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Huang WC, Baker WS, Lovell JF, Schein CH. Displaying alphavirus physicochemical consensus antigens on immunogenic liposomes enhances antibody elicitation in mice. Virology 2024; 597:110152. [PMID: 38968676 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
Cobalt-porphyrin phospholipid displays recombinant protein antigens on liposome surfaces via antigen polyhistidine-tag (His-tag), and when combined with monophosphorylated lipid A and QS-21 yields the "CPQ" vaccine adjuvant system. In this proof of principle study, CPQ was used to generate vaccine prototypes that elicited antibodies for two different alphaviruses (AV). Mice were immunized with computationally designed, His-tagged, physicochemical property consensus (PCPcon) protein antigens representing the variable B-domain of the envelope protein 2 (E2) from the serotype specific Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEVcon) or a broad-spectrum AV-antigen termed EVCcon. The CPQ adjuvant enhanced the antigenicity of both proteins without eliciting detectable anti-His-tag antibodies. Antibodies elicited from mice immunized with antigens admixed with CPQ showed orders-of-magnitude higher levels of antigen-specific IgG compared to alternative control adjuvants. The ELISA results correlated with antiviral activity against VEEV strain TC83 and more weakly to Chikungunya virus 118/25. Thus, display of E.coli-produced His-tagged E2 protein segments on the surface of immunogenic liposomes elicits high levels of antigen-specific and AV neutralizing antibodies in mice with vaccination, while facilitating vaccine preparation and providing dose-sparing potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chiao Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Wendy S Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTMB Galveston, 77555, USA
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA.
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTMB Galveston, 77555, USA; Institute for human infections and immunity, UTMB Galveston, 77555, USA.
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Schein CH, Rafael G, Baker WS, Anaya ES, Schmidt JG, Weaver SC, Negi S, Braun W. PCP consensus protein/peptide alphavirus antigens stimulate broad spectrum neutralizing antibodies. Peptides 2022; 157:170844. [PMID: 35878658 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2022.170844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines based on proteins and peptides may be safer and if calculated based on many sequences, more broad-spectrum than those designed based on single strains. Physicochemical Property Consensus (PCPcon) alphavirus (AV) antigens from the B-domain of the E2 envelope protein were designed, synthesized recombinantly and shown to be immunogenic (i.e. sera after inoculation detected the antigen in dotspots and ELISA). Antibodies in sera after inoculation with B-region antigens based on individual AV species (eastern or Venezuelan equine encephalitis (EEEVcon, VEEVcon), or chikungunya (CHIKVcon) bound only their cognate protein, while those designed against multiple species (Mosaikcon and EVCcon) recognized all three serotype specific antigens. The VEEVcon and EEEVcon sera only showed antiviral activity against their related strains (in plaque reduction neutralization assays (PRNT50/80). Peptides designed to surface exposed areas of the E2-A-domain of CHIKVcon were added to CHIKVcon inocula to provide anti-CHIKV antibodies. EVCcon, based on three different alphavirus species, combined with E2-A-domain peptides from AllAVcon, a PCPcon of 24 diverse AV, generated broad spectrum, antiviral antibodies against VEEV, EEEV and CHIKV, AV with less than 35% amino acid identity to each other (>65% diversity). This is a promising start to a molecularly defined vaccine against all AV. Further study with these antigens can illuminate what areas are most important for a robust immune response, resistant to mutations in rapidly evolving viruses. The validated computational methods can also be used to design broad spectrum antigens against many other pathogen families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Schein
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTMB; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity (IHII), UTMB; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Grace Rafael
- Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Wendy S Baker
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTMB; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | | | | | - Scott C Weaver
- Microbiology and Immunology, UTMB; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity (IHII), UTMB; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, UTMB; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, UTMB; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Surendra Negi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTMB; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, UTMB; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Werner Braun
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UTMB; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, UTMB; University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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Schein CH, Levine CB, McLellan SLF, Negi SS, Braun W, Dreskin SC, Anaya ES, Schmidt J. Synthetic proteins for COVID-19 diagnostics. Peptides 2021; 143:170583. [PMID: 34087220 PMCID: PMC8168367 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
There is an urgent need for inexpensive, rapid and specific antigen-based assays to test for vaccine efficacy and detect infection with SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. We have identified a small, synthetic protein (JS7), representing a region of maximum variability within the receptor binding domain (RBD), which binds antibodies in sera from nine patients with PCR-verified COVID-19 of varying severity. Antibodies binding to either JS7 or the SARS-CoV-2 recombinant RBD, as well as those that disrupt binding between a fragment of the ACE2 receptor and the RBD, are proportional to disease severity and clinical outcome. Binding to JS7 was inhibited by linear peptides from the RBD interface with ACE2. Variants of JS7, such as E484K or N501Y, can be quickly synthesized in pure form in large quantities by automated methods. JS7 and related synthetic antigens can provide a basis for specific diagnostics for SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Institute for Human Infections and immunity (IHII), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States.
| | - Corri B Levine
- Institute for Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Susan L F McLellan
- Department of Internal medicine - Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Surendra S Negi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Werner Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Institute for Human Infections and immunity (IHII), The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Stephen C Dreskin
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, United States
| | - Elizabeth S Anaya
- B-11 Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Bioscience Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, United States
| | - Jurgen Schmidt
- B-11 Bioenergy and Biome Sciences, Bioscience Division Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, United States
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Braun BA, Schein CH, Braun W. DGraph Clusters Flaviviruses and β-Coronaviruses According to Their Hosts, Disease Type, and Human Cell Receptors. Bioinform Biol Insights 2021; 15:11779322211020316. [PMID: 34163149 PMCID: PMC8188974 DOI: 10.1177/11779322211020316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Motivation There is a need for rapid and easy-to-use, alignment-free methods to cluster large groups of protein sequence data. Commonly used phylogenetic trees based on alignments can be used to visualize only a limited number of protein sequences. DGraph, introduced here, is an application developed to generate 2-dimensional (2D) maps based on similarity scores for sequences. The program automatically calculates and graphically displays property distance (PD) scores based on physico-chemical property (PCP) similarities from an unaligned list of FASTA files. Such "PD-graphs" show the interrelatedness of the sequences, whereby clusters can reveal deeper connectivities. Results Property distance graphs generated for flavivirus (FV), enterovirus (EV), and coronavirus (CoV) sequences from complete polyproteins or individual proteins are consistent with biological data on vector types, hosts, cellular receptors, and disease phenotypes. Property distance graphs separate the tick- from the mosquito-borne FV, cluster viruses that infect bats, camels, seabirds, and humans separately. The clusters correlate with disease phenotype. The PD method segregates the β-CoV spike proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) sequences from other human pathogenic CoV, with clustering consistent with cellular receptor usage. The graphs also suggest evolutionary relationships that may be difficult to determine with conventional bootstrapping methods that require postulating an ancestral sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Braun
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Werner Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Read CM, Plante K, Rafael G, Rossi SL, Braun W, Weaver SC, Schein CH. Designing multivalent immunogens for alphavirus vaccine optimization. Virology 2021; 561:117-124. [PMID: 33823988 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for vaccines against mosquito-borne alphaviruses such as Venezualen and eastern equine encephalitis viruses (VEEV, EEEV). We demonstrate an approach to vaccine development based on physicochemical properties (PCP) of amino acids to design a PCP-consensus sequence of the epitope-rich B domain of the VEEV major antigenic E2 protein. The consensus "spike" domain was incorporated into a live-attenuated VEEV vaccine candidate (ZPC/IRESv1). Mice inoculated with either ZPC/IRESv1 or the same virus containing the consensus E2 protein fragment (VEEVconE2) were protected against lethal challenge with VEEV strains ZPC-738 and 3908, and Mucambo virus (MUCV, related to VEEV), and had comparable neutralizing antibody titers against each virus. Both vaccines induced partial protection against Madariaga virus (MADV), a close relative of EEEV, lowering mortality from 60% to 20%. Thus PCP-consensus sequences can be integrated into a replicating virus that could, with further optimization, provide a broad-spectrum vaccine against encephalitic alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Read
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Kenneth Plante
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity (IHII), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Grace Rafael
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Shannan L Rossi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity (IHII), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Werner Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity (IHII), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity (IHII), University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Baker WS, Negi S, Braun W, Schein CH. Producing physicochemical property consensus alphavirus protein antigens for broad spectrum vaccine design. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104905. [PMID: 32800880 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need for new vaccines against alphaviruses, which can cause fatal encephalitis (Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and others) and severe arthralgia (e.g. Chikungunya virus, CHIKV). These positive-strand RNA viruses are diverse and evolve rapidly, meaning that the sequence of any vaccine should cover multiple strains that may be quite different from any previous isolate. Here, consensus proteins were produced to represent the common physicochemical properties (PCPs) of the epitope rich, B domain of the E2 envelope protein. PCP-consensus proteins were based on multiple strains of VEEV (VEEVcon) and CHIKV (CHIKVcon) or the conserved PCPs of 24 different alphaviruses (AllAVcon). The AllAVcon was altered to include binding sites for neutralizing antibodies of both VEEV and CHIKV strains (Mosaikcon). All four designed proteins were produced solubly in E. coli and purified. They formed the β-strand core expected from experimental structures of this region of the wild type E2 proteins as indicated by circular dichroism (CD) spectra. Furthermore, the CHIKVcon protein bound to a structure dependent, CHIKV neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The AllAVcon and Mosaikcon proteins bound to polyclonal antibodies generated during natural infection with either VEEV or CHIKV, indicating they contained epitopes of both serotypes. The Mosaikcon antigen induced antibodies in rabbit sera that recognized both the VEEVcon and CHIKVcon spike proteins. These PCP-consensus antigens are promising starting points for novel, broad-spectrum alphavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Baker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Surendra Negi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Werner Braun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Structural Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA.
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Braun BA, Schein CH, Braun W. D-graph clusters flaviviruses and β-coronaviruses according to their hosts, disease type and human cell receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32817945 PMCID: PMC7430575 DOI: 10.1101/2020.08.13.249649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Motivation: There is a need for rapid and easy to use, alignment free methods to cluster large groups of protein sequence data. Commonly used phylogenetic trees based on alignments can be used to visualize only a limited number of protein sequences. DGraph, introduced here, is a dynamic programming application developed to generate 2D-maps based on similarity scores for sequences. The program automatically calculates and graphically displays property distance (PD) scores based on physico-chemical property (PCP) similarities from an unaligned list of FASTA files. Such “PD-graphs” show the interrelatedness of the sequences, whereby clusters can reveal deeper connectivities. Results: PD-Graphs generated for flavivirus (FV), enterovirus (EV), and coronavirus (CoV) sequences from complete polyproteins or individual proteins are consistent with biological data on vector types, hosts, cellular receptors and disease phenotypes. PD-graphs separate the tick- from the mosquito-borne FV, clusters viruses that infect bats, camels, seabirds and humans separately and the clusters correlate with disease phenotype. The PD method segregates the β-CoV spike proteins of SARS, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS sequences from other human pathogenic CoV, with clustering consistent with cellular receptor usage. The graphs also suggest evolutionary relationships that may be difficult to determine with conventional bootstrapping methods that require postulating an ancestral sequence.
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Nesbit JB, Schein CH, Braun BA, Gipson SAY, Cheng H, Hurlburt BK, Maleki SJ. Epitopes with similar physicochemical properties contribute to cross reactivity between peanut and tree nuts. Mol Immunol 2020; 122:223-231. [PMID: 32442779 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Many individuals with peanut (PN) allergy have severe reactions to tree nuts (TN) such as walnuts or cashews. Although allergenic proteins in TN and PN have overall low identity, they share discrete sequences similar in physicochemical properties (PCP) to known IgE epitopes. Here, PCP-consensus peptides (cp, 13 aa and 31 aa) were identified from an alignment of epitope rich regions of walnut vicilin, Jug r 2, leader sequence (J2LS) and cross-reactive epitopes in the 2S albumins of peanut and synthesized. A peptide similarity search in the Structural Database of Allergenic Proteins (SDAP) revealed a network of peptides similar (low property distance, PD) to the 13 aa cp (13cp) in many different plant allergens. Peptides similar to the 13cp in PN and TN allergens bound IgE from sera of patients allergic to PN and TN in peptide microarray analysis. The 13cp was used to produce a rabbit consensus peptide antibody (cpAB) that detected proteins containing repeats similar to the 13cp in western blots of various nut extracts, in which reactive proteins were identified by mass spectrometry. The cpAB bound more specifically to allergens and nut extracts containing multiple repeats similar to the 13 cp, such as almond (Pru du 6), peanut (Ara h 2) and walnut (Jug r 2). IgE binding to various nut extracts is inhibited by recombinant J2LS sequence and synthetic 31cp. Thus, several repeated sequences similar to the 13cp are bound by IgE. Multiple similar repeats in several allergens could account for reaction severity and clinically relevant cross-reactivity to PN and TN. These findings may help improve detection, diagnostic, and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline B Nesbit
- Dept of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Southern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-SRRC), New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Catherine H Schein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Human Infection and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (UTMB), TX, United States.
| | - Benjamin A Braun
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, United States
| | - Stephen A Y Gipson
- Dept of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Southern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-SRRC), New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Hsiaopo Cheng
- Dept of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Southern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-SRRC), New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Barry K Hurlburt
- Dept of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Southern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-SRRC), New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Soheila J Maleki
- Dept of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Southern Regional Research Center (USDA-ARS-SRRC), New Orleans, LA, United States.
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Yuan J, Yang J, Hu Z, Yang Y, Shang W, Hu Q, Zheng Y, Peng H, Zhang X, Cai X, Zhu J, Li M, Hu X, Zhou R, Rao X. Safe Staphylococcal Platform for the Development of Multivalent Nanoscale Vesicles against Viral Infections. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:725-733. [PMID: 29253342 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses often have closely related yet antigenically distinct serotypes. An ideal vaccine against viral infections should induce a multivalent and protective immune response against all serotypes. Inspired by bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs) that carry different protein components, we constructed an agr locus deletion mutant of the Staphylococcus aureus strain (RN4220-Δagr) to reduce potential toxicity. Nanoscale vesicles derived from this strain (ΔagrMVs) carry at least four major components that can deliver heterologous antigens. These components were each fused with a triple FLAG tag, and the tagged proteins could be incorporated into the ΔagrMVs. The presentation levels were (3.43 ± 0.73)%, (5.07 ± 0.82)%, (2.64 ± 0.61)%, and (2.89 ± 0.74)% of the total ΔagrMV proteins for Mntc-FLAG, PdhB-FLAG, PdhA-FLAG, and Eno-FLAG, respectively. With two DENV envelope E domain III proteins (EDIIIconA and EDIIIconB) as models, the DENV EDIIIconA and EDIIIconB delivered by two staphylococcal components were stably embedded in the ΔagrMVs. Administration of such engineered ΔagrMVs in mice induced antibodies against all four DENV serotypes. Sera from immunized mice protected Vero cells and suckling mice from a lethal challenge of DENV-2. This study will open up new insights into the preparation of multivalent nanosized viral vaccines against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhen Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilong Shang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiwen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Huagang Peng
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Cai
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , 83 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Junmin Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Renjie Zhou
- Department of Emergency, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University , 83 Xinqiao Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400037, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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Schein CH, Rowold D, Choi KH. Allosteric inhibitors of Coxsackie virus A24 RNA polymerase. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:570-7. [PMID: 26762834 PMCID: PMC4743507 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackie virus A24 (CVA24), a causative agent of acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, is a prototype of enterovirus (EV) species C. The RNA polymerase (3D(pol)) of CVA24 can uridylylate the viral peptide linked to the genome (VPg) from distantly related EV and is thus, a good model for studying this reaction. Once UMP is bound, VPgpU primes RNA elongation. Structural and mutation data have identified a conserved binding surface for VPg on the RNA polymerase (3D(pol)), located about 20Å from the active site. Here, computational docking of over 60,000 small compounds was used to select those with the lowest (best) specific binding energies (BE) for this allosteric site. Compounds with varying structures and low BE were assayed for their effect on formation of VPgU by CVA24-3D(pol). Two compounds with the lowest specific BE for the site inhibited both uridylylation and formation of VPgpolyU at 10-20μM. These small molecules can be used to probe the role of this allosteric site in polymerase function, and may be the basis for novel antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Schein
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13709 Progress Blvd, Box 7, Alachua, FL 32616, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
| | - Diane Rowold
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution, 13709 Progress Blvd, Box 7, Alachua, FL 32616, United States
| | - Kyung H Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, UTMB, United States
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Schein CH, Ye M, Paul AV, Oberste MS, Chapman N, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Filippov DV, Choi KH. Sequence specificity for uridylylation of the viral peptide linked to the genome (VPg) of enteroviruses. Virology 2015; 484:80-85. [PMID: 26074065 PMCID: PMC4567471 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EV) uridylylate a peptide, VPg, as the first step in their replication. VPgpUpU, found free in infected cells, serves as the primer for RNA elongation. The abilities of four polymerases (3D(pol)), from EV-species A-C, to uridylylate VPgs that varied by up to 60% of their residues were compared. Each 3D(pol) was able to uridylylate all five VPgs using polyA RNA as template, while showing specificity for its own genome encoded peptide. All 3D(pol) uridylylated a consensus VPg representing the physical chemical properties of 31 different VPgs. Thus the residues required for uridylylation and the enzymatic mechanism must be similar in diverse EV. As VPg-binding sites differ in co-crystal structures, the reaction is probably done by a second 3D(pol) molecule. The conservation of polymerase residues whose mutation reduces uridylylation but not RNA elongation is compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Schein
- Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME), 13709 Progress Blvd., Alachua, FL 32616, United States.
| | - Mengyi Ye
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Aniko V Paul
- Dept. Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States
| | - M Steven Oberste
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd NE, MS G-17, Atlanta, GA 30333, United States
| | - Nora Chapman
- Dept. Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE 68198, United States
| | | | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kyung H Choi
- Dept. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
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Zidane N, Dussart P, Bremand L, Bedouelle H. Cross-reactivities between human IgMs and the four serotypes of dengue virus as probed with artificial homodimers of domain-III from the envelope proteins. BMC Infect Dis 2013; 13:302. [PMID: 23815496 PMCID: PMC3701519 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-13-302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue fever is the most important vector-borne viral disease. Four serotypes of dengue virus, DENV1 to DENV4, coexist. Infection by one serotype elicits long-lasting immunity to that serotype but not the other three. Subsequent infection by a different serotype is a risk factor for severe dengue. Domain III (ED3) of the viral envelope protein interacts with cell receptors and contains epitopes recognized by neutralizing antibodies. We determined the serotype specificity and cross-reactivity of human IgMs directed against ED3 by using a well-characterized collection of 90 DENV-infected and 89 DENV-uninfected human serums. Methods The recognitions between the four serotypes of ED3 and the serums were assayed with an IgM antibody-capture ELISA (MAC-ELISA) and artificial homodimeric antigens. The results were analyzed with Receiving Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves. Results The DENV-infected serums contained IgMs that reacted with one or several ED3 serotypes. The discrimination by ED3 between serums infected by the homotypic DENV and uninfected serums varied with the serotype in the decreasing order DENV1 > DENV2 > DENV3 > DENV4. The ED3 domain of DENV1 gave the highest discrimination between DENV-infected and DENV-uninfected serums, whatever the infecting serotype, and thus behaved like a universal ED3 domain for the detection of IgMs against DENV. Some ED3 serotypes discriminated between IgMs directed against the homotypic and heterotypic DENVs. The patterns of cross-reactivities and discriminations varied with the serotype. Conclusions The results should help better understand the IgM immune response and protection against DENV since ED3 is widely used as an antigen in diagnostic assays and an immunogen in vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Zidane
- Unit of Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, Rue du Docteur Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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Zidane N, Dussart P, Bremand L, Villani ME, Bedouelle H. Thermodynamic stability of domain III from the envelope protein of flaviviruses and its improvement by molecular design. Protein Eng Des Sel 2013; 26:389-99. [PMID: 23479674 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzt010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Flavivirus genus includes widespread and severe human pathogens like the four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV1 to DENV4), yellow fever virus, Japanese encephalitis virus and West Nile virus. Domain III (ED3) of the viral envelope protein interacts with cell receptors and contains epitopes recognized by virus neutralizing antibodies. Its structural, antigenic and immunogenic properties have been thoroughly studied contrary to its physico-chemical properties. Here, the ED3 domains of the above pathogenic flaviviruses were produced in the periplasm of Escherichia coli. Their thermodynamic stabilities were measured and compared in experiments of unfolding equilibriums, induced with chemicals or heat and monitored through protein fluorescence. A designed ED3 domain, with the consensus sequence of DENV strains from all serotypes, was highly stable. The low stability of the ED3 domain from DENV3 was increased by three changes of residues in the protein core without affecting its reactivity towards DENV-infected human serums. Additional changes showed that the stability of ED3 varied with the DENV3 genotype. The T(m) of ED3 was higher than 69°C for all the tested viruses and reached 86°C for the consensus ED3. The latter, deprived of its disulfide bond by mutations, was predominantly unfolded at 20°C. These results will help better understand and design the properties of ED3 for its use as diagnostic, vaccine or therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Zidane
- Unit of Molecular Prevention and Therapy of Human Diseases, Department of Infection and Epidemiology, Institut Pasteur, Rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
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Schein CH, Bowen DM, Lewis JA, Choi K, Paul A, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Lu W, Filippov DV. Physicochemical property consensus sequences for functional analysis, design of multivalent antigens and targeted antivirals. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13 Suppl 13:S9. [PMID: 23320474 PMCID: PMC3426803 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-s13-s9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Analysis of large sets of biological sequence data from related strains or organisms is complicated by superficial redundancy in the set, which may contain many members that are identical except at one or two positions. Thus a new method, based on deriving physicochemical property (PCP)-consensus sequences, was tested for its ability to generate reference sequences and distinguish functionally significant changes from background variability. Methods The PCP consensus program was used to automatically derive consensus sequences starting from sequence alignments of proteins from Flaviviruses (from the Flavitrack database) and human enteroviruses, using a five dimensional set of Eigenvectors that summarize over 200 different scalar values for the PCPs of the amino acids. A PCP-consensus protein of a Dengue virus envelope protein was produced recombinantly and tested for its ability to bind antibodies to strains using ELISA. Results PCP-consensus sequences of the flavivirus family could be used to classify them into five discrete groups and distinguish areas of the envelope proteins that correlate with host specificity and disease type. A multivalent Dengue virus antigen was designed and shown to bind antibodies against all four DENV types. A consensus enteroviral VPg protein had the same distinctive high pKa as wild type proteins and was recognized by two different polymerases. Conclusions The process for deriving PCP-consensus sequences for any group of aligned similar sequences, has been validated for sequences with up to 50% diversity. Ongoing projects have shown that the method identifies residues that significantly alter PCPs at a given position, and might thus cause changes in function or immunogenicity. Other potential applications include deriving target proteins for drug design and diagnostic kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Schein
- Institute for Translational Sciences, Computational Biology, Sealy Center for Structural Biology and Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Texas 77555-0857, USA.
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