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Dähnert L, Aliabadi E, Fast C, Hrabal I, Schröder C, Behrendt P, Protzer U, Groschup MH, Eiden M. Immunisation of pigs with recombinant HEV vaccines does not protect from infection with HEV genotype 3. One Health 2024; 18:100674. [PMID: 39010962 PMCID: PMC11247267 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Up to now, no approved treatment nor a globally licensed vaccine is available. Several recombinant HEV vaccines have been developed to protect against HEV infection in humans, including the commercially available Hecolin vaccine, which are mainly based on HEV genotype 1. However, the efficacy of these vaccines against other HEV genotypes, especially genotype 3 is unknown. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of Hecolin® and a novel genotype 3-based vaccine p239(gt3) against HEV-3 in a pig infection model. Pigs were divided into three groups: one group was vaccinated with Hecolin®, the second group was vaccinated with p239(gt3), and the control group received no vaccine. All pigs were subsequently challenged with HEV genotype 3 to assess the effectiveness of the vaccines. Although all immunised animals developed a high titer of neutralizing antibodies, the results showed that both vaccine applications could not provide complete protection against HEV (gt3) infection: Two out of four animals of the Hecolin® group displayed even virus shedding, and viral RNA could be detected in bile and/or liver of three out of four animals in both vaccination groups. Only one out of four animals in each group was fully protected. Neither Hecolin® nor the novel p239(gt3) vaccine provided sufficient protection against genotype 3 infection. While Hecolin® only partial protected pigs from HEV shedding, the novel p239(gt3) vaccine was at least able to prevent infected pigs from virus shedding. The results highlight the need for further development of HEV vaccines that exhibit broad protection against multiple HEV genotypes and the use of appropriate animal infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dähnert
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Elmira Aliabadi
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (Helmholtz-Zentrum für Infektionsforschung GmbH), Braunschweig, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christine Fast
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Isabella Hrabal
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research GmbH, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich / Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
- Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Munich, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Martin H. Groschup
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
- Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Munich, German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Greifswald-Insel Riems 17493, Germany
| | - Martin Eiden
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald - Isle of Riems, Germany
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Xiang Z, He XL, Zhu CW, Yang JJ, Huang L, Jiang C, Wu J. Animal models of hepatitis E infection: Advances and challenges. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2024; 23:171-180. [PMID: 37852916 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the leading causes of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Although most of HEV infections are asymptomatic, some patients will develop the symptoms, especially pregnant women, the elderly, and patients with preexisting liver diseases, who often experience anorexia, nausea, vomiting, malaise, abdominal pain, and jaundice. HEV infection may become chronic in immunosuppressed individuals. In addition, HEV infection can also cause several extrahepatic manifestations. HEV exists in a wide range of hosts in nature and can be transmitted across species. Hence, animals susceptible to HEV can be used as models. The establishment of animal models is of great significance for studying HEV transmission, clinical symptoms, extrahepatic manifestations, and therapeutic strategies, which will help us understand the pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of hepatitis E. This review summarized the animal models of HEV, including pigs, monkeys, rabbits, mice, rats, and other animals. For each animal species, we provided a concise summary of the HEV genotypes that they can be infected with, the cross-species transmission pathways, as well as their role in studying extrahepatic manifestations, prevention, and treatment of HEV infection. The advantages and disadvantages of these animal models were also emphasized. This review offers new perspectives to enhance the current understanding of the research landscape surrounding HEV animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Xiang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Xiang-Lin He
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Chuan-Wu Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth People's Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou 215007, China
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Chun Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou 215008, China.
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Huang S, Zhang X, Su Y, Zhuang C, Tang Z, Huang X, Chen Q, Zhu K, Hu X, Ying D, Liu X, Jiang H, Zang X, Wang Z, Yang C, Liu D, Wang Y, Tang Q, Shen W, Cao H, Pan H, Ge S, Huang Y, Wu T, Zheng Z, Zhu F, Zhang J, Xia N. Long-term efficacy of a recombinant hepatitis E vaccine in adults: 10-year results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2024; 403:813-823. [PMID: 38387470 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02234-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a frequently overlooked causative agent of acute hepatitis. Evaluating the long-term durability of hepatitis E vaccine efficacy holds crucial importance. METHODS This study was an extension to a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase-3 clinical trial of the hepatitis E vaccine conducted in Dontai County, Jiangsu, China. Participants were recruited from 11 townships in Dongtai County. In the initial trial, a total of 112 604 healthy adults aged 16-65 years were enrolled, stratified according to age and sex, and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive three doses of hepatitis E vaccine or placebo intramuscularly at month 0, month 1, and month 6. A sensitive hepatitis E surveillance system including 205 clinical sentinels, covering the entire study region, was established and maintained for 10 years after vaccination. The primary outcome was the per-protocol efficacy of hepatitis E virus vaccine to prevent confirmed hepatitis E occurring at least 30 days after administration of the third dose. Throughout the study, the participants, site investigators, and laboratory staff remained blinded to the treatment assignments. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01014845). FINDINGS During the 10-year study period from Aug 22, 2007, to Oct 31, 2017, 90 people with hepatitis E were identified; 13 in the vaccine group (0·2 per 10 000 person-years) and 77 in the placebo group (1·4 per 10 000 person-years), corresponding to a vaccine efficacy of 83·1% (95% CI 69·4-91·4) in the modified intention-to-treat analysis and 86·6% (73·0 to 94·1) in the per-protocol analysis. In the subsets of participants assessed for immunogenicity persistence, of those who were seronegative at baseline and received three doses of hepatitis E vaccine, 254 (87·3%) of 291 vaccinees in Qindong at the 8·5-year mark and 1270 (73·0%) of 1740 vaccinees in Anfeng at the 7·5-year mark maintained detectable concentrations of antibodies. INTERPRETATION Immunisation with this hepatitis E vaccine offers durable protection against hepatitis E for up to 10 years, with vaccine-induced antibodies against HEV persisting for at least 8·5 years. FUNDING National Natural Science Foundation of China, Fujian Provincial Natural Science Foundation, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences, and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xuefeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingying Su
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Chunlan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zimin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xingcheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Kongxin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dong Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hanmin Jiang
- Dongtai Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xia Zang
- Dongtai Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongze Wang
- Dongtai Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changlin Yang
- Dongtai Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donglin Liu
- Dongtai Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Dongtai Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | - Quan Tang
- Yancheng Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China
| | | | | | - Huirong Pan
- Xiamen Innovax Biotech Company, Xiamen, China
| | - Shengxiang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zizheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Fengcai Zhu
- Jiangsu Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health and National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Vaccine Research, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Infectious Disease Diagnostic Technology, the Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.
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Augustyniak A, Pomorska-Mól M. An Update in Knowledge of Pigs as the Source of Zoonotic Pathogens. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3281. [PMID: 37894005 PMCID: PMC10603695 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The available data indicate that the human world population will constantly grow in the subsequent decades. This constant increase in the number of people on the Earth will lead to growth in food demand, especially in food of high nutritional value. Therefore, it is expected that the world livestock population will also increase. Such a phenomenon enhances the risk of transmitting pathogens to humans. As pig production is one of the most significant branches of the world's livestock production, zoonoses of porcine origins seem to be of particular importance. Therefore, in this review, we aim to introduce the latest data concerning, among other things, epidemiology and available preventive measures to control the most significant porcine zoonoses of viral, bacterial, and parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Małgorzata Pomorska-Mól
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wolynska 35, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
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Wang B, Mahsoub HM, Li W, Heffron CL, Tian D, Hassebroek AM, LeRoith T, Meng XJ. Ribavirin Treatment Failure-Associated Mutation, Y1320H, in the RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of Genotype 3 Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Enhances Virus Replication in a Rabbit HEV Infection Model. mBio 2023; 14:e0337222. [PMID: 36809085 PMCID: PMC10128057 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03372-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has become a significant clinical problem that requires treatment in immunocompromised individuals. In the absence of an HEV-specific antiviral, ribavirin (RBV) has been used off-label, but treatment failure may occur due to mutations in the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), including Y1320H, K1383N, and G1634R. Chronic hepatitis E is mostly caused by zoonotic genotype 3 HEV (HEV-3), and HEV variants from rabbits (HEV-3ra) are closely related to human HEV-3. Here, we explored whether HEV-3ra, along with its cognate host, can serve as a model to study RBV treatment failure-associated mutations observed in human HEV-3-infected patients. By utilizing the HEV-3ra infectious clone and indicator replicon, we generated multiple single mutants (Y1320H, K1383N, K1634G, and K1634R) and a double mutant (Y1320H/K1383N) and assessed the role of mutations on replication and antiviral activity of HEV-3ra in cell culture. Furthermore, we also compared the replication of the Y1320H mutant with the wild-type HEV-3ra in experimentally infected rabbits. Our in vitro analyses revealed that the effects of these mutations on rabbit HEV-3ra are altogether highly consistent with those on human HEV-3. Importantly, we found that the Y1320H enhances virus replication during the acute stage of HEV-3ra infection in rabbits, which corroborated our in vitro results showing an enhanced viral replication of Y1320H. Taken together, our data suggest that HEV-3ra and its cognate host is a useful and relevant naturally occurring homologous animal model to study the clinical relevance of antiviral-resistant mutations observed in human HEV-3 chronically-infected patients. IMPORTANCE HEV-3 causes chronic hepatitis E that requires antiviral therapy in immunosuppressed individuals. RBV is the main therapeutic option for chronic hepatitis E as an off-label use. Several amino acid changes, including Y1320H, K1383N, and G1634R, in the RdRp of human HEV-3 have reportedly been associated with RBV treatment failure in chronic hepatitis E patients. In this study, we utilized an HEV-3ra from rabbit and its cognate host to investigate the effect of these RBV treatment failure-associated HEV-3 RdRp mutations on viral replication efficiency and antiviral susceptibility. The in vitro data using rabbit HEV-3ra was highly comparable to those from human HEV-3. We demonstrated that the Y1320H mutation significantly enhanced HEV-3ra replication in cell culture and enhanced virus replication during the acute stage of HEV-3ra infection in rabbits. The rabbit HEV-3ra infection model should be useful in delineating the role of human HEV-3 RBV treatment failure-associated mutations in antiviral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Hassan M. Mahsoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - C. Lynn Heffron
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Debin Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Anna M. Hassebroek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tanya LeRoith
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Fralin Life Sciences Institute, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Liu T, Wang L, Wang L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1417:171-184. [PMID: 37223866 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-1304-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are one of the most important tools in the study of human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. They are particularly important in light of the major limitations of the cell culture system for HEV. Besides nonhuman primates, which are extremely valuable because of their susceptibility to HEV genotypes 1-4, animals like swine, rabbit, and humanized mice are also potential models for studies of pathogenesis, cross-species infection, and the molecular biology of HEV. Identification of a useful animal model for human HEV infection studies is crucial to further investigations into this ubiquitous yet poorly understood virus and facilitate the development of antiviral therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxu Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.
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Prevalence of Hepatitis E Virus Infection among Laboratory Rabbits in China. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060780. [PMID: 34205738 PMCID: PMC8233994 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is zoonotic and the leading cause of acute viral hepatitis worldwide. Rabbit HEV can infect humans and is prevalent globally. It is reported that laboratory rabbits are also naturally infected with HEV. Therefore, it is important to investigate in a large scale the prevalence of HEV in laboratory rabbits. Serum samples were collected from 649 laboratory rabbits of 13 different commercial vendors in Beijing, China, from 2017 to 2019, and anti-HEV and HEV antigen (Ag) were tested. Fecal samples were collected from 50 laboratory rabbits from one of the vendors for HEV RNA detection. Six laboratory rabbits with natural HEV infection were euthanized and their liver, kidney, bile and urine samples were collected for HEV RNA quantification. Liver tissues were subjected to histopathology analysis. The overall positive rates of anti-HEV antibodies and HEV-Ag are 2.6% (15/588) and 7.9% (51/649), respectively. HEV RNA was detected in 12.0% (6/50) of the rabbits. High viral load of HEV RNA was detected in liver and bile samples. Liver inflammation was observed. HEV is circulating in laboratory rabbit population in China. Strict screening is crucial to ensure experimental accuracy and prevent zoonotic transmission to research personnel.
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Thakur V, Ratho RK, Kumar S, Saxena SK, Bora I, Thakur P. Viral Hepatitis E and Chronicity: A Growing Public Health Concern. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:577339. [PMID: 33133046 PMCID: PMC7550462 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.577339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E viral infection recently emerges as a global health concern. Over the last decade, the understanding of hepatitis E virus (HEV) had changed with the discovery of new genotypes like genotype-7 and genotype-8 with associated host and mode of infection. Diversification in the mode of hepatitis E infection transmission through blood transfusion, and organ transplants in contrast to classical feco-oral and zoonotic mode is the recent medical concern. The wide spectrum of infection ranging from self-limiting to acute liver failure is now overpowered by HEV genotype-specific chronic infection especially in transplant patients. This concern is further escalated by the extra-hepatic manifestations of HEV targeting the central nervous system (CNS), kidney, heart, and pancreas. However, with the development of advanced efficient cell culture systems and animal models simulating the infection, much clarity toward understanding the pathogenetic mechanism of HEV has been developed. Also this facilitates the development of vaccines research or therapeutics. In this review, we highlight all the novel findings in every aspect of HEV with special emphasis on recently emerging chronic mode of infection with specific diagnosis and treatment regime with an optimistic hope to help virologists and/or liver specialists working in the field of viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Thakur
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Radha Kanta Ratho
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Swatantra Kumar
- Centre for Advanced Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Shailendra K Saxena
- Centre for Advanced Research, Faculty of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Ishani Bora
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pryanka Thakur
- Department of Virology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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9
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Li M, Li S, He Q, Liang Z, Wang L, Wang Q, Wang L. Hepatitis E-related adverse pregnancy outcomes and their prevention by hepatitis E vaccine in a rabbit model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2019; 8:1066-1075. [PMID: 31339458 PMCID: PMC6711181 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2019.1643260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) can lead to high mortality during pregnancy. This study was to investigate the adverse pregnancy outcomes caused by different HEV genotypes and their prevention by HEV 239 vaccine in rabbits. Forty-two female rabbits were randomly and equally divided into 7 groups (A-G). HEV 239 vaccine and a placebo were administered to groups E (10 μg×2), F (5 μg×2) and G (1 mL of PBS×2) before copulation. After pregnancy, 1 mL of 1.5×106 copies/mL rabbit HEV3 was inoculated to groups A, E, F and G, swine HEV4/human HEV3 to groups B/C, and group D was a negative control. Anti-HEV antibody, HEV RNA, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels were monitored. Pregnant rabbits infected by HEV manifested HEV infection symptoms including fecal virus shedding, ALT/AST elevation, and histopathological changes, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Immunized pregnant rabbits in groups E and F showed no HEV infection symptoms and adverse outcomes. The newborn rabbits delivered by pregnant rabbits with/without immunization showed without/with HEV infection symptoms. This study demonstrated that multiple genotypes of HEV infection can cause adverse outcomes and HEV 239 vaccine can prevent HEV-related adverse outcomes in pregnant rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Li
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangshuang Li
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qiyu He
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaochao Liang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhui Wang
- b Department of Infectious Diseases , Taiyuan No. 3 Hospital, Taiyuan , Shanxi Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Wang
- a Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center , Beijing , People's Republic of China
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10
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Animal Models for Hepatitis E virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060564. [PMID: 31216711 PMCID: PMC6630473 DOI: 10.3390/v11060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underdiagnosed pathogen with approximately 20 million infections each year and currently the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. HEV was long considered to be confined to developing countries but there is increasing evidence that it is also a medical problem in the Western world. HEV that infects humans belongs to the Orthohepevirus A species of the Hepeviridae family. Novel HEV-like viruses have been observed in a variety of animals and some have been shown to be able to cross the species barrier, causing infection in humans. Several cell culture models for HEV have been established in the past years, but their efficiency is usually relatively low. With the circulation of this virus and related viruses in a variety of species, several different animal models have been developed. In this review, we give an overview of these animal models, indicate their main characteristics, and highlight how they may contribute to our understanding of the basic aspects of the viral life cycle and cross-species infection, the study of pathogenesis, and the evaluation of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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11
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Ouoba JB, Traore KA, Rouamba H, Setondji KVM, Minoungou GL, Ouoba BL, Ouedraogo A, Moctar S, M'Bengue AK, Kakou SN, Doumbia M, Traore AS, Roques P, Barro N. Prevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in domestic animal from three representative provinces of Burkina Faso. Vet Anim Sci 2019; 7:100059. [PMID: 32734080 PMCID: PMC7386747 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2019.100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Four major genotypes of Hepatitis E virus (HEV) have been documented worldwide (1-4) with genotypes 1 and 2 found in human in Sub-Saharan Africa. Human Hepatitis cases due to HEV genotype 3 and 4 are zoonotic with various animal identified as possible reservoirs. Recently, HEV genotype 3 was found in pigs and human beings in West Africa, which may change the epidemic in human. Here, we assessed the prevalence of HEV antibodies in various domestic and wild mammalians in Burkina Faso. Random sampling was performed between 2015 and 2017 to collect serum from 100 rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), 19 hares (Lepus africana), 72 cattle (Bos taurus), 75 sheep (Ovis aries) and 81 goats (Capra aegagrus) in three provinces in Burkina Faso. A multi-species ELISA was performed on serum samples from 328 domestic animals and 19 hunting hares. HEV total antibodies were identified in 121 out of 347 specimens (34.9% CI95% [29.9-39.9]). Sera from rabbits (60% CI95% [50.4-69.6]), hares (52.6% CI95% [30.2-75.1]), cattle (26.4% CI95% [16.2-36.6]), sheep (12.0% CI95% [4.6-19.4]), and goats (28.4% CI95% [18.6-38.2]) tested positive for antibodies anti-HEV. In this study we evidence presence of HEV antibodies in various mammalians and highlight the importance of these species in the epidemiology of HEV infection in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Bienvenue Ouoba
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Unité de sérologie bactérienne et virale, Institut Pasteur, Côte D'Ivoire
| | - Kuan Abdoulaye Traore
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Université Norbert ZONGO de Koudougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Hortense Rouamba
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.,Centre Médical de Samandin, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Komi Victor-Mari Setondji
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | | | - Sidi Moctar
- Laboratoire National d'Elevage (LNE), Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Moussa Doumbia
- Unité de sérologie bactérienne et virale, Institut Pasteur, Côte D'Ivoire
| | - Alfred S Traore
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Pierre Roques
- IDMIT Département / IBFJ, CEA, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases (IMVA), U1184, INSERM, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,IMVA, Univ Paris-Sud, UMR1184, Saclay, France
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire d'Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Agents transmissibles par les aliments et l'eau (LaBESTA) Centre de Recherche en Sciences Biologique Alimentaire Nutritionnelles (CRSBAN), Université Ouaga I, Pr Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
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12
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Liu B, Chen Y, Sun Y, Nan Y, Li H, Du T, Hiscox JA, Zhao Q, Zhou EM. Experimental infection of rabbit with swine-derived hepatitis E virus genotype 4. Vet Microbiol 2019; 229:168-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Syed SF, Zhao Q, Umer M, Alagawany M, Ujjan IA, Soomro F, Bangulzai N, Baloch AH, Abd El-Hack M, Zhou EM, Arain MA. Past, present and future of hepatitis E virus infection: Zoonotic perspectives. Microb Pathog 2018; 119:103-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Nan Y, Wu C, Zhao Q, Sun Y, Zhang YJ, Zhou EM. Vaccine Development against Zoonotic Hepatitis E Virus: Open Questions and Remaining Challenges. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:266. [PMID: 29520257 PMCID: PMC5827553 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a fecal-orally transmitted foodborne viral pathogen that causes acute hepatitis in humans and is responsible for hepatitis E outbreaks worldwide. Since the discovery of HEV as a zoonotic agent, this virus has been isolated from a variety of hosts with an ever-expanding host range. Recently, a subunit HEV vaccine developed for the prevention of human disease was approved in China, but is not yet available to the rest of the world. Meanwhile, notable progress and knowledge has been made and revealed in recent years to better understand HEV biology and infection, including discoveries of quasi-enveloped HEV virions and of a new function of the HEV-ORF3 product. However, the impact of these new findings on the development of a protective vaccine against zoonotic HEV infection requires further discussion. In this review, hallmark characteristics of HEV zoonosis, the history of HEV vaccine development, and recent discoveries in HEV virology are described. Moreover, special attention is focused on quasi-enveloped HEV virions and the potential role of the HEV-ORF3 product as antibody-neutralization target on the surface of quasi-enveloped HEV virions to provide new insights for the future development of improved vaccines against zoonotic HEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, China
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15
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Wang L, Liu L, Wang L. An overview: Rabbit hepatitis E virus (HEV) and rabbit providing an animal model for HEV study. Rev Med Virol 2017; 28. [PMID: 29148605 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus and the causative agent of hepatitis E. The virus belongs to genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae, which contains 4 major genotypes closely relating to humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 only infect humans whereas genotypes 3 and 4 HEV are harbored in a wide range of animal species worldwide and are zoonotic to humans. Recently, a novel animal strain of HEV has been isolated in farmed rabbits in China, and subsequently more strains were discovered in the rabbit populations in at least 7 other countries. Due to high sequence similarity to genotype 3 HEV, rabbit HEV (rHEV) has been assigned to genotype 3. Experimental study showed that rHEV could infect non-human primate and human, which pose a direct threat to human. Further pathogenesis studies showed laboratory rabbits infected with rHEV and genotype 4 HEV could present similar signs of acute and chronic hepatitis E along with extra-hepatic replication as observed in humans. High mortality and vertical transmission were reproduced in rHEV infected pregnant rabbits. Furthermore, rabbit model was also found suitable for evaluating HEV vaccine efficacy in order to manage zoonotic transmission. These data showed laboratory rabbits could serve as an alternative animal model for HEV study under the current circumstances that HEV propagation is limited in vitro. In general, this review aims at presenting comprehensive up-to-date information about rHEV strains and rabbit model for HEV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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16
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Wang L, Wang L. Animal Models for Hepatitis E Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 948:161-173. [PMID: 27738984 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-0942-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Animal models are one of the most important tools in the study of human hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. They are particularly important in light of the major limitations of the cell culture system for HEV. Besides nonhuman primates, which are extremely valuable because of their susceptibility to HEV genotypes 1-4, animals like swine, rabbit, and chicken are also potential models for studies of pathogenesis, cross-species infection, and the molecular biology of HEV. Identification of the most useful animal model for human HEV infection studies is crucial to further investigations into this ubiquitous yet poorly understood virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, 38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100191, China.
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17
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Ricci A, Allende A, Bolton D, Chemaly M, Davies R, Fernandez Escamez PS, Herman L, Koutsoumanis K, Lindqvist R, Nørrung B, Robertson L, Ru G, Sanaa M, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Snary E, Speybroeck N, Ter Kuile B, Threlfall J, Wahlström H, Di Bartolo I, Johne R, Pavio N, Rutjes S, van der Poel W, Vasickova P, Hempen M, Messens W, Rizzi V, Latronico F, Girones R. Public health risks associated with hepatitis E virus (HEV) as a food-borne pathogen. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04886. [PMID: 32625551 PMCID: PMC7010180 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an important infection in humans in EU/EEA countries, and over the last 10 years more than 21,000 acute clinical cases with 28 fatalities have been notified with an overall 10-fold increase in reported HEV cases; the majority (80%) of cases were reported from France, Germany and the UK. However, as infection in humans is not notifiable in all Member States, and surveillance differs between countries, the number of reported cases is not comparable and the true number of cases would probably be higher. Food-borne transmission of HEV appears to be a major route in Europe; pigs and wild boars are the main source of HEV. Outbreaks and sporadic cases have been identified in immune-competent persons as well as in recognised risk groups such as those with pre-existing liver damage, immunosuppressive illness or receiving immunosuppressive treatments. The opinion reviews current methods for the detection, identification, characterisation and tracing of HEV in food-producing animals and foods, reviews literature on HEV reservoirs and food-borne pathways, examines information on the epidemiology of HEV and its occurrence and persistence in foods, and investigates possible control measures along the food chain. Presently, the only efficient control option for HEV infection from consumption of meat, liver and products derived from animal reservoirs is sufficient heat treatment. The development of validated quantitative and qualitative detection methods, including infectivity assays and consensus molecular typing protocols, is required for the development of quantitative microbial risk assessments and efficient control measures. More research on the epidemiology and control of HEV in pig herds is required in order to minimise the proportion of pigs that remain viraemic or carry high levels of virus in intestinal contents at the time of slaughter. Consumption of raw pig, wild boar and deer meat products should be avoided.
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18
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Wang L, Xia J, Wang L, Wang Y. Experimental infection of rabbits with genotype 3 hepatitis E virus produced both chronicity and kidney injury. Gut 2017; 66:561-562. [PMID: 27196597 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Junke Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Disease Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sex-transmitted Virus Vaccines, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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19
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Wu Q, An J, She R, Shi R, Hao W, Soomro M, Yuan X, Yang J, Wang J. Detection of Genotype 4 Swine Hepatitis E Virus in Systemic Tissues in Cross-Species Infected Rabbits. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171277. [PMID: 28129390 PMCID: PMC5271373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence demonstrates that hepatitis E virus (HEV) can be transmitted across species. According to previous reports, swine HEV has two genotypes, genotype 3 and 4, and both can infect humans by the fecal-oral route. Thus, it is crucial for the control of HEV zoonotic transmission to evaluate the dynamics of viral shedding and distribution in different tissues during cross-species infection by HEV. In this study, rabbits were infected with genotype 4 swine HEV by the intraperitoneal route. The results showed that HEV RNA not only shed in the feces but also in the saliva of some rabbits during infection with swine HEV. Viremia appeared late after infection, and anti-HEV IgG was not obvious until the appearance of high viremia levels. After the rabbits were euthanized, a histopathological examination showed that the livers developed overt hepatitis accompanied by an elevation of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST). Furthermore, HEV RNA was detected in various tissues, especially in the salivary glands and tonsils. Subsequently, negative-stranded HEV RNA was practiced in tissues with positive HEV RNA, which demonstrated that HEV replicated in the tissues. Next, we harvested additional tissues from the liver, salivary gland, tonsil, spleen, thymus gland, lymph node and intestine, which are known as replication sites of swine HEV. Additionally, we also observed the HEV antigen distributed in the organs above through immunohistochemical staining. These results demonstrate that rabbits could be used as an animal model for researching cross-species infection of genotype 4 HEV. It is also noteworthy that HEV can shed in the saliva and presents the risk of droplet transmission. These new data provide valuable information for understanding cross-species infection by HEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxing Wu
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junqing An
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiping She
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ruihan Shi
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhuo Hao
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - MajidHussain Soomro
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuerui Yuan
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinling Yang
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Wang
- Laboratory of veterinary pathology and public health, college of veterinary medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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20
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Nan Y, Zhang YJ. Molecular Biology and Infection of Hepatitis E Virus. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1419. [PMID: 27656178 PMCID: PMC5013053 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a viral pathogen transmitted primarily via fecal-oral route. In humans, HEV mainly causes acute hepatitis and is responsible for large outbreaks of hepatitis across the world. The case fatality rate of HEV-induced hepatitis ranges from 0.5 to 3% in young adults and up to 30% in infected pregnant women. HEV strains infecting humans are classified into four genotypes. HEV strains from genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic, whereas those from genotypes 1 and 2 have no known animal reservoirs. Recently, notable progress has been accomplished for better understanding of HEV biology and infection, such as chronic HEV infection, in vitro cell culture system, quasi-enveloped HEV virions, functions of the HEV proteins, mechanism of HEV antagonizing host innate immunity, HEV pathogenesis and vaccine development. However, further investigation on the cross-species HEV infection, host tropism, vaccine efficacy, and HEV-specific antiviral strategy is still needed. This review mainly focuses on molecular biology and infection of HEV and offers perspective new insight of this enigmatic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Nan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China; Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, College ParkMD, USA
| | - Yan-Jin Zhang
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park MD, USA
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21
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Zeng H, Gong W, Wang L, Zhuang H. Development and validation of a new serum standard for the measurement of anti-HEV antibodies in animals. J Med Virol 2016; 89:497-501. [PMID: 27487450 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Although hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is a zoonosis, there is, currently, no standardized assay for quantitatively measuring anti-HEV antibody levels in HEV animal reservoirs. In this study, anti-HEV antibody positive serum from a rabbit (RS26) was calibrated by dose-response parallel line assay using the World Health Organization (WHO) reference standard for anti-HEV antibodies. After evaluating the stability of the RS26 serum, a quantification assay of anti-HEV antibodies using RS26 as a standard was developed and evaluated for both reproducibility and suitability to field studies. The anti-HEV antibody level of RS26 was calculated to be 39.54 IU/ml. A series of standard working serum for anti-HEV antibodies consisted of five serum dilutions (3.950 IU/ml, 1.975 IU/ml, 0.986 IU/ml, 0.494 IU/ml, and 0.247 IU/ml). The quantitative assay using RS26 showed good range and reproducibility, effectively measuring the dynamics of anti-HEV antibody concentrations in pigs and rabbits. In conclusion, we have developed a a stable and reproducible serum standard for the quantitation of anti-HEV antibodies. J. Med. Virol. 89:497-501, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wanyun Gong
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhuang
- Department of Microbiology and Center of Infectious Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Gisa A, Suneetha PV, Behrendt P, Pischke S, Bremer B, Falk CS, Manns MP, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, Kraft ARM. Cross-genotype-specific T-cell responses in acute hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:305-15. [PMID: 26852892 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is an inflammatory liver disease caused by infection with the hepatitis E virus (HEV). In tropical regions, HEV is highly endemic and predominantly mediated by HEV genotypes 1 and 2 with >3 million symptomatic cases per year and around 70 000 deaths. In Europe and America, the zoonotic HEV genotypes 3 and 4 have been reported with continues increasing new infections per year. So far, little is known about T-cell responses during acute HEV genotype 3 infection. Therefore, we did a comprehensive study investigating HEV-specific T-cell responses using genotypes 3- and 1-specific overlapping peptides. Additional cytokines and chemokines were measured in the plasma. In four patients, longitudinal studies were performed. Broad functional HEV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses were detectable in patients acutely infected with HEV genotype 3. Elevated of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels during acute HEV infection correlated with ALT levels. Memory HEV-specific T-cell responses were detectable up to >1.5 years upon infection. Importantly, cross-genotype HEV-specific T-cell responses (between genotypes 1 and 3) were measurable in all investigated patients. In conclusion, we could show for the first time HEV-specific T-cell responses during and after acute HEV genotype 3 infection. Our data of cross-genotype HEV-specific T-cell responses might suggest a potential role in cross-genotype-specific protection between HEV genotypes 1 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gisa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - P V Suneetha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - P Behrendt
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Pischke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,First Medical Center, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hannover, Germany
| | - B Bremer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - C S Falk
- Institute of Transplant Immunology, IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M P Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - M Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - A R M Kraft
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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23
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Ogholikhan S, Schwarz KB. Hepatitis Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2016; 4:E6. [PMID: 26978406 PMCID: PMC4810058 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines4010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis is a serious health problem all over the world. However, the reduction of the morbidity and mortality due to vaccinations against hepatitis A and hepatitis B has been a major component in the overall reduction in vaccine preventable diseases. We will discuss the epidemiology, vaccine development, and post-vaccination effects of the hepatitis A and B virus. In addition, we discuss attempts to provide hepatitis D vaccine for the 350 million individuals infected with hepatitis B globally. Given the lack of a hepatitis C vaccine, the many challenges facing the production of a hepatitis C vaccine will be shown, along with current and former vaccination trials. As there is no current FDA-approved hepatitis E vaccine, we will present vaccination data that is available in the rest of the world. Finally, we will discuss the existing challenges and questions facing future endeavors for each of the hepatitis viruses, with efforts continuing to focus on dramatically reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these serious infections of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Ogholikhan
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Liver Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CMSC 2-125, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - Kathleen B Schwarz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Liver Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, CMSC 2-125, 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
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