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Bernardini C, Nesci S, La Mantia D, Salaroli R, Nauwelaerts N, Ventrella D, Elmi A, Trombetti F, Zannoni A, Forni M. Isolation and characterization of mammary epithelial cells derived from Göttingen Minipigs: A comparative study versus hybrid pig cells from the IMI-ConcePTION Project. Res Vet Sci 2024; 172:105244. [PMID: 38554548 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
The value of pig as "large animal model" is a well-known tool for translational medicine, but it can also be beneficial in studying animal health in a one-health vision. The ConcePTION Project aims to provide new information about the risks associated with medication use during breastfeeding, as this information is not available for most commonly used drugs. In the IMI-Conception context, Göttingen Minipigs have been preferred to hybrid pigs for their genetic stability and microbiological control. For the first time, in the present research, three primary cell cultures of mammary epithelial cells were isolated and characterized from Göttingen Minipigs (mpMECs), including their ability to create the epithelial barrier. In addition, a comparative analysis between Göttingen Minipigs and commercial hybrid pig mammary epithelial cells (pMECs) was conducted. Epithelial markers: CKs, CK18, E-CAD, ZO-1 and OCL, were expressed in both mpMECs and pMECs. RT2 Profiler PCR Array Pig Drug Transporters showed a similar profile in mRNA drug transporters. No difference in energy production under basal metabolic condition was evidenced, while under stressed state, a different metabolic behaviour was shown between mpMECs vs pMECs. TEER measurement and sodium fluorescein transport, indicated that mpMECs were able to create an epithelial barrier, although, this turned out to be less compact than pMECs. By comparing mpMECs with mammary epithelial cells isolated from Hybrid pigs (pMECs), although both cell lines have morphological and phenotypic characteristics that make them both useful in barrier studies, some specific differences exist and must be considered in a translational perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell 'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Nesci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell 'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Debora La Mantia
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell 'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberta Salaroli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell 'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Nina Nauwelaerts
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven University, Belgium.
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell 'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Alberto Elmi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell 'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Trombetti
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell 'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Augusta Zannoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano dell 'Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Monica Forni
- Health Sciences and Technologies-Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI-SDV), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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2
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Sams A, Haanes KA, Holm A, Kazantzi S, Mikkelsen LF, Edvinsson L, Brain S, Sheykhzade M. Heterogeneous vasomotor responses in segments from Göttingen Minipigs coronary, cerebral, and mesenteric artery: A comparative study. Vascul Pharmacol 2023; 153:107231. [PMID: 37730143 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2023.107231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Göttingen Minipigs (GM) are used as an important preclinical model for cardiovascular safety pharmacology and for evaluation of cardiovascular drug targets. To improve the translational value of the GM model, the current study represents a basic characterization of vascular responses to endothelial regulators and sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory neurotransmitters in different anatomical origins. The aim of the current comparative and descriptive study is to use myography to characterize the vasomotor responses of coronary artery isolated from GM and compare the responses to those obtained from parallel studies using cerebral and mesenteric arteries. The selected agonists for sympathetic (norepinephrine), parasympathetic (carbachol), sensory (calcitonin gene-related peptide, CGRP), and endothelial pathways (endothelin-1, ET-1, and bradykinin) were used for comparison. Further, the robust nature of the vasomotor responses was evaluated after 24 h of cold storage of vascular tissue mimicking the situation under which human biopsies are often kept before experiments or grafting is feasible. Results show that bradykinin and CGRP consistently dilated, and endothelin consistently contracted artery segments from coronary, cerebral, and mesenteric origin. By comparison, norepinephrine and carbachol, had responses that varied with the anatomical source of the tissues. To support the basic characterization of GM vasomotor responses, we demonstrated the presence of mRNA encoding selected vascular receptors (CGRP- and ETA-receptors) in fresh artery segments. In conclusion, the vasomotor responses of isolated coronary, cerebral, and mesenteric arteries to selected agonists of endothelial, sympathetic, parasympathetic, and sensory pathways are different and the phenotypes are similar to sporadic human findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Sams
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Epoqe Pharma, Ole Maaloes Vej 3, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | | | - Anja Holm
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark; Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Spyridoula Kazantzi
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Susan Brain
- Section of Vascular Biology & Inflammation, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Research, BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Majid Sheykhzade
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Hofmann M, Schmiady M, Schulte D, Sollberger S, Carrel T, Hasenclever P, Werner B, Meboldt M, Huebler M, Schmid Daners M. The Introduction of an MR-Conditional Prototype for Cardiopulmonary Bypass Support: Technical Aspects and System Requirements. Eur Surg Res 2023; 64:352-361. [PMID: 37231808 DOI: 10.1159/000531179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP; also known as a heart-lung machine) in newborns with complex congenital heart defects may result in brain damage. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments cannot be performed safely because the metal components used to construct CBP devices may elicit adverse effects on patients when they are placed in a magnetic field. Thus, this project aimed to develop a prototype MR-conditional circulatory support system that could be used to perform cerebral perfusion studies in animal models. METHODS The circulatory support device includes a roller pump with two rollers. The ferromagnetic and most of the metal components of the roller pump were modified or replaced, and the drive was exchanged by an air-pressure motor. All materials used to develop the prototype device were tested in the magnetic field according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard F2503-13. The technical performance parameters, including runtime/durability as well as achievable speed and pulsation behavior, were evaluated and compared to standard requirements. The behavior of the prototype device was compared with a commercially available pump. RESULTS The MRI-conditional pump system produced no image artifacts and could be safely operated in the presence of the magnetic field. The system exhibited minor performance-related differences when compared to a standard CPB pump; feature testing revealed that the prototype meets the requirements (i.e., operability, controllability, and flow range) needed to proceed with the planned animal studies. CONCLUSION This MR-conditional prototype is suitable to perform an open-heart surgery in an animal model to assess brain perfusion in an MR environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hofmann
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schmiady
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Schulte
- Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Sollberger
- Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Carrel
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Hasenclever
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Werner
- Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mirko Meboldt
- Product Development Group Zurich, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huebler
- Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease, University Heart and Vascular Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marianne Schmid Daners
- Institute for Dynamic Systems and Control, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Yang J, Huo X, Jiang Q, Liao Y, Zhang C, Yu L, Wang Q, Niu T, Li C, Pi N, Li Y, Zhao H, Zhang Y, Tan Y, Liao W, Li Y, Fan S, Li Q. Preclinical safety evaluation of intradermal SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine (Vero cells) administration in macaques. Vaccine 2023; 41:2837-2845. [PMID: 37003910 PMCID: PMC10027951 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an acute and highly pathogenic infectious disease in humans caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Six months after immunization with the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, however, antibodies are almost depleted. Intradermal immunization could be a new way to solve the problem of nondurable antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 or the poor immune protection against variant strains. We evaluated the preclinical safety of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine for intradermal immunization in rhesus monkeys. The results showed that there were no obvious abnormalities in the general clinical condition, food intake, body weight or ophthalmologic examination except for a reaction at the local vaccination site. In the hematology examination, bone marrow imaging, serum biochemistry, and routine urine testing, the related indexes of each group fluctuated to different degrees after administration, but there was no dose-response or time-response correlation. The neutralization antibody and ELISpot results also showed that strong humoral and cellular immunity could be induced after vaccination, and the levels of neutralizing antibodies increased with certain dose- and time-response trends. The results of a repeated-administration toxicity test in rhesus monkeys intradermally inoculated with a SARS-CoV-2 inactivated vaccine showed good safety and immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Xinqian Huo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Qinfang Jiang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yun Liao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Caixing Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Li Yu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Qiyan Wang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Tingting Niu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Cong Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Na Pi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Yun Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China
| | - Ying Tan
- Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, Yunnan Province Company Key Laboratory for TCM and Ethnic Drug of New Drug Creation Kunming 650111, China
| | - Wenping Liao
- Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, Yunnan Province Company Key Laboratory for TCM and Ethnic Drug of New Drug Creation Kunming 650111, China
| | - Yong Li
- Yunnan Institute of Materia Medica, Yunnan Province Company Key Laboratory for TCM and Ethnic Drug of New Drug Creation Kunming 650111, China
| | - Shengtao Fan
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China.
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Kunming 650118, China.
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Park J, Kang GH, Kim Y, Lee JY, Song JA, Hwang JH. Formaldehyde exposure induces differentiation of regulatory T cells via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway in Yucatan minipigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8149. [PMID: 35581361 PMCID: PMC9114421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of minipigs (Sus scrofa) as a platform for toxicological and pharmacological research is well established. In the present study, we investigated the effect of formaldehyde (FA) exposure on helper T cell-mediated splenic immune responses in Yucatan minipigs. The minipigs were exposed to different inhaled concentrations of FA (0, 2.16, 4.62, or 10.48 mg/m3) for a period of 2 weeks. Immune responses elicited by exposure to FA were determined by assessing physiological parameters, mRNA expression, and cytokine production. Additionally, the distribution of helper T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells and expression of NFAT families, which are well-known T cell receptor signalling proteins associated with regulatory T cell development, were evaluated. Exposure to FA suppressed the expression of genes associated with Th1 and Th2 cells in minipigs in a concentration-dependent manner. The subsequent production of cytokines also declined post-FA exposure. Furthermore, exposure to FA induced the differentiation of CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells with divergent expression levels of NFAT1 and NFAT2. These results indicated that exposure to FA increased the Treg cell population via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway, leading to suppression of effector T cell activity with a decline in T cell-related cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Park
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo-Hwa Kang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul-si, 27447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Hao Y, Wang J, Teng D, Wang X, Mao R, Yang N, Ma X. A prospective on multiple biological activities of lactoferrin contributing to piglet welfare. Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 99:66-72. [DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2020-0078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Piglets, especially weaning piglets, show a lower level of immunity and higher morbidity and mortality, owing to their rapid growth, physiological immaturity, and gradual reduction of maternal antibodies, which seriously affects their growth and thus, value. It is important that piglets adapt to nutrient digestion and absorption and develop sound intestinal function and colonization with gut microbiota as soon as possible during their early life stage. Lactoferrin is a natural glycoprotein polypeptide that is part of the transferrin family. It is widely found in mucosal secretions such as saliva and tears, and most highly in milk and colostrum. As a multifunctional bioactive protein and a recommended food additive, lactoferrin is a potential alternative therapy to antibiotics and health promoting additive for piglet nutrition and development. It is expected that lactoferrin, as a natural food additive, could play an important role in maintaining pig health and development. This review examines the following known beneficial effects of lactoferrin: improves the digestion and capacity for absorption in the intestinal tract; promotes the absorption of iron and reduces the incidence of iron deficiency anemia; regulates intestinal function and helps to balance the microbial biota; and enhances the resistance to disease of the piglets via modulating and enhancing the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
| | - Xuanxuan Ma
- Gene Engineering Laboratory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, P.R. China
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7
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Nauwelaerts N, Deferm N, Smits A, Bernardini C, Lammens B, Gandia P, Panchaud A, Nordeng H, Bacci ML, Forni M, Ventrella D, Van Calsteren K, DeLise A, Huys I, Bouisset-Leonard M, Allegaert K, Annaert P. A comprehensive review on non-clinical methods to study transfer of medication into breast milk - A contribution from the ConcePTION project. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111038. [PMID: 33526310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastfeeding plays a major role in the health and wellbeing of mother and infant. However, information on the safety of maternal medication during breastfeeding is lacking for most medications. This leads to discontinuation of either breastfeeding or maternal therapy, although many medications are likely to be safe. Since human lactation studies are costly and challenging, validated non-clinical methods would offer an attractive alternative. This review gives an extensive overview of the non-clinical methods (in vitro, in vivo and in silico) to study the transfer of maternal medication into the human breast milk, and subsequent neonatal systemic exposure. Several in vitro models are available, but model characterization, including quantitative medication transport data across the in vitro blood-milk barrier, remains rather limited. Furthermore, animal in vivo models have been used successfully in the past. However, these models don't always mimic human physiology due to species-specific differences. Several efforts have been made to predict medication transfer into the milk based on physicochemical characteristics. However, the role of transporter proteins and several physiological factors (e.g., variable milk lipid content) are not accounted for by these methods. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling offers a mechanism-oriented strategy with bio-relevance. Recently, lactation PBPK models have been reported for some medications, showing at least the feasibility and value of PBPK modelling to predict transfer of medication into the human milk. However, reliable data as input for PBPK models is often missing. The iterative development of in vitro, animal in vivo and PBPK modelling methods seems to be a promising approach. Human in vitro models will deliver essential data on the transepithelial transport of medication, whereas the combination of animal in vitro and in vivo methods will deliver information to establish accurate in vitro/in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) algorithms and mechanistic insights. Such a non-clinical platform will be developed and thoroughly evaluated by the Innovative Medicines Initiative ConcePTION.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Nauwelaerts
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Neel Deferm
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Anne Smits
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, UZ Leuven, Neonatology, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Chiara Bernardini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | | | - Peggy Gandia
- Laboratoire de Pharmacocinétique et Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, France.
| | - Alice Panchaud
- Service of Pharmacy Service, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hedvig Nordeng
- PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, PB. 1068 Blindern, 0316, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Monica Forni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | - Domenico Ventrella
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | | | - Anthony DeLise
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, One Health Plaza, East Hanover, NJ, 07936, USA.
| | - Isabelle Huys
- KU Leuven, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, ON II Herestraat 49 - bus, 521 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Michele Bouisset-Leonard
- Novartis Pharma AG, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Werk Klybeck Postfach, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland.
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven, Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, ON II Herestraat 49 - bus, 521 3000, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Pieter Annaert
- KU Leuven Drug Delivery and Disposition Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, O&N II Herestraat, 49 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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Kratimenos P, Goldstein EZ, Koutroulis I, Knoblach S, Jablonska B, Banerjee P, Malaeb SN, Bhattacharya S, Almira-Suarez MI, Gallo V, Delivoria-Papadopoulos M. Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition Reverses Cellular and Transcriptomic Alterations Induced by Hypoxia in the Neonatal Piglet Brain. iScience 2020; 23:101766. [PMID: 33294779 PMCID: PMC7683340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hypoxia (HX) causes extensive cellular damage in the developing human cerebral cortex. We found increased expression of activated-EGFR in affected cortical areas of neonates with HX and investigated its functional role in the piglet, which displays a highly evolved, gyrencephalic brain, with a human-like maturation pattern. In the piglet, HX-induced activation of EGFR and Ca2+/calmodulin kinase IV (CaMKIV) caused cell death and pathological alterations in neurons and glia. EGFR blockade inhibited CaMKIV activation, attenuated neuronal loss, increased oligodendrocyte proliferation, and reversed HX-induced astrogliosis. We performed for the first time high-throughput transcriptomic analysis of the piglet cortex to define molecular responses to HX and to uncover genes specifically involved in EGFR signaling in piglet and human brain injury. Our results indicate that specific molecular responses modulated by EGFR may be targeted as a therapeutic strategy for HX injury in the neonatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Kratimenos
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 P 202-476-5922, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Children's National Hospital and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 P 202-602-4889, USA
- Corresponding author
| | - Evan Z. Goldstein
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 P 202-476-5922, USA
| | - Ioannis Koutroulis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Hospital and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Susan Knoblach
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Beata Jablonska
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 P 202-476-5922, USA
| | - Payal Banerjee
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shadi N. Malaeb
- Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - M. Isabel Almira-Suarez
- Department of Pathology, Children's National Hospital and George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Vittorio Gallo
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Children's National Research Institute, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 111 Michigan Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20010 P 202-476-5922, USA
- Corresponding author
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Alex A, Chaney EJ, Žurauskas M, Criley JM, Spillman DR, Hutchison PB, Li J, Marjanovic M, Frey S, Arp Z, Boppart SA. In vivo characterization of minipig skin as a model for dermatological research using multiphoton microscopy. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:953-960. [PMID: 33311854 PMCID: PMC7725480 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Minipig skin is one of the most widely used non-rodent animal skin models for dermatological research. A thorough characterization of minipig skin is essential for gaining deeper understanding of its structural and functional similarities with human skin. In this study, three-dimensional (3-D) in vivo images of minipig skin was obtained non-invasively using a multimodal optical imaging system capable of acquiring two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) images simultaneously. The images of the structural features of different layers of the minipig skin were qualitatively and quantitatively compared with those of human skin. Label-free imaging of skin was possible due to the endogenous fluorescence and optical properties of various components in the skin such as keratin, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H), melanin, elastin, and collagen. This study demonstrates the capability of optical biopsy techniques, such as TPEF and FLIM, for in vivo non-invasive characterization of cellular and functional features of minipig skin, and the optical image-based similarities of this commonly utilized model of human skin. These optical imaging techniques have the potential to become promising tools in dermatological research for developing a better understanding of animal skin models, and for aiding in translational pre-clinical to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesh Alex
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- GSK, Collegeville, PA, USA
| | - Eric J. Chaney
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mantas Žurauskas
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Criley
- Division of Animal Resources, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Phaedra B. Hutchison
- Division of Animal Resources, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joanne Li
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marina Marjanovic
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Stephen A. Boppart
- GSK Center for Optical Molecular Imaging, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
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10
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Extent and rate of oral drug absorption in minipigs: Comparison with mice, rats and humans. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Ventrella D, Forni M, Bacci ML, Annaert P. Non-clinical Models to Determine Drug Passage into Human Breast Milk. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:534-548. [PMID: 30894104 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190320165904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful practice of clinical perinatal pharmacology requires a thorough understanding of the pronounced physiological changes during lactation and how these changes affect various drug disposition processes. In addition, pharmacokinetic processes unique to lactation have remained understudied. Hence, determination of drug disposition mechanisms in lactating women and their babies remains a domain with important knowledge gaps. Indeed, lack of data regarding infant risk during breastfeeding far too often results in discontinuation of breastfeeding and subsequent loss of all the associated benefits to the breastfed infant. In the absence of age-specific toxicity data, human lactation data alone are considered insufficient to rapidly generate the required evidence regarding risks associated with medication use during lactation. METHODS Systematic review of literature to summarize state-of-the art non-clinical approaches that have been developed to explore the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. RESULTS Several studies have reported methods to predict (to some extent) milk drug excretion rates based on physicochemical properties of the compounds. In vitro studies with primary mammary epithelial cells appear excellent approaches to determine transepithelial drug transport rates across the mammary epithelium. Several of these in vitro tools have been characterized in terms of transporter expression and activity as compared to the mammary gland tissue. In addition, with the advent of physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling, these in vitro transport data may prove instrumental in predicting drug milk concentration time profiles prior to the availability of data from clinical lactation studies. In vivo studies in lactating animals have proven their utility in elucidating the mechanisms underlying drug milk excretion. CONCLUSION By combining various non-clinical tools (physicochemistry-based, in vitro and PBPK, in vivo animal) for drug milk excretion, valuable and unique information regarding drug milk concentrations during lactation can be obtained. The recently approved IMI project ConcePTION will address several of the challenges outlined in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Ventrella
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Forni
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Laura Bacci
- University of Bologna, Department of Veterinary Medical Science, 40064 Ozzano Emilia Bologna, Italy
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Herestraat 49-box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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12
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Thombre A, Tse S, Yeoh T, Chen R, North R, Brown M. Ex vivo (human skin) and in vivo (minipig) permeation of propylene glycol applied as topical crisaborole ointment, 2%. Int J Pharm 2020; 576:118847. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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13
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Schulze-Tanzil G, Silawal S, Hoyer M. Anatomical feature of knee joint in Aachen minipig as a novel miniature pig line for experimental research in orthopaedics. Ann Anat 2019; 227:151411. [PMID: 31394168 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pig is a commonly used large animal model, since pigs share anatomical and physiological similarities with humans. In contrast to other experimental pig lines the Aachen minipig, as a robust novel minipig does not require housing with any barrier. To estimate transferability of results to human conditions, pig lines should be thoroughly characterized. PURPOSE Therefore, we analyzed the anatomical pecularities of the knee joint of the novel "Aachen minipig" line raised for experimental conditions. METHODS Eight knee joints of four adult Aachen minipigs were dissected measuring the dimensions of typical landmarks using a digital caliper. Hybrid pig and human knee joints served as controls. Cartilage of the Aachen minipig (trochlear groove, femoral condyles, menisci) were assessed histologically. RESULTS The Aachen minipig shared its knee joint anatomy with the hybrid pig. In comparison to humans, peculiarities of the pig were demonstrated in the Aachen minipig: the lateral meniscus and the lateral tibial joint surface were significantly longer than the medial counterparts. The fibular head was covered by fibrocartilage and completely integrated into the lateral lower joint surface. The cartilage at the joint areas usually used for cartilage repair studies was in average 0.66±0.04mm thick. The porcine anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attached with two bundles at the anterior tibial plateau separated from each other by the lateral anterior meniscotibial ligament. Aachen minipig articular and meniscal cartilage presented the typical histoarchitecture. CONCLUSIONS The Aachen minipig reflects porcine anatomical peculiarities, which should be considered, especially for meniscus and ACL reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula Schulze-Tanzil
- Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg and Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, Nuremberg, 90419, Germany.
| | - Sandeep Silawal
- Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg and Nuremberg, Prof. Ernst Nathan Str. 1, Nuremberg, 90419, Germany
| | - Mariann Hoyer
- amedes MVZ für Laboratoriumsdiagnostik und Mikrobiologie Halle/Leipzig GmbH, 06112 Halle, Germany
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14
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Sharp CN, Doll MA, Megyesi J, Oropilla GB, Beverly LJ, Siskind LJ. Subclinical kidney injury induced by repeated cisplatin administration results in progressive chronic kidney disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2018; 315:F161-F172. [PMID: 29384415 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00636.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin is used to treat many solid cancers, but its dose-limiting side effect is nephrotoxicity, causing acute kidney injury in 30% of patients. Previously, we have developed a mouse model that better recapitulates the cisplatin dosing regimen humans receive and found that repeated dosing of cisplatin induces interstitial renal fibrosis. Chronic kidney disease is progressive and is characterized by chronic inflammation, worsening interstitial fibrosis, development of glomerulosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction. To determine if damage caused by repeated cisplatin dosing results in bona fide chronic kidney disease, mice were treated with our repeated dosing regimen and then aged for 6 mo. These mice had progressive, chronic inflammation and worsened interstitial fibrosis compared with mice euthanized after day 24. Mice aged for 6 mo developed glomerular pathologies, and endothelial dysfunction was persistent. Mice treated with only two doses of cisplatin had little inflammation or kidney damage. Thus repeated dosing of cisplatin causes long-term effects that are characteristic of chronic kidney disease. This translational mouse model of cisplatin injury may better represent the 70% of patients that do not develop clinical acute kidney injury and can be used to identify both biomarkers for early injury, as well as novel therapeutic targets for the prevention of cisplatin-induced chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cierra N Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Mark A Doll
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Judit Megyesi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System , Little Rock, Arkansas
| | | | - Levi J Beverly
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.,Department of Medicine, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Leah J Siskind
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky.,James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville , Louisville, Kentucky
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15
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Prediction of human percutaneous absorption from in vitro and in vivo animal experiments. Int J Pharm 2017; 534:348-355. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Yamada S, Kawaguchi H, Yamada T, Guo X, Matsuo K, Hamada T, Miura N, Tasaki T, Tanimoto A. Cholic Acid Enhances Visceral Adiposity, Atherosclerosis and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Microminipigs. J Atheroscler Thromb 2017; 24:1150-1166. [PMID: 28496045 PMCID: PMC5684480 DOI: 10.5551/jat.39909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM We have recently established a novel swine model for studies of atherosclerosis using MicrominipigsTM (µMPs) fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet (HcD). Using this swine model, we re-evaluated the effects of dietary cholic acid (CA) on serum lipid profile, atherosclerosis and hepatic injuries. METHODS The µMPs were fed HcD supplemented with 0.7% CA (HcD+CA) for eight weeks, and the effect of CA on serum lipoprotein levels, expression of oxidative stress markers, adiposity and lesion formation in the aorta, liver, and other organs was investigated. RESULTS The HcD+CA-fed group exhibited more visceral adiposity, progression of atherosclerosis and higher serum levels of oxidative stress markers than the HcD-fed group, even though they showed similar serum lipid levels. The liver demonstrated increased lipid accumulation, higher expression of oxidative stress markers, accelerated activation of foamy Kupffer cells and stellate cells, and increased hepatocyte apoptosis, indicating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Intriguingly, foamy macrophage mobilization was observed in various organs, including the reticuloendothelial system, pulmonary capillary vessels and skin very often in HcD+CA-fed µMPs. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first large animal model, in which visceral obesity, NAFLD and atherosclerosis are concomitantly induced by dietary manipulation. These data suggest the detrimental effects of CA, potentially through local and systemic activation of oxidative stress-induced signaling to macrophage mobilization, on the acceleration of visceral adiposity, atherosclerosis and NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohsuke Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Hygiene and Health Promotion Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | | | - Xin Guo
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kei Matsuo
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Taiji Hamada
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Tasaki
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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17
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Callesen MM, Árnadóttir SS, Lyskjaer I, Ørntoft MBW, Høyer S, Dagnaes-Hansen F, Liu Y, Li R, Callesen H, Rasmussen MH, Berthelsen MF, Thomsen MK, Schweiger PJ, Jensen KB, Laurberg S, Ørntoft TF, Elverløv-Jakobsen JE, Andersen CL. A genetically inducible porcine model of intestinal cancer. Mol Oncol 2017; 11:1616-1629. [PMID: 28881081 PMCID: PMC5664002 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic porcine cancer models bring novel possibilities for research. Their physical similarities with humans enable the use of surgical procedures and treatment approaches used for patients, which facilitates clinical translation. Here, we aimed to develop an inducible oncopig model of intestinal cancer. Transgenic (TG) minipigs were generated using somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. The pigs encode two TG cassettes: (a) an Flp recombinase‐inducible oncogene cassette containing KRAS‐G12D, cMYC, SV40LT – which inhibits p53 – and pRB and (b) a 4‐hydroxytamoxifen (4‐OHT)‐inducible Flp recombinase activator cassette controlled by the intestinal epithelium‐specific villin promoter. Thirteen viable transgenic minipigs were born. The ability of 4‐OHT to activate the oncogene cassette was confirmed in vitro in TG colonic organoids and ex vivo in tissue biopsies obtained by colonoscopy. In order to provide proof of principle that the oncogene cassette could also successfully be activated in vivo, three pigs were perorally treated with 400 mg tamoxifen for 2 × 5 days. After two months, one pig developed a duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma with a lymph node metastasis. Molecular analysis of the carcinoma and metastasis confirmed activation of the oncogene cassette. No tumor formation was observed in untreated TG pigs or in the remaining two treated pigs. The latter indicates that tamoxifen delivery can probably be improved. In summary, we have generated a novel inducible oncopig model of intestinal cancer, which has the ability to form metastatic disease already two months after induction. The model may be helpful in bridging the gap between basic research and clinical usage. It opens new venues for longitudinal studies of tumor development and evolution, for preclinical assessment of new anticancer regimens, for pharmacology and toxicology assessments, as well as for studies into biological mechanisms of tumor formation and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten M Callesen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Iben Lyskjaer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Søren Høyer
- Department of Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Ying Liu
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | - Mads H Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | | | - Pawel J Schweiger
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim B Jensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Laurberg
- Surgical Department P, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Torben F Ørntoft
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | | | - Claus L Andersen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
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Singh VK, Thrall KD, Hauer-Jensen M. Minipigs as models in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1131-1134. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1223039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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19
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Rubic-Schneider T, Christen B, Brees D, Kammüller M. Minipigs in Translational Immunosafety Sciences: A Perspective. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:315-24. [PMID: 26839327 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315621628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The porcine immune system has been studied especially with regard to infectious diseases of the domestic pig, highlighting the economic importance of the pig in agriculture. Recently, in particular, minipigs have received attention as alternative species to dogs or nonhuman primates in drug safety evaluations. The increasing number of new drug targets investigated to modulate immunological pathways has triggered renewed interest to further explore the porcine immune system. Comparative immunological studies of minipigs with other species broaden the translational models investigated in drug safety evaluations. The porcine immune system overall seems functionally similar to other mammalian species, but there are some anatomical, immunophenotypical, and functional differences. Here, we briefly review current knowledge of the innate and adaptive immune system in pigs and minipigs. In conclusion, more systematic and cross-species comparisons are needed to assess the significance of immunological findings in minipigs in the context of translational safety sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominique Brees
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Morishita S, Kawaguchi H, Ono T, Miura N, Murakoshi M, Sugiyama K, Kato H, Tanimoto A, Nishino H. Enteric lactoferrin attenuates the development of high-fat and high-cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in Microminipigs. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2016; 80:295-303. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2015.1091713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previously, we found that enteric lactoferrin (eLF) could reduce the visceral fat accumulation known to associate strongly with metabolic syndrome symptoms and consequently with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. In this study, the atherosclerosis-preventive potential of LF was assessed in a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFCD)-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis model using Microminipig™. Eight-week orally administered eLF remarkably reduced the HFCD-induced serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels but not high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. A histological analysis of 15 arteries revealed that eLF systemically inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesions. Pathway analysis using identified genes that characterized eLF administration in liver revealed significant changes in the steroid biosynthesis pathway (ssc00100) and all affected genes in this pathway were upregulated, suggesting that cholesterol synthesis inhibited by HFCD was recovered by eLF. In summary, eLF could potentially prevent the hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis through protecting homeostasis from HFCD-induced dysfunction of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Morishita
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
- “Food for Life,” Organization for Interdisciplinary Research Projects, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoji Ono
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
- Advanced Medical Research Center, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoki Miura
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Michiaki Murakoshi
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keikichi Sugiyama
- Life Science Research Laboratories, Research and Development Headquarters, Lion Corporation, Odawara, Japan
- Research Organization of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hisanori Kato
- “Food for Life,” Organization for Interdisciplinary Research Projects, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihide Tanimoto
- Department of Pathology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Schook LB, Collares TV, Darfour-Oduro KA, De AK, Rund LA, Schachtschneider KM, Seixas FK. Unraveling the swine genome: implications for human health. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2016; 3:219-44. [PMID: 25689318 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022114-110815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pig was first used in biomedical research in ancient Greece and over the past few decades has quickly grown into an important biomedical research tool. Pigs have genetic and physiological traits similar to humans, which make them one of the most useful and versatile animal models. Owing to these similarities, data generated from porcine models are more likely to lead to viable human treatments than those from murine work. In addition, the similarity in size and physiology to humans allows pigs to be used for many experimental approaches not feasible in mice. Research areas that employ pigs range from neonatal development to translational models for cancer therapy. Increasing numbers of porcine models are being developed since the release of the swine genome sequence, and the development of additional porcine genomic and epigenetic resources will further their use in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801; , , , ,
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22
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Mahl A, Dincer Z, Heining P. The Potential of Minipigs in the Development of Anticancer Therapeutics: Species Comparison and Examples of Special Applications. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:391-7. [PMID: 26698323 DOI: 10.1177/0192623315619040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Minipigs are increasingly being used as an alternative to dog or monkey in nonclinical safety testing of pharmaceuticals since they share similar anatomical and physiological characteristics to humans. Integrative assessment of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic data sets of drug candidates fromin silico,in vitro, andin vivoinvestigations form the basis for selecting the most relevant nonrodent species for toxicology studies. Developing anticancer therapeutics represents a special challenge for species selection due to their effects on multiple organ systems. The toxicological profile of anticancer drugs can be associated with steep dose-response curves, especially due to dose-limiting toxicity on the alimentary, hematopoietic, and immune systems. Selection of an appropriate species for toxicology studies is of importance to avoid an inappropriately low (without benefit for the late-stage cancer patient) or high clinical starting dose (with a risk of unexpected adverse reactions). Although the minipig has been the preferred species to develop drugs applied topically, it is only rarely used in anticancer drug development compared to dog and monkey. In this context, we discuss the potential of minipigs in anticancer drug development with examples of programs for oral and dermal administration, intravascular application in drug-eluting stents, and local chemotherapy (chemoembolization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mahl
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zuhal Dincer
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Heining
- Novartis Institute for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety, Basel, Switzerland
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Effect of Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 and fructo-oligosaccharides on the gut microbiota in Göttingen minipigs. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:746-55. [PMID: 26313935 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515002263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modulating the gut microbiota via dietary interventions is a common strategy to enhance the natural defence mechanisms of the host. Several in vitro studies have highlighted the probiotic potential of Bifidobacterium thermophilum RBL67 (RBL67) selected for its anti-Salmonella effects. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of RBL67 alone and combined with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) on the gut microbiota of Göttingen minipigs. Minipigs were fed a basal diet supplemented with 8 g/d probiotic powder (1×109 CFU/g in skim milk matrix) (probiotic diet (PRO)), 8 g/d probiotic powder plus 8 g/d FOS (synbiotic diet (SYN)) or 8 g/d skim milk powder (control), following a cross-sectional study design. Faecal and caecal microbiota compositions were analysed with pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes and quantitative PCR. Metabolic activity in the caecum and colon was measured by HPLC. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed that minipig faeces show close similarity to pig microbiota. During the treatments and at the time of killing of animals, RBL67 was consistently detected in faeces, caecum and colon at numbers of 105-106 16S rRNA copies/g content after feeding PRO and SYN diets. At the time of killing of animals, significantly higher Bifidobacterium numbers in the caecum and colon of SYN-fed minipigs were measured compared with PRO. Our data indicate that the Göttingen minipig may be a suitable model for gut microbiota research in pigs. Data from this first in vivo study of RBL67 colonisation suggest that the combination with FOS may represent a valuable symbiotic strategy to increase probiotic bacteria levels and survival in gastrointestinal tracts for feed and food applications.
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Phillips M, Cataneo RN, Chaturvedi A, Kaplan PD, Libardoni M, Mundada M, Patel U, Thrall KD, Zhang X. Breath biomarkers of whole-body gamma irradiation in the Göttingen minipig. HEALTH PHYSICS 2015; 108:538-546. [PMID: 25811151 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is widespread interest in the development of tools to estimate radiation exposures. Exhaled breath provides a novel matrix for assessing biomarkers that could be correlated with exposures. The use of exhaled breath for estimating radiation exposure is warranted, as studies have shown that external exposure to ionizing radiation causes oxidative stress that accelerates lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, liberating alkanes and alkane metabolites that are excreted in the breath as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). As a proof of principle study, small groups (n = 4) of Göttingen minipigs were whole-body irradiated with gamma rays delivered by a 60Co source at absorbed doses of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 2, and 4 Gy. Additional groups (n = 4) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), with and without concurrent 60Co exposure, at an absorbed dose of 1 Gy. Breath and background air VOC samples were collected on days -3, -2, -1, 0 pre-irradiation, then at 0.25, 24, 48, 72, and 168 h post-irradiation. VOCs were analyzed by automated thermal desorption with two-dimensional gas chromatography and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATD GCxGC TOF MS). The results show significant changes in 58 breath VOCs post-irradiation, mainly consisting of methylated and other derivatives of alkanes, alkenes, and benzene. Using a multivariate combination of these VOCs, a radiation response function was constructed, which was significantly elevated at 15 min post irradiation and remained elevated throughout the study (to 168 h post irradiation). As a binary test of radiation absorbed doses ≥ 0.25 Gy, the radiation response function distinguished irradiated animals from shams (0 Gy) with 83-84% accuracy. A randomly derived radiation response function was robust: When half of the biomarkers were removed, accuracy was 75%. An optimally derived function with two biomarkers was 82% accurate. As a binary test of radiation absorbed doses ≥ 0.5 Gy, the radiation response function identified irradiated animals with an accuracy of 87% at 15 min post irradiation and 75.5% at 168 h post irradiation. Treatment with LPS and G-CSF did not affect the radiation response function. This proof-of-principle study supports the hypothesis that breath VOCs may be used for estimating radiation exposures. Further studies will be required to validate the sensitivity and specificity of these potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Phillips
- *Breath Research Laboratory, Menssana Research Inc, 211 Warren St, Newark, NJ 07103; †Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; ‡Southwest Research Institute, 6220 Culebra Rd, San Antonio, TX 78238; §Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Boulevard, Richland, WA 99352; **Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 2320 South Brook Street, Louisville, KY 40292
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Ohno K, Tomizawa A, Jakubowski JA, Mizuno M, Sugidachi A. Characterization of platelet aggregation responses in microminipigs: Comparison with miniature pigs and the influence of dual antiplatelet administration of aspirin plus prasugrel. Thromb Res 2015; 135:933-8. [PMID: 25776467 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to characterize platelet aggregation responses and the impact of dual antiplatelet therapy in microminipigs. In this in vitro study, both adenosine-5'-diphosphate (ADP, 5-50μM) and collagen (2-20μg/ml) induced concentration-related platelet aggregation in the microminipigs; 20μM ADP and 5 and 12.5μg/ml collagen were selected for further ex vivo studies. Aspirin plus prasugrel were administered orally for 7days (n=4/each group). Ex vivo platelet aggregation was analyzed on Day 1 (1 and 4h after administration), Day 4 (4h), and Day 7 (4h) under three different prasugrel dosing regimens: LD0/MD1 (1mg/kg/day), LD0/MD3 (3mg/kg/day), and LD10/MD1 (10mg/kg loading dose and 1mg/kg/day maintenance dose). Aspirin (10mg/kg/day) was administered to all groups. In the presence of aspirin, prasugrel at 3 and 10mg/kg significantly inhibited ADP-induced platelet aggregation on Day 1. On Days 4 and 7, significant inhibition of platelet aggregation (IPA) was also observed in each group. With 5μg/ml collagen-induced platelet aggregation, all three groups showed significant IPA at 4h on Day 1 or later. In 12.5μg/ml collagen-induced platelet aggregation, all groups showed significant effects on Days 4 and 7; however, the 30%-35% IPA was considerably lower than that (50%-60%) found with 5μg/ml collagen. In Clawn miniature pigs, similar inhibitory patterns were observed for both ADP- and collagen-induced ex vivo platelet aggregation. In conclusion, these results indicated that microminipigs as well as miniature pigs may represent useful experimental animals for thrombosis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousaku Ohno
- Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuyuki Tomizawa
- Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Makoto Mizuno
- Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Sugidachi
- Biological Research Laboratories, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
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Lin L, Luo Y, Sørensen P, Prætorius H, Vajta G, Callesen H, Pribenszky C, Bolund L, Kristensen TN. Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on genomic expression profiling of porcine parthenogenetic activated and cloned embryos. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 26:469-84. [PMID: 24618454 DOI: 10.1071/rd13037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Handmade cloning (HMC) has been used to generate transgenic pigs for biomedical research. Recently, we found that parthenogenetic activation (PA) of porcine oocytes and improved HMC efficiency could be achieved by treatment with sublethal high hydrostatic pressure (HHP). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of HHP treatment on embryonic development is poorly understood and so was investigated in the present study. Thus, in the present study, we undertook genome-wide gene expression analysis in HHP-treated and untreated oocytes, as well as in 4-cell and blastocyst stage embryos derived by PA or HMC. Hierarchical clustering depicted stage-specific genomic expression profiling. At the 4-cell and blastocyst stages, 103 and 163 transcripts were differentially expressed between the HMC and PA embryos, respectively (P<0.05). These transcripts are predominantly involved in regulating cellular differentiation, gene expression and cell-to-cell signalling. We found that 44 transcripts were altered by HHP treatment, with most exhibiting lower expression in HHP-treated oocytes. Genes involved in embryonic development were prominent among the transcripts affected by HHP. Two of these genes (INHBB and ME3) were further validated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. We also observed that HHP treatment activated expression of the imprinting gene DLX5 in 4-cell PA embryos. In conclusion, our genomic expression profiling data suggest that HHP alters the RNA constitution in porcine oocytes and affects the expression of imprinting genes during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Sørensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Helle Prætorius
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gabor Vajta
- BGI/HuaDa, Beishan Road 10, 518000, Shenzhen, China
| | - Henrik Callesen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Csaba Pribenszky
- Department of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Szent István University, István u. 2, Budapest, 1078, Hungary
| | - Lars Bolund
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyer Alle 4, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Torsten Nygård Kristensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Center for Quantitative Genetics and Genomics, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
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Hill SL, Thomas SHL, Flecknell PA, Thomas AA, Morris CM, Henderson D, Dunn M, Blain PG. Rapid and equivalent systemic bioavailability of the antidotes HI-6 and dicobalt edetate via the intraosseous and intravenous routes. Emerg Med J 2014; 32:626-31. [PMID: 25414476 DOI: 10.1136/emermed-2014-204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid and effective administration of antidotes by emergency medical responders is needed to improve the survival of patients severely poisoned after deliberate release of chemical weapons, but intravenous access is difficult to obtain while wearing personal protective equipment and in casualties with circulatory collapse. To test the hypothesis that rapid and substantial bioavailability of the antidotes HI-6 oxime and dicobalt edetate can be achieved via the intraosseous (IO) route, plasma concentration-time profiles of these antidotes were compared after administration by the intravenous and IO routes in a minipig animal model. METHODS 12 male Göttingen minipigs were randomly allocated to receive 7.14 mg/kg of HI-6 (by rapid bolus) then 4.28 mg/kg of dicobalt edetate (over 1 min) via the intravenous or IO route. Plasma concentrations of each antidote were measured over 360 min following administration and plasma concentration-time profiles plotted for each drug by each route. RESULTS Peak HI-6 and cobalt concentrations occurred within 2 min of administration by both the intravenous and IO routes. Mean areas under the concentration-time curves (SD) to the end of the experiment (area under the concentration-time curve, AUC (0-t)) for cobalt were 430 (47, intravenous) and 445 (40, IO) μg-min/mL (mean difference 15, 95% CI -41 to 70, p=0.568) and for HI-6 were 2739 (1038, intravenous) and 2772 (1629, IO) μg-min/mL (mean difference 0.33, 95% CI -1724 to 1790, p=0.97). Increases in heart rate (by 50 beats/min intravenous and 27 beats/min IO) and BP, (by 67/58 mm Hg intravenous and 78/59 mm Hg IO), were observed after dicobalt edetate, consistent with the known adverse effects of this antidote. DISCUSSION This study demonstrates rapid and similar systemic bioavailability of HI-6 and dicobalt edetate when given by the IO and intravenous routes. IO delivery of these antidotes is appropriate in the acute management of patients with organophosphate and cyanide intoxication when the intravenous route is impractical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon L Hill
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Simon H L Thomas
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | | | - Chris M Morris
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - David Henderson
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Michael Dunn
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Peter G Blain
- Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
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Chandra SA, Stokes AH, Hailey R, Merrill CL, Melich DH, DeSmet K, Furst SM, Peterson RA, Mellon-Kusibab K, Adler RR. Dermal toxicity studies: factors impacting study interpretation and outcome. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:474-81. [PMID: 25389277 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314548765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The field of dermal toxicity continues to evolve in order to accurately predict dermal (and systemic) responses in humans to topically applied chemicals. Although the testing methods have undergone extensive refinements, idiosyncrasies and unexpected issues during the conduct of these studies are not unusual due to the plethora of new vehicles available for formulating test substances, changing regulatory requirements, and introducting new strain and/or species of laboratory animals as no single species or method seems to suffice for evaluating skin toxicity. The objective of this article is to illustrate some pragmatic issues that should be considered during the conduct as well as interpretation of dermal toxicity studies. Routine procedure-related issues such as hair clipping, tape stripping, and wrapping the animal's torso to prevent oral ingestion can influence the interpretation. Excipients used in dermal toxicity studies may be nontoxic when used alone but complex dermal formulations can result in unexpected irritation and toxicity. In conclusion, interpretation and risk assessment of dermal toxicity studies should be done in a comprehensive manner, taking into account procedure-related impact on study results, unique species susceptibility, limitation of gross visual (naked eye) observation for evidence of toxicity, and normal anatomical variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundeep A Chandra
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alan H Stokes
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rick Hailey
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christine L Merrill
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David H Melich
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kristina DeSmet
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sylvia M Furst
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Richard A Peterson
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Rick R Adler
- Safety Assessment, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Yamaguchi T, Yamazaki T, Kawaguchi H, Tawa M, Nakamura Y, Shiota M, Osada-Oka M, Tanimoto A, Okamura T, Miura K, Iwao H, Yoshiyama M, Izumi Y. Noninvasive metabolic syndrome model using an extremely small minipig, the microminipig. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 126:168-71. [PMID: 25242170 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14171sc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) induces serious complications; therefore, we developed a noninvasive MetS model using an extremely small minipig, the Microminipig. For 8 weeks, Microminipigs were administrated a high-fat and high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) for atherosclerosis and N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) for inhibiting nitric oxide synthase. HFCD significantly increased serum low-density lipoprotein levels, l-NAME increased blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy, and HFCD-induced aortal arteriosclerosis was accelerated by l-NAME administration. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of the coronary artery was remarkably decreased by l-NAME administration. This model may be useful for elucidating the mechanisms of MetS and developing new therapeutic medicines for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Yamaguchi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka City University Medical School, Japan
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Hu SX. Impact of age on hepatic cytochrome P450 of domestic male Camborough-29 pigs. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2014; 38:150-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. X. Hu
- Zoetis Inc; Veterinary Medicine Research and Development; Kalamazoo MI USA
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Biological Characteristics of Captive Chinese Wuzhishan Minipigs (Sus scrofa). INTERNATIONAL SCHOLARLY RESEARCH NOTICES 2014; 2014:761257. [PMID: 27433533 PMCID: PMC4897273 DOI: 10.1155/2014/761257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to meet the demands of experimental minipigs for biomedical researches, we have aimed at cultivating grazing Chinese Wuzhishan (WZS) minipigs and trying to make them useful and affordable since the 1990s. After more than ten years of captive cultivation following sound management practices and a rigorous selection program for fertility and litter size, we established an outbred WZS minipigs colony with a core group (14 males and 30 females) and an expanding group (20 males and 40 females). In 2010-2013 periods, extensive background data of this colony were recorded and analyzed. This paper was written to provide pertinent information about outbred WZS minipigs for producers, users, and others concerned with WZS minipigs. It contains physical characteristics, growth performance, productive performance, hematology and blood biochemistry, microsatellite analysis, organ coefficients, and carcass properties. Results show that WZS minipigs have characteristics of small body size, slow growth rate, long life cycle, high reproductive rate, and maintaining original genetic diversity. All data present that outbred WZS minipigs are suitable laboratory animal and model animal.
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Comparison of freely-moving telemetry Chinese Miniature Experiment Pigs (CMEPs) to beagle dogs in cardiovascular safety pharmacology studies. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 70:19-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2014.03.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sjögren E, Abrahamsson B, Augustijns P, Becker D, Bolger MB, Brewster M, Brouwers J, Flanagan T, Harwood M, Heinen C, Holm R, Juretschke HP, Kubbinga M, Lindahl A, Lukacova V, Münster U, Neuhoff S, Nguyen MA, Peer AV, Reppas C, Hodjegan AR, Tannergren C, Weitschies W, Wilson C, Zane P, Lennernäs H, Langguth P. In vivo methods for drug absorption – Comparative physiologies, model selection, correlations with in vitro methods (IVIVC), and applications for formulation/API/excipient characterization including food effects. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 57:99-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Holzgrefe H, Ferber G, Champeroux P, Gill M, Honda M, Greiter-Wilke A, Baird T, Meyer O, Saulnier M. Preclinical QT safety assessment: Cross-species comparisons and human translation from an industry consortium. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2014; 69:61-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Thuilliez C, Tortereau A, Perron-Lepage MF, Howroyd P, Gauthier B. Spontaneous Testicular Tubular Hypoplasia/Atrophy in the Göttingen Minipig. Toxicol Pathol 2013; 42:1024-31. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623313512430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the incidence and severity of tubular atrophy/hypoplasia in the testes of 104 control Göttingen minipigs aged 4.5 to 15 months. The finding was termed “tubular hypoplasia/atrophy” according to published descriptions for the dog. It included different microscopic changes that were considered part of a continuum, namely seminiferous epithelium vacuolation, presence of multinucleated germ cells in the tubular lumen, and decreased numbers (hypospermatogenesis) or absence of germ cells. This retrospective study demonstrates that tubular hypoplasia/atrophy is present in more than 70% of Göttingen minipigs and can occur at a marked severity in control animals. It correlated with a higher level of cell debris and a decrease in sperm content in the epididymides and with lower absolute and relative testes weights. There was no correlation with the weight of other sexual organs, total bodyweight, or age, which demonstrates that this change was not related to sexual immaturity. The distinction between this background finding and a compound-related effect could be challenging for the pathologist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Paul Howroyd
- WIL Research, Saint-Germain sur l'Arbresle, France
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Kawaguchi H, Yamada T, Miura N, Ayaori M, Uto-Kondo H, Ikegawa M, Noguchi M, Wang KY, Izumi H, Tanimoto A. Rapid development of atherosclerosis in the world's smallest Microminipig fed a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. J Atheroscler Thromb 2013; 21:186-203. [PMID: 24257467 DOI: 10.5551/jat.21246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Experimental studies of human atherogenesis require an appropriate animal model that mimics human physiology and pathology. Because swine physiology is similar to human physiology, we developed a hyperlipidemia-induced atherosclerosis model using the recently developed world's smallest Microminipig(TM). METHODS These animals weigh only 5kg at 3months of age, much smaller than any other miniature pig. We found that the administration of a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet containing at least 0.2% cholesterol without cholic acid for as little as eight weeks induces hypercholesterolemia and subsequent atherosclerosis in these animals. RESULTS The serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) and the percent distribution of cholesterol in the LDL fractions were markedly increased. The hepatic expression of LDL receptor and hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase was coordinately decreased. The cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity, which plays a role in reverse cholesterol transport, was detected in the serum of the Microminipigs. Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 protein was expressed in both the liver and small intestine; however, hepatic apoB mRNA editing enzyme was not expressed. As in humans, and in contrast to that observed in mice, most of the hepatic lipase activity was localized in the liver. These results suggest that the hyperlipidemia-induced gene expression profile linked to cholesterol homeostasis and atherogenesis is similar in Microminipigs and humans. CONCLUSION We conclude that the characteristics of the Microminipig, including its easy handling size, make it an appropriate model for studies of atherosclerosis and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Histopathology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University
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Liu H, Li Y, Wei Q, Liu C, Bolund L, Vajta G, Dou H, Yang W, Xu Y, Luan J, Wang J, Yang H, Staunstrup NH, Du Y. Development of transgenic minipigs with expression of antimorphic human cryptochrome 1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76098. [PMID: 24146819 PMCID: PMC3797822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Minipigs have become important biomedical models for human ailments due to similarities in organ anatomy, physiology, and circadian rhythms relative to humans. The homeostasis of circadian rhythms in both central and peripheral tissues is pivotal for numerous biological processes. Hence, biological rhythm disorders may contribute to the onset of cancers and metabolic disorders including obesity and type II diabetes, amongst others. A tight regulation of circadian clock effectors ensures a rhythmic expression profile of output genes which, depending on cell type, constitute about 3-20% of the transcribed mammalian genome. Central to this system is the negative regulator protein Cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) of which the dysfunction or absence has been linked to the pathogenesis of rhythm disorders. In this study, we generated transgenic Bama-minipigs featuring expression of the Cys414-Ala antimorphic human Cryptochrome 1 mutant (hCRY1(AP)). Using transgenic donor fibroblasts as nuclear donors, the method of handmade cloning (HMC) was used to produce reconstructed embryos, subsequently transferred to surrogate sows. A total of 23 viable piglets were delivered. All were transgenic and seemingly healthy. However, two pigs with high transgene expression succumbed during the first two months. Molecular analyzes in epidermal fibroblasts demonstrated disturbances to the expression profile of core circadian clock genes and elevated expression of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, known to be risk factors in cancer and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunxin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Lars Bolund
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Gábor Vajta
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hongwei Dou
- BGI Ark Biotechnology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenxian Yang
- BGI Ark Biotechnology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Xu
- BGI Ark Biotechnology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Luan
- BGI Ark Biotechnology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Nicklas Heine Staunstrup
- BGI Ark Biotechnology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
- * E-mail: (YD); (NHS)
| | - Yutao Du
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- BGI Ark Biotechnology, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- ShenZhen Engineering Laboratory for Genomics-Assisted Animal Breeding, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (YD); (NHS)
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Evaluation of the gamma-H2AX assay for radiation biodosimetry in a swine model. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14119-35. [PMID: 23880859 PMCID: PMC3742235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of large animal models to study both the extent and the health risk of ionizing radiation exposure in humans. One promising candidate for such a model is the minipig. Here, we evaluate the minipig for its potential in γ-H2AX-based biodosimetry after exposure to ionizing radiation using both Cs137 and Co60 sources. γ-H2AX foci were enumerated in blood lymphocytes and normal fibroblasts of human and porcine origin after ex vivo γ-ray irradiation. DNA double-strand break repair kinetics in minipig blood lymphocytes and fibroblasts, based on the γ-H2AX assay, were similar to those observed in their human counterparts. To substantiate the similarity observed between the human and minipig we show that minipig fibroblast radiosensitivity was similar to that observed with human fibroblasts. Finally, a strong γ-H2AX induction was observed in blood lymphocytes following minipig total body irradiation. Significant responses were detected 3 days after 1.8 Gy and 1 week after 3.8 and 5 Gy with residual γ-H2AX foci proportional to the initial radiation doses. These findings show that the Gottingen minipig provides a useful in vivo model for validation of γ-H2AX biodosimetry for dose assessment in humans.
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van Mierlo GJD, Cnubben NHP, Wouters D, Wolbink GJ, Hart MHL, Rispens T, Ganderup NC, Kuper CF, Aarden L, Penninks AH. The minipig as an alternative non-rodent model for immunogenicity testing using the TNFα blockers adalimumab and infliximab. J Immunotoxicol 2013; 11:62-71. [PMID: 23738746 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2013.796023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunogenicity is a major issue of concern for monoclonal antibodies used in human diseases and is by default mainly determined in non-human primates (NHP), as target molecules are considered most similar in NHP compared to human. In this manuscript the predictive value of immunogenicity testing in minipigs for human safety is evaluated, as the immune system of the pig is functionally similar to that in other mammalian species. Adalimumab and infliximab (both monoclonal antibodies blocking TNFα) were used as model substances. Female Göttingen minipigs (4/group) were treated every other week with low (0.1 mg/kg), mid (1.0 mg/kg), or high dose (5 mg/kg) adalimumab or 5 mg/kg infliximab subcutaneous (SC) over a period of 8 weeks. After first and last dosing, pharmacokinetic analysis was performed. Anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) were measured on several time points. Furthermore, hematology, clinical chemistry, body weight, clinical signs, and histopathology of several organs were evaluated. No signs of toxicity of the treatments were observed in the limited organs and tissues collected. Eleven out of 12 minipigs treated with adalimumab elicited a detectable ADA response. Induction of ADA was correlated with decreased plasma levels of adalimumab. Infliximab clearance was comparable after first and last dose. Therefore, the presence of ADA directed to infliximab was considered highly unlikely. It was concluded that the minipig and NHP showed comparable suitability for immunogenicity prediction in humans. More studies with other biopharmaceutical products are needed to strengthen the status of the minipig as an alternative model for immunotoxicity testing including immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertje J D van Mierlo
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, TNO Triskelion BV , Zeist , the Netherlands
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40
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Roth WJ, Kissinger CB, McCain RR, Cooper BR, Marchant-Forde JN, Vreeman RC, Hannou S, Knipp GT. Assessment of juvenile pigs to serve as human pediatric surrogates for preclinical formulation pharmacokinetic testing. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:763-74. [PMID: 23595360 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9482-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric drug development is hampered by biological, clinical, and formulation challenges associated with age-based populations. A primary cause for this lack of development is the inability to accurately predict ontogenic changes that affect pharmacokinetics (PK) in children using traditional preclinical animal models. In response to this issue, our laboratory has conducted a proof-of-concept study to investigate the potential utility of juvenile pigs to serve as surrogates for children during preclinical PK testing of selected rifampin dosage forms. Pigs were surgically modified with jugular vein catheters that were externalized in the dorsal scapular region and connected to an automated blood sampling system (PigTurn-Culex-L). Commercially available rifampin capsules were administered to both 20 and 40 kg pigs to determine relevant PK parameters. Orally disintegrating tablet formulations of rifampin were also developed and administered to 20 kg pigs. Plasma samples were prepared from whole blood by centrifugation and analyzed for rifampin content by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Porcine PK parameters were determined from the resultant plasma-concentration time profiles and contrasted with published rifampin PK data in human adults and children. Results indicated significant similarities in dose-normalized absorption and elimination parameters between pigs and humans. Moreover, ontogenic changes observed in porcine PK parameters were consistent with ontogenic changes reported for human PK. These results demonstrate the potential utility of the juvenile porcine model for predicting human pediatric PK for rifampin. Furthermore, utilization of juvenile pigs during formulation testing may provide an alternative approach to expedite reformulation efforts during pediatric drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt J Roth
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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Puccinelli E, Gervasi PG, Pelosi G, Puntoni M, Longo V. Modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes in response to continuous or intermittent high-fat diet in pigs. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:686-98. [PMID: 23360109 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.756558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1. To date, no information has been available on the modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) following the administration of a hyperlipidemic diet in pigs. 2. We investigated the potential modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing CYPs in liver, heart and duodenum of pigs subjected to a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet for 2 months continuously (C-HFD) or on alternate weeks (A-HFD). 3. The administration of the high-fat diet resulted in considerably increased plasma cholesterol levels although the animals were still able to manage the lipid overload efficiently, and no sign of effective tissue inflammation occurred in livers. Plasma lipid profile and liver histology indicated a better adaptive response of the A-HFD pigs compared to the C-HFD group. We showed a post-transcriptional induction of hepatic CYP2E1 activity in C-HFD pigs and a transcriptional induction of hepatic CYP3As - especially in the A-HFD group. No further CYP modulation was observed in either liver or extra-hepatic tissues. 4. In conclusion, the administration of a high-fat diet in pigs resulted in limited effects on the drug metabolism system. The better adaptive response of A-HFD pigs compared to C-HFD pigs is a very interesting observation since the intermittent administration of the diet reflects the mode of human behavior more closely.
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Helke KL, Swindle MM. Animal models of toxicology testing: the role of pigs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2012; 9:127-39. [PMID: 23216131 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.739607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In regulatory toxicological testing, both a rodent and non-rodent species are required. Historically, dogs and non-human primates (NHP) have been the species of choice of the non-rodent portion of testing. The pig is an appropriate option for these tests based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the Phase I and Phase II biotransformation pathways in humans and pigs and highlights the similarities and differences of these models. This is a growing field and references are sparse. Numerous breeds of pigs are discussed along with specific breed differences in these enzymes that are known. While much available data are presented, it is grossly incomplete and sometimes contradictory based on methods used. EXPERT OPINION There is no ideal species to use in toxicology. The use of dogs and NHP in xenobiotic testing continues to be the norm. Pigs present a viable and perhaps more reliable model of non-rodent testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Medical University South Carolina, Comparative Medicine, 114 Doughty St, Ste 648, MSC777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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van Mierlo GJD, Cnubben NHP, Kuper CF, Wolthoorn J, van Meeteren-Kreikamp AP, Nagtegaal MM, Doornbos R, Ganderup NC, Penninks AH. The Göttingen minipig® as an alternative non-rodent species for immunogenicity testing: a demonstrator study using the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:96-105. [PMID: 23134195 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.735274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of recombinant human proteins for the treatment of several diseases has increased considerably during the last decades. A major safety and efficacy issue of biopharmaceuticals is their potential immunogenicity. To prevent immunogenicity, biotechnology-derived proteins are engineered to be as human-like as possible. Immunogenicity is mainly determined in non-human primates (NHP), as they are considered to be the best predictive animal species for human safety, based on their close relatedness to man. As minipigs are increasingly used in the safety evaluation of (bio)pharmaceuticals, the predictive value of the minipig in immunogenicity testing was evaluated in this study, using anakinra as a model compound. Animals were treated subcutaneously with either placebo, low- (0.5 mg/kg), or high-dose (5 mg/kg) anakinra daily on 29 consecutive days. After the first and last dose, the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of anakinra was evaluated. Antibodies directed to anakinra were measured on several time points during the treatment period. Furthermore, hematology, clinical chemistry, body weight, clinical signs, and histopathology of several organs were evaluated. No signs of toxicity were observed upon treatment with anakinra. PK parameters were comparable with those found in human and NHP studies performed with anakinra. All animals developed anti-anakinra antibodies. The results obtained in minipigs were comparable to those observed in monkeys. For anakinra, the predictive value of the minipig for immunogenicity testing was found to be comparable to that seen in NHP. However, more studies evaluating additional biopharmaceutical products are needed to support the use of the minipig as an alternative model for (immuno)toxicity testing, including immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertje J D van Mierlo
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, TNO Triskelion BV, Zeist, The Netherlands.
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Ganderup NC, Harvey W, Mortensen JT, Harrouk W. The minipig as nonrodent species in toxicology--where are we now? Int J Toxicol 2012; 31:507-28. [PMID: 23134714 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812462039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 3 decades minipigs have moved from being an obscure alternative to dogs and nonhuman primates to being a standard animal model in regulatory toxicity studies. This article covers the use of minipigs as a model in the context of nonclinical drug safety and provides an overview of the minipig's developmental history and relates minipigs to other animal species commonly used in toxicology; and the minipig's translational power is supported by 43 case studies of marketed drug products covered. Special focus is given to criteria for selecting minipigs in nonclinical programs supporting the development of new medicines; the use of swine in the assessment of food additives, agrochemicals, and pesticides; as well as a regulatory perspective on the use of minipigs in Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-regulated products. This article presents the main points conveyed at a symposium held at the 2010 American College of Toxicology meeting in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Sreenivas D, Kaladhar DSVGK, Samy AP, Kumar RS. Understanding mechanism of in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture of sheep embryoes through in silico analysis. Bioinformation 2012; 8:1030-4. [PMID: 23275702 PMCID: PMC3524884 DOI: 10.6026/97320630081030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein interations are presently required to understand the mechanisms of in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture of sheep embryoes through in silico analysis. The present work has been conducted on TCM-199 supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF), fetal bovine serum (FBS) or wheat peptones The maturation rate of oocyte was significantly higher in the FBS supplemented group when compared with BSA and wheat peptone supplemented groups. The in silico protein interaction studies has shown that the proteins EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor), CCK (cholecystokinin)- a peptide hormone, Alb - a serum albumin, ESR- estrogen receptor 1, TGFA- transforming growth factor, STAT- signal transducer and FN1- fibronectin 1 has direct interaction and produces cell growth in in vitro culture. Alb is directly activates EGF and promotes MAPK3 that mediates diverse biological functions such as cell growth, adhesion and proliferation. Alb may also involve in stress response signalling and may be in cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A Palni Samy
- Dept of animal Biotechnology, Tamilnadu Veterinary, and Animal Sciences University, Chennai
| | - R Sangeeth Kumar
- Dept of animal Biotechnology, Tamilnadu Veterinary, and Animal Sciences University, Chennai
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Rapid and Complete Bioavailability of Antidotes for Organophosphorus Nerve Agent and Cyanide Poisoning in Minipigs After Intraosseous Administration. Ann Emerg Med 2012; 60:424-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Luo Y, Lin L, Bolund L, Jensen TG, Sørensen CB. Genetically modified pigs for biomedical research. J Inherit Metab Dis 2012; 35:695-713. [PMID: 22453682 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
During the last two decades, pigs have been used to develop some of the most important large animal models for biomedical research. Advances in pig genome research, genetic modification (GM) of primary pig cells and pig cloning by nuclear transfer, have facilitated the generation of GM pigs for xenotransplantation and various human diseases. This review summarizes the key technologies used for generating GM pigs, including pronuclear microinjection, sperm-mediated gene transfer, somatic cell nuclear transfer by traditional cloning, and somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. Broadly used genetic engineering tools for porcine cells are also discussed. We also summarize the GM pig models that have been generated for xenotransplantation and human disease processes, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, eye diseases, bone diseases, cancers and epidermal skin diseases, diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis, and inherited metabolic diseases. Thus, this review provides an overview of the progress in GM pig research over the last two decades and perspectives for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglun Luo
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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48
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Eddleston M, Street JM, Self I, Thompson A, King T, Williams N, Naredo G, Dissanayake K, Yu LM, Worek F, John H, Smith S, Thiermann H, Harris JB, Eddie Clutton R. A role for solvents in the toxicity of agricultural organophosphorus pesticides. Toxicology 2012; 294:94-103. [PMID: 22365945 PMCID: PMC3325481 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) insecticide self-poisoning is responsible for about one-quarter of global suicides. Treatment focuses on the fact that OP compounds inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE); however, AChE-reactivating drugs do not benefit poisoned humans. We therefore studied the role of solvent coformulants in OP toxicity in a novel minipig model of agricultural OP poisoning. Gottingen minipigs were orally poisoned with clinically relevant doses of agricultural emulsifiable concentrate (EC) dimethoate, dimethoate active ingredient (AI) alone, or solvents. Cardiorespiratory physiology and neuromuscular (NMJ) function, blood AChE activity, and arterial lactate concentration were monitored for 12h to assess poisoning severity. Poisoning with agricultural dimethoate EC40, but not saline, caused respiratory arrest within 30 min, severe distributive shock and NMJ dysfunction, that was similar to human poisoning. Mean arterial lactate rose to 15.6 [SD 2.8] mM in poisoned pigs compared to 1.4 [0.4] in controls. Moderate toxicity resulted from poisoning with dimethoate AI alone, or the major solvent cyclohexanone. Combining dimethoate with cyclohexanone reproduced severe poisoning characteristic of agricultural dimethoate EC poisoning. A formulation without cyclohexanone showed less mammalian toxicity. These results indicate that solvents play a crucial role in dimethoate toxicity. Regulatory assessment of pesticide toxicity should include solvents as well as the AIs which currently dominate the assessment. Reformulation of OP insecticides to ensure that the agricultural product has lower mammalian toxicity could result in fewer deaths after suicidal ingestion and rapidly reduce global suicide rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eddleston
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Ishibashi N, Scafidi J, Murata A, Korotcova L, Zurakowski D, Gallo V, Jonas RA. White matter protection in congenital heart surgery. Circulation 2012; 125:859-71. [PMID: 22247493 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.111.048215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodevelopmental delays in motor skills and white matter (WM) injury have been documented in congenital heart disease and after pediatric cardiac surgery. The lack of a suitable animal model has hampered our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underlying WM injury in these patients. Our aim is to identify an optimal surgical strategy for WM protection to reduce neurological injury in congenital heart disease patients. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed a porcine cardiopulmonary bypass model that displays area-dependent WM maturation. In this model, WM injury was identified after cardiopulmonary bypass-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury. The degree of injury was inversely correlated with the maturation stage, which indicates maturation-dependent vulnerability of WM. Within different oligodendrocyte developmental stages, we show selective vulnerability of O4+ preoligodendrocytes, whereas oligodendrocyte progenitor cells were resistant to insults. This indicates that immature WM is vulnerable to cardiopulmonary bypass-induced injury but has an intrinsic potential for recovery mediated by endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell number decreased with age, which suggests that earlier repair allows successful WM development. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation was observed within a few days after cardiopulmonary bypass-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, by 4 weeks, arrested oligodendrocyte maturation and delayed myelination were detected. Logistic model confirmed that maintenance of higher oxygenation and reduction of inflammation were effective in minimizing the risk of injury at immature stages of WM development. CONCLUSIONS Primary repair in neonates and young infants potentially provides successful WM development in congenital heart disease patients. Cardiac surgery during this susceptible period should avoid ischemia-reperfusion injury and minimize inflammation to prevent long-term WM-related neurological impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Ishibashi
- Children's National Medical Center, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, DC 20010-2970, USA
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Moroni M, Lombardini E, Salber R, Kazemzedeh M, Nagy V, Olsen C, Whitnall MH. Hematological changes as prognostic indicators of survival: similarities between Gottingen minipigs, humans, and other large animal models. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25210. [PMID: 21969873 PMCID: PMC3182184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The animal efficacy rule addressing development of drugs for selected disease categories has pointed out the need to develop alternative large animal models. Based on this rule, the pathophysiology of the disease in the animal model must be well characterized and must reflect that in humans. So far, manifestations of the acute radiation syndrome (ARS) have been extensively studied only in two large animal models, the non-human primate (NHP) and the canine. We are evaluating the suitability of the minipig as an additional large animal model for development of radiation countermeasures. We have previously shown that the Gottingen minipig manifests hematopoietic ARS phases and symptoms similar to those observed in canines, NHPs, and humans. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We establish here the LD50/30 dose (radiation dose at which 50% of the animals succumb within 30 days), and show that at this dose the time of nadir and the duration of cytopenia resemble those observed for NHP and canines, and mimic closely the kinetics of blood cell depletion and recovery in human patients with reversible hematopoietic damage (H3 category, METREPOL approach). No signs of GI damage in terms of diarrhea or shortening of villi were observed at doses up to 1.9 Gy. Platelet counts at days 10 and 14, number of days to reach critical platelet values, duration of thrombocytopenia, neutrophil stress response at 3 hours and count at 14 days, and CRP-to-platelet ratio were correlated with survival. The ratios between neutrophils, lymphocytes and platelets were significantly correlated with exposure to irradiation at different time intervals. SIGNIFICANCE As a non-rodent animal model, the minipig offers a useful alternative to NHP and canines, with attractive features including ARS resembling human ARS, cost, and regulatory acceptability. Use of the minipig may allow accelerated development of radiation countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moroni
- Radiation Countermeasures Program, Scientific Research Department, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America.
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