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Martin JM, Moehling Geffel K, Ortiz MA, Rajasundaram D, Nowalk MP, Zimmerman RK, Alcorn JF. Differential Induction of Interferon-Stimulated Genes by Cell-Based Versus Egg-Based Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccines in Children During the 2018-2019 Season. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1393-1401. [PMID: 37665976 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based quadrivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine has been shown to have higher vaccine effectiveness than traditional egg-based quadrivalent-inactivated influenza vaccine. This is observed despite similar levels of serum hemagglutinin antibodies induced by each vaccine. METHODS In this study, we examine peripheral immune activation after egg-based or cell-based influenza vaccination in a clinical trial in children. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and ribonucleic acid was sequenced from 81 study participants (41 Fluzone, egg based and 40 Flucelvax, cell based) pre- and 7 days postvaccination. Seroconversion was assessed by hemagglutinin inhibition assay. Differential gene expression was determined and pathway analysis was conducted. RESULTS Cell-based influenza vaccine induced greater interferon-stimulated and innate immune gene activation compared with egg-based influenza vaccine. Participants who seroconverted had increased interferon-signaling activation versus those who did not seroconvert. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that cell-based influenza vaccine stimulates immune activation differently from egg-based influenza vaccine, shedding light on reported differences in vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Marianna A Ortiz
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dhivyaa Rajasundaram
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Janssens Y, Joye J, Waerlop G, Clement F, Leroux-Roels G, Leroux-Roels I. The role of cell-mediated immunity against influenza and its implications for vaccine evaluation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:959379. [PMID: 36052083 PMCID: PMC9424642 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.959379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza vaccines remain the most effective tools to prevent flu and its complications. Trivalent or quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccines primarily elicit antibodies towards haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. These vaccines fail to induce high protective efficacy, in particular in older adults and immunocompromised individuals and require annual updates to keep up with evolving influenza strains (antigenic drift). Vaccine efficacy declines when there is a mismatch between its content and circulating strains. Current correlates of protection are merely based on serological parameters determined by haemagglutination inhibition or single radial haemolysis assays. However, there is ample evidence showing that these serological correlates of protection can both over- or underestimate the protective efficacy of influenza vaccines. Next-generation universal influenza vaccines that induce cross-reactive cellular immune responses (CD4+ and/or CD8+ T-cell responses) against conserved epitopes may overcome some of the shortcomings of the current inactivated vaccines by eliciting broader protection that lasts for several influenza seasons and potentially enhances pandemic preparedness. Assessment of cellular immune responses in clinical trials that evaluate the immunogenicity of these new generation vaccines is thus of utmost importance. Moreover, studies are needed to examine whether these cross-reactive cellular immune responses can be considered as new or complementary correlates of protection in the evaluation of traditional and next-generation influenza vaccines. An overview of the assays that can be applied to measure cell-mediated immune responses to influenza with their strengths and weaknesses is provided here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yorick Janssens
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jasper Joye
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gwenn Waerlop
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Clement
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Isabel Leroux-Roels
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Vaccinology (CEVAC), Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Isabel Leroux-Roels,
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Williams KV, Zhai B, Alcorn JF, Patricia Nowalk M, Levine MZ, Kim SS, Flannery B, Moehling Geffel K, Jaber Merranko A, Nagg JP, Collins M, Susick M, Clarke KS, Zimmerman RK, Martin JM. A randomized controlled trial of antibody response to 2019-20 cell-based inactivated and egg-based live attenuated influenza vaccines in children and young adults. Vaccine 2022; 40:780-788. [PMID: 34952751 PMCID: PMC8803136 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers to the live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4) are typically lower than its counterpart egg-based inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV). Similar comparisons have not been made between LAIV4 and the 4-strain, cell-culture inactivated influenza vaccine (ccIIV4). We compared healthy children's and young adults' HAI titers against the 2019-2020 LAIV4 and ccIIV4. METHODS Participants aged 4-21 years were randomized 1:1 to receive ccIIV4 (n = 100) or LAIV4 (n = 98). Blood was drawn prevaccination and on day 28 (21-35) post vaccination. HAI assays against egg-grown A/H1N1, A/H3N2, both vaccine B strains and cell-grown A/H3N2 antigens were conducted. Primary outcomes were geometric mean titers (GMT) and geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) in titers. RESULTS GMTs to A/H1N1, A/H3N2 and B/Victoria increased following both ccIIV and LAIV and to B/Yamagata following ccIIV (p < 0.05). The GMFR range was 2.4-3.0 times higher for ccIIV4 than for LAIV4 (p < 0.001). Within vaccine types, egg-grown A/H3N2 GMTs were higher (p < 0.05) than cell-grown GMTs [ccIIV4 day 28: egg = 205 (95% CI: 178-237); cell = 136 (95% CI:113-165); LAIV4 day 28: egg = 96 (95% CI: 83-112); cell = 63 (95% CI: 58-74)]. The GMFR to A/H3N2 cell-grown and egg-grown antigens were similar. Pre-vaccination titers inversely predicted GMFR. CONCLUSION The HAI response to ccIIV4 was greater than LAIV4 in this study of mostly older children, and day 0 HAI titers inversely predicted GMFR for both vaccines. Lower prevaccination titers were associated with greater GMFR in both vaccine groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine V Williams
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4420 Bayard Street, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Bo Zhai
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 9127 Rangos Research Center, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA.
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, 9127 Rangos Research Center, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15224 USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4420 Bayard Street, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Min Z Levine
- National Center Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Sara S Kim
- National Center Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Brendan Flannery
- National Center Immunizations and Respiratory Disease, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Krissy Moehling Geffel
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4420 Bayard Street, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Amanda Jaber Merranko
- Falk Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), 3601 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Jennifer P Nagg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | - Mark Collins
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4420 Bayard Street, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Michael Susick
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4420 Bayard Street, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Karen S Clarke
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4420 Bayard Street, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 4420 Bayard Street, Suite 520, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.
| | - Judith M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, 3520 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Alcorn JF, Avula R, Chakka AB, Schwarzmann WE, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Ortiz MA, Horne WT, Chandran UR, Nagg JP, Zimmerman RK, Cole KS, Moehling KK, Martin JM. Differential gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children immunized with inactivated influenza vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2020; 16:1782-1790. [PMID: 32298194 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1711677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human immune response to inactivated influenza vaccine is dynamic and impacted by age and preexisting immunity. Our goal was to identify postvaccination transcriptomic changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from children. Blood samples were obtained before and at 3 or 7 days postvaccination with 2016-2017 quadrivalent inactivated influenza vaccine and RNA sequencing was performed. There were 1,466 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for the Day 0-Day 3 group and 513 DEGs for the Day 0-Day 7 group. Thirty-three genes were common between the two groups. The majority of the transcriptomic changes at Day 3 represented innate inflammation and apoptosis pathways. Day 7 DEGs were characterized by activation of cellular processes, including the regulation of cytoskeleton, junctions, and metabolism, and increased expression of immunoglobulin genes. DEGs at Day 3 were compared between older and younger children revealing increased inflammatory gene expression in the older group. Vaccine history in the year prior to the study was characterized by robust DEGs at Day 3 with decreased phagosome and dendritic cell maturation in those who had been vaccinated in the previous year. PBMC responses to inactivated influenza vaccination in children differed significantly by the timing of sampling, patient age, and vaccine history. These data provide insight into the expected molecular pathways to be temporally altered by influenza vaccination in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raghunandan Avula
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anish B Chakka
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William E Schwarzmann
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Marianna A Ortiz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - William T Horne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer P Nagg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kelly S Cole
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Krissy K Moehling
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Judith M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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5
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Gonçalves E, Combadière B. Prédire la réponse à la vaccination contre la grippe. Med Sci (Paris) 2020; 36:31-37. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2019266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
La vaccination est l’un des progrès majeurs de la médecine moderne. Mais afin d’améliorer l’efficacité des vaccins existants et d’en élaborer de nouveaux, nous devons mieux connaître les mécanismes d’action à l’origine de l’immunité protectrice et les stratégies vaccinales permettant d’induire une défense durable. La voie cutanée est une stratégie de vaccination importante, en raison de la richesse qu’elle présente en cellules de l’immunité innée qui ont un rôle clé dans la qualité, l’intensité et la persistance des réponses adaptatives qu’elles induisent. L’intégration des données biologiques obtenues au cours d’un essai clinique de vaccination antigrippale nous donne un aperçu de l’impact de la voie d’immunisation et de la signature innée sur la qualité des réponses immunitaires.
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Rao S, Ghosh D, Asturias EJ, Weinberg A. What can we learn about influenza infection and vaccination from transcriptomics? Hum Vaccin Immunother 2019; 15:2615-2623. [PMID: 31116679 PMCID: PMC6930070 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2019.1608744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomics studies the set of RNA transcripts produced by the genome using high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics. This growing field has revolutionized our understanding of host-pathogen interactions, revealing new insights into the host response to influenza infection and vaccination. Studies using transcriptomics have identified a unique immunosignature for influenza discernable from other bacterial and viral pathogens, key transcriptional factors that discriminate early from late, mild versus severe, and symptomatic versus asymptomatic infection. Recent studies evaluating the host response to influenza vaccines have revealed key differences in live versus inactivated influenza vaccines, identified early transcriptional signatures that predict hemagglutinin antibody production following vaccination, increased our understanding of how adjuvants enhance the immune response to influenza vaccine antigens, and demonstrate biologic variability in the response to vaccination due to host factors. These studies demonstrate the potential for influenza transcriptomics to be applied to clinical care, understanding the mechanisms of infection, and informing vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suchitra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases, Hospital Medicine, Epidemiology), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Edwin J Asturias
- Department of Pediatrics (Pediatric Infectious Diseases), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado and Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Adriana Weinberg
- Department of Medicine, Pathology and Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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7
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Martin JM, Avula R, Nowalk MP, Lin CJ, Horne WT, Chandran UR, Nagg JP, Zimmerman RK, Cole KS, Alcorn JF. Inflammatory Mediator Expression Associated With Antibody Response Induced by Live Attenuated vs Inactivated Influenza Virus Vaccine in Children. Open Forum Infect Dis 2018; 5:ofy277. [PMID: 30515427 PMCID: PMC6262113 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofy277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reasons for differences in vaccine effectiveness between live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) are not clear. METHODS Blood samples were obtained before vaccination and at days 7 and 21 postvaccination with 2015-2016 quadrivalent IIV or LAIV. Serologic response to the vaccine was measured by hemagglutination inhibition assay. Targeted RNA sequencing and serum cytokine analysis were performed. Paired analyses were used to determine gene expression and were compared between IIV and LAIV recipients. Classification And Regression Trees analysis (CART) identified the strongest associations with vaccine response. RESULTS Forty-six enrollees received IIV, and 25 received LAIV. The mean age was 11.5 (±3.7) years. Seroconversion with IIV was associated with changes in expression of PRKRA and IFI6. Nonseroconversion for both IIV and LAIV was characterized by increased interferon-stimulated gene expression. Seroprotection with both vaccines was associated with altered expression of CXCL2 and CD36. For LAIV, CART showed that changes in expression of CD80, CXCL2, and CASP1 were associated with seroprotection. Serum cytokines showed that IIV seroconversion was associated with decreased CCL3. LAIV seroprotection tracked with decreased tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. CONCLUSIONS Distinct markers of seroconversion and seroprotection against IIV and LAIV were identified using immunophenotyping and CART analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith M Martin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Raghunandan Avula
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mary Patricia Nowalk
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Chyongchiou Jeng Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William T Horne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Uma R Chandran
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jennifer P Nagg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Richard K Zimmerman
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kelly S Cole
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John F Alcorn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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Saletti G, Gerlach T, Rimmelzwaan GF. Influenza vaccines: 'tailor-made' or 'one fits all'. Curr Opin Immunol 2018; 53:102-110. [PMID: 29734023 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently used inactivated influenza vaccines aim at the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies directed to the variable head domain of the viral hemagglutinin. Although these vaccines are effective against antigenically matching virus strains, they offer little protection against antigenically distinct drift variants or potentially pandemic viruses of alternative subtypes. In the last decades, the threat of novel influenza pandemics has sparked research efforts to develop vaccines that induce more broadly protective immunity. Here, we discuss the immune responses induced by conventional 'tailor-made' inactivated and live influenza vaccines and novel 'one fits all' candidate vaccines able to induce cross-reactive virus-specific antibody and T cell responses and to afford protection to a wider range of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulietta Saletti
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Gerlach
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- University of Veterinary Medicine (TiHo), Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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