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Gurunathan S, Kim JH. Bacterial extracellular vesicles: Emerging nanoplatforms for biomedical applications. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106308. [PMID: 37595812 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial extracellular vesicles (BEVs) are nanosized lipid bilayers generated from membranes that are filled with components derived from bacteria. BEVs are important for the physiology, pathogenicity, and interactions between bacteria and their hosts as well. BEVs represent an important mechanism of transport and interaction between cells. Recent advances in biomolecular nanotechnology have enabled the desired properties to be engineered on the surface of BEVs and decoration with desired and diverse biomolecules and nanoparticles, which have potential biomedical applications. BEVs have been the focus of various fields, including nanovaccines, therapeutic agents, and drug delivery vehicles. In this review, we delineate the fundamental aspects of BEVs, including their biogenesis, cargo composition, function, and interactions with host cells. We comprehensively summarize the factors influencing the biogenesis of BEVs. We further highlight the importance of the isolation, purification, and characterization of BEVs because they are essential processes for potential benefits related to host-microbe interactions. In addition, we address recent advancements in BEVs in biomedical applications. Finally, we provide conclusions and future perspectives as well as highlight the remaining challenges of BEVs for different biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangiliyandi Gurunathan
- Department of Biotechnology, Rathinam College of Arts and Science, Rathinam Techzone Campus, Eachanari, Coimbatore, 641 021, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jin-Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea.
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2
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Long Q, Zheng P, Zheng X, Li W, Hua L, Yang Z, Huang W, Ma Y. Engineered bacterial membrane vesicles are promising carriers for vaccine design and tumor immunotherapy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114321. [PMID: 35533789 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have emerged as novel and promising platforms for the development of vaccines and immunotherapeutic strategies against infectious and noninfectious diseases. The rich microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and nanoscale membrane vesicle structure of BMVs make them highly immunogenic. In addition, BMVs can be endowed with more functions via genetic and chemical modifications. This article reviews the immunological characteristics and effects of BMVs, techniques for BMV production and modification, and the applications of BMVs as vaccines or vaccine carriers. In summary, given their versatile characteristics and immunomodulatory properties, BMVs can be used for clinical vaccine or immunotherapy applications.
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Krishnan N, Kubiatowicz LJ, Holay M, Zhou J, Fang RH, Zhang L. Bacterial membrane vesicles for vaccine applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 185:114294. [PMID: 35436569 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines have been highly successful in the management of many diseases. However, there are still numerous illnesses, both infectious and noncommunicable, for which there are no clinically approved vaccine formulations. While there are unique difficulties that must be overcome in the case of each specific disease, there are also a number of common challenges that have to be addressed for effective vaccine development. In recent years, bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) have received increased attention as a potent and versatile vaccine platform. BMVs are inherently immunostimulatory and are able to activate both innate and adaptive immune responses. Additionally, BMVs can be readily taken up and processed by immune cells due to their nanoscale size. Finally, BMVs can be modified in a variety of ways, including by genetic engineering, cargo loading, and nanoparticle coating, in order to create multifunctional platforms that can be leveraged against different diseases. Here, an overview of the interactions between BMVs and immune cells is provided, followed by discussion on the applications of BMV vaccine nanotechnology against bacterial infections, viral infections, and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishta Krishnan
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Luke J Kubiatowicz
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Maya Holay
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jiarong Zhou
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Gallovic MD, Junkins RD, Sandor AM, Pena ES, Sample CJ, Mason AK, Arwood LC, Sahm RA, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM, Sempowski GD, Ting JPY. STING agonist-containing microparticles improve seasonal influenza vaccine efficacy and durability in ferrets over standard adjuvant. J Control Release 2022; 347:356-368. [PMID: 35569585 PMCID: PMC10136936 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic highlights the need for effective vaccines against respiratory viruses. An ideal vaccine should induce robust and long-lasting responses with high manufacturing scalability. We use an adjuvant comprised of a Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) agonist incorporated in a scalable microparticle platform to achieve durable protection against the influenza virus. This formulation overcomes the challenges presented by the cytosolic localization of STING and the hydrophilicity of its agonists. We evaluated a monoaxial formulation of polymeric acetalated dextran microparticles (MPs) to deliver the STING agonist cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) which achieved >10× dose-sparing effects compared to other published work. Efficacy was evaluated in ferrets, a larger animal model of choice for influenza vaccines. cGAMP MPs with recombinant hemagglutinin reduced viral shedding and improved vaccine outcomes compared to a seasonal influenza vaccine. Importantly, sustained protection against a lethal influenza infection was detected a year after a single dose of the vaccine-adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Gallovic
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Robert D Junkins
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Adam M Sandor
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Erik S Pena
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Christopher J Sample
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Ariel K Mason
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Leslee C Arwood
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rebecca A Sahm
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA
| | - Gregory D Sempowski
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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5
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The tremendous biomedical potential of bacterial extracellular vesicles. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1173-1194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kim CU, Eo S, Lee P, Kim SH, Kim YS, Kim DJ. Pretreatment of outer membrane vesicle and subsequent infection with influenza virus induces a long-lasting adaptive immune response against broad subtypes of influenza virus. Microbes Infect 2021; 24:104878. [PMID: 34384869 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Influenza is an acute respiratory disease and a global health problem. Although influenza vaccines are commercially available, frequent antigenic changes in hemagglutinin might render them less effective or unavailable. We previously reported that modified outer membrane vesicle (fmOMV) provided immediate and robust protective immunity against various subtypes of influenza virus. However, the effect was transient because it was innate immunity-dependent. In this study, we investigated the effects of consecutive administration of fmOMV and influenza virus on the adaptive immune response and long-term protective immunity against influenza virus. When the mice were pretreated with fmOMV and subsequently infected with influenza virus, strong influenza-specific antibody and T cell responses were induced in both systemic and lung mucosal compartments without pathogenic symptoms. Upon the secondary viral challenge at week 4, the mice given fmOMV and influenza virus exhibited almost complete protection against homologous and heterologous viral challenge. More importantly, this strong protective immunity lasted up to 18 weeks after the first infection. These results show that pretreatment with fmOMV and subsequent infection with influenza virus efficiently induces broad and long-lasting protective immunity against various virus subtypes, suggesting a novel antiviral strategy against newly-emerging viral diseases without suitable vaccines or therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Sukyeong Eo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea
| | - Pureum Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea.
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea; Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Korea.
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Root-Bernstein R. Innate Receptor Activation Patterns Involving TLR and NLR Synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and Sepsis Cytokine Storms: A Review and Model Making Novel Predictions and Therapeutic Suggestions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042108. [PMID: 33672738 PMCID: PMC7924650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) due to combined infections of SARS-CoV-2 with other microbes, mainly bacterial and fungal. This proposition is based on eight linked types of evidence and their logical connections. (1) Severe cases of COVID-19 differ from healthy controls and mild COVID-19 patients in exhibiting increased TLR4, TLR7, TLR9 and NLRP3 activity. (2) SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses activate TLR3, TLR7, RIG1 and NLRP3. (3) SARS-CoV-2 cannot, therefore, account for the innate receptor activation pattern (IRAP) found in severe COVID-19 patients. (4) Severe COVID-19 also differs from its mild form in being characterized by bacterial and fungal infections. (5) Respiratory bacterial and fungal infections activate TLR2, TLR4, TLR9 and NLRP3. (6) A combination of SARS-CoV-2 with bacterial/fungal coinfections accounts for the IRAP found in severe COVID-19 and why it differs from mild cases. (7) Notably, TLR7 (viral) and TLR4 (bacterial/fungal) synergize, TLR9 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize and TLR2 and TLR4 (both bacterial/fungal) synergize with NLRP3 (viral and bacterial). (8) Thus, a SARS-CoV-2-bacterium/fungus coinfection produces synergistic innate activation, resulting in the hyperinflammation characteristic of a cytokine storm. Unique clinical, experimental and therapeutic predictions (such as why melatonin is effective in treating COVID-19) are discussed, and broader implications are outlined for understanding why other syndromes such as acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis display varied cytokine storm symptoms.
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Garcia-Vello P, Speciale I, Chiodo F, Molinaro A, De Castro C. Carbohydrate-based adjuvants. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2020; 35-36:57-68. [PMID: 33388128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate adjuvants are safe and biocompatible compounds usable as sustained delivery systems and stimulants of ongoing humoral and cellular immune responses, being especially suitable for the development of vaccines against intracellular pathogens where alum is useless. The development of new adjuvants is difficult and expensive, however, in the last two years, seven new carbohydrate-based adjuvants have been patented, also there are twelve ongoing clinical trials of vaccines that contain carbohydrate-based adjuvants, as well as numerous publications on their mechanism of action and safety. More research is necessary to improve the existent adjuvants and develop innovative ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Garcia-Vello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (NA), Italy.
| | - Immacolata Speciale
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (NA), Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chiodo
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia 4, 80126 Naples (NA), Italy
| | - Cristina De Castro
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università, 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy.
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Lee TY, Kim CU, Lee P, Seo SH, Bae EH, Kim YS, Kim SH, Kim DJ. Outer membrane vesicle increases the efficacy of an influenza vaccine in a diet-induced obese mouse model. Immunol Lett 2019; 219:27-33. [PMID: 31901375 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Obesity has been associated with increased symptoms and mortality in influenza patients and impaired immune responses to the influenza vaccine. To date, however, there is no effective adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy for the obese population. To address this issue, we generated a modified outer membrane vesicle with attenuated endotoxicity (fmOMV) and tested its adjuvant effect on the influenza vaccine in comparison with a squalene-based oil-in-water adjuvant (AddaVax) using a diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse model. Although coadministration of fmOMV did not affect neutralizing antibody (Ab) response, it preferentially induced IgG2c antibody response and significantly increased the vaccine-induced T cell response. More importantly, fmOMV conferred significant protection against homologous and heterologous influenza virus challenge, whereas AddaVax showed marginal protection irrespective of the strongest Ab and T cell responses in DIO mice. These results indicate that fmOMV improves the antigen-specific T cell response and the efficacy of an influenza vaccine, suggesting a potential influenza vaccine adjuvant for the obese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Young Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Chang-Ung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Pureum Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hwan Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Bae
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea.
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, South Korea; Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.
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Bae EH, Seo SH, Kim CU, Jang MS, Song MS, Lee TY, Jeong YJ, Lee MS, Park JH, Lee P, Kim YS, Kim SH, Kim DJ. Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles Provide Broad-Spectrum Protection against Influenza Virus Infection via Recruitment and Activation of Macrophages. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:316-329. [PMID: 30844806 DOI: 10.1159/000494098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) poses a constant worldwide threat to human health. Although conventional vaccines are available, their protective efficacy is type or strain specific, and their production is time-consuming. For the control of an influenza pandemic in particular, agents that are immediately effective against a wide range of virus variants should be developed. Although pretreatment of various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands have already been reported to be effective in the defense against subsequent IAV infection, the efficacy was limited to specific subtypes, and safety concerns were also raised. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of an attenuated bacterial outer membrane vesicle -harboring modified lipid A moiety of lipopolysaccharide (fmOMV) against IAV infection and the underlying mechanisms. Administration of fmOMV conferred significant protection against a lethal dose of pandemic H1N1, PR8, H5N2, and highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses; this broad antiviral activity was dependent on macrophages but independent of neutrophils. fmOMV induced recruitment and activation of macrophages and elicited type I IFNs. Intriguingly, fmOMV showed a more significant protective effect than other TLR ligands tested in previous reports, without exhibiting any adverse effect. These results show the potential of fmOMV as a prophylactic agent for the defense against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Bae
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hwan Seo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ung Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seong Jang
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Young Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Pureum Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Sang Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Doo-Jin Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea, .,Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea, .,University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
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Intranasal inoculate of influenza virus vaccine against lethal virus challenge. Vaccine 2018; 36:4354-4361. [PMID: 29880240 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine adjuvants are essential for enhancing immune responses during vaccination. However, only a limited number of safe and effective adjuvants, especially mucosal adjuvants, are available for use in vaccines. The development of a practically applicable mucosal adjuvant is therefore urgently needed. Here, we showed that the non-toxic CTA1-DD adjuvant, which combined the full enzymatic activity of the A1 subunit of cholera toxin (CT) with two immunoglobulin-binding domains of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (SpA), promoted mucosal and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses following intranasal administration with H1N1 split vaccine in mice. We demonstrated that CTA1-DD-adjuvant vaccine provided 100% protection against mortality and greatly reduced morbidity in a mouse model. We also showed that addition of CTA1-DD to the vaccine elicited significantly higher hemagglutination inhibition titers and IgG antibodies in sera than alum adjuvant. Furthermore, CTA1-DD significantly promoted the production of mucosal secretory IgA in lung lavages and vaginal lavages. We also showed that CTA1-DD could be used as a mucosal adjuvant to enhance T cell responses. Our results clearly indicated that CTA1-DD contributed to the elicitation of a protective cell-mediated immune response required for efficacious vaccination against influenza virus, which suggested that this adjuvant could be explored further as a clinically safe mucosal vaccine adjuvant for respiratory diseases and other mucosal diseases.
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Tan K, Li R, Huang X, Liu Q. Outer Membrane Vesicles: Current Status and Future Direction of These Novel Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:783. [PMID: 29755431 PMCID: PMC5932156 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants have been of great interest to vaccine formulation as immune-stimulators. Prior to the recent research in the field of immune stimulation, conventional adjuvants utilized for aluminum-based vaccinations dominated the adjuvant market. However, these conventional adjuvants have demonstrated obvious defects, including poor protective efficiency and potential side effects, which hindered their widespread circulation. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) naturally exist in gram-negative bacteria and are capable of engaging innate and adaptive immunity and possess intrinsic adjuvant capacity. They have shown tremendous potential for adjuvant application and have recently been successfully applied in various vaccine platforms. Adjuvants could be highly effective with the introduction of OMVs, providing complete immunity and with the benefits of low toxicity; further, OMVs might also be designed as an advanced mucosal delivery vehicle for use as a vaccine carrier. In this review, we discuss adjuvant development, and provide an overview of novel OMV adjuvants and delivery vehicles. We also suggest future directions for adjuvant research. Overall, we believe that OMV adjuvants would find high value in vaccine formulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiong Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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