1
|
Lien SC, Shen YS, Lin HY, Wu SR, Fang CY, Chen CH, Chen YA, Chong PCS, Huang MH, Chow YH, Wang JR, Wu SC, Liu CC. Propagation and immunological characterization of coxsackievirus A10 in a serum-free HEK293A cell culture system. Virus Res 2023; 329:199101. [PMID: 36958398 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CVA10) is one of enteroviral pathogens that cause the hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). Since CVA10 was reported to be not easily propagated in the Vero cell culture, a feasible manufacture process for producing formalin-inactivated CVA10 vaccine is urgently needed. Several cell lines that commonly used for viral vaccine production was tested for CVA10 (M2014 strain) culture in this study, and our result showed that CVA10 could be easily propagated in the HEK293A cells. A serum-free HEK293A cell culture system was developed for CVA10 production and the yields have reached over 108 TCID50/mL. The biochemical and immunogenic properties of CVA10 particles obtained from this serum-free HEK293A culture were identical to our previous study. Two major particles of CVA10 were separated by ultracentrifugation, and only the infectious mature particles were capable of inducing CVA10 neutralizing antibody responses in the mouse immunogenicity studies. Additionally, we found that coxsackievirus A6 and enterovirus A71 could also be easily propagated using this serum-free HEK293A cell culture system. Our results provide a solution to overcome the obstacle in the propagation of CVA10 and facilitate the development of multivalent vaccines for prevention of HFMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Lien
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Shen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yu Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsun Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Pele Choi-Sing Chong
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsi Huang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ren Wang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Suh-Chin Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lien SC, Lu CC, Shen YS, Yang YT, Wu SR, Fang CY, Chow YH, Liao CL, Chiang JR, Liu CC. Separation and purification of highly infectious enterovirus A71 particles using a strong anion-exchange column. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1680:463427. [PMID: 36029731 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Virions produced from cell culture is the primary source for production of formalin-inactivated whole virus vaccines for enteroviruses. EV-A71 particles produced from culture system comprise two major types, the immature/empty (E)-particle and the mature/full (F)-particle, which both exhibit low isoelectric point (pI) values but have distinct differences in infectivity and immunogenicity. Although EV-A71 particles can conventionally be separated into E-particle and F-particle using sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, this procedure is cumbersome and difficult to put into practice for vaccine production. Methods based on ion-exchange chromatography have been exploited to improve the purification efficacy; however, none of them are capable of separating the E- and F-particles efficiently. In this study, we aimed to develop an approach to isolate and purify the highly immunogenic mature EV-A71 particles. By applying a step gradient elution procedure, we successfully isolated the viral structure protein VP0-cleaved particles of EV-A71 from a mixture of cultured viral solution using the Q-membrane anion-exchange chromatography. The elution started with 0.1x phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution while increasing the percentage of 1x PBS containing 1M NaCl in sequential steps. By this procedure, the VP0-cleaved mature particles and VP0-uncleaved immature particles of EV-A71 could be separated into different fractions in Q-membrane with gradually increased NaCl concentration in elution buffer. The purified VP0-cleaved particles were shown to have characteristics equivalent to those of the highly infectious F-particles of EV-A71. The overall recovery rate for the mature EV-A71 particles by Q-membrane is 56% and its purity was shown to be equivalent to those isolated by the sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Our approach provides a simple and efficient purification method for recovering mature, highly infectious virus particles from the EV-A71 culture bulk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Lien
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Lu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Shen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Yang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Rung Wu
- Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University College of Medicine and Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yeu Fang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Immunology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Ron Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan; Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chyi Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lien SC, Wei SY, Chang SF, Chang MDT, Chang JY, Chiu JJ. Activation of PPAR-α induces cell cycle arrest and inhibits transforming growth factor-β1 induction of smooth muscle cell phenotype in 10T1/2 mesenchymal cells. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1252-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
4
|
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is commonly appreciated to represent a chronic inflammatory response of the vascular wall, and its complications cause high mortality in patients. Angioplasty with stent replacement is commonly performed in patients with atherosclerotic disease. However, the restenosis usually has a high incidence rate in angioplasty patients. Although the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis and restenosis have been well established, new signaling molecules that control the progress of these pathologies have continuously been discovered. MicroRNAs (miRs) have recently emerged as a novel class of gene regulators that work via transcriptional degradation and translational inhibition or activation. Over 30% of genes in the cell can be directly regulated by miRs. Thus, miRs are recognized as crucial regulators in normal development, physiology and pathogenesis. Alterations of miR expression profiles have been revealed in diverse vascular diseases. A variety of functions of vascular cells, such as cell differentiation, contraction, migration, proliferation and inflammation that are involved in angiogenesis, neointimal formation and lipid metabolism underlying various vascular diseases, have been found to be regulated by miRs. This review summarizes current research progress and knowledge on the roles of miRs in regulating vascular cell function in atherosclerosis and restenosis. These discoveries are expected to present opportunities for clinical diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in vascular diseases resulting from atherosclerosis and restenosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jing Chen
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lien SC, Usami S, Chien S, Chiu JJ. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway is involved in transforming growth factor-beta1-induced phenotypic modulation of 10T1/2 cells to smooth muscle cells. Cell Signal 2005; 18:1270-8. [PMID: 16310342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2005.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2005] [Accepted: 10/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) is known to induce phenotypic modulation of mesenchymal cells to SMCs. However, the intracellular signals regulating induction of the SMC phenotype of mesenchymal cells have not been fully clarified. In the present study, we examined the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) superfamily and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in the TGF-beta1-mediated phenotypic modulation of 10T1/2 mesenchymal cells to SMCs characterized by the expression of SMC-specific markers, including smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMalpha-actin), myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), and protein 22-alpha (SM22alpha). The results showed the following: (1) TGF-beta1 induced SMalpha-actin and SM-MHC expressions in 10T1/2 cells in a time-dependent manner. (2) TGF-beta1 induced biphasic increases in extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38 MAPK, c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK), and Akt phosphorylation. (3) The inhibitor for PI3K/Akt (i.e., LY294002), but not those for MAPKs (i.e., SB203580, PD98059, and SP600125), attenuated the TGF-beta1-induced SMalpha-actin and SM-MHC expressions in 10T1/2 cells; in addition, transfection of 10T1/2 cells with the Akt-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced their SMalpha-actin and SM-MHC expressions. (4) LY294002 and the Akt-specific siRNA inhibited the TGF-beta1-induced SM22alpha gene expression and promoter activity, suggesting that the TGF-beta1-induced gene expression was mediated by PI3K/Akt at the transcriptional level. (5) LY294002 inhibited the TGF-beta1-induced gene expression and DNA binding activity of serum response factor (SRF). These results indicate that TGF-beta1 is capable of inducing the SMC phenotype of 10T1/2 cells and that this induction is mediated through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Chieh Lien
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chiu JJ, Lee PL, Chen CN, Lee CI, Chang SF, Chen LJ, Lien SC, Ko YC, Usami S, Chien S. Shear Stress Increases ICAM-1 and Decreases VCAM-1 and E-selectin Expressions Induced by Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Endothelial Cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:73-9. [PMID: 14615388 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000106321.63667.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are subjected to shear stress and cytokine stimulation. We studied the interplay between shear stress and cytokine in modulating the expression of adhesion molecule genes in ECs.
Methods and Results—
Shear stress (20 dynes/cm
2
) was applied to ECs prior to and/or following the addition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Shear stress increased the TNF-α–induced expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) at both mRNA and surface protein levels, but decreased the TNF-α–induced expression of vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and E-selectin. Transfection studies using promoter reporter gene constructs of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and E-selectin demonstrated that these shear stress modulations of gene expression occur at the transcriptional levels. After 24-hour preshearing followed by 1 hour of static incubation, the effect of preshearing on TNF-α–induced ICAM-1 mRNA expression vanished. The recovery of the TNF-α–induced VCAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA expressions following preshearing, however, required a static incubation time of >6 hours (complete recovery at 24 hours). Pre- and postshearing caused a reduction in the nuclear factor-κB-DNA binding activity induced by TNF-α in the EC nucleus.
Conclusions—
Our findings suggest that shear stress plays differential roles in modulating the TNF-α–induced expressions of ICAM-1 versus VCAM-1 and E-selectin genes in ECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ni CW, Wang DL, Lien SC, Cheng JJ, Chao YJ, Hsieh HJ. Activation of PKC-epsilon and ERK1/2 participates in shear-induced endothelial MCP-1 expression that is repressed by nitric oxide. J Cell Physiol 2003; 195:428-34. [PMID: 12704652 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.10259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) continuously experience hemodynamic shear stress generated from blood flow. Previous studies have demonstrated that shear stress modulates monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in ECs. This study explored the roles of protein kinase C (PKC), extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK1/2), and nitric oxide (NO) in sheared-induced MCP-1 expression in ECs. The activation of PKC-alpha and PKC-epsilon isoforms was observed in ECs exposed to shear stress. The use of an inhibitor (calphostin C) to PKC-alpha and PKC-epsilon decreased ERK1/2 activation and MCP-1 induction by shear, whereas an inhibitor (Go6976) to PKC-alpha did not affect ERK1/2 activation or MCP-1 induction. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation by PD98059 blocked MCP-1 induction. Transfection of ECs with an antisense to PKC-epsilon abolished the shear inducibility of MCP-1 promoter. These results demonstrate that PKC-epsilon and ERK1/2 participate in shear-induced MCP-1 expression. We also examined the regulatory role of NO in MCP-1 expression. An NO donor (NOC18) suppressed shear-induced activation of PKC-epsilon and ERK1/2, and also repressed MCP-1 induction. Consistently, overexpression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) to enhance the endogenous generation of NO in ECs decreased the activation of PKC-epsilon and ERK1/2, and also inhibited MCP-1 expression. Taken together, these findings suggest that PKC-epsilon and ERK1/2 are critical in the signaling pathway(s) leading to the MCP-1 expression induced by shear stress. Additionally, this study indicates that NO, by repressing PKC-epsilon activity and ERK pathway activation, attenuates shear-induced MCP-1 expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wen Ni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chiu JJ, Lee PL, Lee CI, Chen LJ, Chen CN, Ko YC, Lien SC. Shear stress attenuates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expressions in endothelial cells. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2002; 45:169-76. [PMID: 12817708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between shear stress and cytokines in regulating vascular endothelial function remains largely unexplored. In the present study, the potential role of shear stress in regulating tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced gene expression in endothelial cells (ECs) was investigated. The TNF-alpha-induced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) mRNA expressions were significantly attenuated in ECs subjected to a high level of shear stress (20 dynes/cm2) for 4 or 24 h prior to the addition of TNF-alpha in the presence of flow. Less inhibition of TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 mRNA expression was found in ECs pre-exposed to a low level of shear stress (1.2 dynes/cm2) for 24 h as compared with the cells presheared (pre-exposed to shear stress) for 4 h. Simultaneous exposure of ECs to TNF-alpha and a high or low level of shear stress down-regulated TNF-alpha-induced MCP-1 gene expressions, suggesting that the post-flow condition modulates endothelial responses to cytokine stimulation. Individually or combined, an endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) inhibitor and a glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis inhibitor had no effect on this shear stress-mediated inhibition. Moreover, in ECs either presheared or remained in a static condition prior to stimulation by TNF-alpha while under shear flow, the ability of TNF-alpha to induce AP-1-DNA binding activity in the nucleus was reduced. Our findings suggest that shear stress plays a protective role in vascular homeostasis by inhibiting endothelial responses to cytokine stimulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Jiann Chiu
- Division of Medical Engineering Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 114, Taiwan, ROC.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chaudhari P, Lacey J, Doyle J, Galligan E, Lien SC, Callegari A, Hougham G, Lang ND, Andry PS, John R, Yang KH, Lu M, Cai C, Speidell J, Purushothaman S, Ritsko J, Samant M, Stöhr J, Nakagawa Y, Katoh Y, Saitoh Y, Sakai K, Satoh H, Odahara S, Nakano H, Nakagaki J, Shiota Y. Atomic-beam alignment of inorganic materials for liquid-crystal displays. Nature 2001; 411:56-9. [PMID: 11333974 DOI: 10.1038/35075021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The technique used to align liquid crystals-rubbing the surface of a substrate on which a liquid crystal is subsequently deposited-has been perfected by the multibillion-dollar liquid-crystal display industry. However, it is widely recognized that a non-contact alignment technique would be highly desirable for future generations of large, high-resolution liquid-crystal displays. A number of alternative alignment techniques have been reported, but none of these have so far been implemented in large-scale manufacturing. Here, we report a non-contact alignment process, which uses low-energy ion beams impinging at a glancing angle on amorphous inorganic films, such as diamond-like carbon. Using this approach, we have produced both laptop and desktop displays in pilot-line manufacturing, and found that displays of higher quality and reliability could be made at a lower cost than the rubbing technique. The mechanism of alignment is explained by adopting a random network model of atomic arrangement in the inorganic films. Order is induced by exposure to an ion beam because unfavourably oriented rings of atoms are selectively destroyed. The planes of the remaining rings are predominantly parallel to the direction of the ion beam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Chaudhari
- IBM Watson Research Centre, PO Box 218, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dumrongrattana S, Huang CC, Nounesis G, Lien SC, Viner JM. Tilt-angle, polarization, and heat-capacity measurements near the smectic-A-chiral-smectic-C phase transition of p-(n-decyloxybenzylidene)-p-amino-(2-methylbutyl)cinnamate (DOBAMBC). Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1986; 34:5010-5019. [PMID: 9897886 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.34.5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
11
|
Huang CC, Lien SC. Effect of the smectic-A temperature range on the behavior of the smectic-A-smectic-C (or -chiral-smectic-C) transition. Phys Rev A Gen Phys 1985; 31:2621-2627. [PMID: 9895796 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.31.2621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
12
|
Lien JC, Cheng CI, Lien SC. A team approach to a disease survey on an aboriginal island (Orchid Island, Taiwan). IV. Mosquitos and chiggers on Lan-yü (Orchid Island), Taitung Hsien, Taiwan. Zhonghua Min Guo Wei Sheng Wu Xue Za Zhi 1974; 7:36-41. [PMID: 4153585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
13
|
Cross JH, Lien JC, Huang WC, Lien SC, Chiu SF. Japanese encephalitis virus surveillance in Taiwan. II. Isolations from mosquitoes and bats in Taipei area 1969-1970. Taiwan Yi Xue Hui Za Zhi 1971; 70:681-6. [PMID: 4156531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|