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Swain SK, Gadnayak A, Mohanty JN, Sarangi R, Das J. Does enterovirus 71 urge for effective vaccine control strategies? Challenges and current opinion. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2322. [PMID: 34997684 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is an infectious virus affecting all age groups of people around the world. It is one of the major aetiologic agents for HFMD (hand, foot and mouth disease) identified globally. It has led to many outbreaks and epidemics in Asian countries. Infection caused by this virus that can lead to serious psychological problems, heart diseases and respiratory issues in children younger than 10 years of age. Many studies are being carried out on the pathogenesis of the virus, but little is known. The host immune response and other molecular responses against the virus are also not clearly determined. This review deals with the interaction between the host and the EV71 virus. We discuss how the virus makes use of its proteins to affect the host's immunity and how the viral proteins help their replication. Additionally, we describe other useful resources that enable the virus to evade the host's immune responses. The knowledge of the viral structure and its interactions with host cells has led to the discovery of various drug targets for the treatment of the virus. Additionally, this review focusses on the antiviral drugs and vaccines developed by targeting various viral surface molecules during their infectious period. Furthermore, it is asserted that the improvement of prevailing vaccines will be the simplest method to manage EV71 infection swiftly. Therefore, we summarise numerous vaccines candidate for the EV71, such as the use of an inactivated complete virus, recombinant VP1 protein, artificial peptides, VLPs (viral-like particles) and live attenuated vaccines for combating the viral outbreaks promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrat Kumar Swain
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayushman Gadnayak
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jatindra Nath Mohanty
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rachita Sarangi
- Department of Pediatrics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Jayashankar Das
- Centre for Genomics and Biomedical Informatics, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, India
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2
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Wu Y, Qu Z, Xiong R, Yang Y, Liu S, Nie J, Liang C, Huang W, Wang Y, Fan C. A practical method for evaluating the in vivo efficacy of EVA-71 vaccine using a hSCARB2 knock-in mouse model. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1180-1190. [PMID: 34044752 PMCID: PMC8205003 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1934558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease is a contagious disease common among children under 5 years old worldwide. It is caused by strains of enterovirus, especially EV-A71, which can lead to severe disease. Vaccines are the only way to fight this disease. Accordingly, it is necessary to establish an efficient and accurate methodology to evaluate vaccine efficacy in vivo. Here, we established a practical method using a hSCARB2 knock-in mouse model, which was susceptible to EV-A71 infection at 5-6 weeks of age, to directly determine the efficacy of vaccines. Unlike traditional approaches, one-week-old hSCARB2 mice were immunized twice with a licensed vaccine, with an interval of a week. The titre of antibodies was measured after 1 week. Mice at 4 weeks of age were challenged with EV-A71 intraperitoneally and intracranially, respectively. The unimmunized hSCARB2 mice displayed systemic clinical symptoms and succumbed to the disease at a rate of approximately 50%. High viral loads were detected in the lungs, brain, and muscles, accompanied by clear pathological changes. The expression of IL-1β, IL-13, IL-17, and TNF-α was significantly upregulated. By contrast, the immunized group was practically normal and indistinguishable from the control mice. These results indicate that the hSCARB2 knock-in mouse is susceptible to infection in adulthood, and the in vivo efficacy of EV-A71 vaccine could be directly evaluated in this mouse model. The method developed here may be used in the development of new vaccines against HFMD or quality control of licensed vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhe Qu
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Institute for Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Xiong
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanwei Yang
- National Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Institute for Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Susu Liu
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Nie
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunnan Liang
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijin Huang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youchun Wang
- Division of HIV/AIDS and Sexually Transmitted Virus Vaccines, Institute for Biological Product Control, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Changfa Fan
- Division of Animal Model Research, Institute for Laboratory Animal Resources, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC), Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Antibody Generation and Immunogenicity Analysis of EBV gp42 N-Terminal Region. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122380. [PMID: 34960650 PMCID: PMC8707153 DOI: 10.3390/v13122380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is the first reported oncogenic virus and infects more than 90% of adults worldwide. EBV can establish a latent infection in B lymphocytes which is essential for persistence and transmission. Glycoprotein gp42 is an indispensable member of the triggering complex for EBV entry into a B cell. The N-terminal region of gp42 plays a key role in binding to gH/gL and triggering subsequent membrane fusion. However, no antibody has been reported to recognize this region and the immunogenicity of gp42 N-domain remains unknown. In the present study, we have generated a panel of nine mAbs against the gp42 N-terminal region (six mAbs to gp42-44-61aa and three mAbs to gp42-67-81aa). These mAbs show excellent binding activity and recognize different key residues locating on the gp42 N-domain. Among the nine mAbs, 4H7, 4H8 and 11G10 cross-react with rhLCV-gp42 while other mAbs specifically recognize EBV-gp42. Our newly obtained mAbs provide a useful tool for investigating the gp42 function and viral infection mechanism of γ-Herpesvirus. Furthermore, we assess the immunogenicity of the gp42 N-terminal region using the HBc149 particle as a carrier protein. The chimeric VLPs can induce high antibody titers and elicit neutralizing humoral responses to block EBV infection. More rational and effective designs are required to promote the gp42-N terminal region to become an epitope-based vaccine.
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Luo J, Huo C, Qin H, Hu J, Lei L, Pan Z. Chimeric enterovirus 71 virus-like particle displaying conserved coxsackievirus A16 epitopes elicits potent immune responses and protects mice against lethal EV71 and CA16 infection. Vaccine 2021; 39:4135-4143. [PMID: 34116877 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease of infants and young children frequently caused by the enterovirus A species, mainly enterovirus 71 (EV71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CA16). In this study, we prepared the EV71 virus-like particle (EV71-VLP) and its chimeras using recombinant baculovirus (Bac-P1-3CD) co-expressing EV71 P1 (under polyhedrin promoter) and 3CD (under CMV-IE promoter) proteins in Sf9 cells. EV71-VLP chimera ChiEV71(1E)-VLP or ChiEV71(4E)-VLP displayed single CA16 PEP71 epitope in VP1 or four conserved CA16 neutralizing epitopes (PEP71 in VP1, aa136-150 in VP2, aa176-190 in VP3 and aa48-62 in VP4) by substitution of the corresponding regions of EV71 structure proteins, respectively. In mice, EV71-VLP and its chimeras elicited similar EV71-specific IgG and neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers compared to inactivated EV71. Expectedly, vaccination of ChiEV71(1E)-VLP or ChiEV71(4E)-VLP resulted in significantly increased CA16-specific IgG and NAb production and improved cross-protection against CA16 infection compared to EV71-VLP. Interestingly, the VLPs induced potent cellular immune responses and significantly decreased Th2 type (IL-4 and IL-10) cytokines secretion in the splenocytes of immunized mice compared to inactivated EV71 or inactivated CA16. Neonatal mice born to dams immunized with the chimeric VLPs or neonatal mice passively transferred with sera of immunized mice were completely protected from lethal EV71 challenge and partially protected from lethal CA16 infection. Our study provides a novel bivalent or multivalent vaccine strategy to prevent EV71 and related-enterovirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chunling Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Junhong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Zishu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Yang T, Xie T, Li H, Song X, Yue L, Wang X, Shen D, Ma K, Jiang Q, Long R, Yang R, He X, Zhang Y, Xie Z, Li Q. Immune responses of a CV-A16 live attenuated candidate strain and its protective effects in rhesus monkeys. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 9:2136-2146. [PMID: 32930072 PMCID: PMC7580583 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1823889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) is a major causative pathogen of hand, foot, and mouth diseases (HFMDs). The licensed HFMD vaccine targets EV-A71 without cross-protection against CV-A16. Thus, a CV-A16 vaccine is needed. In this study, the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a live attenuated CV-A16 candidate, K168-8Ac, were evaluated in a rhesus monkey model. Four passages of this strain (P35, P50, P60, and P70) were administered to monkeys, and its protective effect was identified. The immunized monkeys were clinically asymptomatic, except for slight fever. Weak viraemia was observed, and two doses of vaccination were found to significantly reduce virus shedding. High levels of antibody responses were observed (1:1024–1:2048), along with a significant increase in plasma IL-8. The I.M. group showed a much stronger humoural immunity. Pathological damage was detected mainly in lung tissues, although thalamus, spinal cord, lymph nodes, and livers were involved. After the viral challenge, it was found that two doses of vaccine reduced virus shedding, and the degree of lung damage and the number of organs involved decreased as the passage number increased. Overall, a robust immune response and partial protection against CV-A16, triggered by the K168-8Ac strain, were demonstrated. This study provides valuable data for CV-A16 vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianhong Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Song
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Yue
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Shen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinfang Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Runxiang Long
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongping Xie
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academic Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, People's Republic of China
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Jiang Z, Zhang Y, Lin H, Cheng Q, Lu X, Liu W, Zhou R, Zhong B, Tian X. A 10-Day-Old Murine Model of Coxsackievirus A6 Infection for the Evaluation of Vaccines and Antiviral Drugs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665197. [PMID: 34054834 PMCID: PMC8155526 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6) is recognized as a major enterovirus type that can cause severe hand, foot, and mouth disease and spread widely among children. Vaccines and antiviral drugs may be developed more effectively based on a stable and easy-to-operate CVA6 mouse infection model. In this study, a wild CVA6-W strain was sub-cultured in newborn mice of different ages (in days), for adaptation. Therefore, a CVA6-A mouse-adapted strain capable of stably infecting the mice was generated, and a fatal model was built. As the result indicated, CVA6-A could infect the 10-day-old mice to generate higher levels of IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-10. The mice infected with CVA6-A were treated with IFN-α1b at a higher dose, with complete protection. Based on this strain, an animal model with active immunization was built to evaluate antiviral protection by active immunization. The three-day-old mice were pre-immunized with inactivated CVA6 thereby generating IgM and IgG antibodies within 7 days that enabled complete protection of the pre-immunized mice following the CVA6 virus challenge. There were eight mutations in the genome of CVA6-A than in that of CVA6-W, possibly attributed to the virulence of CVA6 in mice. Briefly, the CVA6 infection model of the 10-day-old mice built herein, may serve as an applicable preclinical evaluation model for CVA6 antiviral drugs and vaccine study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaixue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Dongguan Institute of Paediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, The Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yaozhong Zhang
- Dongguan Institute of Paediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, The Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Huayuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingqiu Cheng
- Dongguan Institute of Paediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, The Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xiaomei Lu
- Dongguan Institute of Paediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, The Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Wenkuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baimao Zhong
- Dongguan Institute of Paediatrics, Dongguan Children's Hospital, The Eighth People's Hospital of Dongguan City, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Xingui Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Li ML, Shih SR, Tolbert BS, Brewer G. Enterovirus A71 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9030199. [PMID: 33673595 PMCID: PMC7997495 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9030199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) and herpangina. Moreover, EV-A71 infection can lead to neurological complications and death. Vaccination is the most efficient way to control virus infection. There are currently three inactivated, whole EV-A71 vaccines licensed by the China NMPA (National Medical Products Administration). Several other types of vaccines, such as virus-like particles and recombinant VP1 (capsid protein), are also under development. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the development of EV-A71 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Blanton S. Tolbert
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
| | - Gary Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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Lacasta A, Mody KT, De Goeyse I, Yu C, Zhang J, Nyagwange J, Mwalimu S, Awino E, Saya R, Njoroge T, Muriuki R, Ndiwa N, Poole EJ, Zhang B, Cavallaro A, Mahony TJ, Steinaa L, Mitter N, Nene V. Synergistic Effect of Two Nanotechnologies Enhances the Protective Capacity of the Theileria parva Sporozoite p67C Antigen in Cattle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:686-699. [PMID: 33419770 PMCID: PMC7851744 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF), caused by Theileria parva, is the most important tick-borne disease of cattle in sub-Saharan Africa. Practical disadvantages associated with the currently used live-parasite vaccine could be overcome by subunit vaccines. An 80-aa polypeptide derived from the C-terminal portion of p67, a sporozoite surface Ag and target of neutralizing Abs, was the focus of the efforts on subunit vaccines against ECF and subjected to several vaccine trials with very promising results. However, the vaccination regimen was far from optimized, involving three inoculations of 450 μg of soluble p67C (s-p67C) Ag formulated in the Seppic adjuvant Montanide ISA 206 VG. Hence, an improved formulation of this polypeptide Ag is needed. In this study, we report on two nanotechnologies that enhance the bovine immune responses to p67C. Individually, HBcAg-p67C (chimeric hepatitis B core Ag virus-like particles displaying p67C) and silica vesicle (SV)-p67C (s-p67C adsorbed to SV-140-C18, octadecyl-modified SVs) adjuvanted with ISA 206 VG primed strong Ab and T cell responses to p67C in cattle, respectively. Coimmunization of cattle (Bos taurus) with HBcAg-p67C and SV-p67C resulted in stimulation of both high Ab titers and CD4 T cell response to p67C, leading to the highest subunit vaccine efficacy we have achieved to date with the p67C immunogen. These results offer the much-needed research depth on the innovative platforms for developing effective novel protein-based bovine vaccines to further the advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lacasta
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya;
| | - Karishma T Mody
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ine De Goeyse
- Enzootic, Vector-borne and Bee Diseases, Sciensano, 1180 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chengzhong Yu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - James Nyagwange
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Stephen Mwalimu
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Elias Awino
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Rosemary Saya
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Thomas Njoroge
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Robert Muriuki
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Nicholas Ndiwa
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; and
| | - Elisabeth Jane Poole
- Research Methods Group, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya; and
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Brisbane, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Antonino Cavallaro
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Timothy J Mahony
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lucilla Steinaa
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
| | - Neena Mitter
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi 00100, Kenya
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Yang Y, Xu L, Jin H, Song C. Epidemiological Study of Influenza A, Influenza B, Enterovirus 71, and Coxsackievirus A16 Among Children in the Central Region of Zhejiang Province, China. Curr Microbiol 2020; 77:2656-2664. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02026-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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From Monovalent to Multivalent Vaccines, the Exploration for Potential Preventive Strategies Against Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD). Virol Sin 2020; 36:167-175. [PMID: 32997323 PMCID: PMC7525078 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-020-00294-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) recently emerged as a global public threat. The licensure of inactivated enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) vaccine was the first step in using a vaccine to control HFMD. New challenges arise from changes in the pathogen spectrum while vaccines directed against other common serotypes are in the preclinical stage. The mission of a broad-spectrum prevention strategy clearly favors multivalent vaccines. The development of multivalent vaccines was attempted via the simple combination of potent monovalent vaccines or the construction of chimeric vaccines comprised of epitopes derived from different virus serotypes. The present review summarizes recent advances in HFMD vaccine development and discusses the next steps toward a safe and effective HFMD vaccine that is capable of establishing a cross-protective antibody response.
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Zhang X, Zhao B, Ding M, Song S, Kang Y, Yu Y, Xu M, Xiang T, Gao L, Feng Q, Zhao Q, Zeng MS, Krummenacher C, Zeng YX. A novel vaccine candidate based on chimeric virus-like particle displaying multiple conserved epitope peptides induced neutralizing antibodies against EBV infection. Theranostics 2020; 10:5704-5718. [PMID: 32483413 PMCID: PMC7255000 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the causative pathogen for infectious mononucleosis and many kinds of malignancies including several lymphomas such as Hodgkin's lymphoma, Burkitt's lymphoma and NK/T cell lymphoma as well as carcinomas such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBV-GC). However, to date no available prophylactic vaccine was launched to the market for clinical use. Methods: To develop a novel vaccine candidate to prevent EBV infection and diseases, we designed chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs) based on the hepatitis B core antigen (HBc149). Various VLPs were engineered to present combinations of three peptides derived from the receptor binding domain of EBV gp350. All the chimeric virus-like particles were injected into Balb/C mice for immunogenicity evaluation. Neutralizing titer of mice sera were detected using an in vitro cell model. Results: All chimeric HBc149 proteins self-assembled into VLPs with gp350 epitopes displayed on the surface of spherical particles. Interestingly, the different orders of the three epitopes in the chimeric proteins induced different immune responses in mice. Two constructs (149-3A and 149-3B) induced high serum titer against the receptor-binding domain of gp350. Most importantly, these two VLPs elicited neutralizing antibodies in immunized mice, which efficiently blocked EBV infection in cell culture. Competition analysis showed that sera from these mice contained antibodies to a major neutralizing epitope recognized by the strong neutralizing mAb 72A1. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that HBc149 chimeric VLPs provide a valuable platform to present EBV gp350 antigens and offer a robust basis for the development of peptide-based candidate vaccines against EBV.
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Liu J, Zhao B, Xue L, Wu J, Xu Y, Liu Y, Qin C. Immunization with a fusion protein vaccine candidate generated from truncated peptides of human enterovirus 71 protects mice from lethal enterovirus 71 infections. Virol J 2020; 17:58. [PMID: 32321526 PMCID: PMC7178760 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01328-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prophylactic vaccines are critical in preventing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) primarily caused by human enterovirus 71 (EV71) infection. Children aged less than 5 years are especially susceptible to EV71 infections. In addition to the development of vaccines containing the inactivated virus, those containing virus-like particles (VLPs) with repeated antigens also constitute an effective preventive strategy for EV71 infections, with safety and productivity advantages. We previously developed a fusion protein composed with truncated peptides of the EV71 capsid protein, which assembled into spherical particles. This study aimed to assess the immunoprotective effects of this fusion protein as a vaccine candidate in a mouse model of EV71 infection. Methods To evaluate the protective effect of fusion protein vaccine candidate, neonatal mice born by immunized female mice, as well as normal neonatal mice immunized twice were infected with EV71 virus. Whereafter, the survival rates, clinical scores and viral loads were measured. Results The high dosage and booster immunization helped induce specific serum antibodies with high neutralization titers, which were transferred to neonatal mice, thereby facilitating effective resistance towards EV71 infection. An active immune response was also observed in neonatal mice which generated following immunization. Conclusions The present results suggest that this fusion protein is a suitable vaccine candidate in treating EV71 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangning Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, People's Republic of China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chuan Qin
- NHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, CAMS&PUMC, Beijing, 100021, People's Republic of China.
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Lei X, Cai X, Yang Y. Genetic engineering strategies for construction of multivalent chimeric VLPs vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2020; 19:235-246. [PMID: 32133886 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2020.1738227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the past two decades, virus-like particles (VLPs) have been developed as a new generation of vaccines against viral infections. Based on VLPs, chimeric VLPs (chi-VLPs) have been generated through genetic modifications or chemical couplings. For construction of multivalent chi-VLPs vaccines, multiple genetic engineering strategies are continuously being developed. Thus, it is important to provide a summary as reference for researchers in this field.Areas covered: The representative studies on the genetic engineered multivalent chi-VLPs are summarized and mainly focused on chimeric capsid VLPs and chimeric enveloped VLPs. The advantages and limitations of each strategy are also discussed at last, as well as opinions on platform choice and future directions of eVLPs vaccines.Expert opinion: The design of multivalent chi-VLPs vaccines needs to meet the following specifications: 1) the incorporated antigens are suggested to display on the exposed surface of chi-VLPs and do not have excessive adverse effects on the stability of chi-VLPs; 2) the chi-VLPs should elicit protective antibodies against the incorporated antigen as well as the source virus of VLPs. However, there is no requirement of retaining the antigenicity of VLPs when using VLPs solely as carriers for antigens display or drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinnuo Lei
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xiong Cai
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, Research Center of Reverse Vaccinology (RCRV), Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Laboratory of Functional Proteomics (LFP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Lin JY, Kung YA, Shih SR. Antivirals and vaccines for Enterovirus A71. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:65. [PMID: 31481071 PMCID: PMC6720414 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important emerging virus posing a threat to children under five years old. EV-A71 infection in infants or young children can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, or severe neurological complications. However, there are still no effective antivirals for treatment of these infections. In this review, we summarize the antiviral compounds developed to date based on various targets of the EV-A71 life cycle. Moreover, development of a vaccine would be the most effective approach to prevent EV-A71 infection. Therefore, we also summarize the development and clinical progress of various candidate EV-A71 vaccines, including inactivated whole virus, recombinant VP1 protein, synthetic peptides, viral-like particles, and live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Kung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Lei Y, Shao J, Zhao F, Li Y, Lei C, Ma F, Chang H, Zhang Y. Artificially designed hepatitis B virus core particles composed of multiple epitopes of type A and O foot-and-mouth disease virus as a bivalent vaccine candidate. J Med Virol 2019; 91:2142-2152. [PMID: 31347713 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Recently, many countries, including China, have experienced a series of type A and O foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) epidemics, causing serious economic losses. Although concerns about the safety of inactivated FMD vaccines have been raised, the development of a safe and effective subunit vaccine is necessary. We constructed two chimeric virus-like particles (VLPs; rHBc/AO and rHBc/AOT VLPs) displaying tandem repeats of B cell epitopes (VP1 residue 134-161 and 200-213) derived from type A and O FMDV and one T cell epitope (3 A residue 21-35) using the truncated hepatitis B virus core (HBc) carrier. Our results indicate that the chimeric HBc can self-assemble into VLPs with these FMDV epitopes displayed on the surface. Immunization with the chimeric VLPs induced specific IgG and neutralization antibodies against type A and O FMDV in mice. Compared with the commercial type A/O FMDV bivalent inactivated vaccine, rHBc/AO and rHBc/AOT VLPs significantly stimulated the production of Th1 type cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-2), whereas Th2 cytokine production (IL-4 and IL-10) was decreased. Compared with rHBc/AO, rHBc/AOT induced increased Th2 cytokine and specific IgG production. These results demonstrate that the VLPs constructed in the current study induced both humoral and cellular immune responses and may represent potential bivalent VLP vaccines targeting both FMDV type A and O strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junjun Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Furong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yangfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenglin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Feifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Huiyun Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinar y Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
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