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Knights F, Carter J, Deal A, Crawshaw A, Bouaddi O, Sanchez-Clemente N, Seedat F, Vanderslott S, Eagan R, Holt DE, Ciftci Y, Orcutt M, Seale H, Severoni S, Hargreaves S. Strengthening life-course immunisation in migrant populations: access, equity, and inclusion. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2024; 41:100806. [PMID: 39119098 PMCID: PMC11306209 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Adult and adolescent migrants worldwide, and those arriving in Europe, are an under-immunised group for routine vaccinations due to missed childhood vaccines and doses in their countries of origin, and their subsequent marginalisation from health and vaccination systems. Declining population-level coverage for routine vaccines across Europe, which has accelerated post-pandemic, places these and other under-immunised populations at even greater risk of vaccine-preventable diseases. However, despite clear guidelines around the importance of delivering 'catch-up' vaccination throughout the life-course, migrants are rarely effectively incorporated into routine vaccination programmes on arrival to Europe. These populations have subsequently been involved in outbreaks, including measles and diphtheria, and are missing opportunities to receive more recently introduced vaccines such as HPV to align them with European vaccine schedules. WHO's new Immunization Agenda 2030 places a renewed emphasis on equitable access to vaccine systems and integrating catch-up vaccination for missed vaccines and doses throughout the life-course. In addition, lessons learned and innovations from the COVID-19 pandemic merit further consideration in the design and delivery of more inclusive vaccination programmes. We describe current gaps in policy and practice around life-course vaccination in migrant populations, key factors that drive low vaccine uptake and coverage, and explore the benefits of participatory approaches to designing and delivering interventions with impacted communities, to define new strategies to advance vaccine equity across the Region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicity Knights
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
| | - Jessica Carter
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
| | - Anna Deal
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
| | - Alison Crawshaw
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
| | - Oumnia Bouaddi
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- International School of Public Health, Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health, Casablanca, Morocco
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
- Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Nuria Sanchez-Clemente
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
| | - Farah Seedat
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
| | - Sam Vanderslott
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Rachel Eagan
- The Vaccine Confidence Project, LSHTM, London, UK
| | | | - Yusuf Ciftci
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
| | - Miriam Orcutt
- The Health and Migration Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Holly Seale
- School of Population Health, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | - Santino Severoni
- The Health and Migration Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sally Hargreaves
- The Migrant Health Research Group, Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
- The Lancet Migration European Regional Hub, UK
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2
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Essa-Hadad J, Gorelik Y, Vervoort J, Jansen D, Edelstein M. Understanding the health system barriers and enablers to childhood MMR and HPV vaccination among disadvantaged, minority or underserved populations in middle- and high-income countries: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health 2024; 34:368-374. [PMID: 38183166 PMCID: PMC10990506 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child vaccinations are among the most effective public health interventions. However, wide gaps in child vaccination remain among different groups with uptake in most minorities or ethnic communities in Europe substantially lower compared to the general population. A systematic review was conducted to understand health system barriers and enablers to measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) and human papilloma virus (HPV) child vaccination among disadvantaged, minority populations in middle- and high-income countries. METHODS We searched Medline, Cochrane, CINAHL, ProQuest and EMBASE for articles published from 2010 to 2021. Following title and abstract screening, full texts were assessed for relevance. Study quality was appraised using Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklists. Data extraction and analysis were performed. Health system barriers and enablers to vaccination were mapped to the World Health Organization health system building blocks. RESULTS A total of 1658 search results were identified from five databases and 24 from reference lists. After removing duplicates, 1556 titles were screened and 496 were eligible. Eighty-six full texts were assessed for eligibility, 28 articles met all inclusion criteria. Factors that affected MMR and HPV vaccination among disadvantaged populations included service delivery (limited time, geographic distance, lack of culturally appropriate translated materials, difficulties navigating healthcare system), healthcare workforce (language and poor communication skills), financial costs and feelings of discrimination. CONCLUSION Policymakers must consider health system barriers to vaccination faced by disadvantaged, minority populations while recognizing specific cultural contexts of each population. To ensure maximum policy impact, approaches to encourage vaccinations should be tailored to the unique population's needs. A one-size-fits-all approach is not effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumanah Essa-Hadad
- Department of Population Health, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Yanay Gorelik
- Department of Population Health, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
| | - Johanna Vervoort
- Department of Health Sciences-Global Health Unit, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle Jansen
- Department of Primary- and Long-term Care, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Edelstein
- Department of Population Health, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Sana S, Fabbro E, Zovi A, Vitiello A, Ola-Ajayi T, Zahoui Z, Salami B, Sabbatucci M. Scoping Review on Barriers and Challenges to Pediatric Immunization Uptake among Migrants: Health Inequalities in Italy, 2003 to Mid-2023. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1417. [PMID: 37766094 PMCID: PMC10537267 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic, asylum seekers, refugees, and foreign-born migrants are more likely to suffer from physical, mental, and socioeconomic consequences owing to their existing vulnerabilities and worsening conditions in refugee camps around the world. In this scenario, the education of migrants and newcomers about immunization is critical to achieving health equity worldwide. Globally, it is unclear whether government vaccination policies are prioritizing the health information needs of migrants. We searched for studies investigating the vaccination uptake of migrant children settled in Italy that were published between January 2003 and 25 June 2023. Following Arksey and O'Malley's five-stage method for scoping reviews, all potentially relevant literature published in English was retrieved from SciSearch, Medline, and Embase. This search resulted in 88 research articles, 25 of which met our inclusion criteria. Our findings indicate unequal access to vaccination due to a lack of available information in the native language of the immigrants' country of origin, vaccine safety concerns or lack of awareness, logistical difficulties, and fear of legal consequences. The findings strongly encourage further government and political discourse to ensure migrants have fair, equitable, ethical, and timely access to essential medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Sana
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (S.S.); (T.O.-A.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Elisa Fabbro
- Internationalization Staff Unit, Institutional Services Area, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Area Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Zovi
- Directorate General for Hygiene, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.Z.)
| | - Antonio Vitiello
- Directorate General for Hygiene, Food Safety and Nutrition, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144 Rome, Italy; (A.Z.)
| | - Toluwani Ola-Ajayi
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (S.S.); (T.O.-A.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Ziad Zahoui
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (S.S.); (T.O.-A.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.)
| | - Bukola Salami
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405 87 Ave NW, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada; (S.S.); (T.O.-A.); (Z.Z.); (B.S.)
- Directorate General for Health Prevention, Ministry of Health, Viale Giorgio Ribotta 5, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Sabbatucci
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3280 Hospital Drive, Calgary, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
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Scarso S, Marchetti G, Russo ML, D’Angelo F, Tosti ME, Bellini A, De Marchi C, Ferrari C, Gatta A, Caminada S, Papaevgeniou N, Dalma N, Karnaki P, Marceca M, Declich S. Access to Vaccination for Newly Arrived Migrants: Developing a General Conceptual Framework for Understanding How to Improve Vaccination Coverage in European Countries. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1605580. [PMID: 37609078 PMCID: PMC10440383 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Access to vaccination for newly arrived migrants (NAMs) is a relevant concern that requires urgent attention in EU/EEA countries. This study aimed to develop a General Conceptual Framework (GCF) for understanding how to improve vaccination coverage for NAMs, by characterizing and critically analyzing system barriers and possible strategies to increase vaccination. Methods: A theoretical conceptualization of the GCF was hypothesized based on conceptual hubs in the immunization process. Barriers and solutions were identified through a non-systematic desktop literature review and qualitative research. The GCF guided the activities and facilitated the integration of results, thereby enriching the GCF with content. Results: The study explores the vaccination of NAMs and proposes strategies to overcome barriers in their vaccination process. It introduces a framework called GCF, which consists of five interconnected steps: entitlement, reachability, adherence, achievement, and evaluation of vaccination. The study also presents barriers and solutions identified through literature review and qualitative research, along with strategies to enhance professionals' knowledge, improve reachability, promote adherence, achieve vaccination coverage, and evaluate interventions. The study concludes by recommending strategies such as proximity, provider training, a migrant-sensitive approach, and data collection to improve vaccination outcomes for NAMs. Conclusion: Ensuring equitable access to healthcare services, including vaccination, is crucial not only from a humanitarian perspective but also for the overall public health of these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Scarso
- National Center for Global Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
- Italian Society of Migration Medicine (SIMM), Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- National Center for Global Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
- Italian Society of Migration Medicine (SIMM), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Russo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
- Italian Society of Migration Medicine (SIMM), Rome, Italy
| | - Franca D’Angelo
- National Center for Global Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Tosti
- National Center for Global Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara De Marchi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Caterina Ferrari
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Angela Gatta
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Susanna Caminada
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Nikoletta Papaevgeniou
- Prolepsis Institute for Preventive Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health, Marousi, Greece
| | - Nadia Dalma
- Prolepsis Institute for Preventive Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health, Marousi, Greece
| | - Pania Karnaki
- Prolepsis Institute for Preventive Medicine and Environmental and Occupational Health, Marousi, Greece
| | - Maurizio Marceca
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Roma, Italy
- Italian Society of Migration Medicine (SIMM), Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Declich
- National Center for Global Health, National Institute of Health (ISS), Rome, Italy
- Italian Society of Migration Medicine (SIMM), Rome, Italy
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Li R, Han L, Xiong W, Wang W, Fan C, Li M, Liu X, Ling L. The impact of migration-related characteristics on the risk of TORCH infections among women of childbearing age: a population-based study in southern China. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:351. [PMID: 36797787 PMCID: PMC9933307 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TORCH infections are the most common prenatal infections causing congenital malformation and infant mortality, especially in developing countries. Migrant women might be vulnerable to TORCH infections, but little is known about the association between migration-related characteristics and TORCH infection risk. This study aimed to investigate the impact of migrant status, migration distance, and the spouse's migrant status on the TORCH epidemic among women of childbearing age. METHODS Based on the National Free Preconception Health Examination Project, we analyzed a representative dataset of TORCH infections among women of childbearing age (15-49 years old) in Guangdong Province of China (2014-2019, n = 2,451,297). The past and/or recent infection status of TORCH infections (Toxoplasma gondii [TOX], Cytomegalovirus [CMV], and Rubella virus [RV]) were identified. Demographic and migration-related characteristics were collected. We thoroughly assessed the prevalence of TORCH infections in both migrant and native women and estimated adjusted odd ratios (aOR) for migration-related characteristics using multivariable logistic regression after adjusting the other sociodemographic factors. RESULTS Among all 2,451,297 participants, 443,725 (18.1%) were migrant women. Migrant women presented a lower risk of past TOX infection (aOR: 0.89, 0.88-0.91) suggesting a healthy migrant effect (HME), but a higher risk of recent TOX infection (aOR: 1.88, 1.77-1.99), past CMV infection (aOR: 1.26, 1.25-1.28) and RV infection in natural ways (aOR: 1.05, 1.04-1.06). Compared with intra-provincial migrants, inter-provincial migrants had a lower past TOX infection (aOR: 0.88, 0.85-0.91), but a higher risk of recent TOX infection (aOR: 1.16, 1.05-1.27) and RV infection (aOR: 1.33, 1.31-1.36). In addition, having a migrant spouse was associated with a higher risk for all types of infection. CONCLUSION This study reported the association of migrant status and migration distance with TORCH infections, although the significance and directionality of these associations varied between pathogens. The spouse's migrant status further amplified the infection risk for all types of pathogens. Our findings suggested interventions for preventing the spread of CMV and RV infection and new acquisition of TOX infection for migrants in southern China, to narrow the native-migrant health inequity and decrease the incidence of prenatal infections and related adverse outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XFaculty of Medical Statistic, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Lu Han
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), 510600 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenxue Xiong
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XFaculty of Medical Statistic, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XFaculty of Medical Statistic, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Chaonan Fan
- grid.12981.330000 0001 2360 039XFaculty of Medical Statistic, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080 Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Mingzhen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), 510600 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Male Reproduction and Genetics, Guangdong Provincial Reproductive Science Institute (Guangdong Provincial Fertility Hospital), 510600, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Li Ling
- Faculty of Medical Statistic, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, 510080, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. .,Clinical research design division, Clinical research center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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6
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Ioannidou C, Galanis P, Voulgari-Kokota A, Dikalioti SK, Papachristidou S, Bozas E, Mentis A, Tsoumakas K, Pavlopoulou ID. Suboptimal Serologic Immunity Against Poliomyelitis Among New Migrant Children in Greece Calls for Organized Action. J Immigr Minor Health 2023; 25:96-103. [PMID: 35441972 DOI: 10.1007/s10903-022-01363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migration-flows pose the risk of poliovirus reintroduction from endemic countries to Greece. This study aims to evaluate serologic-immunity/vaccination against poliomyelitis in newly-arriving migrant children. METHODS Demographic-immunisation data and blood-serum were obtained from migrants 1-14years-old, referred to a hospital-clinic in Athens-Greece within three months from arrival. Immunity to polioviruses-1-3 was determined by serum-neutralizing-antibodies(WHO guidelines). Titers ≥ 1:8 were considered positive. RESULTS From 9/2010 to 9/2013, 274 children(150 refugees/124 immigrants), mean age 7.1years-old, were enrolled. Only 57(20.8%) of them presented with vaccination-records. Children originated mainly from Asia(n = 198), Eastern Europe(n = 28), Middle East(n = 24) and Africa(n = 24) with 160(58.4%) from polio-endemic-countries(Afghanistan-112(40.8%), Pakistan-24(8.8%) and India-24(8.8%)). Seropositivity against polio-1-2&3 was 84.3%, 86.1% and 74.5%, respectively. Immigrants, had higher seroprotective rates against polioviruses-1-2&3 than refugees(polio-1:p = 0.002;polio-2:p = 0.004,polio-3:p < 0.001). Seronegativity to 1PVs-2PVs and all three polio serotypes was found in 37(13.5%),12 (4.4%), and 30 children(10.9%) respectively. Increasing number of vaccine-doses, and younger-age, were positively-associated with seropositivity. DISCUSSION A remarkable fraction of newly-arrived migrant-children were seronegative to one or more polioviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Ioannidou
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, P.O. 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros Galanis
- Department of Public Health Center for Health Services Management and Evaluation, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Voulgari-Kokota
- The National Polio- Enteroviruses Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula K Dikalioti
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, P.O. 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece. .,Faculty of Nursing, Pediatric Clinic, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias str, 11527, Athens, Greece.
| | - Smaragda Papachristidou
- Faculty of Nursing, Pediatric Clinic, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias str, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Bozas
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, P.O. 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Mentis
- The National Polio- Enteroviruses Laboratory, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 127 Vasilissis Sophias Ave, 11521, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsoumakas
- Faculty of Nursing, Pediatric Clinic, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias str, 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna D Pavlopoulou
- Pediatric Research Laboratory, Faculty of Nursing, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Papadiamantopoulou 123, P.O. 11527, Goudi, Athens, Greece.,Faculty of Nursing, Pediatric Clinic, "P. & A. Kyriakou" Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Thivon & Levadeias str, 11527, Athens, Greece
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Elharake JA, Omer SB, Schwartz JL. Country immunization policies for refugees across 20 low-middle income and 20 high-income countries. Vaccine 2022; 40:6017-6022. [PMID: 36123257 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, 26 million refugees resettled in a new country-fleeing their homes due to conflict and persecution. Due to low immunization coverage and underlying health conditions, refugees commonly face an increased risk of contracting vaccine-preventable diseases. We collected and analyzed existing routine immunization policies for refugees across 20 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and 20 high-income countries (HICs), each with the highest number of refugees per 1000 residents. Primary and secondary data sources were used to collect policy evidence. Across 20 LMICs, 13 countries specified standing nationwide routine immunization policies for refugees, while 14 out of the 20 HICs included refugees in their national routine immunization programs. LMICs and HICs should include refugees in their national routine immunization policies and provide accessible and affordable immunizations. Such efforts would reduce vaccine-preventable diseases and protect the health of refugee populations-especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jad A Elharake
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
| | - Saad B Omer
- Yale Institute for Global Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Disease, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Yale School of Nursing, Orange, CT 06477, USA; Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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8
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Measles Vaccination and Outbreaks in Croatia from 2001 to 2019; A Comparative Study to Other European Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19074140. [PMID: 35409823 PMCID: PMC8998383 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19074140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the current burden of COVID-19 on public health institutions, increased migration and seasonal touristic traveling, there is an increased risk of epidemic outbreaks of measles, mumps and rubella (MMR). The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological data on MMR immunization coverage and the number of measles cases in 2001−2019 in Croatia and a number of European countries. Results revealed a decreasing trend in vaccination in 2001−2019 throughout Europe. However, Croatia and Hungary still have the highest primary and revaccination coverage, compared to other analyzed countries. The highest number of measles cases was in 2017 in Romania. There was no significant correlation between the percentage of primary vaccination and the number of measles cases (r = −0.0528, p = 0.672), but there was a significant negative correlation between the percentage of revaccination and the number of measles cases (r = −0.445, p < 0.0001). In conclusion, the results of the present study emphasize the necessity to perform a full protocol of vaccination to reach appropriate protection from potential epidemic outbreaks. Furthermore, in the light of present migrations, documenting the migrants’ flow and facilitating vaccination as needed is of utmost importance to prevent future epidemics.
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9
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Bartovic J, Datta SS, Severoni S, D'Anna V. Ensuring equitable access to vaccines for refugees and migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bull World Health Organ 2021; 99:3-3A. [PMID: 33658728 DOI: 10.2471/blt.20.267690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Bartovic
- Division of Country Support and Emergencies, Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, UN City, Marmorvej 51, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Santino Severoni
- Health and Migration Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Veronika D'Anna
- Division of Country Support and Emergencies, Regional Office for Europe, World Health Organization, UN City, Marmorvej 51, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Shaw CL, Kennedy DA. What the reproductive number R 0 can and cannot tell us about COVID-19 dynamics. Theor Popul Biol 2021; 137:2-9. [PMID: 33417839 PMCID: PMC7785280 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive number R (or R0, the initial reproductive number in an immune-naïve population) has long been successfully used to predict the likelihood of pathogen invasion, to gauge the potential severity of an epidemic, and to set policy around interventions. However, often ignored complexities have generated confusion around use of the metric. This is particularly apparent with the emergent pandemic virus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19. We address some misconceptions about the predictive ability of the reproductive number, focusing on how it changes over time, varies over space, and relates to epidemic size by referencing the mathematical definition of R and examples from the current pandemic. We hope that a better appreciation of the uses, nuances, and limitations of R and R0 facilitates a better understanding of epidemic spread, epidemic severity, and the effects of interventions in the context of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara L Shaw
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
| | - David A Kennedy
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
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11
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Giambi C, Del Manso M, Marchetti G, Olsson K, Adel Ali K, Declich S. Immunisation of migrants in EU/EEA countries: Policies and practices. Vaccine 2019; 37:5439-5451. [PMID: 31296374 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years various EU/EEA countries have experienced an influx of migrants from low and middle-income countries. In 2018, the "Vaccine European New Integrated Collaboration Effort (VENICE)" survey group conducted a survey among 30 EU/EEA countries to investigate immunisation policies and practices targeting irregular migrants, refugees and asylum seekers (later called "migrants" in this report). Twenty-nine countries participated in the survey. Twenty-eight countries reported having national policies targeting children/adolescent and adult migrants, however vaccinations offered to adult migrants are limited to specific conditions in seven countries. All the vaccinations included in the National Immunisation Programme (NIP) are offered to children/adolescents in 27/28 countries and to adults in 13/28 countries. In the 15 countries offering only certain vaccinations to adults, priority is given to diphtheria-tetanus, measles-mumps-rubella and polio vaccinations. Information about the vaccines given to child/adolescent migrants is recorded in 22 countries and to adult migrants in 19 countries with a large variation in recording methods found across countries. Individual and aggregated data are reportedly not shared with other centres/institutions in 13 and 15 countries, respectively. Twenty countries reported not collecting data on vaccination uptake among migrants; only three countries have these data at the national level. Procedures to guarantee migrants' access to vaccinations at the community level are available in 13 countries. In conclusion, although diversified, strategies for migrant vaccination are in place in all countries except for one, and the strategies are generally in line with international recommendations. Efforts are needed to strengthen partnerships and implement initiatives across countries of origin, transit and destination to develop and better share documentation in order to guarantee a completion of vaccination series and to avoid unnecessary re-vaccination. Development of migrant-friendly strategies to facilitate migrants' access to vaccination and collection of vaccination uptake data among migrants is needed to meet existing gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Giambi
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Martina Del Manso
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Marchetti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy; Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Kate Olsson
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, 169 73 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Karam Adel Ali
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Gustav III:s boulevard 40, 169 73 Solna, Sweden.
| | - Silvia Declich
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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12
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Moura S, Martins MDRO. Determinants of Tetanus Vaccination among Adult Immigrants: Findings from the Portuguese National Health Survey 2014. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E1619. [PMID: 31075829 PMCID: PMC6539381 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16091619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is an effective strategy to prevent tetanus, and in Portugal this service is provided free of charge. Despite this, immigrants reported lower tetanus vaccination coverage than did Portuguese natives. The objective of this study was to identify sociodemographic, migration-related, and access-to-care factors associated with tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants, using data from the Portuguese National Health Survey 2014. For the sample of 1277 immigrants aged ≥18 years, we estimated self-reported tetanus vaccination within the preceding 10 years and its determinants using complex samples logistic regression. The overall self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage was 79.5% (95% CI: 75.8-82.8). Age (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) per 1 year age increase = 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95-0.99), higher household income per adult (aOR = 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19-0.96), having Portuguese citizenship (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI: 1.25-4.24), having private health insurance (aOR = 1.99, 95% CI: 1.06-3.71), and contact with family/general physician in the last 12 months (aOR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.01-2.51) were associated with self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants. We also found significant disparities in coverage between regions of residence. This study identified several determinants associated with self-reported tetanus vaccination coverage among adult immigrants in Portugal. These findings may help policymakers to design specific interventions to increase tetanus vaccination coverage among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Moura
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
- Global Public Health Doctoral Programme, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Maria do Rosário O Martins
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
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13
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Greenaway C, Castelli F. Infectious diseases at different stages of migration: an expert review. J Travel Med 2019; 26:5307656. [PMID: 30726941 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taz007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human migration is increasing in magnitude and scope. The majority of migrants arriving in high-income countries originate from countries with a high prevalence of infectious diseases. The risk and burden of infectious diseases are not equally distributed among migrant groups and vary with migration stage. METHODS A broad literature review was conducted on the drivers for infectious diseases and associated health outcomes among migrants across different stages of migration. The aim was to provide practitioners with an overview of the key infectious disease risks at each stage to guide health promotion strategies. RESULTS A complex interaction of factors leads to infectious diseases and associated poor health outcomes among migrants. The most important drivers are the epidemiology of infectious diseases in their countries of origin, the circumstances and conditions of the migration journey and barriers accessing healthcare post-arrival. During the recent large waves of forced migration into Europe, the primary health concerns on arrival were psychological, traumatic and chronic non-communicable diseases. In the early settlement period, crowded and unhygienic living conditions in reception camps facilitated outbreaks of respiratory, gastrointestinal, skin infections and vaccine preventable diseases. After re-settlement, undetected and untreated latent infections due to tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, HIV, chronic helminthiasis and Chagas' disease led to poor health outcomes. Migrants are disproportionally affected by preventable travel-related diseases such as malaria, typhoid and hepatitis due to poor uptake of pre-travel prophylaxis and vaccination. Infectious diseases among migrants can be decreased at all migration stages with health promotion strategies adapted to their specific needs and delivered in a linguistically and culturally sensitive manner. CONCLUSIONS Tailored health promotion and screening approaches and accessible and responsive health systems, regardless of legal status, will be needed at all migration stages to limit the burden and transmission of infectious diseases in the migrant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Greenaway
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Centre for Clinical Epidemiology of the Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,JD MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Francesco Castelli
- JD MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases at McGill, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,University Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy.,UNESCO Chair 'Training and Empowering Human Resources for Health Development in Resource-Limited Countries', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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14
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Hargreaves S, Nellums LB, Ravensbergen SJ, Friedland JS, Stienstra Y. Divergent approaches in the vaccination of recently arrived migrants to Europe: a survey of national experts from 32 countries, 2017. Euro Surveill 2018; 23:1700772. [PMID: 30326996 PMCID: PMC6194906 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2018.23.41.1700772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMigrants within the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) may be underimmunised and lack documentation on previous vaccinations. We investigated approaches to vaccination in recently arrived adult and child migrants, and guideline availability and implementation. Methods: Between March and May 2017, a national vaccination expert from every EU/EEA country and Switzerland completed an electronic questionnaire. We used descriptive analyses to calculate percentages, and framework analysis to synthesise free-text responses. Results: We approached 32 countries (response rate 100%). Although 28 experts reported vaccination guidance at national level, specific guidelines for recently arrived migrants were only available in six countries and not consistently implemented. Twenty-three countries administered vaccinations during on-arrival health checks. Most experts recommended multiple vaccination opportunities be made available: at point of entry (n = 13) or at holding level (reception centres, migrant camps, detention centres) (n = 21). In 30 countries, child migrants without evidence of previous vaccination were re-vaccinated according to the national schedule. Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus and polio vaccinations were given to migrant children in all countries, measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) in 31 countries, hepatitis B vaccination in 25. Low levels of catch-up vaccination were reported in adult migrants, with only 13 countries offering MMR and 10 countries charging fees. Conclusion: Existing guidance is often not migrant-specific and may not be applied in practice; clarification is needed on which vaccines should be given. Strategies are needed specifically for catch-up vaccination in adult migrants. Vaccinations should be offered in multiple settings, free of charge, with sufficient guidance and training provided to front-line healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Hargreaves
- These authors are joint first authors
- The Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- The International Health Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura B Nellums
- These authors are joint first authors
- The Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- The International Health Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofanne J Ravensbergen
- These authors are joint first authors
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jon S Friedland
- The Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
- The International Health Unit, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ymkje Stienstra
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
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15
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Interventions to Improve Vaccination Uptake and Cost Effectiveness of Vaccination Strategies in Newly Arrived Migrants in the EU/EEA: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15102065. [PMID: 30241320 PMCID: PMC6210200 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Newly arrived migrants to the EU/EEA (arrival within the past five years), as well as other migrant groups in the region, might be under-immunised and lack documentation of previous vaccinations, putting them at increased risk of vaccine-preventable diseases circulating in Europe. We therefore performed a systematic review conforming to PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO CRD42016045798) to explore: (i) interventions that improve vaccine uptake among migrants; and (ii) cost-effectiveness of vaccination strategies among this population. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR) between 1 January 2006 to 18 June 2018. We included three primary intervention studies performed in the EU/EEA or high-income countries and one cost effectiveness study relevant to vaccinations in migrants. Intervention studies showed small but promising impact only on vaccine uptake with social mobilization/community outreach, planned vaccination programs and education campaigns. Targeting migrants for catch-up vaccination is cost effective for presumptive vaccination for diphtheria, tetanus, and polio, and there was no evidence of benefit of carrying out pre-vaccination serological testing. The cost-effectiveness is sensitive to the seroprevalence and adherence to vaccinations of the migrant. We conclude that scarce but direct EU/EEA data suggest social mobilization, vaccine programs, and education campaigns are promising strategies for migrants, but more research is needed. Research should also study cost effectiveness of strategies. Vaccination of migrants should continue to be a public heath priority in EU/EEA.
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Impact of the Refugee Crisis on the Greek Healthcare System: A Long Road to Ithaca. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15081790. [PMID: 30127321 PMCID: PMC6121252 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15081790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Greece is the country of "Xenios Zeus", the Ancient Greek god of foreigners and hospitality; however, it is also the main point of entry to Europe. Since the beginning of 2014, 1,112,332 refugees crossed the borders of Greece. Overall, 33,677 children and adolescent refugees sought asylum in Greece from 2013 to 2017, while 57,042 refugees are currently being hosted. The rapid entry of refugees into Greece raised the critical issue of health policy. The Greek National Health Service (NHS) faces many challenges. Adequate economic and human support is essential if this situation is to be managed successfully. However, Greece still bears the burden of the economic downturn since 2009. In fact, the crisis led to shortages in crucial equipment, and unmet health needs for both locals and refugees. The NHS deals with traumatic experiences, as well as cultural and linguistic differences. Overcrowded reception centers and hotspots are highly demanding and are associated with severe disease burden. This highlights the importance of guidelines for medical screening, healthcare provision, and a well-managed transition to definitive medical facilities. Furthermore, non-governmental organizations make an essential contribution by ensuring appropriate support to refugee minors, especially when they experience poor access to the NHS.
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