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Moore RJ. Necrotic enteritis and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens: Challenges in testing and using alternative products. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:288-298. [PMID: 38371475 PMCID: PMC10869589 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
The global trend towards raising broiler chickens without the use of in-feed antibiotics (IFAs) means that there is an ongoing need to develop alternative treatments capable of delivering the benefits that IFAs previously provided. IFAs supported the productivity performance of chickens and played a key role in maintaining their health. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important disease of broilers that affects health, productivity, and welfare, and was previously well controlled by IFAs. However, with the reduction in IFA use, NE is resurgent in some countries. Vaccines and various feed additives, including pre-, pro-, and postbiotics, phytobiotics, fatty acids, and phage therapies have been introduced as alternative methods of NE control. While some of these feed additives have specific activity against the NE pathogen, Clostridium perfringens, most have the more general goal of reinforcing gut health. Extensive reviews of the effects of many of these feed additives on gut health have been published recently. Hence, rather than cover previously well reviewed areas of research this review focuses on the challenges and pitfalls in undertaking experimental assessment of alternative NE treatments and translating laboratory research to real world commercial production settings. The review is based on the author's particular experience, reading, thoughts, and analysis of the available information and inevitably presents a particular understanding that is likely to be at odds with others thinking on these issues. It is put forward to stimulate thinking and discussion on the issues covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Moore
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
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Ji P, Li T, Wu Y, Zhao Q, Li L, Shi X, Jiang W, Wang J, Wang P, Wang T, Jiang D. Virus-like Particle Vaccines of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Expressed in Escherichia coli Are Highly Immunogenic and Protect against Virulent Strain. Viruses 2023; 15:2178. [PMID: 38005855 PMCID: PMC10674347 DOI: 10.3390/v15112178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is a highly contagious, acutely infectious agent that causes immunosuppression in chickens. We expressed IBDV VP2 proteins in Escherichia coli (E. coli) to develop an effective virus-like-particles (VLPs) vaccine and evaluated its immunogenicity. METHODS The VLPs produced in E. coli were used as an immunogen mixed with a water-in-mineral-oil adjuvant (MontanideTM ISA 71 VG, ISA 71 RVG) or a white oil (7#) adjuvant. VLPs without an adjuvant, commercial subunit vaccine, inactivated vaccine, and attenuated vaccine were used as controls. These test vaccines were intramuscularly injected into 19-day-old SPF chickens, which were challenged with the IBDV virulent strain at 30 days after vaccination. RESULTS The adjuvants boosted antibody production, and the adjuvant groups (except white oil) produced higher antibody levels than the non-adjuvanted controls and the commercial vaccine groups. In terms of cellular immunity, the VLPs plus adjuvant combinations produced higher levels of cytokines, IL-2, IL-4, and IFN-γ than the controls. CONCLUSION IBDV VLPs plus the ISA 71 RVG adjuvant can be used as an optimal vaccine combination for improving the immune efficacy of IBD subunit vaccines, which can protect against the virulent strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengchao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tiantian Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xuejian Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wenting Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (P.J.); (T.L.); (Y.W.); (Q.Z.); (L.L.); (X.S.); (W.J.); (J.W.); (P.W.); (T.W.)
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Goo D, Gadde UD, Kim WK, Gay CG, Porta EW, Jones SW, Walker S, Lillehoj HS. Hyperimmune egg yolk antibodies developed against Clostridium perfringens antigens protect against necrotic enteritis. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102841. [PMID: 37480657 PMCID: PMC10393821 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a widespread infectious disease caused by Clostridium perfringens that inflicts major economic losses on the global poultry industry. Due to regulations on antibiotic use in poultry production, there is an urgent need for alternative strategies to mitigate the negative effects of NE. This paper presents a passive immunization technology that utilizes hyperimmune egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) specific to the major immunodominant antigens of C. perfringens. Egg yolk IgYs were generated by immunizing hens with 4 different recombinant C. perfringens antigens, and their protective effects against NE were evaluated in commercial broilers. Six different spray-dried egg powders were produced using recombinant C. perfringens antigens: α-toxin, NE B-like toxin (NetB; EB), elongation factor-Tu (ET), pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, a mixture of 4 antigens (EM-1), and a nonimmunized control (EC). The challenged groups were either provided with different egg powders at a 1% level or no egg powders (EN). The NE challenge model based on Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens dual infection was used. In Experiments 1 and 2, the EB and ET groups exhibited increased body weight gain (BWG; P < 0.01), decreased NE lesion scores (P < 0.001), and reduced serum NetB levels (P < 0.01) compared to the EN and EC groups. IgY against NetB significantly reduced Leghorn male hepatocellular cytotoxicity in an in vitro test (P < 0.01). In Experiment 3, the protective effect of the IgYs mixture (EM-2) against C. perfringens antigens (NetB and EFTu) and Eimeria antigens (elongation factor-1-alpha: EF1α and Eimeria profilin: 3-1E) was tested. The EM-2 group showed similar body weight, BWG, and feed intake from d 7 to 22 compared to the NC group (P < 0.05). On d 20, the EM-2 group showed comparable intestinal permeability, NE lesion scores, and jejunal NetB and collagen adhesion protein levels to the NC group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary mixture containing antibodies to NetB and EFTu provides protection against experimental NE in chickens through passive immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Goo
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - U D Gadde
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - W K Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - C G Gay
- Office of National Program-Animal Health, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - E W Porta
- Arkion Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA
| | - S W Jones
- Arkion Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA
| | - S Walker
- Arkion Life Sciences, New Castle, DE, USA
| | - H S Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA.
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Huaringa D, Zea O, Huapaya S, Jimenez L, Salazar M, Molina D, Espinoza S, Vílchez-Perales C. Evaluation of Three Vaccination Schemes Against Clostridium perfringens Alpha Toxin and Their Effects on the Performance, Level of Intestinal Lesions, and Serum Antibody Titers in Broilers. Avian Dis 2023; 67:170-176. [PMID: 37556296 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-23-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the trial was to evaluate three vaccination schemes against Clostridium perfringens (CP) alpha-toxoid through drinking water to determine if they can protect against clinical signs of necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis in broiler chickens. Three hundred 1-day-old Cobb 500 male chicks were used in 4 treatments with 10 repetitions. Each group received 1 of the following treatments over the course of 29 days: T1, no vaccination; T2, vaccination on Day 1; T3, vaccination on Day 7; and T4, vaccination on Days 7 and 17. The birds were vaccinated with inactivated CP toxoid type A, administered via drinking water. During the first 14 days, a high-protein diet (27%) consisting of corn, soy, and fish meal was fed. On Day 14 Eimeria acervulina (EA), Eimeria maxima (EMx), Eimeria tenella (ET), Eimeria necatrix, and Eimeria brunetti were used in a coccidial challenge. The field isolate CP type A was then inoculated on Days 18, 19, and 20. Ten birds were slaughtered by treatment to obtain serology samples for antibody titers and intestine samples for CP and Eimeria lesion score and gut integrity indicators. Productive performance was assessed using complete randomized design and compared statistically using the Tukey test, whereas intestinal integrity variables and antibodies against CP alpha toxin were assessed using a Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric method. The results revealed that the treatments had an effect on productive performance (P < 0.05); T3 had better body weight and weight gain than T1. In terms of lesion score at Day 21, T4 had a lower lesion score by EA, EMx, and ET than T1. Cell desquamation in T2 was lower than in T4, and excess mucus (EM) in T1 was the worst in gut integrity indicators at Day 21. On the other hand, T2 had more EM than T3 and T4 at Day 25. In the measurement of antibodies, no statistical differences (P > 0.05) were found. These findings indicate that vaccination on Day 7 (T3) outperformed double vaccination on Days 7 and 17 (T4) and single on Day 1 (T2), in terms of productive performance, gut integrity, and lesion scores; and on the last day of the experiment T3 had the best performance in immunology response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Huaringa
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú 15024,
| | - Otto Zea
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú 15024
| | - Sidney Huapaya
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú 15024
| | - Liliana Jimenez
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú 15024
| | - Miguel Salazar
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú 15024
| | - Daniel Molina
- Research, Development and Innovation Area, Ilender Perú S.A., Lima, Perú 15036
| | - Sandra Espinoza
- Research, Development and Innovation Area, Ilender Perú S.A., Lima, Perú 15036
| | - Carlos Vílchez-Perales
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú 15024
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Shamshirgaran MA, Golchin M, Salehi M, Kheirandish R. Evaluation the efficacy of oral immunization of broiler chickens with a recombinant Lactobacillus casei vaccine vector expressing the Carboxy-terminal fragment of α-toxin from Clostridium perfringens. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:13. [PMID: 36658534 PMCID: PMC9850811 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03566-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is a serious anaerobic enteric pathogen causing necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens. Following the ban on antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feedstuffs, there has been a remarkable rise in occurrence of NE which resulted in considering alternative approaches, particularly vaccination. The objective of this work was to evaluate the recombinant Lactobacillus casei (L. casei) expressing the C-terminal domain of α-toxin from C. perfringens as a potential probiotic-based vaccine candidate to immunize the broiler chickens against NE. RESULTS The broiler chickens immunized orally with recombinant vaccine strain were significantly protected against experimental NE challenge, and developed specific serum anti-α antibodies. Additionally, the immunized birds showed higher body weight gains compared with control groups during the challenge experiment. CONCLUSIONS The current study showed that oral immunization of broiler chickens with a safe probiotic-based vector vaccine expressing α-toxin from C. perfringens could provide protective immunity against NE in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran
- grid.412503.10000 0000 9826 9569Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Post Box: 76169-133, Kerman, 7616914111 Iran
| | - Mehdi Golchin
- grid.412503.10000 0000 9826 9569Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Post Box: 76169-133, Kerman, 7616914111 Iran
| | - Mahmoud Salehi
- grid.412503.10000 0000 9826 9569Division of Poultry Diseases, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Reza Kheirandish
- grid.412503.10000 0000 9826 9569Division of Pathology, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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Shamshirgaran MA, Golchin M, Mohammadi E. Lactobacillus casei displaying Clostridium perfringens NetB antigen protects chickens against necrotic enteritis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6441-6453. [PMID: 36063180 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12155-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis is a serious economical disease of poultry caused by Clostridium perfringens. NetB toxin of Clostridium perfringens is considered the causative agent of necrotic enteritis. Following the withdrawal of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters, there has been an urgent need to develop alternative approaches such as vaccination. Currently, there are no commercially available vaccines to control necrotic enteritis especially in broiler chickens as the target population. In the present study, we constructed a recombinant Lactobacillus casei strain expressing NetB protein of C. perfringens on the cell surface and used this probiotic-based vaccine strain to immunize broiler chickens orally against experimental induction of necrotic enteritis. The birds immunized with the oral vaccine strain were significantly protected against necrotic enteritis challenge and developed strong serum anti-NetB antibody responses to NetB protein. Furthermore, the immunized birds showed higher body weight gains during the challenge experiment compared with control birds. This study showed, for the first time, that a probiotic-based vector vaccine could be a promising vaccine candidate to provide protection against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. KEYPOINTS: • The probiotic L. casei carrying pT1NX-netB plasmid displayed NetB antigen on the cell surface. • The LC-NetB vaccine strain induced high anti-toxin antibody response in broiler chickens. • The LC-NetB vector vaccine provided significant protection against experimental NE challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Shamshirgaran
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 7616914111, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mehdi Golchin
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 7616914111, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Elham Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, 7616914111, Kerman, Iran
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Valipouri A, Rahimi S, Karkhane A, Torshizi MAK, Mobarez AM, Grimes J. Immunization of broiler chickens with recombinant alpha-toxin protein for protection against necrotic enteritis#. J APPL POULTRY RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2022.100299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Yuan B, Sun Z, Lu M, Lillehoj H, Lee Y, Liu L, Yan X, Yang DA, Li C. Immunization with Pooled Antigens for Clostridium perfringens Conferred Partial Protection against Experimental Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060979. [PMID: 35746587 PMCID: PMC9229587 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a multifactorial and important enteric infectious disease etiologically caused by pathogenic C. perfringens infection, accounting for the estimated loss of around USD 6 billion in the global poultry industry. The increasing incidence of NE was found to be associated with the voluntary reduction or withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters from animal feed during recent years. Therefore, the development of effective vaccines specific to NE assumes a priority for the poultry industry. This study aimed to identify the potential C. perfringens proteins as vaccine targets for NE. Three recombinant C. perfringens proteins targeting five antigens were prepared: two chimeric proteins (alpha-toxin and NetB, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) and a zinc metalloprotease (Zm)), and one single collagen adhesion protein (Cna). Their protection efficacies were evaluated with a potent challenge model of Eimeria maxima/C. perfringens dual infections using a netB+tpeL+ C. perfringens strain. Young chicks were immunized twice subcutaneously with adjuvanted C. perfringens proteins on Days 4 and 15. At six days after the second immunization, the chickens immunized with Cna, FBA, and Zm antigens, and alpha-toxin had much higher serum antibody titers than unvaccinated controls prior to the challenge. Following the challenge, the pooled antigen-immunized group demonstrated no mortality and the least lesion scores against virulent challenge. The results indicate that the immunization with multicomponent antigens, including C. perfringens housekeeping protein Cna, may confer partial protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Yuan
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
- School of Basic Medicine Sciences, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhifeng Sun
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Hyun Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Liheng Liu
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
| | - Xianghe Yan
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Danchen Aaron Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; (B.Y.); (Z.S.); (M.L.); (H.L.); (Y.L.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Necrotic enteritis in chickens: a review of pathogenesis, immune responses and prevention, focusing on probiotics and vaccination. Anim Health Res Rev 2022; 22:147-162. [DOI: 10.1017/s146625232100013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractNecrotic enteritis (NE), caused by Clostridium perfringens (CP), is one of the most common of poultry diseases, causing huge economic losses to the poultry industry. This review provides an overview of the pathogenesis of NE in chickens and of the interaction of CP with the host immune system. The roles of management, nutrition, probiotics, and vaccination in reducing the incidence and severity of NE in poultry flocks are also discussed.
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A triple-sugar regulated Salmonella vaccine protects against Clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101592. [PMID: 34922043 PMCID: PMC8686071 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive Clostridium perfringens type G, the causative agent of necrotic enteritis (NE), has gained more attention in the poultry industry due to governmental restrictions on the use of growth-promoting antibiotics in poultry feed. Our previous work has proved that regulated delayed lysis Salmonella vaccines delivering a plasmid encoding an operon fusion of the nontoxic C-terminal adhesive part of alpha toxin and a GST-NetB toxin fusion were able to elicit significant protective immunity in broilers against C. perfringens challenge. We recently improved our S. Typhimurium antigen delivery vaccine strain by integrating a rhamnose-regulated O-antigen synthesis gene enabling a triple-sugar regulation system to control virulence, antigen-synthesis and lysis in vivo traits. The strain also includes a ΔsifA mutation that was previously shown to increase the immunogenicity of and level of protective immunity induced by Salmonella vectored influenza and Eimeria antigens. The new antigen-delivery vaccine vector system confers on the vaccine strain a safe profile and improved protection against C. perfringens challenge. The strain with the triple-sugar regulation system delivering a regulated lysis plasmid pG8R220 encoding the PlcC and GST-NetB antigens protected chickens at a similar level observed in antibiotic-treated chickens. Feed conversion and growth performance were also similar to antibiotic-treated chickens. These studies made use of a severe C. perfringens challenge with lesion formation and mortality enhanced by pre-exposure to Eimeria maxima oocysts. The vaccine achieved effectiveness through three different immunization routes, oral, spray and in drinking water. The vaccine has a potential for application in commercial hatcher and broiler-rearing conditions.
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Hoseini ZS, Hajizade A, Razmyar J, Ahmadian G, Arpanaei A. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles-based formulations of a chimeric proteinous vaccine candidate against necrotic enteritis disease. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112316. [PMID: 34474867 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To develop a nanoparticle-based vaccine against necrotic enteritis, a chimeric antigen (rNA) consisting of the main antigens of Clostridium perfringens, NetB, and Alpha toxin, was prepared. Then, the rNA molecules were loaded onto the functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNPs) using physical adsorption or covalent conjugation methods. The characterization of synthesized nanoparticles was performed by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurement, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry techniques. The results revealed that the spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 90 ± 12 nm and suitable surface chemistries are prepared. MSNPs-based formulations did not show any significant toxicity on the chicken embryo fibroblast cells. The results of the challenge experiments using subcutaneous or oral administration of the as-prepared formulations in the animal model showed that the as-prepared nanosystems, similar to those formulated with a commercial adjuvant (Montanide), present stronger humoral immune responses as compared to that of the free proteins. It was also indicated that the best protection is obtained in groups vaccinated with MSNPs-based nanovaccine, especially those who orally received covalently conjugated nanovaccine candidates. These results recommend that the MSNPs-based formulated chimeric proteinous vaccine candidates can be considered as an effective immunizing system for the oral vaccination of poultry against gastrointestinal infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakieh Sadat Hoseini
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Hajizade
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Razmyar
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ayyoob Arpanaei
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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Measurement over 1 Year of Neutralizing Antibodies in Cattle Immunized with Trivalent Vaccines Recombinant Alpha, Beta and Epsilon of Clostridium perfringens. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090594. [PMID: 34564599 PMCID: PMC8470993 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha (CPA), beta (CPB) and epsilon (ETX) toxins of Clostridium perfringens are responsible for causing diseases that are difficult to eradicate and have lethal potential in production animals. Vaccination of herds is still the best control strategy. Recombinant clostridial vaccines have shown good success at inducing neutralizing antibody titers and appear to be a viable alternative to the conventional production of commercial clostridial toxoids. Research is still needed on the longevity of the humoral immune response induced by recombinant proteins in immunized animals, preferably in target species. The objective of this study was to measure the humoral immune response of cattle immunized with trivalent vaccines containing the recombinant proteins alpha (rCPA), beta (rCPB) and epsilon (rETX) of C. perfringens produced in Escherichia coli at three different concentrations (100, 200, and 400 µg) of each protein for 12 months. The recombinant vaccines containing 200 (RV2) and 400 µg (RV3) yielded statistically similar results at 56 days. They performed better throughout the study period because they induced higher neutralizing antibody titers and were detectable for up to 150 and 180 days, respectively. Regarding industrial-scale production, RV2 would be the most economical and viable formulation as it achieved results similar to RV3 at half the concentration of recombinant proteins in its formulation. However, none of the vaccines tested induced the production of detectable antibody titers on day 365 of the experiment, the time of revaccination typically recommended in vaccination protocols. Thus, reiterating the need for research in the field of vaccinology to achieve greater longevity of the humoral immune response against these clostridial toxins in animals, in addition to the need to discuss the vaccine schedules and protocols adopted in cattle production.
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13
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Liu L, Yan X, Lillehoj H, Sun Z, Zhao H, Xianyu Z, Lee Y, Melville S, Gu C, Wang Y, Lu M, Li C. Comparison of the Pathogenicity of Five Clostridium perfringens Isolates Using an Eimeria maxima Coinfection Necrotic Enteritis Disease Model in Commercial Broiler Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 64:386-392. [PMID: 33205165 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-19-00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens (CP) is the etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis (NE) in broiler chickens that is responsible for massive economic losses in the poultry industry in response to voluntary reduction and withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters. Large variations exist in the CP isolates in inducing intestinal NE lesions. However, limited information is available on CP isolate genetics in inducing NE with other predisposing factors. This study investigated the ability of five CP isolates from different sources to influence NE pathogenesis by using an Eimeria maxima (EM) coinfection NE model: Str.13 (from soil), LLY_N11 (healthy chicken intestine), SM101 (food poisoning), Del1 (netB+tpeL-) and LLY_Tpel17 (netB+tpeL+) for NE-afflicted chickens. The 2-wk-old broiler chickens were preinfected with EM (5 × 103 oocysts) followed by CP infection (around 1 × 109 colony-forming units per chicken). The group of the LLY_Tpel17 isolate with EM coinfection had 25% mortality. No mortality was observed in the groups infected with EM alone, all CP alone, or dual infections of EM/other CP isolates. In this model of EM/CP coinfections, the relative percentages of body weight gain showed statistically significant decreases in all EM/CP groups except the EM/SM101 group when compared with the sham control group. Evident gut lesions were only observed in the three groups of EM/LLY_N11, EM/Del1, and EM/LLY_Tpel17, all of which possessed an essential NE pathogenesis locus in their genomes. Our studies indicate that LLY_Tpel17 is highly pathogenic to induce severe gut lesions and would be a good CP challenge strain for studies investigating pathogenesis and evaluating the protection efficacy for antibiotic alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liheng Liu
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianghe Yan
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, ARS/USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Hyun Lillehoj
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Zhifeng Sun
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhezi Xianyu
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Youngsub Lee
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Stephen Melville
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Polytech and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Changqin Gu
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Biostatistics Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Mingmin Lu
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
| | - Charles Li
- Animal Bioscience and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Beltsville, MD 20705
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Fatemi Motlagh M, Mousavi Gargari SL. A bivalent vaccine against avian necrotic enteritis and coccidiosis. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:113-125. [PMID: 34101942 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, we attempted to design a recombinant vaccine harbouring domain with a key role in enterocyte attachment and cell invasion in necrotic enteritis (NE) and coccidiosis. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we investigated whether a recombinant protein consisting of necrotic enteritis B-like toxin, C-terminal domain of alpha-toxin, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1), and Rhoptry neck protein 2 (RON2) which we call "NeCoVac" hereafter, can improve protection against both diseases compared to vaccination with each antigen in previous studies. Birds intestinal lesion scores and specific antibody levels were measured to determine protection after oral gavage challenges with virulent Clostridium perfringens and LIVACOX® T. Birds immunized with NeCoVac were protected up to 84% against NE and coccidiosis compared to unimmunized and even positive groups (groups treated with LIVACOX® T [coccidiosis live vaccine] and tylosin as routine veterinary interventions) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that vaccination with NeCoVac is highly efficient in protecting birds from NE, coccidiosis and a combination of both diseases. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The present study is the first one to describe the combinatorial use of AMA1 and RON2 against coccidiosis, and the first report using NeCoVac against NE and coccidiosis together.
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15
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Stable Recombinant-Gene Expression from a Ligilactobacillus Live Bacterial Vector via Chromosomal Integration. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.00392-21. [PMID: 33741626 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00392-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease control in animal production systems requires constant vigilance. Historically, the application of in-feed antibiotics to control bacteria and improve performance has been a much-used approach to maintain animal health and welfare. However, the widespread use of in-feed antibiotics is thought to increase the risk of antibiotic resistance developing. Alternative methods to control disease and maintain productivity need to be developed. Live vaccination is useful in preventing colonization of mucosa-dwelling pathogens by inducing a mucosal immune response. Native poultry isolate Ligilactobacillus agilis La3 (previously Lactobacillus agilis) has been identified as a candidate for use as a live vector to deliver therapeutic proteins such as bacteriocins, phage endolysins, or vaccine antigens to the gastrointestinal tract of chickens. In this study, the complete genome sequence of L. agilis La3 was determined and transcriptome analysis was undertaken to identify highly expressed genes. Predicted promoter regions and ribosomal binding sites from constitutively expressed genes were used to construct recombinant protein expression cassettes. A series of double-crossover shuttle plasmids were constructed to facilitate rapid selectable integration of expression cassettes into the L agilis La3 chromosome via homologous recombination. Inserts showed 100% stable integration over 100 generations without selection. A positive relationship was found between protein expression levels and the predicted strength of the promoters. Using this system, stable chromosomal expression of a Clostridium perfringens antigen, rNetB, was demonstrated without selection. Finally, two recombinant strains, L agilis La3::P eft -rnetB and L agilis La3::P cwah -rnetB, were constructed and characterized, and they showed potential for future application as live vaccines in chickens.IMPORTANCE Therapeutic proteins such as antigens can be used to prevent infectious diseases in poultry. However, traditional vaccine delivery by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection generally has not proven effective for mucosa-dwelling microorganisms that live within the gastrointestinal tract. Utilizing live bacteria to deliver vaccine antigens directly to the gut immune system can overcome some of the limitations of conventional vaccination. In this work, Ligilactobacillus agilis La3, an especially effective gut colonizer, has been analyzed and engineered with modular and stable expression systems to produce recombinant proteins. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the system, expression of a vaccine antigen from poultry pathogen Clostridium perfringens was monitored over 100 generations without selection and found to be completely stable. This study demonstrates the development of genetic tools and novel constitutive expression systems and further development of L. agilis La3 as a live delivery vehicle for recombinant proteins.
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16
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Sarmah H, Hazarika R, Tamuly S, Deka P, Manoharan S, Sharma RK. Evaluation of different antigenic preparations against necrotic enteritis in broiler birds using a novel Clostridium perfringens type G strain. Anaerobe 2021; 70:102377. [PMID: 33957249 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2021.102377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Keeping in view, the constraints faced by the Indian broiler industry with lack of a suitable vaccine against Necrotic Enteritis (NE), a study has been proposed to explore the prevalence and detail characterization of C. perfringens type G in NE suspected broiler chicken in the process of suitable vaccine development. METHODS Intestinal scrapings/faecal contents of NE suspected broiler chickens were screened to establish the prevalence of C.perfringens type G in broiler birds. A most pathogenic, highly resistant type G isolate of C. perfringens, bearing both tpeL and gapC gene was selected for preparation of three different vaccine formulations, and to evaluate their immunogenic potential in broiler birds. RESULTS Screening of clinical samples of NE suspected broiler birds revealed C. perfringens type G, bearing gapC gene in 51.22% samples, of which 47.62% revealed tpeL gene. Seven of the tpeLpos type G isolates were comparatively more pathogenic for mice, of which, one exhibited multidrug resistance towards ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, tetracycline and levofloxacin. The sonicated supernatant (SS) prepared from the selected tpeL and gapC positive isolate could maintain a significantly higher protective IgG response than toxoid and bacterin preparation from the 21st to 28thday of age in immunized birds. CONCLUSION The additional TpeL toxin in C. perfringens type G has been proved to be an additional key biological factor in the pathogenesis of NE in broiler chickens. Considering the release of more immunogenic proteins, the SS proved to be a better immunogenic preparation against NE with a multiple immunization dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiramoni Sarmah
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, AAU., Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ritam Hazarika
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, AAU., Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Shantonu Tamuly
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, College of Veterinary Science, AAU., Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj Deka
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, AAU., Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Seeralan Manoharan
- Vaccine Research Centre-Bacterial Vaccines, Centre for Animal Health Studies, TANUVAS, Chennai, India
| | - Rajeev K Sharma
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, AAU., Khanapara, Guwahati, Assam, India.
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Fancher CA, Zhang L, Kiess AS, Adhikari PA, Dinh TT, Sukumaran AT. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens: Challenges in No Antibiotics Ever Broiler Production and Potential Solutions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1533. [PMID: 33036173 PMCID: PMC7599686 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
United States is the largest producer and the second largest exporter of broiler meat in the world. In the US, broiler production is largely converting to antibiotic-free programs which has caused an increase in morbidity and mortality within broiler farms. Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens are two important pathogenic bacteria readily found in the broiler environment and result in annual billion-dollar losses from colibacillosis, gangrenous dermatitis, and necrotic enteritis. The broiler industry is in search of non-antibiotic alternatives including novel vaccines, prebiotics, probiotics, and housing management strategies to mitigate production losses due to these diseases. This review provides an overview of the broiler industry and antibiotic free production, current challenges, and emerging research on antibiotic alternatives to reduce pathogenic microbial presence and improve bird health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Fancher
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Pratima A. Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Thu T.N. Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
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Katalani C, Ahmadian G, Nematzadeh G, Amani J, Ehsani P, Razmyar J, Kiani G. Immunization with oral and parenteral subunit chimeric vaccine candidate confers protection against Necrotic Enteritis in chickens. Vaccine 2020; 38:7284-7291. [PMID: 33012608 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Following the ban on the use of in-feed antimicrobials, necrotic enteritis (NE) NE is the most important clostridial disease. Vaccination has been considered as a possible approach to prevent NE. Our previous study showed that a chimeric protein product consisting of antigenic epitopes of NetB, Alpha-toxin and Zinc metallopeptidase (Zmp) triggered immune response against C. perfringens. In the current study we optimized the chimeric gene and constructed a fusion protein containing NetB, Alpha-toxin and Metallopeptidase (NAM) for expressing in tobacco plant to use as an edible vaccine for immunizing the chicken against NE. Simultaneously, we expressed and purified a His-tagged recombinant version of the NAM (rNAM) expressed in E. coli BL21 for subcutaneous immunization of chickens. Immunized birds produced strong humoral immune responses against both edible plant-based and parenteral purified rNAM. The responses were determined by the mean titer of antibody in blood samples to be around 9000 and 32,000, for edible and injected rNAM, respectively. Birds immunized subcutaneously showed the most striking responses. However the edible vaccine provided a more long lasting IgY response 14 days after the third vaccination compared to the injected birds. Chickens immunized with either lyophilized leaves expressing rNAM or purified rNAM, subsequently were subjected to the challenge with a virulent C. perfringens strain using an NE disease model. Our results showed that birds immunized both parenterally and orally with recombinant chimeric vaccine were significantly protected against the severity of lesion in the intestinal tract, but the protection provided with the injectable form of the antigen was greater than that of the oral form. Further analysis is needed to check whether these strategies can be used as the potential platform for developing an efficient vaccine against NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camellia Katalani
- Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resource University (SANRU), Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Pajoohesh BLVD, Tehran-Karaj HWY, km 15, Tehran 1497716316, Iran.
| | - Ghorbanali Nematzadeh
- Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resource University (SANRU), Genetics and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute of Tabarestan (GABIT), Sari, Iran.
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Ehsani
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Iran
| | - Jamshid Razmyar
- Department of Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghaffar Kiani
- Sari Agriculture Science and Natural Resource University (SANRU), Sari, Iran
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19
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Adhikari P, Kiess A, Adhikari R, Jha R. An approach to alternative strategies to control avian coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2019.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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20
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In silico design and in vitro analysis of a recombinant trivalent fusion protein candidate vaccine targeting virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:1015-1023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Rabie NS, Amin Girh ZMS. Bacterial vaccines in poultry. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2020; 44:15. [PMID: 32435127 PMCID: PMC7223244 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-019-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poultry bacterial pathogens are mainly controlled by using high-cost sanitary measures and medical treatment. However, the drug-resistant strains of pathogens continuously emerge, and medical treatments are often ineffective. Moreover, there is increasing public objections to drug residues in poultry products. The other important type of control is the vaccination which depends on immunity. This immunological control is the major practical alternative to chemotherapy. Success of vaccines in combating poultry diseases depends mainly on the choice of the proper type of vaccines, correct time of its usage, and method of administration.The types of vaccines include attenuated live vaccines, and these vaccines were shown to be effective in inducing protection. The second type is killed vaccine or whole bacteria extracts which is less successful in providing protection compared to live vaccines. The metabolic product vaccine (toxoids) is the third type of vaccine. The recombinant DNA technique was adopted to produce the protective antigens in a sufficient amount and in cost-effective ways. CONCLUSIONS Protection studies against bacterial diseases were performed by using several trials: living vaccines (live attenuated vaccines; live, non-pathogenic microorganisms; live, low virulence microorganism), inactivated (killed) vaccines (heat-inactivated, chemical inactivates, radiation), metabolic product vaccines (toxoids), subunit vaccines (whole cell proteins, outer membrane proteins, purified flagellar proteins (flagellin), fimbrial proteins, pilus proteins, lipopolysaccharides), vaccines produced by recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) technology, and DNA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa S. Rabie
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Zeinab M. S. Amin Girh
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Research Centre, 33 Bohouth St, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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22
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Huang T, Peng XY, Gao B, Wei QL, Xiang R, Yuan MG, Xu ZH. The Effect of Clostridium butyricum on Gut Microbiota, Immune Response and Intestinal Barrier Function During the Development of Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2309. [PMID: 31681193 PMCID: PMC6797560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Probiotics are used as potential alternatives to antibiotics to prevent NE. It is known that Clostridium butyricum can act as a probiotic that can prevent infection. However, whether or not it exerts a beneficial effect on NE in chickens remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the impact of C. butyricum on immune response and intestinal microbiota during the development of NE in chickens, including experimental stages with basal diets, high-fishmeal-supplementation diets, and Clostridium perfringens challenge. Chickens were divided into two groups from day 1 to day 20: one group had its diet supplemented with C. butyricum supplementation and one did not. At day 20, the chickens were divided into four groups: C. perfringens challenged and unchallenged chickens with and without C. butyricum supplementation. All groups were fed a basal diet for 13 days and thereafter a basal diet with 50% fishmeal from day 14 to 24. Chickens were infected with C. perfringens from day 21 to 23. At days 13, 20 and 24, samples were collected for analysis of the relative expression of immune response and intestinal mucosa barrier-related genes and intestinal microbes. The results show that C. butyricum can inhibit the increase in IL-17A gene expression and the reduction in Claudin-1 gene induced-expression caused by C. perfringens challenge. Moreover, C. butyricum was found to increase the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in infected chickens. Although C. butyricum was found to have a significant beneficial effect on the structure of intestinal bacteria in the basal diet groups and decrease the abundance of C. perfringens in the gut, it did not significantly affect the occurrence of intestinal lesions and did not significantly correct the shift in gut bacterial composition post C. perfringens infection. In conclusion, although C. butyricum promotes the expression of anti-inflammatory and tight junction protein genes and inhibits pro-inflammatory genes in C. perfringens-challenged chickens, it is not adequate to improve the structure of intestinal microbiota in NE chickens. Therefore, more effective schemes of C. butyricum supplementation to prevent and treat NE in chickens need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yu Peng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Gao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Lin Wei
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Gui Yuan
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Humbert MV, Jackson A, Orr CM, Tews I, Christodoulides M. Characterization of two putative Dichelobacter nodosus footrot vaccine antigens identifies the first lysozyme inhibitor in the genus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10055. [PMID: 31296905 PMCID: PMC6624275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46506-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gram-negative anaerobic bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus (Dn) causes footrot in ruminants, a debilitating and highly contagious disease that results in necrotic hooves and significant economic losses in agriculture. Vaccination with crude whole-cell vaccine mixed with multiple recombinant fimbrial proteins can provide protection during species-specific outbreaks, but subunit vaccines containing broadly cross-protective antigens are desirable. We have investigated two D. nodosus candidate vaccine antigens. Macrophage Infectivity Potentiator Dn-MIP (DNO_0012, DNO_RS00050) and Adhesin Complex Protein Dn-ACP (DNO_0725, DNO_RS06795) are highly conserved amongst ~170 D. nodosus isolates in the https://pubmlst.org/dnodosus/ database. We describe the presence of two homologous ACP domains in Dn-ACP with potent C-type lysozyme inhibitor function, and homology of Dn-MIP to other putative cell-surface and membrane-anchored MIP virulence factors. Immunization of mice with recombinant proteins with a variety of adjuvants induced antibodies that recognised both proteins in D. nodosus. Notably, immunization with fimbrial-whole-cell Footvax vaccine induced anti-Dn-ACP and anti-Dn-MIP antibodies. Although all adjuvants induced high titre antibody responses, only antisera to rDn-ACP-QuilA and rDn-ACP-Al(OH)3 significantly prevented rDn-ACP protein from inhibiting lysozyme activity in vitro. Therefore, a vaccine incorporating rDn-ACP in particular could contribute to protection by enabling normal innate immune lysozyme function to aid bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Victoria Humbert
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Jackson
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M Orr
- Beamline I23, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ivo Tews
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, B85 Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Myron Christodoulides
- Neisseria Research Group, Molecular Microbiology, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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24
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Ferreira MRA, Motta JF, Azevedo ML, Dos Santos LM, Júnior CM, Rodrigues RR, Donassolo RA, Reis ADSB, Barbosa JD, Salvarani FM, Moreira ÂN, Conceição FR. Inactivated recombinant Escherichia coli as a candidate vaccine against Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin in sheep. Anaerobe 2019; 59:163-166. [PMID: 31299397 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens type A is the causative agent of gas gangrene and gastroenteric ("yellow lamb disease") disease in ruminants, with C. perfringens alpha toxin (CPA) being the main virulence factor in the pathogenesis of these illnesses. In the present study, we have developed recombinant Escherichia coli bacteria expressing rCPA and used it to vaccinate rabbits and sheep. Doses of up to 200 μg of rCPA used for inoculation, induced 13.82 IU.mL-1 of neutralizing antitoxin in rabbits, which is three times higher than that recommended by the USDA (4 IU.mL-1). In sheep, recombinant bacteria induced antitoxin titers of 4 IU.mL-1, 56 days after the first dose. rCPA which was expressed, mainly, in inclusion bodies, was not found to influence the immunogenicity of the vaccine. The recombinant Escherichia coli bacterin, produced simply and safely, is capable of affording protection against diseases caused by C. perfringens CPA. The current findings represent a novel production method for CPA vaccines potentially applicable to veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto A Ferreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil.
| | - Jaqueline F Motta
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Morgana L Azevedo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Lucas M Dos Santos
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Clóvis Moreira Júnior
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Rodrigues
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Rafael A Donassolo
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | | | - José D Barbosa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Felipe M Salvarani
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, CEP 68740-970, Brazil
| | - Ângela N Moreira
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Fabricio R Conceição
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 96160-000, Brazil
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25
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Venkatas J, Adeleke MA. A review of Eimeria antigen identification for the development of novel anticoccidial vaccines. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1701-1710. [PMID: 31065831 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06338-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coccidiosis is a major poultry disease which compromises animal welfare and costs the global chicken industry a huge economic loss. As a result, research entailing coccidial control measures is crucial. Coccidiosis is caused by Eimeria parasites that are highly immunogenic. Consequently, a low dosage of the Eimeria parasite supplied by a vaccine will enable the host organism to develop an innate immune response towards the pathogen. The production of traditional live anticoccidial vaccines is limited by their low reproductive index and high production costs, among other factors. Recombinant vaccines overcome these limitations by eliciting undesired contaminants and prevent the reversal of toxoids back to their original toxigenic form. Recombinant vaccines are produced using defined Eimeria antigens and harmless adjuvants. Thus, studies regarding the identification of potent novel Eimeria antigens which stimulate both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in chickens are essential. Although the prevalence and risk posed by Eimeria have been well established, there is a dearth of information on genetic and antigenic diversity within the field. Therefore, this paper discusses the potential and efficiency of recombinant vaccines as an anticoccidial control measure. Novel protective Eimeria antigens and their antigenic diversity for the production of cheap, easily accessible recombinant vaccines are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Venkatas
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - M A Adeleke
- Discipline of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Lepp D, Ojha S, Mehdizadeh Gohari I, Chakravarty B, Prescott JF, Gong J. Immunization with subunits of a novel pilus produced by virulent Clostridium perfringens strains confers partial protection against necrotic enteritis in chickens. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:7-13. [PMID: 30827407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an economically important disease of broiler chickens that is caused primarily by Clostridium perfringens strains that produce the NetB toxin. It is controlled in North America principally through the application of in-feed antimicrobials, but alternative control methods, such as vaccination, are urgently needed. We previously identified a cluster of C. perfringens genes prevalent in disease-causing strains, denominated VR-10B, that is predicted to encode a pilus. The current study evaluated the ability of three predicted pilin structural subunits (CnaA, FimA, FimB) to protect against NE in two immunization studies. In the first study, young broiler chickens were immunized twice intramuscularly (i.m.) with CnaA or FimA, which resulted in only a weak serum antibody response, and no reduction in the severity of intestinal lesions following experimental challenge with C. perfringens strain CP1. In the second study, chickens were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) with CnaA, FimB, or a combination of all three proteins, on days 7, 14 and 19, which resulted in a marked antibody response specific to each antigen. Chickens immunized with either CnaA or FimB had significantly reduced NE lesion severity, whereas immunization with all three proteins in combination did not provide protection. Western blot experiments using serum from immunized birds were also performed, providing the first experimental evidence to suggest that this locus may in fact encode a functional pilus structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lepp
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - S Ojha
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - I Mehdizadeh Gohari
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - B Chakravarty
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - J F Prescott
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Gong
- Guelph Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada.
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Siqueira FDF, Silva ROS, do Carmo AO, de Oliveira-Mendes BBR, Horta CCR, Lobato FCF, Kalapothakis E. Immunization with a nontoxic naturally occurring Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin induces neutralizing antibodies in rabbits. Anaerobe 2017; 49:48-52. [PMID: 29246841 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens alpha toxin, encoded by plc gene, has been implicated in gas gangrene, a life threatening infection. Vaccination is considered one of the best solutions against Clostridium infections. Although studies have identified many low quality clostridial vaccines, the use of recombinant proteins has been considered a promising alternative. Previously, a naturally occurring alpha toxin isoform (αAV1b) was identified with a mutation at residue 11 (His/Tyr), which can affect its enzymatic activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the mutation in the αAV1b isoform could result in an inactive toxin and was able to induce protection against the native alpha toxin. We used recombinant protein techniques to determine whether this mutation in αAV1b could result in an inactive toxin compared to the active isoform, αZ23. Rabbits were immunized with the recombinant toxins (αAV1b and αZ23) and with native alpha toxin. αAV1b showed no enzymatic and hemolytic activities. ELISA titration assays showed a high titer of both anti-recombinant toxin (anti-rec-αAV1b and anti-rec-αZ23) antibodies against the native alpha toxin. The alpha antitoxin titer detected in the rabbits' serum pool was 24.0 IU/mL for both recombinant toxins. These results demonstrate that the inactive naturally mutated αAV1b is able to induce an immune response, and suggest it can be considered as a target for the development of a commercial vaccine against C. perfringens alpha toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia de Faria Siqueira
- Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais, Campus Betim, Betim, 32656-840, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Otávio Silveira Silva
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Oliveira do Carmo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Campolina Rebello Horta
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Mestrado Profissional em Biotecnologia e Gestão da Inovação, Centro Universitário de Sete Lagoas, Sete Lagoas, 32701-242, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Faria Lobato
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Evanguedes Kalapothakis
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Abstract
The increasing number of legislative restrictions and the voluntary withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters worldwide will continue to impact poultry health and production. The rising incidence of Clostridium infections and development of necrotic enteritis (NE) in commercial chickens has been associated with the withdrawal of antibiotics. High-throughput genomic analysis of intestinal tissues from NE-afflicted chickens showed alterations in the local immunity and gut microbiota. Therefore, a better understanding of host- and environmentally related factors on Clostridium perfringens infections will be necessary for the development of effective sustainable strategies aimed to reduce the negative consequences of NE. In this short review, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of host genomics and immunity in NE. The limited progress in understanding the complexity of host-pathogen interactions in NE underscores the urgent need for more fundamental research in host immunity against Clostridium pathogens in order to develop effective control strategies against NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung T Oh
- a Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- a Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service , United States Department of Agriculture , Beltsville , MD , USA
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29
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Fernandes da Costa SP, Mot D, Geeraerts S, Bokori-Brown M, Van Immerseel F, Titball RW. Variable protection against experimental broiler necrotic enteritis after immunization with the C-terminal fragment of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin and a non-toxic NetB variant. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:381-8. [PMID: 26743457 PMCID: PMC5044767 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2015.1129663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis toxin B (NetB) is a pore-forming toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens and has been shown to play a key role in avian necrotic enteritis, a disease causing significant costs to the poultry production industry worldwide. The aim of this work was to determine whether immunization with a non-toxic variant of NetB (NetB W262A) and the C-terminal fragment of C. perfringens alpha-toxin (CPA247–370) would provide protection against experimental necrotic enteritis. Immunized birds with either antigen or a combination of antigens developed serum antibody levels against NetB and CPA. When CPA247–370 and NetB W262A were used in combination as immunogens, an increased protection was observed after oral challenge by individual dosing, but not after in-feed-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorien Mot
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Sofie Geeraerts
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Monika Bokori-Brown
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- b Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
| | - Richard W Titball
- a College of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Exeter , Exeter , UK
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30
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Mishra N, Smyth JA. Oral vaccination of broiler chickens against necrotic enteritis using a non-virulent NetB positive strain of Clostridium perfringens type A. Vaccine 2017; 35:6858-6865. [PMID: 29102330 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a severe disease of chickens and turkeys caused by some strains of Clostridium perfringens type A. The disease is well controlled by the use of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). However, due to worldwide public and regulatory pressure to reduce the use of AGPs inter alia, there is an urgent need to develop non-antibiotic based preventative measures. Vaccination would be a suitable control measure, but currently there is no commercial vaccine. NetB (necrotic enteritis toxin B-like) is a pore-forming toxin produced by C. perfringens that has been reported as an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of NE. The present study tests a non-virulent NetB producing strain of C. perfringens (nvNetB+), with or without adjuvants, as an orally administered live vaccine. Adjuvants used were Gel 01™, Cholera toxin (CT), Escherichia coli wild type heat-labile holotoxin (LT) and mutant E. coli LT (dmLT) (R192G/L211A). Several vaccine administration regimes were tested. All vaccination regimes elicited serum and mucosal antibody responses to alpha toxin and to secreted proteins of both nvNetB+ and a very virulent NetB positive (vvNetB+) strain (p<0.0001 to p<0.05). In some vaccinated groups, there was milder intestinal pathology upon disease challenge. 55% of birds vaccinated orally at days 2, 12 with nvNetB+ adjuvanted with CT did not develop any lesions of NE by 6 days post challenge, compared to a 100% incidence of NE lesions in the unvaccinated disease challenged group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Mishra
- Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Joan A Smyth
- Department of Pathobiology & Veterinary Science, University of Connecticut, 61 North Eagleville Road, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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31
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Lillehoj HS, Jang SI, Panebra A, Lillehoj EP, Dupuis L, Ben Arous J, Lee SK, Oh ST. In ovo vaccination using Eimeria profilin and Clostridium perfringens NetB proteins in Montanide IMS adjuvant increases protective immunity against experimentally-induced necrotic enteritis. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1478-1485. [PMID: 28335090 PMCID: PMC5582334 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The effects of vaccinating 18-day-old chicken embryos with the combination of recombinant Eimeria profilin plus Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) NetB proteins mixed in the Montanide IMS adjuvant on the chicken immune response to necrotic enteritis (NE) were investigated using an Eimeria maxima (E. maxima)/C. perfringens co-infection NE disease model that we previously developed. METHODS Eighteen-day-old broiler embryos were injected with 100 μL of phosphate-buffered saline, profilin, profilin plus necrotic enteritis B-like (NetB), profilin plus NetB/Montanide adjuvant (IMS 106), and profilin plus Net-B/Montanide adjuvant (IMS 101). After post-hatch birds were challenged with our NE experimental disease model, body weights, intestinal lesions, serum antibody levels to NetB, and proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA levels in intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes were measured. RESULTS Chickens in ovo vaccinated with recombinant profilin plus NetB proteins/IMS106 and recombinant profilin plus NetB proteins/IMS101 showed significantly increased body weight gains and reduced gut damages compared with the profilin-only group, respectively. Greater antibody response to NetB toxin were observed in the profilin plus NetB/IMS 106, and profilin plus NetB/IMS 101 groups compared with the other three vaccine/adjuvant groups. Finally, diminished levels of transcripts encoding for proinflammatory cytokines such as lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-α factor, tumor necrosis factor superfamily 15, and interleukin-8 were observed in the intestinal lymphocytes of chickens in ovo injected with profilin plus NetB toxin in combination with IMS 106, and profilin plus NetB toxin in combination with IMS 101 compared with profilin protein alone bird. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the Montanide IMS adjuvants potentiate host immunity to experimentally-induced avian NE when administered in ovo in conjunction with the profilin and NetB proteins, and may reduce disease pathology by attenuating the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soon Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Seung Ik Jang
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
- Institute of Health and Environment, Daejeon Metropolitan City, Daejeon 305–338, Korea
| | - Alfredo Panebra
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Erik Peter Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | | | - Seung Kyoo Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sung Taek Oh
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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32
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Lin RQ, Lillehoj HS, Lee SK, Oh S, Panebra A, Lillehoj EP. Vaccination with Eimeria tenella elongation factor-1α recombinant protein induces protective immunity against E. tenella and E. maxima infections. Vet Parasitol 2017; 243:79-84. [PMID: 28807316 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian coccidiosis is caused by multiple species of the apicomplexan protozoan, Eimeria, and is one of the most economically devastating enteric diseases for the poultry industry worldwide. Host immunity to Eimeria infection, however, is relatively species-specific. The ability to immunize chickens against different species of Eimeria using a single vaccine will have a major beneficial impact on commercial poultry production. In this paper, we describe the molecular cloning, purification, and vaccination efficacy of a novel Eimeria vaccine candidate, elongation factor-1α (EF-1α). One day-old broiler chickens were given two subcutaneous immunizations one week apart with E. coli-expressed E. tenella recombinant (r)EF-1α protein and evaluated for protection against challenge infection with E. tenella or E. maxima. rEF-1α-vaccinated chickens exhibited increased body weight gains, decreased fecal oocyst output, and greater serum anti-EF-1α antibody levels following challenge infection with either E. tenella or E. maxima compared with unimmunized controls. Vaccination with EF-1α may represent a new approach to inducing cross-protective immunity against avian coccidiosis in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qing Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China; Animal Biosciences And Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences And Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
| | - Seung Kyoo Lee
- Animal Biosciences And Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Sungtaek Oh
- Animal Biosciences And Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Alfredo Panebra
- Animal Biosciences And Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Service, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Erik P Lillehoj
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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33
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Lone NA, Spackman E, Kapczynski D. Immunologic evaluation of 10 different adjuvants for use in vaccines for chickens against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. Vaccine 2017; 35:3401-3408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Truong AD, Rengaraj D, Hong Y, Hoang CT, Hong YH, Lillehoj HS. Differentially expressed JAK-STAT signaling pathway genes and target microRNAs in the spleen of necrotic enteritis-afflicted chicken lines. Res Vet Sci 2017; 115:235-243. [PMID: 28525837 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The JAK signal transducer and STAT signaling pathway is an important regulator of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, motility, apoptosis, immune response, and development. In this study, we used RNA-Sequencing, qRT-PCR, and bioinformatics tools to investigate the differential expression of JAK-STAT pathway genes, their interactions, and regulators in the spleen of two genetically disparate chicken lines (Marek's disease-resistant line 6.3 and MD-susceptible line 7.2) induced necrotic enteritis (NE) disease by co-infection with Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens. Using RNA-Seq analysis, we identified a total of 116 JAK-STAT pathway genes that were differentially expressed in the spleen of these chickens. All of the identified genes were analyzed through clustering, mapping to the KEGG chicken JAK-STAT pathway, and the Pathway Studio program. Of the 116 JAK-STAT pathway genes, 20 were further verified by qRT-PCR. According to the RNA-Seq results, several key genes, including STAT1-6, JAK1-3, TYK2, AKT1, AKT3, SOCS1-5, PIAS1, PIAS2, PIAS4, SHP1, SHP2, and PIK3, showed marked differential expression in the two lines, relative to their respective controls. Moreover, the RNA-Seq results of many key genes were highly correlated with the qRT-PCR results. Finally, we predicted 63 mature miRNAs that variably target JAK-STAT pathway genes and are differentially expressed in the spleen of chickens of both lines. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to analyze most of the genes, interactions, and regulators of the JAK-STAT pathway in the innate immune response to NE disease in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeojin Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Cong Thanh Hoang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Analysis of JAK-STAT signaling pathway genes and their microRNAs in the intestinal mucosa of genetically disparate chicken lines induced with necrotic enteritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 187:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Rengaraj D, Truong AD, Ban J, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Distribution and differential expression of microRNAs in the intestinal mucosal layer of necrotic enteritis induced Fayoumi chickens. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 30:1037-1047. [PMID: 28111433 PMCID: PMC5495664 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.16.0685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite an increasing number of investigations into the pathophysiology of necrotic enteritis (NE) disease, etiology of NE-associated diseases, and gene expression profiling of NE-affected tissues, the microRNA (miRNA) profiles of NE-affected poultry have been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to induce NE disease in the genetically disparate Fayoumi chicken lines, and to perform non-coding RNA sequencing in the intestinal mucosal layer. METHODS NE disease was induced in the Fayoumi chicken lines (M5.1 and M15.2), and non-coding RNA sequencing was performed in the intestinal mucosal layer of both NE-affected and uninfected chickens to examine the differential expression of miRNAs. Next, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR) was performed to further examine four miRNAs that showed the highest fold differences. Finally, bioinformatics analyses were performed to examine the four miRNAs target genes involvement in the signaling pathways, and to examine their interaction. RESULTS According to non-coding RNA sequencing, total 50 upregulated miRNAs and 26 downregulated miRNAs were detected in the NE-induced M5.1 chickens. While 32 upregulated miRNAs and 11 downregulated miRNAs were detected in the NE-induced M15.2 chickens. Results of real-time qPCR analysis on the four miRNAs (gga-miR-9-5p, gga-miR-20b-5p, gga-miR-196-5p, and gga-let-7d) were mostly correlated with the results of RNAseq. Overall, gga-miR-20b-5p was significantly downregulated in the NE-induced M5.1 chickens and this was associated with the upregulation of its top-ranking target gene, mitogen-activated protein kinase, kinase 2. Further bioinformatics analyses revealed that 45 of the gene targets of gga-miR-20b-5p were involved in signal transduction and immune system-related pathways, and 35 of these targets were predicted to interact with each other. CONCLUSION Our study is a novel report of miRNA expression in Fayoumi chickens, and could be very useful in understanding the role of differentially expressed miRNAs in a NE disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deivendran Rengaraj
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Anh Duc Truong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Jihye Ban
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
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Rengaraj D, Truong AD, Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH. Expression analysis of cytosolic DNA-sensing pathway genes in the intestinal mucosal layer of necrotic enteritis-induced chicken. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 170:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Revised: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Calcium Montmorillonite-Based Dietary Supplement Attenuates Necrotic Enteritis Induced by Eimeria maxima and Clostridium perfringens in Broilers. J Poult Sci 2016; 53:329-340. [PMID: 32908401 PMCID: PMC7477164 DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0150182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) is a poultry disease caused by Clostridium perfringens and characterized by severe intestinal necrosis. The incidence of avian NE has been progressively increasing following the removal of antibiotics from poultry feed. We evaluated the effect of diets supplemented with the thermally-processed clays, calcium montmorillonite (CaMM) on clinical signs, immunopathology, and cytokine responses in broiler chickens using an experimental model of NE consisting of co-infection with Eimeria maxima and C. perfringens. In Trial 1, Ross/Ross chickens were fed from hatch with a normal basal diet or a CaMM-supplemented diet with or without a fermentable fiber, an organic acid, and/or a plant extract, and co-infected with E. maxima and C. perfringens under conditions simulating clinical infection in the field. Chickens fed a diet supplemented with CaMM plus a fermentable fiber and an organic acid had increased body weight gain, reduced gut lesions, and increased serum antibody levels to C. perfringens α-toxin and NetB toxin compared with chickens fed the basal diet alone. Levels of transcripts for interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and tumor necrosis factor-α superfamily-15 were significantly altered in the intestine and spleen of CaMM-supplemented chickens compared with unsupplemented controls (p<0.05). In Trial 2, Cobb/Cobb chickens were fed an unsupplemented diet or a diet supplemented with CaMM or Varium®, each with a fermentable fiber and an organic acid, and co-infected with E. maxima and C. perfringens under subclinical infection conditions. Compared with unsupplemented controls, broilers fed with CaMM plus a fermentable fiber and an organic acid had increased body weight gain, and reduced feed conversion ratio, mortality, and intestinal lesions, compared with chickens fed an unsupplemented diet (p<0.05). Dietary supplementation of broiler chickens with CaMM plus a fermentable fiber and an organic acid might be useful to control avian NE in the field.
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Caly DL, D'Inca R, Auclair E, Drider D. Alternatives to Antibiotics to Prevent Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Microbiologist's Perspective. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1336. [PMID: 26648920 PMCID: PMC4664614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 2006 European ban on the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, numerous studies have been published describing alternative strategies to prevent diseases in animals. A particular focus has been on prevention of necrotic enteritis in poultry caused by Clostridium perfringens by the use of microbes or microbe-derived products. Microbes produce a plethora of molecules with antimicrobial properties and they can also have beneficial effects through interactions with their host. Here we review recent developments in novel preventive treatments against C. perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens that employ yeasts, bacteria and bacteriophages or secondary metabolites and other microbial products in disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine L. Caly
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles ViolletteLille, France
| | - Romain D'Inca
- Société Industrielle Lesaffre, Phileo Lesaffre Animal CareMarcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Eric Auclair
- Société Industrielle Lesaffre, Phileo Lesaffre Animal CareMarcq-en-Baroeul, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- Université Lille, INRA, ISA, Université Artois, Université Littoral Côte d'Opale, Institut Charles ViolletteLille, France
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Angsantikul P, Thamphiwatana S, Gao W, Zhang L. Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles As an Emerging Antibacterial Vaccine Platform. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:814-28. [PMID: 26457720 PMCID: PMC4693220 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3040814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles have demonstrated unique advantages in enhancing immunotherapy potency and have drawn increasing interest in developing safe and effective vaccine formulations. Recent technological advancement has led to the discovery and development of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles, which combine the rich functionalities of cellular membranes and the engineering flexibility of synthetic nanomaterials. This new class of biomimetic nanoparticles has inspired novel vaccine design strategies with strong potential for modulating antibacterial immunity. This article will review recent progress on using cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for antibacterial vaccination. Specifically, two major development strategies will be discussed, namely (i) vaccination against virulence factors through bacterial toxin sequestration; and (ii) vaccination against pathogens through mimicking bacterial antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavimol Angsantikul
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Soracha Thamphiwatana
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Truong AD, Hong YH, Lillehoj HS. RNA-seq Profiles of Immune Related Genes in the Spleen of Necrotic Enteritis-afflicted Chicken Lines. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2015; 28:1496-511. [PMID: 26323406 PMCID: PMC4554858 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.15.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to compare the necrotic enteritis (NE)-induced transcriptome differences between the spleens of Marek’s disease resistant chicken line 6.3 and susceptible line 7.2 co-infected with Eimeria maxima/Clostridium perfringens using RNA-Seq. Total RNA from the spleens of two chicken lines were used to make libraries, generating 42,736,296 and 42,617,720 usable reads, which were assembled into groups of 29,897 and 29,833 mRNA genes, respectively. The transcriptome changes were investigated using the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) package, which indicated 3,255, 2,468 and 2,234 DEGs of line 6.3, line 7.2, and comparison between two lines, respectively (fold change ≥2, p<0.01). The transcription levels of 14 genes identified were further examined using qRT-PCR. The results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the RNA-seq data. All of the DEGs were analysed using gene ontology terms, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database and the DEGs in each term were found to be more highly expressed in line 6.3 than in line 7.2. RNA-seq analysis indicated 139 immune related genes, 44 CD molecular genes and 150 cytokines genes which were differentially expressed among chicken lines 6.3 and 7.2 (fold change ≥2, p<0.01). Novel mRNA analysis indicated 15,518 novel genes, for which the expression was shown to be higher in line 6.3 than in line 7.2 including some immune-related targets. These findings will help to understand host-pathogen interaction in the spleen and elucidate the mechanism of host genetic control of NE, and provide basis for future studies that can lead to the development of marker-based selection of highly disease-resistant chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Duc Truong
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Services, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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Fang RH, Luk BT, Hu CMJ, Zhang L. Engineered nanoparticles mimicking cell membranes for toxin neutralization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 90:69-80. [PMID: 25868452 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Protein toxins secreted from pathogenic bacteria and venomous animals rely on multiple mechanisms to overcome the cell membrane barrier to inflict their virulence effect. A promising therapeutic concept toward developing a broadly applicable anti-toxin platform is to administer cell membrane mimics as decoys to sequester these virulence factors. As such, lipid membrane-based nanoparticulates are an ideal candidate given their structural similarity to cellular membranes. This article reviews the virulence mechanisms employed by toxins at the cell membrane interface and highlights the application of cell-membrane mimicking nanoparticles as toxin decoys for systemic detoxification. In addition, the implication of particle/toxin nanocomplexes in the development of toxoid vaccines is discussed.
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Truong AD, Hong YH, Lillehoj HS. High-throughput sequencing reveals differing immune responses in the intestinal mucosa of two inbred lines afflicted with necrotic enteritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 166:116-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Mot D, Timbermont L, Haesebrouck F, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Progress and problems in vaccination against necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Avian Pathol 2015; 43:290-300. [PMID: 24980518 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2014.939942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis in broilers is caused by Clostridium perfringens type A strains that produce the NetB toxin. Necrotic enteritis is one of the gastrointestinal diseases in poultry that has gained worldwide importance during the last decade due to efforts to improve broiler performance. Prevention strategies include avoiding predisposing factors, such as coccidiosis, and in-feed supplementation with a variety of feed additives. However, vaccination with modified toxin or other secreted immunogenic proteins seems a logical preventive tool for protection against a toxin-producing bacterium. Formalin-inactivated crude supernatant has been used initially for vaccination. Several studies have been carried out recently to identify the most important immunogenic and protective proteins that can be used for vaccination. These include the NetB toxin, as well as a number of other proteins. There is evidence that immunization with single proteins is not protective against severe challenge and that combinations of different antigens are needed. Most published studies have used multiple dosage vaccination regimens that are not relevant for practical use in the broiler industry. Single vaccination regimens for 1-day-old chicks appear to be non-protective. This review describes the history of vaccination strategies against necrotic enteritis in broilers and gives an update on future vaccination strategies that are applicable in the field. These may include breeder hen vaccination, in ovo vaccination and live attenuated vectors to be used in feed or in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Mot
- a Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Ghent University , Merelbeke , Belgium
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Towards the control of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens with in-feed antibiotics phasing-out worldwide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:1-11. [PMID: 29766984 PMCID: PMC5884463 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Poultry production has undergone a substantial increase compared to the livestock industries since 1970. However, the industry worldwide is now facing challenges with the removal of in-feed antibiotics completely or gradually, as the once well-controlled poultry diseases have re-emerged to cause tremendous loss of production. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is one of the most important diseases which costs the industry over two billion dollars annually. In this paper, we review the progress on the etiology of NE and its control through dietary modifications, pre- and probiotics, short chain fatty acids, and vaccination. The other likely measures resulted in the most advances in the toxin characterization are also discussed. Vaccine strategies may have greater potential for the control of NE mainly due to clearer etiology of NE having been elucidated in recent years with the identification of necrotic enteritis toxin B-like (NetB) toxin. Therefore, the use of alternatives to in-feed antibiotics with a better understanding of the relationship between nutrition and NE, and limiting exposure to infectious agents through biosecurity and vaccination, might be a tool to reduce the incidence of NE and to improve gut health in the absence of in-feed antibiotics. More importantly, the combinations of different measures may achieve greater protection of birds against the disease. Among all the alternatives investigated, prebiotics, organic acids and vaccination have shown improved gastrointestinal health and thus, have potential for the control of NE.
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Uzal FA, Freedman JC, Shrestha A, Theoret JR, Garcia J, Awad MM, Adams V, Moore RJ, Rood JI, McClane BA. Towards an understanding of the role of Clostridium perfringens toxins in human and animal disease. Future Microbiol 2015; 9:361-77. [PMID: 24762309 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens uses its arsenal of >16 toxins to cause histotoxic and intestinal infections in humans and animals. It has been unclear why this bacterium produces so many different toxins, especially since many target the plasma membrane of host cells. However, it is now established that C. perfringens uses chromosomally encoded alpha toxin (a phospholipase C) and perfringolysin O (a pore-forming toxin) during histotoxic infections. In contrast, this bacterium causes intestinal disease by employing toxins encoded by mobile genetic elements, including C. perfringens enterotoxin, necrotic enteritis toxin B-like, epsilon toxin and beta toxin. Like perfringolysin O, the toxins with established roles in intestinal disease form membrane pores. However, the intestinal disease-associated toxins vary in their target specificity, when they are produced (sporulation vs vegetative growth), and in their sensitivity to intestinal proteases. Producing many toxins with diverse characteristics likely imparts virulence flexibility to C. perfringens so it can cause an array of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco A Uzal
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California-Davis, CA, USA
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Xu SZ, Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Bravo D. Dietary sodium selenite affects host intestinal and systemic immune response and disease susceptibility to necrotic enteritis in commercial broilers. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:103-12. [DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.984160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Genetically Disparate Fayoumi Chicken Lines Show Different Response to Avian Necrotic Enteritis. J Poult Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0140203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Xu S, Lee SH, Lillehoj HS, Hong YH, Bravo D. Effects of dietary selenium on host response to necrotic enteritis in young broilers. Res Vet Sci 2014; 98:66-73. [PMID: 25575447 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary supplementation of young broiler chickens with an organic selenium (Se) formulation, B-Traxim Se, on experimental necrotic enteritis (NE) were studied. Chickens treated with three Se doses (0.25, 0.50, 1.00 mg/kg) from hatch were orally challenged with Eimeria maxima at 14 days of age followed by Clostridium perfringens to induce NE. Chickens fed with 0.50 mg/kg Se showed significantly increased body weights and antibody levels against NetB, and significantly reduced gut lesions compared with non-supplemented chickens. However, there were no significant differences in Eimeria oocyst shedding between the Se-treated and non-supplemented groups. Levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, iNOS, LITAF, TNFSF15, AvBD6, AvBD8, and AvBD13 transcripts were increased in the gut and spleen of at least one of the three Se-treated groups compared with the non-treated group. These results suggest that dietary supplementation of young broilers with Se might be beneficial to reduce the negative consequence of NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouzhen Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, China; Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Sung-Hyen Lee
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA; National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 166, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-Gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-851, Korea
| | - Hyun S Lillehoj
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
| | - Yeong Ho Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 456-756, Korea
| | - David Bravo
- InVivo NSA, Talhouët, 56250, St Nolff, France
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