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Aboulfidaa N, Cliquet F, Robardet E, Darkaoui S, Wasniewski M, Kaiser C, Bobe K, Vos A, Fihri OF. Evaluation of Bait Acceptance and Immune Response in Local Dogs during an Oral Rabies Vaccination Field Study in Morocco. Trop Med Infect Dis 2024; 9:142. [PMID: 39058184 PMCID: PMC11281351 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed9070142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the bait preference of three selected bait types by local dogs and the induced immunogenicity of the oral rabies vaccine strain SPBN GASGAS in Morocco. The vaccine strain, combined with different bait types, has been tested in many different settings, but not yet in northern Africa. Overall, bait consumption and preference were similar in other studies using the same materials (bait type and sachet). The intestine bait had the highest acceptance rate (97.6%, 95%CI: 87.4-99.9), followed by the egg bait (83.0%, 95%CI: 69.2-92.4). Only 52% (95%CI: 37.4-66.3) of the dogs showed an interest in the fish meal bait. However, considering the successful release of the contents of the sachet (blue-dyed water) into the oral cavity, the egg bait (65.7%, 95%CI: 47.8-80.9) scored better than the intestine bait (51.7%, 95%CI: 32.5-70.6). The dogs selected for the immunogenicity study were offered the egg bait containing a sachet filled with SPBN GASGAS (3.0 mL, 107.5 FFU/mL) or were given the same dose by direct oral administration (d.o.a.). In addition, several dogs were vaccinated by the parenteral route (s.c.) using a commercially available inactivated rabies vaccine. Unfortunately, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent travel restrictions, it was not possible to collect blood samples directly after vaccination. The blood samples were collected pre-vaccination and on five occasions between 450 and 1088 days post vaccination. The seroconversion rate, as determined for rabies-virus-neutralizing antibodies by the FAVN test, was significantly lower than that found for binding antibodies, as determined by ELISA, for all blood samples collected post vaccination. No treatment effect (bait, d.o.a., s.c.) could be seen in the seroconversion rate. At 15 months post vaccination, 84.2% of the dogs offered vaccine bait still tested sero-positive in ELISA. Only after 3 years was a clear drop in the seroconversion rate observed in all three treatment groups. This study confirms the long-term immunogenicity of the oral rabies vaccine SPBN GASGAS in dogs under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aboulfidaa
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat BP 4509, Morocco; (N.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Florence Cliquet
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Sami Darkaoui
- Division of Pharmacy and Veterinary Inputs, National Food Safety Office, Rabat BP 4509, Morocco; (N.A.); (S.D.)
| | - Marine Wasniewski
- ANSES—Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety, European Union Reference Laboratory for Rabies, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Management in Zoonoses Control, WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Technopôle Agricole et Vétérinaire de Pixérécourt, 54220 Malzéville, France; (F.C.); (E.R.); (M.W.)
| | - Christian Kaiser
- TEW Servicegesellschaft GmbH, Am Pharmapark (formerly at Ceva Innovation Center), 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Katharina Bobe
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Ad Vos
- Ceva Innovation Center GmbH, Am Pharmapark, 06861 Dessau-Rosslau, Germany;
| | - Ouafaa Fassi Fihri
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Public Health, Agronomic and Veterinary Institute Hassan II, Rabat BP 6202, Morocco;
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Crozet G, Cliquet F, Robardet E. What would be the impact on the rabies risk of reducing the waiting period before dogs are imported? A modelling study based on the European Union legislation. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:402-415. [PMID: 38317287 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Lyssavirus rabies (RABV) is responsible for a major zoonotic infection that is almost always lethal once clinical signs appear. Rabies can be (re)introduced into rabies-free areas through transboundary dog movements, thus compromising animal and human health. A number of measures have been implemented to prevent this happening, one of which is the waiting period (WP) after anti-rabies vaccination and serological testing. This WP ensures that antibodies assessed through the serological test are due to the vaccine, not to infection. Indeed, if antibodies are due to RABV infection, the dog should display clinical signs within this WP and would not therefore be imported. METHODS AND RESULTS Within a framework of quantitative risk assessment, we used modelling approaches to evaluate the impact of this WP and its duration on the risk of introducing rabies via the importation of dogs into the European Union. Two types of models were used, a classical stochastic scenario tree model and an individual-based model, both parameterised using scientific literature or data specifically applicable to the EU. Results showed that, assuming perfect compliance, the current 3-month waiting period was associated with a median annual number of 0.04 infected dogs imported into the EU. When the WP was reduced, the risk increased. For example, for a 1-month WP, the median annual number of infected dogs imported was 0.17 or 0.15 depending on the model, which corresponds to a four-fold increase. CONCLUSION This in silico study, particularly suitable for evaluating rare events such as rabies infections in rabies-free areas, provided results that can directly inform policymakers in order to adapt regulations linked to rabies and animal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, ANSES, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, ANSES, Malzéville, France
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Müller T, Wallace RM, Freuling CM. Rabies importation in dogs and reduction of waiting period - The fear for scientifically justified changes. Vaccine 2024; 42:1855-1859. [PMID: 37866997 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Müller
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Germany.
| | - Ryan M Wallace
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Division of High Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, USA
| | - Conrad M Freuling
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; WOAH Reference Laboratory for Rabies, Germany
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Crozet G, Rivière J, Rapenne E, Cliquet F, Robardet E, Dufour B. Quantitative risk assessment of rabies being introduced into mainland France through worldwide noncommercial dog and cat movements. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2023; 43:896-916. [PMID: 35728942 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
France has been rabies-free among nonflying mammals since 2001. Despite this status, the rabies virus has been introduced several times through noncommercial pet movements, posing a threat of infection by this 100%-lethal zoonosis among local animal and human populations. To quantify the risk of rabies being introduced through worldwide noncommercial dog and cat movements, we performed a quantitative risk assessment using stochastic scenario tree modeling. The mean annual probability of at least one rabies introduction incident was 0.35 (median: 0.24, 90% prediction interval (PI) [0.04; 0.98]) and the mean annual number of rabies-infected pets introduced through pet movements was 0.96 (median: 0.27, 90% PI [0.04; 3.88]). These results highlight a nonnegligible, even high risk due to the associated consequences of such events. In alternative scenario testing, preventive anti-rabies vaccination proved to be an effective measure since removing the vaccination requirement led to a > 15-fold increase in risk. The serological testing requirement had less of an effect (approximately two-fold increase when removed) and the posttest waiting period to ensure that antibodies were not linked to an infection had a negligible effect. Any change in pet owner compliance, especially regarding vaccination, could have a major impact on the risk. This study also shows that reinforced border control staff training could be more effective in reducing risk than more frequent checks. These results provide quantitative data for assessing the probability of the rabies virus entering France, and could help policymakers decrease this risk in rabies-free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Elisa Rapenne
- Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Ecole Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, VetAgro Sup, Marcy-l'Étoile, France
| | - Florence Cliquet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, Malzéville, France
| | - Emmanuelle Robardet
- Nancy OIE/WHO/EU Laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, Anses, Malzéville, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Anses, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Laboratoire de Santé Animale USC EPIMAI, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Zanoni RG. Letter to the Editor: Waiting period of the European Pet Travel Scheme (EU-PETS). Vaccine 2022; 40:2241. [PMID: 35065821 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R G Zanoni
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, In Cooperation with Vetsuisse Faculty, Länggass-Strasse 122, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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