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Liang J, Xu W, Gou F, Qin L, Yang H, Xiao J, Li L, Zhang W, Peng D. Antiviral activity of flavonol against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Virology 2024; 597:110128. [PMID: 38861876 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) remains one of the major causative microorganisms of viral diarrhea in piglets worldwide, with no approved drugs for treatment. We identified a natural molecule, flavonol, which is widely found in tea, vegetables and herbs. Subsequently, the antiviral activity of compound flavonol was evaluated in Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells, and its anti-PEDV mechanism was analyzed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics. The results showed that flavonol could effectively inhibit viral progeny production, RNA synthesis and protein expression of PEDV strains in a dose-dependent manner. When flavonol was added simultaneously with viral infection in Vero cells, it demonstrated potent anti-PEDV activity by affecting the viral attachment and internalization phases. Similarly, in IPEC-J2 cells, flavonol effectively inhibited PEDV infection at different stages of infection, except for the release phase. Moreover, flavonol mainly interacts with PEDV Mpro through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces, and the complex formed by it has high stability. Importantly, flavonol also showed broad-spectrum activity against other porcine enteric coronaviruses such as TGEV and PDCoV in vitro. These findings suggest that flavonol may exert antiviral effects by interacting with viral Mpro, thereby affecting viral replication. This means that flavonol is expected to become a potential drug to prevent or treat porcine enteric coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weihang Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Gou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangni Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfei Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxu Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wanpo Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dapeng Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MOA Key Laboratory for the Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues in Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, People's Republic of China; Hubei Jiangxia Laboratory, Wuhan, Hubei, 430200, People's Republic of China.
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Li F, Zhao H, Sui L, Yin F, Liu X, Guo G, Li J, Jiang Y, Cui W, Shan Z, Zhou H, Wang L, Qiao X, Tang L, Wang X, Li Y. Assessing immunogenicity of CRISPR-NCas9 engineered strain against porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:248. [PMID: 38430229 PMCID: PMC10908614 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12989-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), is an acute and highly infectious disease, resulting in substantial economic losses in the pig industry. Given that PEDV primarily infects the mucosal surfaces of the intestinal tract, it is crucial to improve the mucosal immunity to prevent viral invasion. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) oral vaccines offer unique advantages and potential applications in combatting mucosal infectious diseases, making them an ideal approach for controlling PED outbreaks. However, traditional LAB oral vaccines use plasmids for exogenous protein expression and antibiotic genes as selection markers. Antibiotic genes can be diffused through transposition, transfer, or homologous recombination, resulting in the generation of drug-resistant strains. To overcome these issues, genome-editing technology has been developed to achieve gene expression in LAB genomes. In this study, we used the CRISPR-NCas9 system to integrate the PEDV S1 gene into the genome of alanine racemase-deficient Lactobacillus paracasei △Alr HLJ-27 (L. paracasei △Alr HLJ-27) at the thymidylate synthase (thyA) site, generating a strain, S1/△Alr HLJ-27. We conducted immunization assays in mice and piglets to evaluate the level of immune response and evaluated its protective effect against PEDV through challenge tests in piglets. Oral administration of the strain S1/△Alr HLJ-27 in mice and piglets elicited mucosal, humoral, and cellular immune responses. The strain also exhibited a certain level of resistance against PEDV infection in piglets. These results demonstrate the potential of S1/△Alr HLJ-27 as an oral vaccine candidate for PEDV control. KEY POINTS: • A strain S1/△Alr HLJ-27 was constructed as the candidate for an oral vaccine. • Immunogenicity response and challenge test was carried out to analyze the ability of the strain. • The strain S1/△Alr HLJ-27 could provide protection for piglets to a certain extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengsai Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Haiyuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ling Sui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Fangjie Yin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinzi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Guihai Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhifu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Han Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinyuan Qiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Kong F, Jia H, Xiao Q, Fang L, Wang Q. Prevention and Control of Swine Enteric Coronaviruses in China: A Review of Vaccine Development and Application. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 12:11. [PMID: 38276670 PMCID: PMC10820180 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Swine enteric coronaviruses (SECs) cause significant economic losses to the pig industry in China. Although many commercialized vaccines against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are available, viruses are still widespread. The recent emergence of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) and swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), for which no vaccines are available, increases the disease burden. In this review, we first introduced the genomic organization and epidemiology of SECs in China. Then, we discussed the current vaccine development and application in China, aiming to provide suggestions for better prevention and control of SECs in China and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanzhi Kong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Huilin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Qi Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China; (F.K.); (H.J.); (Q.X.)
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Li CQ, Hu LQ, Liu GP, Wang Y, Li T, Chen SX, Yang XL, Ma LX, Zeng JG. A duplex nested RT-PCR method for monitoring porcine epidemic diarrhea virus and porcine delta-coronavirus. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:151. [PMID: 37684673 PMCID: PMC10486053 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03708-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine delta-coronavirus (PDCoV) are economically important pathogens that cause diarrhea in sows and acute death of newborn piglets. Moreover, the emerging PDCoV was reported to infect children. The current situation is that vaccine prevention has not met expectations, and emergency containment strategies following outbreaks cannot prevent the damages and losses already incurred. Therefore, a more sensitive detection method, that is both convenient and enables accurate and effective sequencing, that will provide early warning of PEDV and PDCoV is necessary. This will enable active, effective, and comprehensive prevention and control, which will possibly reduce disease occurrences. RESULTS Duplex nested RT-PCR (dnRT-PCR) is an ideal method to achieve early warning and monitoring of PEDV and PDCoV diseases, and to additionally investigate any molecular epidemiological characteristics. In this study, two pairs of primers were designed for each virus based upon the highly conserved N protein sequences of both PEDV and PDCoV strains retrieved from the NCBI Genbank. After optimization of the reaction conditions, the dnRT-PCR assay amplified a 749-bp fragment specific to PEDV and a 344-bp fragment specific to PDCoV. Meanwhile, the specificity and sensitivity of the primers and clinical samples were tested to verify and establish this dnRT-PCR method. The limit of detection (LoD)for both PEDV and PDCoV was 10 copies/µL. The results showed that among 251 samples, 1 sample contained PEDV infection, 19 samples contained a PDCoV infection, and 8 samples were infected with both viruses, following the use of dnRT-PCR. Subsequently, the positive samples were sent for sequencing, and the sequencing results confirmed that they were all positive for the viruses detected using dnRT-PCR, and conventional RT-PCR detection was conducted again after the onset of disease. As these results were consistent with previous results, a detection method for PEDV and PDCoV using dnRT-PCR was successfully established. In conclusion, the dnRT-PCR method established in this study was able to detect both PEDV and PDCoV, concomitantly. CONCLUSIONS The duplex nested RT-PCR method represents a convenient, reliable, specific, sensitive and anti-interference technique for detecting PEDV and PDCoV, and can additionally be used to simultaneously determine the molecular epidemiological background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Qi Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Li Qun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Xinzhou Distract, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo Ping Liu
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Tong Li
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Shao Xian Chen
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Xiao Lin Yang
- College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Li Xin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Jian Guo Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zhou C, Liu Y, Wei Q, Chen Y, Yang S, Cheng A, Zhang G. HSPA5 Promotes Attachment and Internalization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus through Interaction with the Spike Protein and the Endo-/Lysosomal Pathway. J Virol 2023; 97:e0054923. [PMID: 37222617 PMCID: PMC10308931 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00549-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused huge economic losses to the global pig industry. The swine enteric coronavirus spike (S) protein recognizes various cell surface molecules to regulate viral infection. In this study, we identified 211 host membrane proteins related to the S1 protein by pulldown combined with liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Among these, heat shock protein family A member 5 (HSPA5) was identified through screening as having a specific interaction with the PEDV S protein, and positive regulation of PEDV infection was validated by knockdown and overexpression tests. Further studies verified the role of HSPA5 in viral attachment and internalization. In addition, we found that HSPA5 interacts with S proteins through its nucleotide-binding structural domain (NBD) and that polyclonal antibodies can block viral infection. In detail, HSPA5 was found to be involved in viral trafficking via the endo-/lysosomal pathway. Inhibition of HSPA5 activity during internalization would reduce the subcellular colocalization of PEDV with lysosomes in the endo-/lysosomal pathway. Together, these findings show that HSPA5 is a novel PEDV potential target for the creation of therapeutic drugs. IMPORTANCE PEDV infection causes severe piglet mortality and threatens the global pig industry. However, the complex invasion mechanism of PEDV makes its prevention and control difficult. Here, we determined that HSPA5 is a novel target for PEDV which interacts with its S protein and is involved in viral attachment and internalization, influencing its transport via the endo-/lysosomal pathway. Our work extends knowledge about the relationship between the PEDV S and host proteins and provides a new therapeutic target against PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanjie Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yunchao Liu
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Suzhen Yang
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Anchun Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Rao H, Su W, Zhang X, Wang Y, Li T, Li J, Zeng X, Li P. Hypericum japonicum extract inhibited porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1112610. [PMID: 37138845 PMCID: PMC10149974 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1112610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes lethal watery diarrhea and high mortality in neonatal piglets, leading to huge economic losses in the global swine industry. Currently, the existing commercial vaccines cannot fully control PEDV, so it is urgent to develop effective antiviral agents to complement vaccine therapy. In the present study, we investigated the antiviral effect of Hypericum japonicum extract (HJ) against PEDV in vivo and in vitro. In in vitro assays, HJ could directly inactivate PEDV strains; moreover, it inhibited the proliferation of PEDV strains in Vero or IPI-FX cells at its non-cytotoxic concentrations. Time of addition assays revealed that HJ mainly inhibited PEDV at the later stages of the viral life cycle. In in vivo, compared with the model group, HJ could reduce the viral titers in the intestines of infected piglets, and improve their intestinal pathological, indicating that HJ could protect the newborn piglets from highly pathogenic PEDV variant infection. Furthermore, this effect may be related to the fact that HJ can not only directly inhibit viruses, but also regulate the structure of intestinal microbiota. In conclusion, our results indicate that Hypericum japonicum could inhibit PEDV replication in vitro and in vivo and might possess the potential to develop as the anti-PEDV drug.
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Lin Y, Sun B, Jin Z, Zhao K. Enhanced Immune Responses to Mucosa by Functionalized Chitosan-Based Composite Nanoparticles as a Vaccine Adjuvant for Intranasal Delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52691-52701. [PMID: 36382954 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nasal administration for vaccine delivery is a novel non-invasive vaccine administration approach that can induce local or systemic immune responses and overcome the disadvantages caused by traditional injectable administration. However, mucosal vaccine and adjuvant delivery systems with sustained-release ability and enhanced immune effects at mucosal sites have still been highly demanded. In this work, N-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan/N,O-carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles (N-2-HACC/CMCS NPs) with excellent mucosal absorption, high drug loading capacity, and enhanced immune responses were prepared by the ionic cross-linking method. To evaluate the potential capacity of the N-2-HACC/CMCS NPs as a vaccine adjuvant and the molecular mechanism for the induction of enhanced mucosal and systemic immune responses, bovine serum albumin (BSA) was employed as a general model antigen and loaded into the N-2-HACC/CMCS NPs to prepare a BSA-loaded N-2-HACC/CMCS adjuvant vaccine (N-2-HACC/CMCS/BSA NPs). It was well demonstrated that the N-2-HACC/CMCS/BSA NPs with great biostability and mucosal absorption could effectively promote the proliferation of lymphocytes and the secretion of related pro-inflammatory factors, resulting in the stimulation of specific mucosal and systemic immune responses. This study revealed that the chitosan-based nano-delivery system can act as the mucosal vaccine adjuvant and possesses great promise in viral infectious diseases and immunization therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Lin
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou318000, China
| | - Beini Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong, Guangzhou510631, China
| | - Zheng Jin
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou318000, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Institute of Nanobiomaterials and Immunology, School of Life Science, Taizhou University, Zhejiang, Taizhou318000, China
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Gu J, Zhang S, Xia X, Zhang X, Fan B, Zhou J, Zhu H, Wang W, Qi X, Li L, Li B. An edible kanamycin sulfate cross-linked cellulose active against multiple pathogenic bacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:435-444. [PMID: 34801585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, an edible cellulose-based antibacterial material was prepared by cross-linking α-cellulose and kanamycin sulfate via glutaraldehyde to form kanamycin sulfate-glutaraldehyde-cellulose. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction results indicated that the kanamycin sulfate molecule was cross-linked with the molecular chain of cellulose. The optimal mass ratio of kanamycin sulfate to α-cellulose was 1:100 and the degree of substitution reached 1.11%. The optimal kanamycin sulfate-glutaraldehyde-cellulose material showed an excellent inhabitation against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Meantime, the optimal kanamycin sulfate-glutaraldehyde-cellulose had a marked resistance to gastric acid and had low cell cytotoxicity. To promote the application of the kanamycin sulfate-glutaraldehyde-cellulose material, the porous microspheres were prepared via the sol-gel method. The particle size of the homogeneous porous microspheres is mainly distributed between 1.5 and 2.0 μm. Therefore, the kanamycin sulfate-glutaraldehyde-cellulose described herein is a potential edible, eco-friendly, potent, stable, inexpensive, and antibacterial carrier material for delivering drugs, proteins, or vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shuaifeng Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuefeng Xia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xuehan Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Baochao Fan
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Junming Zhou
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Haodan Zhu
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xianghui Qi
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; School of Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China.
| | - Bin Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210014, China; Jiangsu Coinnovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China.
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9
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Peng P, Gao Y, Zhou Q, Jiang T, Zheng S, Huang M, Xue C, Cao Y, Xu Z. Development of an indirect ELISA for detecting swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus IgG antibodies based on a recombinant spike protein. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:2065-2075. [PMID: 34148289 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhoea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) is a newly identified swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhoea in neonatal piglets, leading to significant economic losses to the swine industry. Currently, there are no suitable serological methods to assess the infection of SADS-CoV and effectiveness of vaccines, making an urgent need to exploit effective enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to compensate for this deficiency. Here, a recombinant plasmid that expresses the spike (S) protein of SADS-CoV fused to the Fc domain of human IgG was constructed to generate recombinant baculovirus and expressed in HEK 293F cells. The S-Fc protein was purified with protein G Resin, which retained reactivity with anti-human Fc and anti-SADS-CoV antibodies. The S-Fc protein was then used to develop an indirect ELISA (S-iELISA) and the reaction conditions of S-iELISA were optimized. As a result, the cut-off value was determined as 0.3711 by analyzing OD450nm values of 40 SADS-CoV-negative sera confirmed by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and western blot. The coefficient of variation (CV) of 6 SADS-CoV-positive sera within and between runs of S-iELISA were both less than 10%. The cross-reactivity assays demonstrated that S-iELISA was non-cross-reactive with other swine viruses' sera. Furthermore, the overall coincidence rate between IFA and S-iELISA was 97.3% based on testing 111 clinical serum samples. Virus neutralization test with seven different OD450nm values of the sera showed that the OD450nm values tested by S-iELISA are positively correlated with the virus neutralization assay. Finally, a total of 300 pig field serum samples were tested by S-iELISA and commercial kits of other swine enteroviruses showed that the IgG-positive for SADS-CoV, TGEV, PDCoV and PEDV was 81.7, 54, 65.3 and 6%, respectively. The results suggest that this S-iELISA is specific, sensitive, repeatable and can be applied for the detection of the SADS-CoV infection in the swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuepeng Gao
- Agricultural product Quality and Safety Inspection and Testing Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen' s Group Academy, Wen' s Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianhua Jiang
- Wen' s Group Academy, Wen' s Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Shumei Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Roque-Borda CA, Silva HRL, Crusca Junior E, Serafim JA, Meneguin AB, Chorilli M, Macedo WC, Teixeira SR, Guastalli EAL, Soares NM, Blair JMA, Pikramenou Z, Vicente EF. Alginate-based microparticles coated with HPMCP/AS cellulose-derivatives enable the Ctx(Ile 21)-Ha antimicrobial peptide application as a feed additive. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 183:1236-1247. [PMID: 33965488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microencapsulation is a potential biotechnological tool, which can overcome antimicrobial peptides (AMP) instabilities and reduce toxic side effects. Thus, this study evaluates the antibacterial activities of the Ctx(Ile21)-Ha AMP against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and non-resistant bacteria and develop and characterize peptide-loaded microparticles coated with the enteric polymers hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate (HPMCP). Ctx(Ile21)-Ha was obtained by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) method, purified and characterized by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry. The peptide exhibited potent antibiotic activities against Salmonella enteritidis, Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MDR), Acinetobacter baumannii (MDR), and Staphylococcus aureus (MDR). Ctx(Ile21)-Ha microencapsulation was performed by ionic gelation with high efficiency, maintaining the physical-chemical stability. Ctx(Ile21)-Ha coated-microparticles were characterized by DSC, TGA, FTIR-Raman, XRD and SEM. Hemolytic activity assay demonstrated that hemolysis was decreased up to 95% compared to single molecule. In addition, in vitro release control profile simulating different portions of gastrointestinal tract was performed and showed the microcapsules' ability to protect the peptide and release it in the intestine, aiming pathogen's location, mainly by Salmonella sp. Therefore, use of microencapsulated Ctx(Ile21)-Ha can be allowed as an antimicrobial controller in monogastric animal production as an oral feed additive (antimicrobial controller), being a valuable option for molecules with low therapeutic indexes or high hemolytic rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Hanyeny Raiely Leite Silva
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, Jaboticabal, São Paulo CEP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Edson Crusca Junior
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP 14800-900, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aparecida Serafim
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo CEP 17602-496, Brazil
| | - Andréia Bagliotti Meneguin
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Araraquara, São Paulo CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Wagner Costa Macedo
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo CEP 19060-900, Brazil
| | - Silvio Rainho Teixeira
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Technology and Sciences, Presidente Prudente, São Paulo CEP 19060-900, Brazil
| | | | - Nilce Maria Soares
- Poultry Health Specialized Laboratory, Biological Institute, Bastos, São Paulo CEP 17690000, Brazil
| | - Jessica M A Blair
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zoe Pikramenou
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo CEP 17602-496, Brazil.
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11
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Li X, Zhang B, Zhang D, Liu S, Ren J. The construction of recombinant Lactobacillus casei vaccine of PEDV and its immune responses in mice. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:184. [PMID: 33947419 PMCID: PMC8097780 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-021-02885-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a contagious intestinal disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and dehydration, which have caused huge economic losses around the world. At present, vaccine immunity is still the most effective method to control the spread of PED. In this study, we have constructed a novel recombinant L. casei-OMP16-PEDVS strain expressing PEDVS protein of PEDV and OMP16 protein of Brucella abortus strain. To know the immunogenicity of the recombinant L. casei-OMP16-PEDVS candidate vaccine, it was compared with BL21-OMP16-PEDVS-F, BL21-OMP16-PEDVS, and BL21-PEDVS recombinant protein. RESULTS The results showed that we could detect higher levels of IgG, neutralizing antibody, IL-4, IL-10, and INF-γ in serum and IgA in feces of L. casei-OMP16-PEDVS immunized mice, which indicated that L. casei-OMP16-PEDVS candidate vaccine could induce higher levels of humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and mucosal immunity. CONCLUSION Therefore, L. casei-OMP16-PEDVS is a promising candidate vaccine for prophylaxis of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Li
- Swine Research Institute of New Hope Group, Tai'an, China
- Shandong Swine Herd Health Big Data and Intelligent Monitoring Engineering Laboratory, Tai'an, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Bingzhou Zhang
- Swine Research Institute of New Hope Group, Tai'an, China
- Shandong Swine Herd Health Big Data and Intelligent Monitoring Engineering Laboratory, Tai'an, China
| | | | - Sidang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
| | - Jing Ren
- Shandong Swine Herd Health Big Data and Intelligent Monitoring Engineering Laboratory, Tai'an, China.
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, 253023, China.
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12
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Yu C, Lu P, Liu S, Li Q, Xu E, Gong J, Liu S, Yang C. Efficiency of Deoxynivalenol Detoxification by Microencapsulated Sodium Metabisulfite Assessed via an In Vitro Bioassay Based on Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:8382-8393. [PMID: 33817499 PMCID: PMC8015119 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) contamination occurs in feeds and causes a reduction in growth performance, damage to the intestinal epithelial cells, and increased susceptibility to enteric pathogen challenge. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) has shown promise in reducing DON; however, SMBS quickly degrades under aqueous acidic conditions such as the environment within a stomach. Thus, protection of SMBS is required for effective delivery to the small intestine to detoxify DON. This study was to encapsulate SMBS into hydrogenated palm oil-based microparticles for its delivery to the small intestine and to evaluate its efficacy on DON detoxification in simulated intestinal fluids using IPEC-J2 cells in vitro. The diameter of the SMBS containing microparticles was 511 ± 135 μm, and the loading capacity of SMBS in the microparticles was 45.50%; 1.41% of the encapsulated SMBS (ES) was released into the simulated gastric fluid, and 66.39% of ES was progressively released into the simulated intestinal fluid within 4 h at 37 °C. In IPEC-J2 cells, when DON was treated with the simulated gastric fluid containing 0.5% ES for 2 h, then mixed with the simulated intestinal fluid (1:1) and incubated for 2 h, cytotoxicity was not observed. DON treated with 0.5 ES decreased the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the cells compared with DON alone and maintained the cell integrity. To conclude, the SMBS containing microparticles were stable in the simulated gastric fluid and allowed a progressive release of SMBS in the simulated intestinal fluid. The released SMBS in the simulated intestinal fluid effectively detoxified DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changning Yu
- Department
of Biosystems Engineering, University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Peng Lu
- Department
of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Shangxi Liu
- Department
of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Qiao Li
- Department
of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Erhua Xu
- King
Techina Group, No. 8,
Yinxing Road, Renhe Street, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311107, China
| | - Joshua Gong
- Guelph
Research and Development Centre, Agriculture Agri-Food Canada, Guelph, Ontario N1G 5C9, Canada
| | - Song Liu
- Department
of Biosystems Engineering, University of
Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Chengbo Yang
- Department
of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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13
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Expression and Purification of a PEDV-Neutralizing Antibody and Its Functional Verification. Viruses 2021; 13:v13030472. [PMID: 33809239 PMCID: PMC7999980 DOI: 10.3390/v13030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly infectious and pathogenic virus causing high morbidity and mortality, especially in newborn piglets. There remain problems with contemporary PEDV vaccines, in part because of the rapid variation of PEDV, poor conferred immunity, and numerous side effects. The ability to produce PEDV-neutralizing antibodies suggests that we may be able to increase the success rate of PEDV prevention in piglets using these antibodies. In this study, we produced an anti-PEDV S protein monoclonal antibody (anti-PEDV mAb-2) that neutralized PEDV-CV777 (a G1 strain), PEDV-SDSX16 and PEDV-Aj1102 (two G2 strains). In vivo challenge experiments demonstrated that anti-PEDV mAb-2 inhibited the PEDV infection in piglets. We also produced three HEK293 cell lines that expressed anti-PEDV mAb-2. Overall, our study showed that anti-PEDV mAb-2 produced from hybridoma supernatants effectively inhibited PEDV infection in piglets, and the recombinant HEK293 cell lines expressed anti-PEDV mAb-2 genes.
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14
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Xu Z, Zhang Y, Cao Y. The Roles of Apoptosis in Swine Response to Viral Infection and Pathogenesis of Swine Enteropathogenic Coronaviruses. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:572425. [PMID: 33324698 PMCID: PMC7725767 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.572425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a tightly regulated mechanism of cell death that plays important roles in various biological processes including biological evolution, multiple system development, anticancer, and viral infections. Swine enteropathogenic coronaviruses invade and damage villous epithelial cells of the small intestine causing severe diarrhea with high mortality rate in suckling piglets. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), and Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) are on the top list of commonly-seen swine coronaviruses with a feature of diarrhea, resulting in significant economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. Apoptosis has been shown to be involved in the pathogenesis process of animal virus infectious diseases. Understanding the roles of apoptosis in host responses against swine enteropathogenic coronaviruses infection contribute to disease prevention and control. Here we summarize the recent findings that focus on the apoptosis during swine coronaviruses infection, in particular, TGEV, PEDV, PDCoV, and SADS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Higher Education Mega Center, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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Xu Z, Liu Y, Peng P, Liu Y, Huang M, Ma Y, Xue C, Cao Y. Aloe extract inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in vitro and in vivo. Vet Microbiol 2020; 249:108849. [PMID: 32979750 PMCID: PMC7491386 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhoea and high mortality in neonatal suckling piglets, leading to significant economic losses to the swine industry. Currently there are no adequate control strategies against circulating PEDV variants, making an urgent need to exploit effect antiviral therapies to compensate for vaccines. Here, we report that Aloe extract can hamper completely the proliferation of PEDV at a non-cytotoxic concentration of 16 mg/mL determined by CCK-8 assay in Vero and IPEC-J2 cells in vitro. Furthermore, time course analysis indicated the extract exerted its inhibition at the late stage of the viral life cycle. Moreover, we also confirmed that the extract can inactivated PEDV directly but did not act on the viral genome and S1 protein. Importantly, the extract at a relatively safety concentration of 100 mg/kg of body weight, which was confirmed in mice, could reduce virus load and pathological change in intestinal tract of pigs and protect newborn piglets from lethal challenge with highly pathogenic PEDV variant GDS01 infection, indicating that Aloe extract efficiently inhibited PEDV infection in vivo. Collectively, our findings suggest that the aqueous extract from the Aloe could inhibit PEDV replication in vitro and in vivo and might be a good target for drug development against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Meiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yehuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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16
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Li Z, Ma Z, Li Y, Gao S, Xiao S. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus: Molecular mechanisms of attenuation and vaccines. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104553. [PMID: 33011361 PMCID: PMC7527827 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes an emerging and re-emerging coronavirus disease characterized by vomiting, acute diarrhea, dehydration, and up to 100% mortality in neonatal suckling piglets, leading to huge economic losses in the global swine industry. Vaccination remains the most promising and effective way to prevent and control PEDV. However, effective vaccines for PEDV are still under development. Understanding the genomic structure and function of PEDV and the influence of the viral components on innate immunity is essential for developing effective vaccines. In the current review, we systematically describe the recent developments in vaccine against PEDV and the roles of structural proteins, non-structural proteins and accessory proteins of PEDV in affecting viral virulence and regulating innate immunity, which will provide insight into the rational design of effective and safe vaccines for PEDV or other coronaviruses. Advances in vaccines of PEDV, such as inactivated and attenuated live vaccines, subunit vaccines, and nucleic acid vaccines. The application of reverse genetics in the development of live attenuated PEDV vaccines. The roles of PEDV proteins in affecting viral virulence and regulating innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhiqian Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sheng Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China.
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17
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Xu Z, Gong L, Peng P, Liu Y, Xue C, Cao Y. Porcine enteric alphacoronavirus Inhibits IFN-α, IFN-β, OAS, Mx1, and PKR mRNA Expression in Infected Peyer's Patches in vivo. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:449. [PMID: 32719818 PMCID: PMC7347908 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine enteric alphacoronavirus (PEAV) is a newly identified swine enteropathogenic coronavirus that causes watery diarrhea in neonatal piglets. The pathogenesis and host immune responses of PEAV infection are not fully characterized. The reason lies in the stomach environment, which would degrade cell-cultured live viruses via oral infection, making it difficult to establish an effective infection model to study the pathogenesis and host immune responses in pigs with a mature immune system. To solve this problem, in this study, coated PEAV-loaded microspheres were developed by centrifugal granulation-fluidized bed coating and demonstrated as an effective oral delivery system/animal infection model to protect PEAV virion against the complex gastrointestinal environment in vitro and to cause infection in weaned piglets in vivo. Weaned piglets orally inoculated with coated PEAV-loaded microspheres developed diarrhea and virus RNA was detected in rectal swabs from one to seven days post inoculation. In addition, microscopic lesions in the small intestine were observed, and viral antigens were also detected in the small intestines with PEAV immunohistochemical staining. Importantly, PEAV significantly inhibited mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, OAS, Mx1, and PKR, the genes involved in modulation of the host immune responses, in infected Peyer's patches, indicating that PEAV can overcome the antiviral response to cause damage when infection occurs. Collectively, our research successfully established a PEAV animal infection model in weaned piglets and suggested that the observed gene expression profile might help explain immunological changes associated with PEAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Tizard IR. Vaccination against coronaviruses in domestic animals. Vaccine 2020; 38:5123-5130. [PMID: 32563608 PMCID: PMC7284272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The current pandemic of COVID-19 has set off an urgent search for an effective vaccine. This search may well benefit from the experiences of the animal health profession in the development and use of coronavirus vaccines in domestic animal species. These animal vaccines will in no way protect humans against COVID-19 but knowledge of the difficulties encountered in vaccinating animals may help avoid or minimize similar problems arising in humans. Diverse coronaviruses can infect the domestic species from dogs and cats, to cattle and pigs to poultry. Many of these infections are controlled by routine vaccination. Thus, canine coronavirus vaccines are protective in puppies but the disease itself is mild and self-limiting. Feline coronavirus infections may be mild or may result in a lethal immune-mediated disease – feline infectious peritonitis. As a result, vaccination of domestic cats must seek to generate- protective immunity without causing immune-mediated disease. Vaccines against bovine coronavirus are widely employed in cattle where they protect against enteric and respiratory disease in young calves. Two major livestock species suffer from economically significant and severe coronavirus diseases. Thus, pigs may be infected with six different coronaviruses, one of which, porcine epidemic diarrhea, has proven difficult to control despite the development of several innovative vaccines. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus undergoes frequent genetic changes. Likewise, infectious bronchitis coronavirus causes an economically devastating disease of chickens. It too undergoes frequent genetic shifts and as a result, can only be controlled by extensive and repeated vaccination. Other issues that have been encountered in developing these animal vaccines include a relatively short duration of protective immunity, and a lack of effectiveness of inactivated vaccines. On the other hand, they have been relatively cheap to make and lend themselves to mass vaccination procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R Tizard
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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19
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Wei X, She G, Wu T, Xue C, Cao Y. PEDV enters cells through clathrin-, caveolae-, and lipid raft-mediated endocytosis and traffics via the endo-/lysosome pathway. Vet Res 2020; 51:10. [PMID: 32041637 PMCID: PMC7011528 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-0739-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of highly pathogenic variant strains, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has led to significant economic loss in the global swine industry. Many studies have described how coronaviruses enter cells, but information on PEDV invasion strategies remains insufficient. Given that the differences in gene sequences and pathogenicity between classical and mutant strains of PEDV may lead to diverse invasion mechanisms, this study focused on the cellular entry pathways and cellular transport of the PEDV GI and GII subtype strains in Vero cells and IPEC-J2 cells. We first characterized the kinetics of PEDV entry into cells and found that the highest invasion rate of PEDV was approximately 33% in the IPEC-J2 cells and approximately 100% in the Vero cells. To clarify the specific endocytic pathways, systematic research methods were used and showed that PEDV enters cells via the clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis pathways, in which dynamin II, clathrin heavy chain, Eps15, cholesterol, and caveolin-1 were indispensably involved. In addition, lipid raft extraction assay showed that PEDV can also enter cells through lipid raft-mediated endocytosis. To investigate the trafficking of internalized PEDV, we found that PEDV entry into cells relied on low pH and internalized virions reached lysosomes through the early endosome-late endosome-lysosome pathway. The results concretely revealed the entry mechanisms of PEDV and provided an insightful theoretical basis for the further understanding of PEDV pathogenesis and guidance for new targets of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaona Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoli She
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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Du J, Luo J, Yu J, Mao X, Luo Y, Zheng P, He J, Yu B, Chen D. Manipulation of Intestinal Antiviral Innate Immunity and Immune Evasion Strategies of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1862531. [PMID: 31781594 PMCID: PMC6874955 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1862531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal pigs, due to its clinical pathogenesis of the intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. The host's innate immune system is the first line of defence upon virus invasion of the small intestinal epithelial cells. In turn, the virus has evolved to modulate the host's innate immunity during infection, resulting in pathogen virulence, survival, and the establishment of successful infection. In this review, we gather current knowledge concerning the interplay between PEDV and components of host innate immunity, focusing on the role of cytokines and interferons in intestinal antiviral innate immunity, and the mechanisms underlying the immune evasion strategies of PEDV invasion. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the potential prevention and treatment for PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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Wu Y, Li W, Zhou Q, Li Q, Xu Z, Shen H, Chen F. Characterization and pathogenicity of Vero cell-attenuated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus CT strain. Virol J 2019; 16:121. [PMID: 31660993 PMCID: PMC6819350 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1232-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused enormous economic losses to the global pig industry. Currently available PEDV vaccine strains have limited protective effects against PEDV variant strains. Methods In this study, the highly virulent epidemic virus strain CT was serially passaged in Vero cells for up to 120 generations (P120). Characterization of the different passages revealed that compared with P10 and P64, P120 had a higher viral titer and more obvious cytopathic effects, thereby demonstrating better cell adaptability. Results Pathogenicity experiments using P120 in piglets revealed significant reductions in clinical symptoms, histopathological lesions, and intestinal PEDV antigen distribution; the piglet survival rate in the P120 group was 100%. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing identified 13 amino acid changes in P120, which might be responsible for the attenuated virulence of P120. Conclusions Thus, an attenuated strain was obtained via cell passaging and that this strain could be used in preparing attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingfeng Zhou
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Qunhui Li
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhichao Xu
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Hanqin Shen
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China
| | - Feng Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University & Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China. .,Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, 527400, Guangdong, China.
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Wen Z, Xu Z, Zhou Q, Li W, Wu Y, Du Y, Chen L, Xue C, Cao Y. A heterologous 'prime-boost' anti-PEDV immunization for pregnant sows protects neonatal piglets through lactogenic immunity against PEDV. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 69:258-263. [PMID: 31278766 PMCID: PMC7165963 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract Porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) causes severe diarrhoea in neonatal suckling piglets with a high mortality. Maternal vaccines that can induce lactogenic immunity to protect suckling piglets via colostrums and milk are pivotal for the prevention and control of PEDV infection in neonatal suckling piglets. In this study, a group of pregnant sows were first orally immunized with coated PEDV‐loaded microspheres and boosted with killed PEDV vaccines (heterologous prime‐boost). It has been detected that the levels of PEDV‐specific antibodies (IgG and IgA) in their sera and milks were higher than other negative groups (P < 0·001 or P < 0·05). Furthermore, it has been proved by the neutralization assay that the induced antibodies could significantly inhibit virus infection as compared to other negative groups (P < 0·01 or P < 0·05). Importantly, after PEDV challenge, more than 90% of the suckling piglets delivered by the sows in the heterologous prime‐boost group were completely protected. Overall, the results show that ‘heterologous prime‐boost’ form is an efficient and effective way to provide protection for suckling piglets against PEDV through lactogenic immunity. Significance and Impact of the Study As a widespread swine pathogen, PEDV affects the swine industry enormously. It causes enteritis in swine of all ages and is often fatal in neonatal piglets. Our data show that pregnant sows were immunized with ‘coated PEDV‐loaded microspheres + killed PEDV vaccines’ (heterologous prime‐boost immunization) could protect more than 90% suckling piglets delivered by the sows against the virus. These findings provide a new model of developing safe and effective immunizations for newborn animals against established and emerging enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Q Zhou
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - W Li
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Wu
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co, Ltd, Xinxing, Guangdong, China
| | - Y Du
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - C Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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