitoring and detecting methods, etc. In addition, the affordability of EV71 vaccine in other countries is a factor to be considered in HFMD prevention. Therefore, with EV71 vaccine commercially available, there is still a long way to go before reaching effective protection against severe HFMD after EV71 vaccines enter the market. In this paper, the bottlenecks and prospects for the wide use of EV71 vaccine after its approval are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-ying Mao
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Yiping Wang
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Lianlian Bian
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Miao Xu
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- a Institute for Biological Products Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control , Beijing , China
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Lin SY, Chiu HY, Chiang BL, Hu YC. Development of EV71 virus-like particle purification processes. Vaccine 2015; 33:5966-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Wu CY, Lin YW, Kuo CH, Liu WH, Tai HF, Pan CH, Chen YT, Hsiao PW, Chan CH, Chang CC, Liu CC, Chow YH, Chen JR. Inactivated Enterovirus 71 Vaccine Produced by 200-L Scale Serum-Free Microcarrier Bioreactor System Provides Cross-Protective Efficacy in Human SCARB2 Transgenic Mouse. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136420. [PMID: 26287531 PMCID: PMC4543551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics and outbreaks caused by infections of several subgenotypes of EV71 and other serotypes of coxsackie A viruses have raised serious public health concerns in the Asia-Pacific region. These concerns highlight the urgent need to develop a scalable manufacturing platform for producing an effective and sufficient quantity of vaccines against deadly enteroviruses. In this report, we present a platform for the large-scale production of a vaccine based on the inactivated EV71(E59-B4) virus. The viruses were produced in Vero cells in a 200 L bioreactor with serum-free medium, and the viral titer reached 10(7) TCID50/mL 10 days after infection when using an MOI of 10(-4). The EV71 virus particles were harvested and purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Fractions containing viral particles were pooled based on ELISA and SDS-PAGE. TEM was used to characterize the morphologies of the viral particles. To evaluate the cross-protective efficacy of the EV71 vaccine, the pooled antigens were combined with squalene-based adjuvant (AddaVAX) or aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) and tested in human SCARB2 transgenic (Tg) mice. The Tg mice immunized with either the AddaVAX- or AlPO4-adjuvanted EV71 vaccine were fully protected from challenges by the subgenotype C2 and C4 viruses, and surviving animals did not show any degree of neurological paralysis symptoms or muscle damage. Vaccine treatments significantly reduced virus antigen presented in the central nervous system of Tg mice and alleviated the virus-associated inflammatory response. These results strongly suggest that this preparation results in an efficacious vaccine and that the microcarrier/bioreactor platform offers a superior alternative to the previously described roller-bottle system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Pei-Wen Hsiao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Chung-Cheng Liu
- Adimmune Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan
- Enimmune Corporation, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Li J, Liu G, Liu X, Yang J, Chang J, Zhang W, Yu XF. Optimization and Characterization of Candidate Strain for Coxsackievirus A16 Inactivated Vaccine. Viruses 2015; 7:3891-909. [PMID: 26193302 PMCID: PMC4517132 DOI: 10.3390/v7072803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16) and enterovirus 71 (EV71), both of which can cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), are responsible for large epidemics in Asian and Pacific areas. Although inactivated EV71 vaccines have completed testing in phase III clinical trials in Mainland China, CA16 vaccines are still under development. A Vero cell-based inactivated CA16 vaccine was developed by our group. Screening identified a CA16 vaccine strain (CC024) isolated from HFMD patients, which had broad cross-protective abilities and satisfied all requirements for vaccine production. Identification of the biological characteristics showed that the CA16CC024 strain had the highest titer (107.5 CCID50/mL) in Vero cells, which would benefit the development of an EV71/CA16 divalent vaccine. A potential vaccine manufacturing process was established, including the selection of optimal time for virus harvesting, membrane for diafiltration and concentration, gel-filtration chromatography for the down-stream virus purification and virus inactivation method. Altogether, the analyses suggested that the CC-16, a limiting dilution clone of the CC024 strain, with good genetic stability, high titer and broad-spectrum immunogenicity, would be the best candidate strain for a CA16 inactivated vaccine. Therefore, our study provides valuable information for the development of a Vero cell-based CA16 or EV71-CA16 divalent inactivated vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingliang Li
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Guanchen Liu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Xin Liu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Junliang Chang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Yu
- First Hospital of Jilin University, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, 130061 Changchun, China.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Kok CC. Therapeutic and prevention strategies against human enterovirus 71 infection. World J Virol 2015; 4:78-95. [PMID: 25964873 PMCID: PMC4419123 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v4.i2.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human enterovirus 71 (HEV71) is the cause of hand, foot and mouth disease and associated neurological complications in children under five years of age. There has been an increase in HEV71 epidemic activity throughout the Asia-Pacific region in the past decade, and it is predicted to replace poliovirus as the extant neurotropic enterovirus of highest global public health significance. To date there is no effective antiviral treatment and no vaccine is available to prevent HEV71 infection. The increase in prevalence, virulence and geographic spread of HEV71 infection over the past decade provides increasing incentive for the development of new therapeutic and prevention strategies against this emerging viral infection. The current review focuses on the potential, advantages and disadvantages of these strategies. Since the explosion of outbreaks leading to large epidemics in China, research in natural therapeutic products has identified several groups of compounds with anti-HEV71 activities. Concurrently, the search for effective synthetic antivirals has produced promising results. Other therapeutic strategies including immunotherapy and the use of oligonucleotides have also been explored. A sound prevention strategy is crucial in order to control the spread of HEV71. To this end the ultimate goal is the rapid development, regulatory approval and widespread implementation of a safe and effective vaccine. The various forms of HEV71 vaccine designs are highlighted in this review. Given the rapid progress of research in this area, eradication of the virus is likely to be achieved.
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Tsou YL, Lin YW, Shao HY, Yu SL, Wu SR, Lin HY, Liu CC, Huang C, Chong P, Chow YH. Recombinant adeno-vaccine expressing enterovirus 71-like particles against hand, foot, and mouth disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003692. [PMID: 25855976 PMCID: PMC4391779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackieviruses (CV) are the major causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). There is not currently a vaccine available against HFMD, even though a newly developed formalin-inactivated EV71 (FI-EV71) vaccine has been tested in clinical trial and has shown efficacy against EV71. We have designed and genetically engineered a recombinant adenovirus Ad-EVVLP with the EV71 P1 and 3CD genes inserted into the E1/E3-deleted adenoviral genome. Ad-EVVLP were produced in HEK-293A cells. In addition to Ad-EVVLP particles, virus-like particles (VLPs) formed from the physical association of EV71 capsid proteins, VP0, VP1, and VP3 expressed from P1 gene products. They were digested by 3CD protease and confirmed to be produced by Ad-EVVLP-producing cells, as determined using transmission electron microscopy and western blotting. Mouse immunogenicity studies showed that Ad-EVVLP-immunized antisera neutralized the EV71 B4 and C2 genotypes. Activation of VLP-specific CD4+ and CD8+/IFN-γ T cells associated with Th1/Th2-balanced IFN-ɣ, IL-17, IL-4, and IL-13 was induced; in contrast, FI-EV71 induced only Th2-mediated neutralizing antibody against EV71 and low VLP-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. The antiviral immunity against EV71 was clearly demonstrated in mice vaccinated with Ad-EVVLP in a hSCARB2 transgenic (hSCARB2-Tg) mouse challenge model. Ad-EVVLP-vaccinated mice were 100% protected and demonstrated reduced viral load in both the CNS and muscle tissues. Ad-EVVLP successfully induced anti-CVA16 immunities. Although antisera had no neutralizing activity against CVA16, the 3C-specific CD4+ and CD8+/IFN-γ T cells were identified, which could mediate protection against CVA16 challenge. FI-EV71 did not induce 3C-mediated immunity and had no efficacy against the CVA16 challenge. These results suggest that Ad-EVVLP can enhance neutralizing antibody and protective cellular immune responses to prevent EV71 infection and cellular immune responses against CV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Liang Tsou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Shao
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Huang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Huang KYA, Lin JJ, Chiu CH, Yang S, Tsao KC, Huang YC, Lin TY. A Potent Virus-Specific Antibody-Secreting Cell Response to Acute Enterovirus 71 Infection in Children. J Infect Dis 2015; 212:808-17. [PMID: 25712974 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV71) remains a leading pathogen for acute infectious diseases in children, especially in Asia. The cellular basis for establishing a virus-specific antibody response to acute EV71 infections is unclear in children. METHODS We studied the magnitude of virus-specific antibody-secreting B cells (ASCs) and its relationship with serological response, clinical parameters, and virological parameters among children with laboratory-confirmed EV71 infection. RESULTS A potent EV71 genogroup B- and virus-specific ASC response was detected in the first week of illness among genotype B5 EV71-infected children. The cross-reactive EV71-specific ASC response to genogroup C viral antigens composed about 10% of the response. The EV71-specific ASC response in children aged ≥3 years produced immunoglobulin G predominantly, but immunoglobulin M was predominant in younger children. Proliferation marker was expressed by the majority of circulating ASCs in the acute phase of EV71 infection. Virus-specific ASC responses significantly correlated with throat viral load, fever duration, and serological genogroup-specific neutralization titer. CONCLUSIONS The presence of a virus-specific ASC response serves an early cellular marker of an EV71-specific antibody response. Further detailed study of EV71-specific ASCs at the monoclonal level is crucial to delineate the specificity and function of antibody immunity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Ying Arthur Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital Molecular Infectious Disease Research Centre
| | - Jainn-Jim Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital
| | - Cheng-Hsun Chiu
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital Molecular Infectious Disease Research Centre
| | - Shuan Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tzou-Yien Lin
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Saeed MI, Omar AR, Hussein MZ, Elkhidir IM, Sekawi Z. Systemic antibody response to nano-size calcium phospate biocompatible adjuvant adsorbed HEV-71 killed vaccine. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2015; 4:88-98. [PMID: 25649429 PMCID: PMC4313114 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Since 1980s, human enterovirus-71 virus (HEV-71) is one of the common infectious disease in Asian Pacific region since late 1970s without effective commercial antiviral or protective vaccine is unavailable yet. The work examines the role of vaccine adjuvant particle size and the route of administration on postvaccination antibody response towards HEV-71 vaccine adsorbed to calcium phosphate (CaP) adjuvant. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, CaP nano-particles were compared to a commercial micro-size and vaccine alone. Secondly, intradermal reduced dosage was compared to the conventional intramuscular immunization. Killed HEV-71 vaccines adsorbed to CaP nano-size (73 nm) and commercial one of micro-size (1.7 µm) were administered through intradermal, intramuscular, rabbits received vaccine alone and unvaccinated animals. RESULTS CaP nano-particles adsorbed HEV-71 vaccine displayed higher antibody than the micro-size or unadsorbed vaccine alone, through both parenteral immunization routes. Moreover, the intradermal route (0.5 µg/mL) of 0.1-mL volume per vaccine dose induced equal IgG antibody level to 1.0-mL intramuscular route (0.5 µg/mL). CONCLUSION The intradermal vaccine adsorbed CaP nano-adjuvant showed safer and significant antibody response after one-tenth reduced dose quantity (0.5 µg/mL) of only 0.1-mL volume as the most suitable protective, cost effective and affordable formulation not only for HEV-71; but also for developing further effective vaccines toward other human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ibrahim Saeed
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Putra Malaysia, Medical Faculty, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Abd Rahaman Omar
- University of Putra Malaysia, Institute of Biosciences, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zobir Hussein
- University of Putra Malaysia, Institute of Advanced Technology, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Isam Mohamed Elkhidir
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Medicine, Sudan, Malaysia
| | - Zamberi Sekawi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Putra Malaysia, Medical Faculty, Serdang, Malaysia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an etiological agent that causes severe neurological complications in children. EV71 outbreaks have occurred throughout the Asia-Pacific region, posing a severe global public health threat; however, no specific therapeutic strategy exists for treating EV71-infected children. AREAS COVERED Five manufacturers have produced inactivated EV71 whole virus vaccines in mainland China, Taiwan, and Singapore, which have completed Phase III (mainland China) and Phase I (Taiwan and Singapore) clinical trials. Various EV71 vaccine candidates are being researched in animal models, including live-attenuated virus vaccine, recombinant VP1 vaccine, VP1-based DNA vaccine, synthetic peptide vaccine and virus-like particle vaccine. In this review, the present situation is summarized, and feasible improvements to the EV71 vaccine are explored. EXPERT OPINION Although inactivated EV71 vaccines are safe, efficient and elicit strong immune responses to protect adults, children and infants against infection, the quality control of production is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Kung
- Chang Gung University, Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections , 259 Wen-Hua 1st Road, Kwei-Shan, Taoyuan, 333 (Zip code) , Taiwan +886 3 2118800 ext. 5497 ; +886 3 2118174 ;
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Coxsackievirus A 16 infection does not interfere with the specific immune response induced by an enterovirus 71 inactivated vaccine in rhesus monkeys. Vaccine 2014; 32:4436-4442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Kattur Venkatachalam AR, Szyporta M, Kiener TK, Balraj P, Kwang J. Concentration and purification of enterovirus 71 using a weak anion-exchange monolithic column. Virol J 2014; 11:99. [PMID: 24884895 PMCID: PMC4042139 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is a neurotropic virus causing Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) in infants and children under the age of five. It is a major concern for public health issues across Asia-Pacific region. The most effective way to control the disease caused by EV-71 is by vaccination thus a novel vaccine is urgently needed. Inactivated EV-71 induces a strong, virus-neutralizing antibody response in animal models, protecting them against a lethal EV-71 challenge and it has been shown to elicit cross-neutralizing antibodies in human trials. Hence, the large-scale production of purified EV-71 is required for vaccine development, diagnosis and clinical trials. METHODS CIM® Monolith columns are single-piece columns made up of poly(glycidyl methacrylate co-ethylene dimethacrylate) as support matrix. They are designed as porous channels rather than beads with different chemistries for different requirements. As monolithic columns have a high binding capacity, flow rate and resolution, a CIM® DEAE-8f tube monolithic column was selected for purification in this study. The EV-71 infected Rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) cell supernatant was concentrated using 8% PEG 8000 in the presence of 400 mM sodium chloride. The concentrated virus was purified by weak anion exchange column using 50 mM HEPES + 1 M sodium chloride as elution buffer. RESULTS Highly pure viral particles were obtained at a concentration of 350 mM sodium chloride as confirmed by SDS-PAGE and electron microscopy. Presence of viral proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 was validated by western blotting. The overall process achieved a recovery of 55%. CONCLUSIONS EV-71 viral particles of up to 95% purity can be recovered by a single step ion-exchange chromatography using CIM-DEAE monolithic columns and 1 M sodium chloride as elution buffer. Moreover, this method is scalable to purify several litres of virus-containing supernatant, using industrial monolithic columns with a capacity of up to 8 L such as CIM® cGMP tube monolithic columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Raj Kattur Venkatachalam
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Milene Szyporta
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Tanja Kristin Kiener
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Premanand Balraj
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Jimmy Kwang
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545, Singapore
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Li JX, Mao QY, Liang ZL, Ji H, Zhu FC. Development of enterovirus 71 vaccines: from the lab bench to Phase III clinical trials. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 13:609-18. [PMID: 24621093 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2014.897617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The widespread epidemics of enterovirus 71 (EV71) seriously affected the Western Pacific Region. Young children, especially those younger than 3 years are the most susceptible population to the EV71-associated diseases. Several Asian countries have begun to focus on the research and development of EV71 vaccines. Five inactivated whole-virus EV71 candidate vaccines (three were manufactured in mainland China based on a C4 genotype strain, one in Taiwan based on a B4 genotype strain and one in Singapore based on a B2 genotype strain) have been assessed in clinical trials. Three candidate vaccines developed in mainland China have already completed Phase III clinical trials recently. The tested EV71 vaccine could provide good efficacy, satisfactory safety, and high immunogenicity. Thus, inactivated EV71 vaccines are expected to become the first available vaccines against EV71 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Xin Li
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University and National Engineering Research Center for Immunological Products, Chongqing, PR China
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Ren XX, Ma L, Liu QW, Li C, Huang Z, Wu L, Xiong SD, Wang JH, Wang HB. The molecule of DC-SIGN captures enterovirus 71 and confers dendritic cell-mediated viral trans-infection. Virol J 2014; 11:47. [PMID: 24620896 PMCID: PMC3995660 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the main causative agent of hand, foot and mouth disease that occurs in young children. Neither antiviral agents nor vaccines are available for efficiently combating viral infection. Study of EV71–host interplay is important for understanding viral infection and developing strategies for prevention and therapy. Here the interactions of EV71 with human dendritic cells were analyzed. Methods EV71 capture, endocytosis, infection, and degradation in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MDDCs) were detected by Flow cytometry or real-time (RT-) PCR, and MDDCs-mediated EV71 trans-infection of RD cells was determined via coculture system. Cell morphology or viability was monitored with microscopy or flow cytometry. SiRNA interference was used to knock down gene expression. Results MDDCs can bind EV71, but these loaded-EV71 particles in MDDCs underwent a rapid degradation in the absence of efficient replication; once the captured EV71 encountered susceptible cells, MDDCs efficiently transferred surface-bound viruses to target cells. The molecule of DC-SIGN (DC-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3 grabbing nonintegrin) mediated viral binding and transfer, because interference of DC-SIGN expression with specific siRNAs reduced EV71 binding and impaired MDDC-mediated viral trans-infection, and exogenous expression of DC-SIGN molecule on Raji cell initiated viral binding and subsequent transmission. Conclusion MDDCs could bind efficiently EV71 viruses through viral binding to DC-SIGN molecule, and these captured-viruses could be transferred to susceptible cells for robust infection. The novel finding of DC-mediated EV71 dissemination might facilitate elucidation of EV71 primary infection and benefit searching for new clues for preventing viruses from initial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hai-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology & Immunology, Institute Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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Guo Z, Zhong X, Lin L, Wu S, Wang T, Chen Y, Zhai X, Wang Y, Wu H, Tong L, Han Y, Pan B, Peng Y, Si X, Zhang F, Zhao W, Zhong Z. A 3C(pro)-dependent bioluminescence imaging assay for in vivo evaluation of anti-enterovirus 71 agents. Antiviral Res 2014; 101:82-92. [PMID: 24263113 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71), a member of Picornaviridae, is one of the major pathogens of human hand, foot and mouth disease. EV71 mainly infects children and causes severe neurological complications and even death. The pathogenesis of EV71 infection is largely unknown, and no clinically approved vaccine or effective treatment is available to date. Here we described a novel bioluminescence imaging approach for EV71 detection. In this approach, a plasmid-based reporter was constructed to express the fusion protein AmN(Q/G)BC, a split firefly luciferase mutant, which can be specifically cleaved by EV71 protease 3C(pro). Upon cleavage, the splitting fusion protein restores luciferase activity. Our test confirmed that AmN(Q/G)BC was specifically cleaved by 3C(pro) and EV71 and restored the luciferase activity to a degree that corresponds to the 3C(pro) and virus doses in cells and mice. The anti-EV71 effect of GW5074 and U0126, two mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitors, was evaluated using this approach to validate its application of screening anti-EV71 agents. We found that the AmN(Q/G)BC reporter efficiently monitored the inhibitory effect of GW5074 and U0126 on EV71 infection under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The data from AmN(Q/G)BC reporter were consistent with Western blotting and histopathology examination. Taken together, this real-time imaging approach can quantitatively monitor the efficacy of anti-EV71 agents and is valuable for anti-EV71 drug screening and evaluation, especially, under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Guo
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lexun Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Shuo Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Tianying Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Xia Zhai
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Heng Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yelu Han
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Bo Pan
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Yihong Peng
- Department of Microbiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoning Si
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Fengmin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Wenran Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
| | - Zhaohua Zhong
- Department of Microbiology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.
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Abzug MJ. The enteroviruses: Problems in need of treatments. J Infect 2014; 68 Suppl 1:S108-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2013.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Formalin-inactivated EV71 vaccine candidate induced cross-neutralizing antibody against subgenotypes B1, B4, B5 and C4A in adult volunteers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79783. [PMID: 24278177 PMCID: PMC3836818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) has caused several epidemics of hand, foot and mouth diseases (HFMD) in Asia. No effective EV71 vaccine is available. A randomized and open-label phase I clinical study registered with ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01268787, aims to evaluate the safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a formalin-inactivated EV71 vaccine candidate (EV71vac) at 5- and 10-µg doses. In this study we report the cross-neutralizing antibody responses from each volunteer against different subgenotypes of EV71 and CVA16. Methods Sixty eligible healthy adults were recruited and vaccinated. Blood samples were obtained on day 0, 21 and 42 and tested against B1, B4, B5, C2, C4A, C4B and CVA16 for cross-neutralizing antibody responses. Results The immunogenicity of both 5- and 10- µg doses were found to be very similar. Approximately 45% of the participants had <8 pre-vaccination neutralization titers (Nt) against the B4 vaccine strain. After the first EV71vac immunization, 95% of vaccinees have >4-fold increase in Nt, but there was no further increase in Nt after the second dose. EV71vac induced very strong cross-neutralizing antibody responses in >85% of volunteers without pre-existing Nt against subgenotype B1, B5 and C4A. EV71vac elicited weak cross-neutralizing antibody responses (∼20% of participants) against a C4B and Coxsackie virus A16. Over 90% of vaccinated volunteers did not develop cross-neutralizing antibody responses (Nt<8) against a C2 strain. EV71vac can boost and significantly enhance the neutralizing antibody responses in volunteers who already had pre-vaccination antibodies against EV71 and/or CVA16. Conclusion EV71vac is efficient in eliciting cross-neutralizing antibody responses against EV71 subgenotypes B1, B4, B5, and C4A, and provides the rationale for its evaluation in phase II clinical trials. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov __NCT01268787
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Fujii K, Nagata N, Sato Y, Ong KC, Wong KT, Yamayoshi S, Shimanuki M, Shitara H, Taya C, Koike S. Transgenic mouse model for the study of enterovirus 71 neuropathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14753-8. [PMID: 23959904 PMCID: PMC3767555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217563110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) typically causes mild hand-foot-and-mouth disease in children, but it can also cause severe neurological disease. Recently, epidemic outbreaks of EV71 with significant mortality have been reported in the Asia-Pacific region, and EV71 infection has become a serious public health concern worldwide. However, there is little information available concerning EV71 neuropathogenesis, and no vaccines or anti-EV71 drugs have been developed. Previous studies of this disease have used monkeys and neonatal mice that are susceptible to some EV71 strains as models. The monkey model is problematic for ethical and economical reasons, and mice that are more than a few weeks old lose their susceptibility to EV71. Thus, the development of an appropriate small animal model would greatly contribute to the study of this disease. Mice lack EV71 susceptibility due to the absence of a receptor for this virus. Previously, we identified the human scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (hSCARB2) as a cellular receptor for EV71. In the current study, we generated a transgenic (Tg) mouse expressing hSCARB2 with an expression profile similar to that in humans. Tg mice infected with EV71 exhibited ataxia, paralysis, and death. The most severely affected cells were neurons in the spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, hypothalamus, thalamus, and cerebrum. The pathological features in these Tg mice were generally similar to those of EV71 encephalomyelitis in humans and experimentally infected monkeys. These results suggest that this Tg mouse could represent a useful animal model for the study of EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; and
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; and
| | | | - Kum Thong Wong
- Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Midori Shimanuki
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Choji Taya
- Laboratory for Transgenic Technology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Liang ZL, Mao QY, Wang YP, Zhu FC, Li JX, Yao X, Gao F, Wu X, Xu M, Wang JZ. Progress on the research and development of inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:1701-5. [PMID: 23744508 PMCID: PMC3906269 DOI: 10.4161/hv.24949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of diseases caused by EV71 infection has become a serious public health problem in the Western Pacific region. Due to a lack of effective treatment options, controlling EV71 epidemics has mainly focused on the research and development (R&D) of EV71 vaccines. Thus far, five organizations have completed pre-clinical studies focused on the development of inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines, including vaccine strain screening, process optimization, safety and immunogenicity evaluation, and are in different stages of clinical trials. Among these organizations, three companies in Mainland China [Beijing Vigoo Biological Co., Ltd. (Vigoo), Sinovac Biotech Ltd. (Sinovac) and Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS)] have recently completed Phase III trials for the vaccines they developed. In addition, the other two vaccines, developed by National Health Research Institutes (NHRI) of Taiwan and Inviragen Pte., Ltd (Inviragen), of Singapore, have also completed Phase I clinical trials. Published clinical trial results indicate that the inactivated EV71 vaccines have good safety and immunogenicity in the target population (infants) and confer a relatively high rate of protection against EV71 infection-related diseases. The results of clinical trials suggest a promising future for the clinical use of EV71 vaccines. Here, we review and highlight the recent progress on the R&D of inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Lun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qun-Ying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Ping Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Cai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xin Li
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xing Wu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Zhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control; Beijing, P.R. China
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Cheng A, Fung CP, Liu CC, Lin YT, Tsai HY, Chang SC, Chou AH, Chang JY, Jiang RH, Hsieh YC, Su IJ, Chong PCS, Hsieh SM. A Phase I, randomized, open-label study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of an enterovirus 71 vaccine. Vaccine 2013; 31:2471-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lin YW, Yu SL, Shao HY, Lin HY, Liu CC, Hsiao KN, Chitra E, Tsou YL, Chang HW, Sia C, Chong P, Chow YH. Human SCARB2 transgenic mice as an infectious animal model for enterovirus 71. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57591. [PMID: 23451246 PMCID: PMC3581494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus (CVA) are the most common causative factors for hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and neurological disorders in children. Lack of a reliable animal model is an issue in investigating EV71-induced disease manifestation in humans, and the current clinical therapies are symptomatic. We generated a novel EV71-infectious model with hSCARB2-transgenic mice expressing the discovered receptor human SCARB2 (hSCARB2). The challenge of hSCARB2-transgenic mice with clinical isolates of EV71 and CVA16 resulted in HFMD-like and neurological syndromes caused by E59 (B4) and N2838 (B5) strains, and lethal paralysis caused by 5746 (C2), N3340 (C4), and CVA16. EV71 viral loads were evident in the tissues and CNS accompanied the upregulated pro-inflammatory mediators (CXCL10, CCL3, TNF-α, and IL-6), correlating to recruitment of the infiltrated T lymphocytes that result in severe diseases. Transgenic mice pre-immunized with live E59 or the FI-E59 vaccine was able to resist the subsequent lethal challenge with EV71. These results indicate that hSCARB2-transgenic mice are a useful model for assessing anti-EV71 medications and for studying the pathogenesis induced by EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Biotechnology in Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Yu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yun Shao
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Nan Hsiao
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ebenezer Chitra
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Liang Tsou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsuen-Wen Chang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Charles Sia
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Pele Chong
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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43
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Shang L, Xu M, Yin Z. Antiviral drug discovery for the treatment of enterovirus 71 infections. Antiviral Res 2012; 97:183-94. [PMID: 23261847 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a small, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus in the genus Enterovirus, family Picornavirus. It causes hand, foot and mouth disease in infants and children, which in a small percentage of cases progresses to central nervous system infection, ranging from aseptic meningitis to fatal encephalitis. Sporadic cases of EV71 infection occur throughout the world, but large epidemics have occurred recently in Southeast Asia and China. There are currently no approved vaccines or antiviral therapies for the prevention or treatment of EV71 infection. This paper reviews efforts to develop antiviral therapies against EV71.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqing Shang
- College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, PR China
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44
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Progress on the research and development of human enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccines. Front Med 2012; 7:111-21. [PMID: 23247645 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-012-0237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) infections, which can cause severe complications, have become one of the serious public health issues in the Western Pacific region and China. To date, a number of pharmaceutical companies and institutes have initiated the research and development of EV71 vaccines as a countermeasure. As is the case with innovative vaccine development, there are several critical bottlenecks in EV71 vaccine development that must be overcome before the clinical trials, including the selection of vaccine strain, standardization of the procedure for quantifying neutralizing antibody (NTAb) and antigen, establishment and application of a reference standard and biological standards, development of animal models for the evaluation of protective efficacy, and identification of the target patient population. To tackle these technical obstacles, researchers in Mainland of China have conducted a series of studies concerning the screening of vaccine strains and the establishment of criteria, biological standards and detection methods, thereby advancing EV71 vaccine development. This review summarizes recent worldwide progress on the quality control and evaluation of EV71 vaccines.
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45
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Chong P, Guo MS, Lin FHY, Hsiao KN, Weng SY, Chou AH, Wang JR, Hsieh SY, Su IJ, Liu CC. Immunological and biochemical characterization of coxsackie virus A16 viral particles. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49973. [PMID: 23226233 PMCID: PMC3511423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackie virus A16 (CVA16) infections have become a serious public health problem in the Asia-Pacific region. It manifests most often in childhood exanthema, commonly known as hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD). There are currently no vaccine or effective medical treatments available. PRINCIPAL FINDING In this study, we describe the production, purification and characterization of CVA16 virus produced from Vero cells grown on 5 g/L Cytodex 1 microcarrier beads in a five-liter serum-free bioreactor system. The viral titer was found to be >10(6) the tissue culture's infectious dose (TCID(50)) per mL within 7 days post-infection when a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10(-5) was used for initial infection. Two CVA16 virus fractions were separated and detected when the harvested CVA16 viral concentrate was purified by a sucrose gradient zonal ultracentrifugation. The viral particles detected in the 24-28% sucrose fractions had low viral infectivity and RNA content. The viral particles obtained from 35-38% sucrose fractions were found to have high viral infectivity and RNA content, and composed of four viral proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4), as shown by SDS-PAGE analyses. These two virus fractions were formalin-inactivated and only the infectious particle fraction was found to be capable of inducing CVA16-specific neutralizing antibody responses in both mouse and rabbit immunogenicity studies. But these antisera failed to neutralize enterovirus 71. In addition, rabbit antisera did not react with any peptides derived from CVA16 capsid proteins. Mouse antisera recognized a single linear immunodominant epitope of VP3 corresponding to residues 176-190. CONCLUSION These results provide important information for cell-based CVA16 vaccine development. To eliminate HFMD, a bivalent EV71/CVA16 vaccine formulation is necessary.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Bioreactors
- Capsid Proteins/genetics
- Capsid Proteins/immunology
- Centrifugation, Density Gradient
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Enterovirus A, Human/growth & development
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Enterovirus A, Human/isolation & purification
- Enterovirus A, Human/ultrastructure
- Epitopes/immunology
- Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease/prevention & control
- Humans
- Mice
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Neutralization Tests
- Rabbits
- Vero Cells
- Virion/growth & development
- Virion/immunology
- Virion/isolation & purification
- Virion/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Pele Chong
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Shin Guo
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Fion Hsiao-Yu Lin
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Nan Hsiao
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Yang Weng
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ai-Hsiang Chou
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medicine National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Yang Hsieh
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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Chen Y, Li C, He D, Cheng T, Ge S, Shih JWK, Zhao Q, Chen PJ, Zhang J, Xia N. Antigenic analysis of divergent genotypes human Enterovirus 71 viruses by a panel of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies: current genotyping of EV71 does not reflect their antigenicity. Vaccine 2012; 31:425-30. [PMID: 23088887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent year, Enterovirus 71 (EV71)-associated hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has become an important public health issue in China. EV71 has been classified into genotypes A, B1-B5 and C1-C5. With such genetic diversity, whether the convalescent or recovery antibody responses can cross-protect infections from other genotypes remains a question. Understanding of the antigenicity of such diverse genetic EV71 isolates is crucial for the EV71 vaccine development. Here, a total of 186 clones anti-EV71 MAbs was generated and characterized with Western blot and cell-based neutralization assay. Forty neutralizing anti-EV71 MAbs were further used to analyze the antigenic properties of 18 recent EV71 isolates representing seven genotypes in neutralization assay. We found that most neutralizing anti-EV71 MAbs are specific to conformational epitopes. We also classified the 40 neutralizing anti-EV71 MAbs into two classes according to their reactivity patterns with 18 EV71 isolates. Class I MAb can neutralize all isolates, suggesting conserved epitopes are present among EV71. Class II MAb includes four subclasses (IIa-IId) and neutralizes only subgroups of EV71 strains. Conversely, 18 EV71 strains were grouped into antigenic types 1 and four antigenic subtypes (2.1-2.4). These results suggest that the current genotyping of EV71 does not reflect their antigenicity which may be important in the selection of EV71 vaccine strains. This panel of neutralizing anti-EV71 MAbs may be useful for the recognition of emerging antigenic variants of EV71 and vaccine development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enterovirus A, Human/genetics
- Enterovirus A, Human/immunology
- Female
- Genotype
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Disease, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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47
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Meng T, Kiener TK, Kwang J. RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics system for enterovirus 71 and its implications for vaccine production. Virol J 2012; 9:238. [PMID: 23072515 PMCID: PMC3493273 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a virus that causes from mild hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) to severe neurological complications and deaths in infants and young children. Effective antiviral agents and vaccines against EV71 are not available. However, Vero cell-based chemically inactivated EV71 vaccines could be developed soon based on the success of inactivated polio vaccine. Like poliovirus, EV71 has a positive single-stranded RNA genome of about 7400 nucleotides which contains a single open reading frame (ORF) flanked by conserved and untranslated regions at both the 5′ and 3′ ends. Results The universal amplification of the full length genome of EV71 regardless of its genetic diversity, and the subsequent construction of a human RNA polymerase I-driven reverse genetics (RG) system to produce pure virus stocks in Vero cell within 10 days were described. The rescued viruses were characterized by DNA sequencing, cytopathic effect (CPE) and indirect fluorescent assay (IFA) in comparison with the wild-type viruses. Moreover, the rescued viruses grew to high titers and retained the same immunogenicity as the wild-type viruses. Conclusion We have established a simplified method to rescue RG EV71 virus from diverse clinical isolates with detailed genetic information and to prepare virus stocks in only 10 days. This method could accelerate EV71 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Meng
- Animal Health Biotechnology, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Republic of Singapore
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48
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Mao Q, Dong C, Li X, Gao Q, Guo Z, Yao X, Wang Y, Gao F, Li F, Xu M, Yin W, Li Q, Shen X, Liang Z, Wang J. Comparative analysis of the immunogenicity and protective effects of inactivated EV71 vaccines in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46043. [PMID: 23029378 PMCID: PMC3460965 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Three inactivated EV71 whole-virus vaccines of different strains developed by different manufacturers in mainland China have recently entered clinical trials. Although several studies on these vaccines have been published, a study directly comparing the immunogenicity and protective effects among them has not been carried out, which makes evaluating their relative effectiveness difficult. Thus, properly comparing newly developed vaccines has become a priority, especially in China. Methods and Findings This comparative immunogenicity study was carried out on vaccine strains (both live and inactivated), final container products (FCPs) without adjuvant, and corresponding FCPs containing adjuvant (FCP-As) produced by three manufacturers. These vaccines were evaluated by neutralizing antibody (NAb) responses induced by the same or different dosages at one or multiple time points post-immunization. The protective efficacy of the three vaccines was also determined in one-day-old ICR mice born to immunized female mice. Survival rates were observed in these suckling mice after challenge with 20 LD50 of EV71/048M3C2. Three FCP-As, in a dose of 200 U, generated nearly 100% NAb positivity rates and similar geometric mean titers (GMTs), especially at 14–21 days post-inoculation. However, the dynamic NAb responses were different among three vaccine strains or three FCPs. The FCP-As at the lowest dose used in clinical trials (162 U) showed good protective effects in suckling mice against lethal challenge (90–100% survival), while the ED50 of NAb responses and protective effects varied among three FCP-As. Conclusions These studies establish a standard method for measuring the immunogenicity of EV71 vaccines in mice. The data generated from our mouse model study indicated a clear dose-response relationship, which is important for vaccine quality control and assessment, especially for predicting protective efficacy in humans when combined with future clinical trial results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Mao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chenghong Dong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xiuling Li
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Sinovac Biotech Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | | | - Xin Yao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Gao
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fengxiang Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Xu
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qihan Li
- Hualan Biological Engineering Inc, Henan, China
| | - Xinliang Shen
- National Vaccine and Serum Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenglun Liang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JW)
| | - Junzhi Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (ZL); (JW)
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Chong P, Hsieh SY, Liu CC, Chou AH, Chang JY, Wu SC, Liu SJ, Chow YH, Su IJ, Klein M. Production of EV71 vaccine candidates. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2012; 8:1775-83. [PMID: 22992566 PMCID: PMC3656065 DOI: 10.4161/hv.21739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is now recognized as an emerging neurotropic virus in Asia and with Coxsackie virus (CV) it is the other major causative agent of hand-foot-mouth diseases (HFMD). Effective medications and/or prophylactic vaccines against HFMD are urgently needed. From a scientific (the feasibility of bioprocess, immunological responses and potency in animal challenge model) and business development (cost of goods) points of view, we in this review address and discuss the pros and cons of different EV71 vaccine candidates that have been produced and evaluated in animal models. Epitope-based synthetic peptide vaccine candidates containing residues 211–225 of VP1 formulated with Freund’s adjuvant (CFA/IFA) elicited low EV71 virus neutralizing antibody responses, but were protective in the suckling mouse challenge model. Among recombinant EV71 subunits (rVP1, rVP2 and rVP3) expressed in E. coli, purified and formulated with CFA/IFA, only VP1 elicited mouse antibody responses with measurable EV71-specific virus neutralization titers. Immunization of mice with either a DNA plasmid containing VP1 gene or VP1 expressed in Salmonella typhimurium also generated neutralizing antibody responses and protected animals against a live EV71 challenge. Recombinant EV71 virus-like particles (rVLP) produced from baculovirus formulated either with CFA/IFA or alum elicited good virus neutralization titers in both mice and non-human primates, and were found to be protective in the suckling mouse EV71 challenge model. Synthetic peptides or recombinant EV71 subunit vaccines (rVP1 and rVLP) formulated in alum were found to be poorly immunogenic in rabbits. Only formalin-inactivated (FI) EV71 virions formulated in alum elicited cross-neutralizing antibodies against different EV71 genotypes in mice, rabbits and non-human primates but induced weak neutralizing responses against CAV16. From a regulatory, economic and market acceptability standpoint, FI-EV71 virion vaccines are the most promising candidates and are currently being evaluated in human clinical trials. We further describe and analyze some new bioprocesses technologies that have great potential applications in EV71 vaccine development. This review also demonstrates the opportunities and challenges that the Asian vaccine industry faces today.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pele Chong
- Vaccine R&D Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.
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50
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Immunological evaluation and comparison of different EV71 vaccine candidates. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:831282. [PMID: 23008736 PMCID: PMC3447357 DOI: 10.1155/2012/831282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMDs), and EV71 is now recognized as an emerging neurotropic virus in Asia. Effective medications and/or prophylactic vaccines against HFMD are not available. The current results from mouse immunogenicity studies using in-house standardized RD cell virus neutralization assays indicate that (1) VP1 peptide (residues 211–225) formulated with Freund's adjuvant (CFA/IFA) elicited low virus neutralizing antibody response (1/32 titer); (2) recombinant virus-like particles produced from baculovirus formulated with CFA/IFA could elicit good virus neutralization titer (1/160); (3) individual recombinant EV71 antigens (VP1, VP2, and VP3) formulated with CFA/IFA, only VP1 elicited antibody response with 1/128 virus neutralization titer; and (4) the formalin-inactivated EV71 formulated in alum elicited antibodies that cross-neutralized different EV71 genotypes (1/640), but failed to neutralize CVA16. In contrast, rabbits antisera could cross-neutralize strongly against different genotypes of EV71 but weakly against CVA16, with average titers 1/6400 and 1/32, respectively. The VP1 amino acid sequence dissimilarity between CVA16 and EV71 could partially explain why mouse antibodies failed to cross-neutralize CVA16. Therefore, the best formulation for producing cost-effective HFMD vaccine is a combination of formalin-inactivated EV71 and CAV16 virions.
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