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Lei T, Liu R, Zhuang L, Dai T, Meng Q, Zhang X, Bao Y, Huang C, Lin W, Huang Y, Zheng X. Gp85 protein encapsulated by alginate-chitosan composite microspheres induced strong immunogenicity against avian leukosis virus in chicken. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1374923. [PMID: 38840641 PMCID: PMC11150705 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1374923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Avian leukosis, a viral disease affecting birds such as chickens, presents significant challenges in poultry farming due to tumor formation, decreased egg production, and increased mortality. Despite the absence of a commercial vaccine, avian leukosis virus (ALV) infections have been extensively documented, resulting in substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. This study aimed to develop alginate-chitosan composite microspheres loaded with ALV-J Gp85 protein (referred to as aCHP-gp85) as a potential vaccine candidate. Methods Sodium alginate and chitosan were utilized as encapsulating materials, with the ALV-J Gp85 protein serving as the active ingredient. The study involved 45 specific pathogen-free (SPF) chickens to evaluate the immunological effectiveness of aCHP-gp85 compared to a traditional Freund adjuvant-gp85 vaccine (Freund-gp85). Two rounds of vaccination were administered, and antibody levels, mRNA expression of immune markers, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, and immune response were assessed. An animal challenge experiment was conducted to evaluate the vaccine's efficacy in reducing ALV-J virus presence and improving clinical conditions. Results The results demonstrated that aCHP-gp85 induced a significant and sustained increase in antibody levels compared to Freund-gp85, with the elevated response lasting for 84 days. Furthermore, aCHP-gp85 significantly upregulated mRNA expression levels of key immune markers, notably TNF-α and IFN-γ. The application of ALV-J Gp85 protein within the aCHP-gp85 group led to a significant increase in splenic lymphocyte proliferation and immune response. In the animal challenge experiment, aCHP-gp85 effectively reduced ALV-J virus presence and improved clinical conditions compared to other groups, with no significant pathological changes observed. Discussion The findings suggest that aCHP-gp85 elicits a strong and prolonged immune response compared to Freund-gp85, indicating its potential as an innovative ALV-J vaccine candidate. These results provide valuable insights for addressing avian leukosis in the poultry industry, both academically and practically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Lei
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rongchang Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liyun Zhuang
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tingting Dai
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingfu Meng
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yinli Bao
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Cuiqin Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Weiming Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, Longyan, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xintian Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Longyan University, Longyan, China
- College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Biotechnology, Longyan, China
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Kang HJ, Li J, Razzak MA, Eom GD, Yoon KW, Mao J, Chu KB, Jin H, Choi SS, Quan FS. Chitosan-Alginate Polymeric Nanocomposites as a Potential Oral Vaccine Carrier Against Influenza Virus Infection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37903218 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Lessons from the recent COVID-19 pandemic underscore the importance of rapidly developing an efficacious vaccine and its immediate administration for prophylaxis. Oral vaccines are of particular interest, as the presence of healthcare professionals is not needed for this stress-free vaccination approach. In this study, we designed a chitosan (CH)-alginate (AL) complex carrier system encapsulating an inactivated influenza virus vaccine (A/PR/8/34, H1N1), and the efficacy of these orally administered nanocomposite vaccines was evaluated in mice. Interestingly, CH-AL complexes were able to load large doses of vaccine (≥90%) with a stable dispersion. The encapsulated vaccine was protected from gastric acid and successfully released from the nanocomposite upon exposure to conditions resembling those of the small intestines. Scanning electron microscopy of the CH-virus-AL complexes revealed that the connections between the lumps became loose and widened pores were visible on the nanocomposite's surface at pH 7.4, thereby increasing the chance of virus release into the surroundings. Orally inoculating CH-virus-AL into mice elicited higher virus-specific IgG compared to the unimmunized controls. CH-virus-AL immunization also enhanced CD4 and CD8 T cell responses while diminishing lung virus titer, inflammatory cytokine production, and body weight loss compared to the infection control group. These results suggest that chitosan-alginate polymeric nanocomposites could be promising delivery complexes for oral influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Ji Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
- The Natural Science Research Institute, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abdur Razzak
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
- The Natural Science Research Institute, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Deok Eom
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Keon-Woong Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Mao
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Back Chu
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Sik Choi
- Department of Energy Science and Technology, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
- The Natural Science Research Institute, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Republic of Korea
- elegslab Inc., Seoul 06083, Republic of Korea
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Medical Zoology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Medical Research Center for Bioreaction to Reactive Oxygen Species and Biomedical Science Institute, School of Medicine, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Meinen-Jochum J, Ott LC, Mellata M. Segmented filamentous bacteria-based treatment to elicit protection against Enterobacteriaceae in Layer chickens. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1231837. [PMID: 37583515 PMCID: PMC10423809 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1231837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gut microbes like segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) play a key role in gut maturation during early life, as demonstrated in humans and mice. Our previous study demonstrated oral inoculation of ileum-spores containing SFB to chickens after hatch increases early SFB gut colonization, which increases immune maturation and resistance to bacteria, like Salmonella, as tested in vitro; however, more studies are needed for treatment optimization and in vivo testing. The objectives of this study were to (1) test a treatment that includes both spores and filamentous SFB, (2) validate antimicrobial ability of the treatment in layer hens in vivo, and (3) elucidate its molecular mechanism. Methods One-day-old specific pathogen-free layers (n = 12 per group) were orally treated with either PBS (CON) or SFB-based treatment (SFB). At 4 days post-inoculation (DPI), both CON and SFB groups were orally challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium. Total Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella were examined by plating and enumeration in feces at 7,10 and 14 dpi; and in the ileum, cecum, and spleen at 16 dpi in euthanized birds. The presence and levels of SFB were determined from ilea scrapings via microscopy and qPCR, respectively. Relative gene expression of host-derived antimicrobial peptides and cytokines in the distal ileum was determined by RT-qPCR. Results At 10 and 14 dpi, a significant decrease in total Enterobacteriaceae was observed in the feces of the SFB group. At necropsy, the level of SFB was significantly higher in the SFB group than in the CON group, while a significant decrease in total Enterobacteriaceae and Salmonella was observed in the ceca of the SFB group. RT-qPCR revealed increased expression of β-defensin 14, and cytokines IL-10 and IFNγ. Discussion The introduction of SFB at hatch as a prophylactic treatment may benefit commercial partners as well as consumers by reducing the incidence of Enterobacteriaceae in food animals. Reduction of these bacteria in animals would, in turn, increase animal health, productivity, and safety for consumers. Studies to optimize the treatment for poultry industry applications are ongoing in our lab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Meinen-Jochum
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Logan C. Ott
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Melha Mellata
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Ou B, Yang Y, Lv H, Lin X, Zhang M. Current Progress and Challenges in the Study of Adjuvants for Oral Vaccines. BioDrugs 2023; 37:143-180. [PMID: 36607488 PMCID: PMC9821375 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-022-00575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, a variety of potential adjuvants have been studied to enhance the effect of oral vaccines in the intestinal mucosal immune system; however, no licensed adjuvant for clinical application in oral vaccines is available. In this review, we systematically updated the research progress of oral vaccine adjuvants over the past 2 decades, including biogenic adjuvants, non-biogenic adjuvants, and their multi-type composite adjuvant materials, and introduced their immune mechanisms of adjuvanticity, aiming at providing theoretical basis for developing feasible and effective adjuvants for oral vaccines. Based on these insights, we briefly discussed the challenges in the development of oral vaccine adjuvants and prospects for their future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingming Ou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Haihui Lv
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Xin Lin
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Minyu Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China. .,School of Physical Education and Sports Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China.
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5
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Malek-Khatabi A, Tabandeh Z, Nouri A, Mozayan E, Sartorius R, Rahimi S, Jamaledin R. Long-Term Vaccine Delivery and Immunological Responses Using Biodegradable Polymer-Based Carriers. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:5015-5040. [PMID: 36214209 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable polymers are largely employed in the biomedical field, ranging from tissue regeneration to drug/vaccine delivery. The biodegradable polymers are highly biocompatible and possess negligible toxicity. In addition, biomaterial-based vaccines possess adjuvant properties, thereby enhancing immune responses. This Review introduces the use of different biodegradable polymers and their degradation mechanism. Different kinds of vaccines, as well as the interaction between the carriers with the immune system, then are highlighted. Natural and synthetic biodegradable micro-/nanoplatforms, hydrogels, and scaffolds for local or targeted and controlled vaccine release are subsequently discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Malek-Khatabi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
| | - Zahra Tabandeh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan 8731753153, Iran
| | - Akram Nouri
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 141556455, Iran
| | - Elaheh Mozayan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Kashan, Kashan 8731753153, Iran
| | | | - Shahnaz Rahimi
- School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran 141556455, Iran
| | - Rezvan Jamaledin
- Department of Chemical, Materials & Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80125, Italy
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Mucoadhesive carriers for oral drug delivery. J Control Release 2022; 351:504-559. [PMID: 36116580 PMCID: PMC9960552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Among the various dosage forms, oral medicine has extensive benefits including ease of administration and patients' compliance, over injectable, suppositories, ocular and nasal. Despite of extensive demand and emerging advantages, over 50% of therapeutic molecules are not available in oral form due to their physicochemical properties. More importantly, most of the biologics, proteins, peptide, and large molecular drugs are mostly available in injectable form. Conventional oral drug delivery system has limitation such as degradation and lack of stability within stomach due to presence of highly acidic gastric fluid, hinders their therapeutic efficacy and demand more frequent and higher dosing. Hence, formulation for controlled, sustained, and targeted drug delivery, need to be designed with feasibility to target the specific region of gastrointestinal (GI) tract such as stomach, small intestine, intestine lymphatic, and colon is challenging. Among various oral delivery approaches, mucoadhesive vehicles are promising and has potential for improving oral drug retention and controlled absorption to treat local diseases within the GI tract, as well systemic diseases. This review provides the overview about the challenges and opportunities to design mucoadhesive formulation for oral delivery of therapeutics in a way to target the specific region of the GI tract. Finally, we have concluded with future perspective and potential of mucoadhesive formulations for oral local and systemic delivery.
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7
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Zhao K, Xie Y, Lin X, Xu W. The Mucoadhesive Nanoparticle-Based Delivery System in the Development of Mucosal Vaccines. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:4579-4598. [PMID: 36199476 PMCID: PMC9527817 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s359118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissue constitutes the largest interface between the body and the external environment, regulating the entry of pathogens, particles, and molecules. Mucosal immunization is the most effective way to trigger a protective mucosal immune response. However, the majority of the currently licensed vaccines are recommended to be administered by intramuscular injection, which has obvious shortcomings, such as high production costs, low patient compliance, and lack of mucosal immune response. Strategies for eliciting mucosal and systemic immune responses are being developed, including appropriate vaccine adjuvant, delivery system, and bacterial or viral vectors. Biodegradable mucoadhesive nanoparticles (NPs) are the most promising candidate for vaccine delivery systems due to their inherent immune adjuvant property and the ability to protect the antigen from degradation, sustain the release of loaded antigen, and increase the residence time of antigen at the administration site. The current review outlined the complex structure of mucosa, the mechanism of interaction between NPs and mucosa, factors affecting the mucoadhesion of NPs, and the application of the delivery system based on mucoadhesive NPs in the field of vaccines. Moreover, this review demonstrated that the biodegradable and mucoadhesive NP-based delivery system has the potential for mucosal administration of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Kai Zhao, Tel +86 576 88660338, Email
| | - Yinzhuo Xie
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuezheng Lin
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People’s Republic of China
- Xuezheng Lin, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, People’s Republic of China
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Li W, Meng J, Ma X, Lin J, Lu X. Advanced materials for the delivery of vaccines for infectious diseases. BIOSAFETY AND HEALTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bsheal.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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9
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Niculescu AG, Grumezescu AM. Applications of Chitosan-Alginate-Based Nanoparticles-An Up-to-Date Review. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:186. [PMID: 35055206 PMCID: PMC8778629 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan and alginate are two of the most studied natural polymers that have attracted interest for multiple uses in their nano form. The biomedical field is one of the domains benefiting the most from the development of nanotechnology, as increasing research interest has been oriented to developing chitosan-alginate biocompatible delivery vehicles, antimicrobial agents, and vaccine adjuvants. Moreover, these nanomaterials of natural origin have also become appealing for environmental protection (e.g., water treatment, environmental-friendly fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides) and the food industry. In this respect, the present paper aims to discuss some of the newest applications of chitosan-alginate-based nanomaterials and serve as an inception point for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina-Gabriela Niculescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, Politehnica University of Bucharest, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
- Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, University of Bucharest, 050657 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov No. 3, 050044 Bucharest, Romania
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10
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Hwang J, Yadav D, Lee PC, Jin JO. Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides from marine algae for treating cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation. Phytother Res 2021; 36:761-777. [PMID: 34962325 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A significant rise in the occurrence and severity of adverse reactions to several synthetic drugs has fueled considerable interest in natural product-based therapeutics. In humans and animals, polysaccharides from marine microalgae and seaweeds have immunomodulatory effects. In addition, these polysaccharides may possess antiviral, anticancer, hypoglycemic, anticoagulant, and antioxidant properties. During inflammatory diseases, such as autoimmune diseases and sepsis, immunosuppressive molecules can serve as therapeutic agents. Similarly, molecules that participate in immune activation can induce immune responses against cancer and infectious diseases. We aim to discuss the chemical composition of the algal polysaccharides, namely alginate, fucoidan, ascophyllan, and porphyran. We also summarize their applications in the treatment of cancer, infectious disease, and inflammation. Recent applications of nanoparticles that are based on algal polysaccharides for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases have also been addressed. In conclusion, these applications of marine algal polysaccharides could provide novel therapeutic alternatives for several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyoung Hwang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhananjay Yadav
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Cw Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, ASAN Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
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Jain S, Venkataraman A, Wechsler ME, Peppas NA. Messenger RNA-based vaccines: Past, present, and future directions in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114000. [PMID: 34637846 PMCID: PMC8502079 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have received major attention in the fight against COVID-19. Formulations from companies such as Moderna and BioNTech/Pfizer have allowed us to slowly ease the social distancing measures, mask requirements, and lockdowns that have been prevalent since early 2020. This past year's focused work on mRNA vaccines has catapulted this technology to the forefront of public awareness and additional research pursuits, thus leading to new potential for bionanotechnology principles to help drive further innovation using mRNA. In addition to alleviating the burden of COVID-19, mRNA vaccines could potentially provide long-term solutions all over the world for diseases ranging from influenza to AIDS. Herein, we provide a brief commentary based on the history and development of mRNA vaccines in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, we address current research using the technology and future directions of mRNA vaccine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samagra Jain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Abhijeet Venkataraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Marissa E. Wechsler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Nicholas A. Peppas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Institute for Biomaterials, Drug Delivery, and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Department of Surgery and Perioperative Care, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA,Corresponding author
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12
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Advancedoral vaccine delivery strategies for improving the immunity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 177:113928. [PMID: 34411689 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases continue to inflict a high global disease burden. The consensus is that vaccination is the most effective option against infectious diseases. Oral vaccines have unique advantages in the prevention of global pandemics due to their ease of use, high compliance, low cost, and the ability to induce both systemic and mucosal immune responses. However, challenges of adapting vaccines for oral administration remain significant. Foremost among these are enzymatic and pH-dependent degradation of antigens in the stomach and intestines, the low permeability of mucus barrier, the nonspecific uptake of antigens at the intestinal mucosal site, and the immune suppression result from the elusive immune tolerance mechanisms. Innovative delivery techniques promise great potential for improving the flexibility and efficiency of oral vaccines. A better understanding of the delivery approaches and the immunological mechanisms of oral vaccine delivery systems may provide new scientific insight and tools for developing the next-generation oral vaccine. Here, an overview of the advanced technologies in the field of oral vaccination is proposed, including mucus-penetrating nanoparticle (NP), mucoadhesive delivery vehicles, targeting antigen-presenting cell (APC) nanocarriers and enhanced paracellular delivery strategies and so on. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of delivery vectors interact with mucosal barriers are discussed.
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13
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Zhu Q, Chen Z, Paul PK, Lu Y, Wu W, Qi J. Oral delivery of proteins and peptides: Challenges, status quo and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2416-2448. [PMID: 34522593 PMCID: PMC8424290 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins and peptides (PPs) have gradually become more attractive therapeutic molecules than small molecular drugs due to their high selectivity and efficacy, but fewer side effects. Owing to the poor stability and limited permeability through gastrointestinal (GI) tract and epithelia, the therapeutic PPs are usually administered by parenteral route. Given the big demand for oral administration in clinical use, a variety of researches focused on developing new technologies to overcome GI barriers of PPs, such as enteric coating, enzyme inhibitors, permeation enhancers, nanoparticles, as well as intestinal microdevices. Some new technologies have been developed under clinical trials and even on the market. This review summarizes the history, the physiological barriers and the overcoming approaches, current clinical and preclinical technologies, and future prospects of oral delivery of PPs.
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Key Words
- ASBT, apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- CAGR, compound annual growth
- CD, Crohn's disease
- COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- CPP, cell penetrating peptide
- CaP, calcium phosphate
- Clinical
- DCs, dendritic cells
- DDVAP, desmopressin acetate
- DTPA, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid
- EDTA, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
- EPD, empirical phase diagrams
- EPR, electron paramagnetic resonance
- Enzyme inhibitor
- FA, folic acid
- FDA, U.S. Food and Drug Administration
- FcRn, Fc receptor
- GALT, gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- GI, gastrointestinal
- GIPET, gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology
- GLP-1, glucagon-like peptide 1
- GRAS, generally recognized as safe
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HPMCP, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- ILs, ionic liquids
- LBNs, lipid-based nanoparticles
- LMWP, low molecular weight protamine
- MCT-1, monocarborxylate transporter 1
- MSNs, mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- NAC, N-acetyl-l-cysteine
- NLCs, nanostructured lipid carriers
- Oral delivery
- PAA, polyacrylic acid
- PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetics
- PCA, principal component analysis
- PCL, polycarprolacton
- PGA, poly-γ-glutamic acid
- PLA, poly(latic acid)
- PLGA, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PPs, proteins and peptides
- PVA, poly vinyl alcohol
- Peptides
- Permeation enhancer
- Proteins
- RGD, Arg-Gly-Asp
- RTILs, room temperature ionic liquids
- SAR, structure–activity relationship
- SDC, sodium deoxycholate
- SGC, sodium glycocholate
- SGF, simulated gastric fluids
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluids
- SLNs, solid lipid nanoparticles
- SNAC, sodium N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl)amino]caprylate
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems
- STC, sodium taurocholate
- Stability
- TAT, trans-activating transcriptional peptide
- TMC, N-trimethyl chitosan
- Tf, transferrin
- TfR, transferrin receptors
- UC, ulcerative colitis
- UEA1, ulex europaeus agglutinin 1
- VB12, vitamin B12
- WGA, wheat germ agglutinin
- pHPMA, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide
- pI, isoelectric point
- sCT, salmon calcitonin
- sc, subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Quangang Zhu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Zhongjian Chen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Pijush Kumar Paul
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Gono Bishwabidyalay (University), Mirzanagar Savar, Dhaka 1344, Bangladesh
| | - Yi Lu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianping Qi
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200443, China
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery of MOE, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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14
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Jazayeri SD, Lim HX, Shameli K, Yeap SK, Poh CL. Nano and Microparticles as Potential Oral Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants Against Infectious Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:682286. [PMID: 34149426 PMCID: PMC8206556 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.682286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the first site of infection for most infectious diseases and oral vaccination can provide protection as the first line of defense. Unlike systemic administration, oral immunization can stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses at both systemic and mucosal levels to induce broad-spectrum and long-lasting immunity. Therefore, to design a successful vaccine, it is essential to stimulate the mucosal as well as systemic immune responses. Successful oral vaccines need to overcome the harsh gastrointestinal environment such as the extremely low pH, proteolytic enzymes, bile salts as well as low permeability and the low immunogenicity of vaccines. In recent years, several delivery systems and adjuvants have been developed for improving oral vaccine delivery and immunogenicity. Formulation of vaccines with nanoparticles and microparticles have been shown to improve antigen stability, availability and adjuvanticity as well as immunostimulatory capacity, target delivery and specific release. This review discusses how nanoparticles (NPs) and microparticles (MPs) as oral carriers with adjuvant characteristics can be beneficial in oral vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Kamyar Shameli
- Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Swee Keong Yeap
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, China-Asean College of Marine Sciences, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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15
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Emerging Role of Mucosal Vaccine in Preventing Infection with Avian Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080862. [PMID: 32784697 PMCID: PMC7472103 DOI: 10.3390/v12080862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza A viruses (AIVs), as a zoonotic agent, dramatically impacts public health and the poultry industry. Although low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV) incidence and mortality are relatively low, the infected hosts can act as a virus carrier and provide a resource pool for reassortant influenza viruses. At present, vaccination is the most effective way to eradicate AIVs from commercial poultry. The inactivated vaccines can only stimulate humoral immunity, rather than cellular and mucosal immune responses, while failing to effectively inhibit the replication and spread of AIVs in the flock. In recent years, significant progresses have been made in the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the vaccine antigen activities at the mucosal surfaces and the development of safe and efficacious mucosal vaccines that mimic the natural infection route and cut off the AIVs infection route. Here, we discussed the current status and advancement on mucosal immunity, the means of establishing mucosal immunity, and finally a perspective for design of AIVs mucosal vaccines. Hopefully, this review will help to not only understand and predict AIVs infection characteristics in birds but also extrapolate them for distinction or applicability in mammals, including humans.
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16
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AbdelAllah NH, Gaber Y, Rashed ME, Azmy AF, Abou-Taleb HA, AbdelGhani S. Alginate-coated chitosan nanoparticles act as effective adjuvant for hepatitis A vaccine in mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:904-912. [PMID: 32114177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The numerous recent hepatitis A outbreaks emphasize the need for vaccination; despite the effectiveness of the current ones, developments are needed to overcome its high cost plus some immune response limitations. Our study aims to evaluate the use of chitosan and alginate-coated chitosan nanoparticles as an adjuvant/carrier for the hepatitis A vaccine (HAV) against the traditional adjuvant alum. Immune responses towards (HAV-Al) with alum, (HAV-Ch) with chitosan, and (HAV-aCNP) with alginate-coated chitosan nanoparticles, were assessed in mice. HAV-aCNP significantly improved the immunogenicity by increasing the seroconversion rate (100%), the hepatitis A antibodies level, and the splenocytes proliferation. Thus, the HAV-aCNP adjuvant was superior to other classes in IFN-γ and IL-10 development. Meanwhile, the solution formula of HAV with chitosan showed comparable humoral and cellular immune responses to alum-adjuvanted suspension with a balanced Th1/Th2 immune pathway. The current study showed the potential of alginate-coated chitosan nanoparticles as an effective carrier for HAV. Consequently, this would impact the cost of HAV production positively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nourhan H AbdelAllah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt; Viral Control Unit, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals (NORCB), Cairo 12654, Egypt
| | - Yasser Gaber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mutah University, Al-karak 61710, Jordan
| | - Mohamed E Rashed
- Microbiology Department, National Organization for Research and Control of Biologicals (NORCB), Cairo 12654, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F Azmy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Heba A Abou-Taleb
- Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University (NUB), Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Sameh AbdelGhani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, 62511 Beni-Suef, Egypt; Department of Pathology and Medical Laboratory, University of Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Mucosal surfaces are the interface between the host’s internal milieu and the external environment, and they have dual functions, serving as physical barriers to foreign antigens and as accepting sites for vital materials. Mucosal vaccines are more favored to prevent mucosal infections from the portal of entry. Although mucosal vaccination has many advantages, licensed mucosal vaccines are scarce. The most widely studied mucosal routes are oral and intranasal. Licensed oral and intranasal vaccines are composed mostly of whole cell killed or live attenuated microorganisms serving as both delivery systems and built-in adjuvants. Future mucosal vaccines should be made with more purified antigen components, which will be relatively less immunogenic. To induce robust protective immune responses against well-purified vaccine antigens, an effective mucosal delivery system is an essential requisite. Recent developments in biomaterials and nanotechnology have enabled many innovative mucosal vaccine trials. For oral vaccination, the vaccine delivery system should be able to stably carry antigens and adjuvants and resist harsh physicochemical conditions in the stomach and intestinal tract. Besides many nano/microcarrier tools generated by using natural and chemical materials, the development of oral vaccine delivery systems using food materials should be more robustly researched to expand vaccine coverage of gastrointestinal infections in developing countries. For intranasal vaccination, the vaccine delivery system should survive the very active mucociliary clearance mechanisms and prove safety because of the anatomical location of nasal cavity separated by a thin barrier. Future mucosal vaccine carriers, regardless of administration routes, should have certain common characteristics. They should maintain stability in given environments, be mucoadhesive, and have the ability to target specific tissues and cells.
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18
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Jin Z, Gao S, Cui X, Sun D, Zhao K. Adjuvants and delivery systems based on polymeric nanoparticles for mucosal vaccines. Int J Pharm 2019; 572:118731. [PMID: 31669213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces. Therefore, vaccination through the mucosal route can greatly enhance the mucosal immune response. Vaccination via the mucosal surface is the most effective way to trigger a protective mucosal immune response, but the vast majority of vaccines used are administered by injection. Strategies to enhance the mucosal immunity have been developed by using vaccine adjuvants, delivery systems, bacterial or viral vectors, and DNA vaccines. Appropriate vaccine adjuvants and drug delivery systems can improve the immunogenicity of antigens, induce a stronger immune response, and reduce the vaccine dose and production cost. In recent years, many studies have focused on finding safe and effective vaccine adjuvants and drug delivery systems to formulate the mucosal vaccines for solving the above problems. Great progress has also been made in vaccine adjuvants and drug delivery systems based on biodegradable polymer nanoparticles. In this paper, the research progress of the mucosal vaccine and its related adjuvants and drug delivery systems in recent years was reviewed, and the application of polymers as adjuvants and drug delivery system in vaccine was prospected. This review provides a fundamental knowledge for the application of biodegradable polymer nanoparticles as adjuvants and carriers in mucosal vaccines and shows great application prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering Process and Technology for High-efficiency Conversion, College of Chemistry and Material Sciences, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Xianlan Cui
- Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Bluesky Biotech (Harbin) Co., Ltd., Harbin 150028, China
| | - Dejun Sun
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
| | - Kai Zhao
- Engineering Research Center of Agricultural Microbiology Technology, Ministry of Education, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China; Key Laboratory of Microbiology, College of Heilongjiang Province, School of Life Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China.
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19
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Ibe MI, Odimegwu DC, Onuigbo EB. Alginate-coated chitosan microparticles encapsulating an oral plasmid-cured live Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum vaccine cause a higher expression of interferon-gamma in chickens compared to the parenteral live vaccine. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:423-428. [PMID: 31081347 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1616673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum causes a disease in chickens known as fowl typhoid. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) has been shown to be crucial in eliminating salmonellosis infection because of its strong association with T-cell responses. This study was undertaken to compare the expression of IFN-γ in chickens generated by different vaccine formulations. Eighty one-day-old Lohmann layer chicks were divided into four groups of 20 birds each for the experiment. This comprised an unvaccinated negative control group (NEG), a group vaccinated with the live 9R vaccine by the injection route (SC), a group vaccinated with alginate-coated chitosan microparticles encapsulating live plasmid-cured S. Gallinarum strain 9 (PC) by the oral route, and a group vaccinated with a weak attenuated live S. Gallinarum strain 9 encapsulated in alginate-coated chitosan microparticles (VM) given orally. Vaccinations were done at 10 and 14 weeks of age followed by challenge at 16 weeks of age. IgG was measured using ELISA. qRT-PCR was used to compare the mRNA fold expression of IFN-γ in the PC, VM and SC groups using the unvaccinated/unchallenged group as the control. There were significant differences in the IgG levels between each vaccinated group and the unvaccinated group (P < 0.05) after booster vaccination and post-challenge. There was 100% protection of the birds in SC and VM groups, 80% protection in PC group and 0% protection in the NEG group. Using 2-ΔΔCT calculation, IFN-γ was more highly expressed in the PC group than in the SC group or VM group. In conclusion, the IFN-γ was more highly expressed in the PC group (though not significantly higher) compared to the SC and VM groups and this could be attributed to the alginate-coated chitosan microparticles which acted as an adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Ibe
- Department of Biotechnology, Godfrey Okoye University , Enugu , Nigeria
| | - D C Odimegwu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria , Nsukka , Nigeria
| | - E B Onuigbo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria , Nsukka , Nigeria
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20
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Li Q, Xue F, Qu J, Liu L, Hu R, Liu C. Nano-in-Micro Delivery System Prepared by Co-Axial Air Flow for Oral Delivery of Conjugated Linoleic Acid. Mar Drugs 2018; 17:md17010015. [PMID: 30597888 PMCID: PMC6356465 DOI: 10.3390/md17010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The preparation of a nano-in-micro delivery system (NiMDS) under mild conditions without using toxic organic solvents and expensive equipment still faces challenges. In this study, we introduced the co-axial air flow method to prepare NiMDS for the oral delivery of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). The chitosan nanoparticles were prepared using the stearic-acid-modified chitosan through self-aggregation. Then, the chitosan nanoparticles were incorporated into alginate microparticles by the co-axial air flow method. The obtained chitosan nanoparticles and NiMDS were spherical in shape with the average sizes of 221⁻243 nm and 130⁻160 μm, respectively. Compared with alginate microparticles, the hybrid particles were of fewer fragments, were bigger in size, had a higher mechanical strength, and showed a controlled release in the phosphate buffer solution (pH 1.2 or 7.4). The release kinetics study showed that encapsulating the chitosan nanoparticles into the alginate microparticles inhibited the dissolution of alginate microparticles at the initial stage. These results revealed the potential of NiMDS as an ideal oral carrier for the sustained release of CLA in the gastrointestinal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Fangfang Xue
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Liwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Rui Hu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Chenguang Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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