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Qureshi M, Viegas C, Duarte SOD, Girardi M, Shehzad A, Fonte P. Camptothecin-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles functionalized with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide as a new approach for skin cancer treatment. Int J Pharm 2024; 660:124340. [PMID: 38878838 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic efficacy of camptothecin (CPT), a potent antitumor alkaloid, is hindered by its hydrophobic nature and instability, limiting its clinical use in treating cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). This study introduces a novel nano drug delivery system (NDDS) utilizing functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FMSNs) for efficient CPT delivery. The FMSNs were loaded with CPT and subsequently coated with chitosan (CS) for enhanced stability and bioadhesion. Importantly, CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) was attached onto the CS-coated FMSNs to leverage the immunostimulatory properties of CpG ODN, augmenting the chemotherapy's efficacy. The final formulation FMSN-CPT-CS-CpG displayed an average size of 241 nm and PDI of 0.316 with an encapsulation efficiency of 95 %. Comprehensive in vitro and in vivo analyses, including B16F10 cells and DMBA/TPA-induced SCC murine model, demonstrated that the FMSN-CPT-CS-CpG formulation significantly enhanced cytotoxicity against B16F10 cells and induced complete regression in 40 % of the in vivo subjects, surpassing the efficacy of standard CPT and FMSN-CPT treatments. This study highlights the potential of combining chemotherapeutic and immunotherapeutic agents in an NDDS for targeted, efficient skin cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munibah Qureshi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, SMME, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Cláudia Viegas
- Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (FMCB), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal; Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia O D Duarte
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Michael Girardi
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Adeeb Shehzad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, SMME, NUST, Islamabad, Pakistan.
| | - Pedro Fonte
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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Pourhashem Z, Nourani L, Pirahmadi S, Yousefi H, J. Sani J, Raz A, Zakeri S, Dinparast Djadid N, Abouie Mehrizi A. Malaria transmission blocking activity of Anopheles stephensi alanyl aminopeptidase N antigen formulated with MPL, CpG, and QS21 adjuvants. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0306664. [PMID: 38968270 PMCID: PMC11226095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0306664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Malaria, a preventive and treatable disease, is still responsible for annual deaths reported in most tropical regions, principally in sub-Saharan Africa. Subunit recombinant transmission-blocking vaccines (TBVs) have been proposed as promising vaccines to succeed in malaria elimination and eradication. Here, a provisional study was designed to assess the immunogenicity and functional activity of alanyl aminopeptidase N (APN1) of Anopheles stephensi, as a TBV candidate, administered with MPL, CpG, and QS21 adjuvants in the murine model. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The mouse groups were immunized with recombinant APN1 (rAPN1) alone or formulated with CpG, MPL, QS-21, or a combination of adjuvants (CMQ), and the elicited immune responses were evaluated after the third immunization. The standard membrane feeding assay (SMFA) measured the functional activity of antibodies against bacterial-expressed APN1 protein in adjuvanted vaccine groups on transmission of P. falciparum (NF54) to An. stephensi mosquitoes. Evaluation of mice vaccinated with rAPN1 formulated with distinct adjuvants manifested a significant increase in the high-avidity level of anti-APN1 IgG and IgG subclasses; however, rAPN1 induced the highest level of high-avidity anti-APN1 IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies in the immunized vaccine group 5 (APN1/CMQ). In addition, vaccine group 5 (receiving APN1/CMQ), had still the highest level of anti-APN1 IgG antibodies relative to other immunized groups after six months, on day 180. The SMFA data indicates a trend towards higher transmission-reducing activity in groups 2 and 5, which received the antigen formulated with CpG or a combination of three adjuvants. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The results have shown the capability of admixture to stimulate high-affinity and long-lasting antibodies against the target antigen to hinder Plasmodium parasite development in the mid-gut of An. stephensi. The attained results authenticated APN1/CMQ and APN1/CpG as a potent APN1-based TBV formulation which will be helpful in designing a vaccine in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Pourhashem
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nourani
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Pirahmadi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hemn Yousefi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar J. Sani
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbasali Raz
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Zakeri
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Dinparast Djadid
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Abouie Mehrizi
- Pasteur Institute of Iran, Malaria and Vector Research Group (MVRG), Biotechnology Research Center (BRC), Tehran, Iran
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Miura K, Flores-Garcia Y, Long CA, Zavala F. Vaccines and monoclonal antibodies: new tools for malaria control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0007123. [PMID: 38656211 PMCID: PMC11237600 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00071-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYMalaria remains one of the biggest health problems in the world. While significant reductions in malaria morbidity and mortality had been achieved from 2000 to 2015, the favorable trend has stalled, rather significant increases in malaria cases are seen in multiple areas. In 2022, there were 249 million estimated cases, and 608,000 malaria-related deaths, mostly in infants and children aged under 5 years, globally. Therefore, in addition to the expansion of existing anti-malarial control measures, it is critical to develop new tools, such as vaccines and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), to fight malaria. In the last 2 years, the first and second malaria vaccines, both targeting Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite proteins (PfCSP), have been recommended by the World Health Organization to prevent P. falciparum malaria in children living in moderate to high transmission areas. While the approval of the two malaria vaccines is a considerable milestone in vaccine development, they have much room for improvement in efficacy and durability. In addition to the two approved vaccines, recent clinical trials with mAbs against PfCSP, blood-stage vaccines against P. falciparum or P. vivax, and transmission-blocking vaccine or mAb against P. falciparum have shown promising results. This review summarizes the development of the anti-PfCSP vaccines and mAbs, and recent topics in the blood- and transmission-blocking-stage vaccine candidates and mAbs. We further discuss issues of the current vaccines and the directions for the development of next-generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoyo Miura
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Yevel Flores-Garcia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carole A Long
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Fidel Zavala
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Malaria Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Palacpac NMQ, Ishii KJ, Arisue N, Tougan T, Horii T. Immune tolerance caused by repeated P. falciparum infection against SE36 malaria vaccine candidate antigen and the resulting limited polymorphism. Parasitol Int 2024; 99:102845. [PMID: 38101534 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2023.102845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The call for second generation malaria vaccines needs not only the identification of novel candidate antigens or adjuvants but also a better understanding of immune responses and the underlying protective processes. Plasmodium parasites have evolved a range of strategies to manipulate the host immune system to guarantee survival and establish parasitism. These immune evasion strategies hamper efforts to develop effective malaria vaccines. In the case of a malaria vaccine targeting the N-terminal domain of P. falciparum serine repeat antigen 5 (SE36), now in clinical trials, we observed reduced responsiveness (lowered immunogenicity) which may be attributed to immune tolerance/immune suppression. Here, immunogenicity data and insights into the immune responses to SE36 antigen from epidemiological studies and clinical trials are summarized. Documenting these observations is important to help identify gaps for SE36 continued development and engender hope that highly effective blood-stage/multi-stage vaccines can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirianne Marie Q Palacpac
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Ken J Ishii
- Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan; Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Nobuko Arisue
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Tougan
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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Nebie I, Palacpac NMQ, Bougouma EC, Diarra A, Ouédraogo A, D’Alessio F, Houard S, Tiono AB, Cousens S, Horii T, Sirima SB. Persistence of Anti-SE36 Antibodies Induced by the Malaria Vaccine Candidate BK-SE36/CpG in 5-10-Year-Old Burkinabe Children Naturally Exposed to Malaria. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:166. [PMID: 38400149 PMCID: PMC10892924 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Information on the dynamics and decline/persistence of antibody titres is important in vaccine development. A recent vaccine trial in malaria-exposed, healthy African adults and children living in a malaria hyperendemic and seasonal area (Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso) was the first study in which BK-SE36/CpG was administered to different age groups. In 5- to 10-year-old children, the risk of malaria infection was markedly lower in the BK-SE36/CpG arm compared to the control arm. We report here data on antibody titres measured in this age-group after the high malaria transmission season of 2021 (three years after the first vaccine dose was administered). At Year 3, 83% of children had detectable anti-SE36 total IgG antibodies. Geometric mean antibody titres and the proportion of children with detectable anti-SE36 antibodies were markedly higher in the BK-SE36/CpG arm than the control (rabies) arm. The information obtained in this study will guide investigators on future vaccine/booster schedules for this promising blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Issa Nebie
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou 10248, Burkina Faso; (I.N.); (E.C.B.); (A.D.); (A.O.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Edith Christiane Bougouma
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou 10248, Burkina Faso; (I.N.); (E.C.B.); (A.D.); (A.O.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou 10248, Burkina Faso; (I.N.); (E.C.B.); (A.D.); (A.O.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Alphonse Ouédraogo
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou 10248, Burkina Faso; (I.N.); (E.C.B.); (A.D.); (A.O.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Flavia D’Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative, UniversitätsKlinikum Heidelberg, Voßstraße 2, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.D.); (S.H.)
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou 10248, Burkina Faso; (I.N.); (E.C.B.); (A.D.); (A.O.); (A.B.T.)
| | - Simon Cousens
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan;
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou 10248, Burkina Faso; (I.N.); (E.C.B.); (A.D.); (A.O.); (A.B.T.)
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Takashima E, Otsuki H, Morita M, Ito D, Nagaoka H, Yuguchi T, Hassan I, Tsuboi T. The Need for Novel Asexual Blood-Stage Malaria Vaccine Candidates for Plasmodium falciparum. Biomolecules 2024; 14:100. [PMID: 38254700 PMCID: PMC10813614 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive control efforts have significantly reduced malaria cases and deaths over the past two decades, but in recent years, coupled with the COVID-19 pandemic, success has stalled. The WHO has urged the implementation of a number of interventions, including vaccines. The modestly effective RTS,S/AS01 pre-erythrocytic vaccine has been recommended by the WHO for use in sub-Saharan Africa against Plasmodium falciparum in children residing in moderate to high malaria transmission regions. A second pre-erythrocytic vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, was also recommended by the WHO on 3 October 2023. However, the paucity and limitations of pre-erythrocytic vaccines highlight the need for asexual blood-stage malaria vaccines that prevent disease caused by blood-stage parasites. Few asexual blood-stage vaccine candidates have reached phase 2 clinical development, and the challenges in terms of their efficacy include antigen polymorphisms and low immunogenicity in humans. This review summarizes the history and progress of asexual blood-stage malaria vaccine development, highlighting the need for novel candidate vaccine antigens/molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eizo Takashima
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Hitoshi Otsuki
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (H.O.); (D.I.)
| | - Masayuki Morita
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Division of Medical Zoology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8503, Japan; (H.O.); (D.I.)
| | - Hikaru Nagaoka
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Takaaki Yuguchi
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Ifra Hassan
- Division of Malaria Research, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; (M.M.); (H.N.); (T.Y.); (I.H.)
| | - Takafumi Tsuboi
- Division of Cell-Free Sciences, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Ouédraogo A, Bougouma EC, Palacpac NMQ, Houard S, Nebie I, Sawadogo J, Berges GD, Soulama I, Diarra A, Hien D, Ouedraogo AZ, Konaté AT, Kouanda S, Myoui A, Ezoe S, Ishii KJ, Sato T, D’Alessio F, Leroy O, Tiono AB, Cousens S, Horii T, Sirima SB. Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36/CpG malaria vaccine in healthy Burkinabe adults and children: a phase 1b randomised, controlled, double-blinded, age de-escalation trial. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1267372. [PMID: 37908361 PMCID: PMC10613650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1267372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background BK-SE36/CpG is a recombinant blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate based on the N-terminal Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen5 (SE36), adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide gel and reconstituted, prior to administration, with synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides bearing CpG motifs. In healthy Japanese adult males, BK-SE36/CpG was well tolerated. This study assessed its safety and immunogenicity in healthy malaria-exposed African adults and children. Methods A double-blind, randomised, controlled, age de-escalating clinical trial was conducted in an urban area of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Healthy participants (n=135) aged 21-45 years (Cohort 1), 5-10 years (Cohort 2) and 12-24 months (Cohort 3) were randomised to receive three vaccine doses (Day 0, 28 and 112) of BK-SE36/CpG or rabies vaccine by intramuscular injection. Results One hundred thirty-four of 135 (99.2%) subjects received all three scheduled vaccine doses. Vaccinations were well tolerated with no related Grade 3 (severe) adverse events (AEs). Pain/limitation of limb movement, headache in adults and fever in younger children (all mild to moderate in intensity) were the most frequently observed local and systemic AEs. Eighty-three of BK-SE36/CpG (91%) recipients and 37 of control subjects (84%) had Grade 1/2 events within 28 days post vaccination. Events considered by the investigator to be vaccine related were experienced by 38% and 14% of subjects in BK-SE36/CpG and control arms, respectively. Throughout the trial, six Grade 3 events (in 4 subjects), not related to vaccination, were recorded in the BK-SE36/CpG arm: 5 events (in 3 subjects) within 28 days of vaccination. All serious adverse events (SAEs) (n=5) were due to severe malaria (52-226 days post vaccination) and not related to vaccination. In all cohorts, BK-SE36/CpG arm had higher antibody titres after Dose 3 than after Dose 2. Younger cohorts had stronger immune responses (12-24-month-old > 5-10 years-old > 21-45 years-old). Sera predominantly reacted to peptides that lie in intrinsically unstructured regions of SE36. In the control arm, there were no marked fold changes in antibody titres and participants' sera reacted poorly to all peptides spanning SE36. Conclusion BK-SE36/CpG was well-tolerated and immunogenic. These results pave the way for further proof-of-concept studies to demonstrate vaccine efficacy. Clinical trial registration https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=1921, PACTR201701001921166.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Issa Nebie
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Jean Sawadogo
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Issiaka Soulama
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Denise Hien
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Amadou T. Konaté
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Seni Kouanda
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Akira Myoui
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ezoe
- Medical Center for Translational Research, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
- Department of Space Infection Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ken J. Ishii
- Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Science, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Sato
- Research and Development Division, Nobelpharma Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Flavia D’Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odile Leroy
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Simon Cousens
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Rajneesh, Tiwari R, Singh VK, Kumar A, Gupta RP, Singh AK, Gautam V, Kumar R. Advancements and Challenges in Developing Malaria Vaccines: Targeting Multiple Stages of the Parasite Life Cycle. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1795-1814. [PMID: 37708228 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium species, remains a major global health concern, causing millions of deaths annually. While the introduction of the RTS,S vaccine has shown promise, there is a pressing need for more effective vaccines due to the emergence of drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant vectors. However, the complex life cycle and genetic diversity of the parasite, technical obstacles, limited funding, and the impact of the 2019 pandemic have hindered progress in malaria vaccine development. This review focuses on advancements in malaria vaccine development, particularly the ongoing clinical trials targeting antigens from different stages of the Plasmodium life cycle. Additionally, we discuss the rationale, strategies, and challenges associated with vaccine design, aiming to enhance the immune response and protective efficacy of vaccine candidates. A cost-effective and multistage vaccine could hold the key to controlling and eradicating malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vishal K Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rohit P Gupta
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akhilesh K Singh
- Faculty of Dental Science, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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9
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Tiono AB, Palacpac NMQ, Bougouma EC, Nebie I, Ouédraogo A, Houard S, Arisue N, D’Alessio F, Horii T, Sirima SB. Plasmodium falciparum infection coinciding with the malaria vaccine candidate BK-SE36 administration interferes with the immune responses in Burkinabe children. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1119820. [PMID: 36993981 PMCID: PMC10040972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1119820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundA vaccine targeting the erythrocyte stages of Plasmodium falciparum could play a role in preventing clinical disease. BK-SE36 is a promising malaria vaccine candidate that has shown a good safety profile and immunological responses during field evaluations. It was observed that repeated natural infections could result in immune tolerance against SE36 molecule.MethodsThe primary trial was conducted to assess the safety and immunogenicity of the BK-SE36 in two cohorts of children aged 25-60 months (Cohort 1) and 12-24 months (Cohort 2). Immunization was at full dose (1.0 mL) administered at 0, 1, and 6 months. Blood samples were collected before each vaccination for immunological assessments and detection of Plasmodium falciparum infection by microscopy. Blood samples were further collected one month post each vaccination to evaluate immunogenicity.ResultsOf seventy-two (72) subjects that have received BK-SE36 vaccination, 71 had available blood smears during vaccination days. One month post Dose 2, the geometric mean of SE36 antibodies was 263.2 (95% CI: 178.9-387.1) in uninfected individuals compared to 77.1 (95% CI: 47.3-125.7) in infected participants. The same trend was observed one-month post booster dose. Participants uninfected at the time of booster vaccination had significantly higher GMTs compared to those who were infected (424.1 (95% CI: 301.9-595.8) vs. 92.8 (95% CI: 34.9-246.6), p = 0.002. There was a 14.3 (95% CI: 9.7-21.1) and 2.4 (95% CI: 1.3-4.4) fold-change, respectively, in uninfected and infected participants between one-month post Dose 2 and booster. The difference was statistically significant (p < 0.001).ConclusionConcomitant infection by P. falciparum during BK-SE36 vaccine candidate administration is associated with reduced humoral responses. However, it is to be noted that the BK-SE36 primary trial was not designed to investigate the influence of concomitant infection on vaccine-induced immune response and should be interpreted cautiously.Trial registrationWHO ICTRP, PACTR201411000934120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred B. Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Issa Nebie
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alphonse Ouédraogo
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nobuko Arisue
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Flavia D’Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshihiro Horii, ; Sodiomon B. Sirima,
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- *Correspondence: Toshihiro Horii, ; Sodiomon B. Sirima,
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10
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Arisue N, Palacpac NMQ, Ntege EH, Yeka A, Balikagala B, Kanoi BN, Bougouma EC, Tiono AB, Nebie I, Diarra A, Houard S, D’Alessio F, Leroy O, Sirima SB, Egwang TG, Horii T. African-specific polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen 5 in Uganda and Burkina Faso clinical samples do not interfere with antibody response to BK-SE36 vaccination. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:1058081. [PMID: 36590593 PMCID: PMC9802637 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1058081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BK-SE36, based on Plasmodium falciparum serine repeat antigen 5 (SERA5), is a blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate currently being evaluated in clinical trials. Phase 1 trials in Uganda and Burkina Faso have demonstrated promising safety and immunogenicity profiles. However, the genetic diversity of sera5 in Africa and the role of allele/variant-specific immunity remain a major concern. Here, sequence analyses were done on 226 strains collected from the two clinical trial/follow-up studies and 88 strains from two cross-sectional studies in Africa. Compared to other highly polymorphic vaccine candidate antigens, polymorphisms in sera5 were largely confined to the repeat regions of the gene. Results also confirmed a SERA5 consensus sequence with African-specific polymorphisms. Mismatches with the vaccine-type SE36 (BK-SE36) in the octamer repeat, serine repeat, and flanking regions, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in non-repeat regions could compromise vaccine response and efficacy. However, the haplotype diversity of SERA5 was similar between vaccinated and control participants. There was no marked bias or difference in the patterns of distribution of the SE36 haplotype and no statistically significant genetic differentiation among parasites infecting BK-SE36 vaccinees and controls. Results indicate that BK-SE36 does not elicit an allele-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuko Arisue
- Research Center for Infectious Disease Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan,Section of Global Health, Division of Public Health, Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan,*Correspondence: Nobuko Arisue, ; Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac,
| | - Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan,*Correspondence: Nobuko Arisue, ; Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac,
| | - Edward H. Ntege
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of the Ryukyus, Graduate School of Medicine and Hospital, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Adoke Yeka
- Makerere University School of Public Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Betty Balikagala
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bernard N. Kanoi
- Centre for Malaria Elimination (CME) and Centre for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Directorate of Research and Innovation, Mount Kenya University, Thika, Kenya
| | - Edith Christiane Bougouma
- Public Health Department, Institut National de Santé Publique/Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (INSP/CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Public Health Department, Institut National de Santé Publique/Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (INSP/CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Nebie
- Public Health Department, Institut National de Santé Publique/Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (INSP/CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Public Health Department, Institut National de Santé Publique/Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (INSP/CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Flavia D’Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odile Leroy
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany,Sorekara-x consultant, Paris, France
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Public Health Department, Institut National de Santé Publique/Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (INSP/CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Valenzuela-Fernández A, Cabrera-Rodriguez R, Ciuffreda L, Perez-Yanes S, Estevez-Herrera J, González-Montelongo R, Alcoba-Florez J, Trujillo-González R, García-Martínez de Artola D, Gil-Campesino H, Díez-Gil O, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, Flores C, Garcia-Luis J. Nanomaterials to combat SARS-CoV-2: Strategies to prevent, diagnose and treat COVID-19. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1052436. [PMID: 36507266 PMCID: PMC9732709 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1052436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the associated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which severely affect the respiratory system and several organs and tissues, and may lead to death, have shown how science can respond when challenged by a global emergency, offering as a response a myriad of rapid technological developments. Development of vaccines at lightning speed is one of them. SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks have stressed healthcare systems, questioning patients care by using standard non-adapted therapies and diagnostic tools. In this scenario, nanotechnology has offered new tools, techniques and opportunities for prevention, for rapid, accurate and sensitive diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19. In this review, we focus on the nanotechnological applications and nano-based materials (i.e., personal protective equipment) to combat SARS-CoV-2 transmission, infection, organ damage and for the development of new tools for virosurveillance, diagnose and immune protection by mRNA and other nano-based vaccines. All the nano-based developed tools have allowed a historical, unprecedented, real time epidemiological surveillance and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at community and international levels. The nano-based technology has help to predict and detect how this Sarbecovirus is mutating and the severity of the associated COVID-19 disease, thereby assisting the administration and public health services to make decisions and measures for preparedness against the emerging variants of SARS-CoV-2 and severe or lethal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Romina Cabrera-Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Laura Ciuffreda
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Silvia Perez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estevez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
| | | | - Julia Alcoba-Florez
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
- Departamento de Análisis Matemático, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Helena Gil-Campesino
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Oscar Díez-Gil
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo-Salazar
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Carlos Flores
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N. S. de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics Division, Instituto Tecnológico y de Energías Renovables, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Fernando Pessoa Canarias, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Jonay Garcia-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain
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12
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Somanathan A, Mian SY, Chaddha K, Uchoi S, Bharti PK, Tandon R, Gaur D, Chauhan VS. Process development and preclinical evaluation of a major Plasmodium falciparum blood stage vaccine candidate, Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen (CyRPA). Front Immunol 2022; 13:1005332. [PMID: 36211427 PMCID: PMC9535676 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1005332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum Cysteine-Rich Protective Antigen (CyRPA) is an essential, highly conserved merozoite antigen that forms an important multi-protein complex (RH5/Ripr/CyRPA) necessary for erythrocyte invasion. CyRPA is a promising blood-stage vaccine target that has been shown to elicit potent strain-transcending parasite neutralizing antibodies. Recently, we demonstrated that naturally acquired immune anti-CyRPA antibodies are invasion-inhibitory and therefore a correlate of protection against malaria. Here, we describe a process for the large-scale production of tag-free CyRPA vaccine in E. coli and demonstrate its parasite neutralizing efficacy with commonly used adjuvants. CyRPA was purified from inclusion bodies using a one-step purification method with high purity (>90%). Biochemical and biophysical characterization showed that the purified tag-free CyRPA interacted with RH5, readily detected by a conformation-specific CyRPA monoclonal antibody and recognized by sera from malaria infected individuals thus indicating that the recombinant antigen was correctly folded and retained its native conformation. Tag-free CyRPA formulated with Freund’s adjuvant elicited highly potent parasite neutralizing antibodies achieving inhibition of >90% across diverse parasite strains. Importantly, we identified tag-free CyRPA/Alhydrogel formulation as most effective in inducing a highly immunogenic antibody response that exhibited efficacious, cross-strain in vitro parasite neutralization achieving ~80% at 10 mg/ml. Further, CyRPA/Alhydrogel vaccine induced anti-parasite cytokine response in mice. In summary, our study provides a simple, scalable, cost-effective process for the production of tag-free CyRPA that in combination with human-compatible adjuvant induces efficacious humoral and cell-mediated immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Somanathan
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Syed Yusuf Mian
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Kritika Chaddha
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Seemalata Uchoi
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Praveen K. Bharti
- ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health (NIRTH), Jabalpur, India
| | - Ravi Tandon
- Laboratory of AIDS Research and Immunology, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Gaur
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vaccine Research, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Virander Singh Chauhan
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Virander Singh Chauhan,
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13
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Bougouma EC, Palacpac NMQ, Tiono AB, Nebie I, Ouédraogo A, Houard S, Yagi M, Coulibaly SA, Diarra A, Tougan T, Ouedraogo AZ, Soulama I, Arisue N, Yaro JB, D’Alessio F, Leroy O, Cousens S, Horii T, Sirima SB. Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36 in a blinded, randomized, controlled, age de-escalating phase Ib clinical trial in Burkinabe children. Front Immunol 2022; 13:978591. [PMID: 36119062 PMCID: PMC9471861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A blood-stage vaccine targeting the erythrocytic-stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum could play a role to protect against clinical disease. Antibodies against the P. falciparum serine repeat antigen 5 (SE47 and SE36 domains) correlate well with the absence of clinical symptoms in sero-epidemiological studies. A previous phase Ib trial of the recombinant SE36 antigen formulated with aluminum hydroxyl gel (BK-SE36) was promising. This is the first time the vaccine candidate was evaluated in young children below 5 years using two vaccination routes. Methods Safety and immunogenicity of BK-SE36 was assessed in a double-blind, randomized, controlled, age de-escalating phase Ib trial. Fifty-four Burkinabe children in each age cohort, 25–60 or 12–24 months, were randomized in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive three doses of BK-SE36 either by intramuscular (BK IM) or subcutaneous (BK SC) route on Day 0, Week 4, and 26; or the control vaccine, Synflorix®via IM route on Day 0, Week 26 (and physiological saline on Week 4). Safety data and samples for immunogenicity analyses were collected at various time-points. Results Of 108 subjects, 104 subjects (96.3%) (Cohort 1: 94.4%; Cohort 2: 98.1%) received all three scheduled vaccine doses. Local reactions, mostly mild or of moderate severity, occurred in 99 subjects (91.7%). The proportion of subjects that received three doses without experiencing Grade 3 adverse events was similar across BK-SE36 vaccines and control arms (Cohort 1: 100%, 89%, and 89%; and Cohort 2: 83%, 82%, and 83% for BK IM, BK SC, and control, respectively). BK-SE36 vaccine was immunogenic, inducing more than 2-fold change in antibody titers from pre-vaccination, with no difference between the two vaccination routes. Titers waned before the third dose but in both cohorts titers were boosted 6 months after the first vaccination. The younger cohort had 2-fold and 4-fold higher geometric mean titers compared to the 25- to 60-month-old cohort after 2 and 3 doses of BK-SE36, respectively. Conclusion BK-SE36 was well tolerated and immunogenic using either intramuscular or subcutaneous routes, with higher immune response in the younger cohort. Clinical Trial Registration https://pactr.samrc.ac.za/TrialDisplay.aspx?TrialID=934, identifier PACTR201411000934120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Christiane Bougouma
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nirianne Marie Q. Palacpac
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Alfred B. Tiono
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issa Nebie
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Alphonse Ouédraogo
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sophie Houard
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Masanori Yagi
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Sam Aboubacar Coulibaly
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Amidou Diarra
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Takahiro Tougan
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Amidou Z. Ouedraogo
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issiaka Soulama
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nobuko Arisue
- Department of Molecular Protozoology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Jean Baptiste Yaro
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Flavia D’Alessio
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Odile Leroy
- European Vaccine Initiative (EVI), Universitäts Klinikum Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Simon Cousens
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), London, United Kingdom
| | - Toshihiro Horii
- Department of Malaria Vaccine Development, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshihiro Horii, ; Sodiomon B. Sirima,
| | - Sodiomon B. Sirima
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou (GRAS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme (CNRFP), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- *Correspondence: Toshihiro Horii, ; Sodiomon B. Sirima,
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CpG ODN (K3)-toll-like receptor 9 agonist-induces Th1-type immune response and enhances cytotoxic activity in advanced lung cancer patients: a phase I study. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:744. [PMID: 35799134 PMCID: PMC9264631 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytosine-phosphate-guanine oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG ODN) (K3)—a novel synthetic single-stranded DNA immune adjuvant for cancer immunotherapy—induces a potential Th1-type immune response against cancer cells. We conducted a phase I study of CpG ODN (K3) in patients with lung cancer to assess its safety and patients’ immune responses. Methods The primary endpoint was the proportion of dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) at each dose level. Secondary endpoints included safety profile, an immune response, including dynamic changes in immune cell and cytokine production, and progression-free survival (PFS). In a 3 + 3 dose-escalation design, the dosage levels for CpG ODN (K3) were 5 or 10 mg/body via subcutaneous injection and 0.2 mg/kg via intravenous administration on days 1, 8, 15, and 29. Results Nine patients (eight non-small-cell lung cancer; one small-cell lung cancer) were enrolled. We found no DLTs at any dose level and observed no serious treatment-related adverse events. The median observation period after registration was 55 days (range: 46–181 days). Serum IFN-α2 levels, but not inflammatory cytokines, increased in six patients after the third administration of CpG ODN (K3) (mean value: from 2.67 pg/mL to 3.61 pg/mL after 24 hours). Serum IFN-γ (mean value, from 9.07 pg/mL to 12.7 pg/m after 24 hours) and CXCL10 levels (mean value, from 351 pg/mL to 676 pg/mL after 24 hours) also increased in eight patients after the third administration. During the treatment course, the percentage of T-bet-expressing CD8+ T cells gradually increased (mean, 49.8% at baseline and 59.1% at day 29, p = 0.0273). Interestingly, both T-bet-expressing effector memory (mean, 52.7% at baseline and 63.7% at day 29, p = 0.0195) and terminally differentiated effector memory (mean, 82.3% at baseline and 90.0% at day 29, p = 0.0039) CD8+ T cells significantly increased. The median PFS was 398 days. Conclusions This is the first clinical study showing that CpG ODN (K3) activated innate immunity and elicited Th1-type adaptive immune response and cytotoxic activity in cancer patients. CpG ODN (K3) was well tolerated at the dose settings tested, although the maximum tolerated dose was not determined. Trial registration UMIN-CTR number 000023276. Registered 1 September 2016, https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000026649 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-09818-4.
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Hioki K, Hayashi T, Natsume-Kitatani Y, Kobiyama K, Temizoz B, Negishi H, Kawakami H, Fuchino H, Kuroda E, Coban C, Kawahara N, Ishii KJ. Machine Learning-Assisted Screening of Herbal Medicine Extracts as Vaccine Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2022; 13:847616. [PMID: 35663999 PMCID: PMC9160479 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.847616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvants are important vaccine components, composed of a variety of chemical and biological materials that enhance the vaccine antigen-specific immune responses by stimulating the innate immune cells in both direct and indirect manners to produce a variety cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. It has been developed by empirical methods for decades and considered difficult to choose a single screening method for an ideal vaccine adjuvant, due to their diverse biochemical characteristics, complex mechanisms of, and species specificity for their adjuvanticity. We therefore established a robust adjuvant screening strategy by combining multiparametric analysis of adjuvanticity in vivo and immunological profiles in vitro (such as cytokines, chemokines, and growth factor secretion) of various library compounds derived from hot-water extracts of herbal medicines, together with their diverse distribution of nano-sized physical particle properties with a machine learning algorithm. By combining multiparametric analysis with a machine learning algorithm such as rCCA, sparse-PLS, and DIABLO, we identified that human G-CSF and mouse RANTES, produced upon adjuvant stimulation in vitro, are the most robust biological parameters that can predict the adjuvanticity of various library compounds. Notably, we revealed a certain nano-sized particle population that functioned as an independent negative parameter to adjuvanticity. Finally, we proved that the two-step strategy pairing the negative and positive parameters significantly improved the efficacy of screening and a screening strategy applying principal component analysis using the identified parameters. These novel parameters we identified for adjuvant screening by machine learning with multiple biological and physical parameters may provide new insights into the future development of effective and safe adjuvants for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Hioki
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoya Hayashi
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Yayoi Natsume-Kitatani
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Artificial Intelligence Center for Health and Biomedical Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Kouji Kobiyama
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Burcu Temizoz
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Negishi
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kawakami
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fuchino
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Etsushi Kuroda
- Department of Immunology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Cevayir Coban
- Division of Malaria Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nobuo Kawahara
- Research Center for Medicinal Plant Resources, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ken J. Ishii
- Division of Vaccine Science, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, International Vaccine Design Center (vDesC), The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Mockup Vaccine, Center for Vaccine and Adjuvant Research Center (CVAR), National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition (NIBIOHN), Osaka, Japan
- Immunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Akache B, Stark FC, Agbayani G, Renner TM, McCluskie MJ. Adjuvants: Engineering Protective Immune Responses in Human and Veterinary Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2412:179-231. [PMID: 34918246 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1892-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvants are key components of many vaccines, used to enhance the level and breadth of the immune response to a target antigen, thereby enhancing protection from the associated disease. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune systems have allowed for the development of a number of novel adjuvants with differing mechanisms of action. Herein, we review adjuvants currently approved for human and veterinary use, describing their use and proposed mechanisms of action. In addition, we will discuss additional promising adjuvants currently undergoing preclinical and/or clinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Felicity C Stark
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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17
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Yilmaz IC, Ipekoglu EM, Bulbul A, Turay N, Yildirim M, Evcili I, Yilmaz NS, Guvencli N, Aydin Y, Gungor B, Saraydar B, Bartan AG, Ibibik B, Bildik T, Baydemir İ, Sanli HA, Kayaoglu B, Ceylan Y, Yildirim T, Abras I, Ayanoglu IC, Cam SB, Ciftci Dede E, Gizer M, Erganis O, Sarac F, Uzar S, Enul H, Adiay C, Aykut G, Polat H, Yildirim IS, Tekin S, Korukluoglu G, Zeytin HE, Korkusuz P, Gursel I, Gursel M. Development and preclinical evaluation of virus-like particle vaccine against COVID-19 infection. Allergy 2022; 77:258-270. [PMID: 34519053 PMCID: PMC8653174 DOI: 10.1111/all.15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Vaccines that incorporate multiple SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens can further broaden the breadth of virus‐specific cellular and humoral immunity. This study describes the development and immunogenicity of SARS‐CoV‐2 VLP vaccine that incorporates the four structural proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2. Methods VLPs were generated in transiently transfected HEK293 cells, purified by multimodal chromatography, and characterized by tunable‐resistive pulse sensing, AFM, SEM, and TEM. Immunoblotting studies verified the protein identities of VLPs. Cellular and humoral immune responses of immunized animals demonstrated the immune potency of the formulated VLP vaccine. Results Transiently transfected HEK293 cells reproducibly generated vesicular VLPs that were similar in size to and expressing all four structural proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2. Alum adsorbed, K3‐CpG ODN‐adjuvanted VLPs elicited high titer anti‐S, anti‐RBD, anti‐N IgG, triggered multifunctional Th1‐biased T‐cell responses, reduced virus load, and prevented lung pathology upon live virus challenge in vaccinated animals. Conclusion These data suggest that VLPs expressing all four structural protein antigens of SARS‐CoV‐2 are immunogenic and can protect animals from developing COVID‐19 infection following vaccination.
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18
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Adjuvant Activity of CpG-Oligonucleotide Administered Transcutaneously in Combination with Vaccination Using a Self-Dissolving Microneedle Patch in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121480. [PMID: 34960226 PMCID: PMC8707324 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the mechanism of transcutaneous adjuvant activity of the CpG-oligonucleotide (K3) in mice. Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) with an ovalbumin-loaded self-dissolving microneedle patch (OVA-sdMN) and K3-loaded hydrophilic gel patch (HG) increased OVA-specific Th2- and Th1-type IgG subclass antibody titers more rapidly and strongly than those after only OVA-sdMN administration. However, the antigen-specific proliferation of OVA-specific CD4+ T cells was similar between the OVA-only and the OVA+K3 groups. Population analysis of various immune cells in draining lymph nodes (dLNs) in the primary immune response revealed that the OVA+K3 combination doubled the number of dLN cells, with the most significant increase in B cells. Phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry revealed that B-cell activation and maturation were promoted in the OVA+K3 group, suggesting that direct B-cell activation by K3 largely contributed to the rapid increase in antigen-specific antibody titer in TCI. In the secondary immune response, a significant increase in effector T cells and effector memory T cells, and an increase in memory B cells were observed in the OVA+K3 group compared with that in the OVA-only group. Thus, K3, as a transcutaneous adjuvant, can promote the memory differentiation of T and B cells.
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19
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Luchner M, Reinke S, Milicic A. TLR Agonists as Vaccine Adjuvants Targeting Cancer and Infectious Diseases. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:142. [PMID: 33499143 PMCID: PMC7911620 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern vaccines have largely shifted from using whole, killed or attenuated pathogens to being based on subunit components. Since this diminishes immunogenicity, vaccine adjuvants that enhance the immune response to purified antigens are critically needed. Further advantages of adjuvants include dose sparing, increased vaccine efficacy in immunocompromised individuals and the potential to protect against highly variable pathogens by broadening the immune response. Due to their ability to link the innate with the adaptive immune response, Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are highly promising as adjuvants in vaccines against life-threatening and complex diseases such as cancer, AIDS and malaria. TLRs are transmembrane receptors, which are predominantly expressed by innate immune cells. They can be classified into cell surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6) and intracellular TLRs (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9), expressed on endosomal membranes. Besides a transmembrane domain, each TLR possesses a leucine-rich repeat (LRR) segment that mediates PAMP/DAMP recognition and a TIR domain that delivers the downstream signal transduction and initiates an inflammatory response. Thus, TLRs are excellent targets for adjuvants to provide a "danger" signal to induce an effective immune response that leads to long-lasting protection. The present review will elaborate on applications of TLR ligands as vaccine adjuvants and immunotherapeutic agents, with a focus on clinically relevant adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Luchner
- Department of Biochemistry, Magdalen College Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AU, UK;
| | - Sören Reinke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
| | - Anita Milicic
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK;
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