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Owaki R, Deguchi T, Konnai S, Maekawa N, Okagawa T, Hosoya K, Kim S, Sunaga T, Okumura M. Regulation of programmed death ligand 1 expression by interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α in canine tumour cell lines. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:279-290. [PMID: 36802270 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumour cells provides an immune evasion mechanism by inducing suppression of cytotoxic T cells. Various regulatory mechanisms of PD-L1 expression have been described in human tumours, however, little is known in canine tumours. To investigate whether inflammatory signalling is involved in PD-L1 regulation in canine tumours, the effects of interferon (IFN)-γ and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α treatment were examined in canine malignant melanoma cell lines (CMeC and LMeC) and an osteosarcoma cell line (HMPOS). The protein level of PD-L1 expression was upregulated by IFN-γ and TNF-α stimulation. Upon IFN-γ stimulation, all cell lines showed an increase in expression of PD-L1, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1, STAT3 and genes regulated by STAT activation. Upregulated expression of these genes was suppressed by the addition of a JAK inhibitor, oclacitinib. Contrastingly, upon TNF-α stimulation, all cell lines exhibited higher gene expression of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) gene RELA and genes regulated by NF-κB activation, whereas expression of PD-L1 was upregulated in LMeC only. Upregulated expression of these genes was suppressed by the addition of an NF-κB inhibitor, BAY 11-7082. The expression level of cell surface PD-L1 induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α treatment was reduced by oclacitinib and BAY 11-7082, respectively, indicating that upregulation of PD-L1 expression by IFN-γ and TNF-α stimulation is regulated via the JAK-STAT and NF-κB signalling pathways, respectively. These results provide insights into the role of inflammatory signalling in PD-L1 regulation in canine tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Owaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Deguchi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hosoya
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Sangho Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takafumi Sunaga
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okumura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Etiopathogenesis of Canine Cruciate Ligament Disease: A Scoping Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020187. [PMID: 36670727 PMCID: PMC9855089 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament in dogs remains a pathoetiologic puzzle. Despite much progress in research over the past years, the systemic and local mechanisms leading to ligament degeneration and structural failure remain largely obscure. This scoping review focuses on pathogenesis and aims at summarizing and interpreting today's knowledge on causes of canine cruciate ligament rupture, i.e., the multifactorial mechanisms leading to degenerative stifle joint disease with collagen matrix degeneration and structural failures. Thus, the initial view of traumatic ligament rupture, fostered by "wear and tear", has clearly been replaced by a new concept of systemic processes linked to progressive degenerative joint disease and ligament failure; thus, the term "cranial cruciate ligament disease" has been coined and is generally accepted. In addition, cruciate ligament rupture in people shares some similarities with the lesion in dogs; therefore, the review also includes comparative studies. The methods used were based on the PRISMA-ScR model (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews).
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Villatoro AS, Langenbach A, Yoon J, Garcia TC, Marcellin‐Little DJ. Stifle joint osteoarthritis in small‐breed and medium‐breed dogs is more severe after cranial cruciate ligament injury than medial patellar luxation. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/vru.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jin Yoon
- Veterinary Surgical Centers Vienna Virginia USA
| | - Tanya C. Garcia
- J. D. Wheat Orthopedic Research Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis California USA
| | - Denis J. Marcellin‐Little
- J. D. Wheat Orthopedic Research Laboratory School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis California USA
- Veterinary Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis Davis California USA
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Engineering Closed-Loop, Autoregulatory Gene Circuits for Osteoarthritis Cell-Based Therapies. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2022; 24:96-110. [PMID: 35404006 DOI: 10.1007/s11926-022-01061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Genetic engineering offers the possibility to simultaneously target multiple cellular pathways in the joints affected by osteoarthritis (OA). The purpose of this review is to summarize the ongoing efforts to develop disease-modifying osteoarthritis drugs (DMOADs) using genetic engineering, including targeting approaches, genome editing techniques, and delivery methods. RECENT FINDINGS Several gene circuits have been developed that reprogram cells to autonomously target inflammation, and their efficacy has been demonstrated in chondrocytes and stem cells. Gene circuits developed for metabolic disorders, such as those targeting insulin resistance and obesity, also have the potential to mitigate the impact of these conditions on OA onset and/or progression. Despite the strides made in characterizing the inflammatory environment of the OA joint, our incomplete understanding of how the multiple regulators interact to control signal transduction, gene transcription, and translation to protein limits the development of targeted disease-modifying therapeutics. Continuous advances in targeted genome editing, combined with online toolkits that simplify the design and production of gene circuits, have the potential to accelerate the discovery and clinical application of multi-target gene circuits with disease-modifying properties for the treatment of OA.
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5
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Immunoexpression of Relaxin and Its Receptors in Stifle Joints of Dogs with Cranial Cruciate Ligament Disease. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070819. [PMID: 35405809 PMCID: PMC8996950 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture is one of the most frequently encountered joint diseases in dogs, often leading to disabling chronic progressive osteoarthritis. The cause of the progressive intra-articular collagen matrix degradation, leading to tear and mechanical failure, is unknown. A variety of contributing factors has been found, however, an initiating mediator triggering the collagen degrading cascade remains to be identified. Our finding of strong relaxin- and relaxin receptor expression on intra-articular target tissues, such as on ligament fibrocytes and synovial membranes, renders relaxin a candidate for pathogenetic involvement, for collagen lysis, and progressive ligament fiber disruption. If confirmed, this opens the way for medical treatment of the disease in its early stages. In addition, further proof of relaxin involvement in canine osteoarthritis and ligament rupture would constitute a useful spontaneous animal model for human disease. Abstract The etiology of spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs is unknown despite being one of the most impacting orthopedic diseases in dogs. Numerous studies have contributed to the understanding of a multifactorial pathogenesis, this, however, without identifying a pivotal link to explain progressive collagen degeneration and osteoarthritic changes. In human medicine, recent reports have identified relaxin as a triggering factor in ligament ruptures in knee and metacarpal joints. We thus hypothesized that relaxin might also play a role in canine cruciate ligament rupture. Relaxin’s primarily known property is connective tissue remodeling through collagenolysis. We therefore investigated relaxin and its cognate receptors LGR7/LGR8 in 18 dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) and compared them to a group of dogs with normal stifle joints. Applying immunohistochemistry (IHC), double immunofluorescence (dIF), and western blot analysis (WB), we found strong and significantly increased expression of both relaxin and its receptors in ruptured cruciate ligaments, and in synovial membranes. Pattern of immuno-staining on dIF strongly suggests relaxin binding to primed receptors and activation of signaling properties, which in turn may have affected collagen matrix metabolism. Thus, in canine cranial cruciate ligament disease, relaxin/receptor signaling may be a primary trigger for collagen fiber degradation and collagen lysis, eventually followed by ligament rupture.
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Krupkova O, Smolders L, Wuertz-Kozak K, Cook J, Pozzi A. The Pathobiology of the Meniscus: A Comparison Between the Human and Dog. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:73. [PMID: 29713636 PMCID: PMC5911564 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Serious knee pain and related disability have an annual prevalence of approximately 25% on those over the age of 55 years. As curative treatments for the common knee problems are not available to date, knee pathologies typically progress and often lead to osteoarthritis (OA). While the roles that the meniscus plays in knee biomechanics are well characterized, biological mechanisms underlying meniscus pathophysiology and roles in knee pain and OA progression are not fully clear. Experimental treatments for knee disorders that are successful in animal models often produce unsatisfactory results in humans due to species differences or the inability to fully replicate disease progression in experimental animals. The use of animals with spontaneous knee pathologies, such as dogs, can significantly help addressing this issue. As microscopic and macroscopic anatomy of the canine and human menisci are similar, spontaneous meniscal pathologies in canine patients are thought to be highly relevant for translational medicine. However, it is not clear whether the biomolecular mechanisms of pain, degradation of extracellular matrix, and inflammatory responses are species dependent. The aims of this review are (1) to provide an overview of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the human and canine meniscus, (2) to compare the known signaling pathways involved in spontaneous meniscus pathology between both species, and (3) to assess the relevance of dogs with spontaneous meniscal pathology as a translational model. Understanding these mechanisms in human and canine meniscus can help to advance diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for painful knee disorders and improve clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Krupkova
- Small Animals Surgery, Tierspital, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Karin Wuertz-Kozak
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Spine Center, Schön Klinik München Harlaching, Munich, Germany.,Academic Teaching Hospital and Spine Research Institute, Paracelsus Private Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - James Cook
- Missouri Orthopaedic Institute, University of Missouri, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Antonio Pozzi
- Small Animals Surgery, Tierspital, Zurich, Switzerland
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7
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de Bakker E, Stroobants V, VanDael F, Ryssen BV, Meyer E. Canine synovial fluid biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 2018; 180:328-329. [PMID: 28364073 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E de Bakker
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - V Stroobants
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F VanDael
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - B Van Ryssen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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8
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Silverstein AM, Stoker AM, Ateshian GA, Bulinski JC, Cook JL, Hung CT. Transient expression of the diseased phenotype of osteoarthritic chondrocytes in engineered cartilage. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:829-836. [PMID: 27183499 PMCID: PMC5383531 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Due to the degradation of osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage in post-traumatic OA (PTOA), these tissues are challenging to study and manipulate in vitro. In this study, chondrocytes isolated from either PTOA (meniscal-release (MR) model) or normal (contralateral limb) cartilage of canine knee joints were used to form micropellets to assess the maintenance of the OA chondrocyte phenotype in vitro. Media samples from the micropellet cultures were used to measure matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), chemokine, and cytokine concentrations. Significant differences in matrix synthesis were observed as a function of disease with OA chondrocytes generally synthesizing more extracellular matrix with increasing time in culture. No donor dependent differences were detected. Luminex multiplex analysis of pellet culture media showed disease and time-dependent differences in interleukin (IL)-8, keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC)-like protein, MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-3, which are differentially expressed in OA. This memory of their diseased phenotype persists for the first 2 weeks of culture. These results demonstrate the potential to use chondrocytes from an animal model of OA to study phenotype alterations during the progression and treatment of OA. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:829-836, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M. Silverstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, New York 10027
| | - Aaron M. Stoker
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Gerard A. Ateshian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, New York 10027,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - J. Chloe Bulinski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - James L. Cook
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Clark T. Hung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, 1210 Amsterdam Avenue, 351 Engineering Terrace, New York 10027
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9
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Murakami K, Maeda S, Yonezawa T, Matsuki N. CC chemokine ligand 2 and CXC chemokine ligand 8 as neutrophil chemoattractant factors in canine idiopathic polyarthritis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:52-58. [PMID: 27863550 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Canine idiopathic polyarthritis (IPA) is characterized by increased numbers of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) in the synovial fluid (SF). In humans, CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and CXC chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8) recruit monocytes and neutrophils, respectively, and are involved in various inflammatory disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the roles of these chemokines in driving PMNs infiltration into the joints of dogs with IPA. SF samples were collected from dogs with IPA (n=19) and healthy controls (n=8), and the concentrations of SF CCL2 and CXCL8 were determined by ELISA. Dogs with IPA had significantly higher concentrations of CCL2 (3316±2452pg/ml, mean±SD) and CXCL8 (3668±3879pg/ml) compared with the healthy controls (235±45pg/ml and <15.6pg/ml, respectively). Then, an in vitro chemotaxis assay was performed using a modified Boyden chamber (pore size: 3μm). SF from IPA dogs had a chemoattractant activity for PMNs that purified from the peripheral blood of a healthy dog. We subsequently found that combination treatment with MK-0812 (an antagonist of CCL2 receptor) and repertaxin (an antagonist of CXCL8 receptors) significantly inhibited the migration of PMNs to SF from IPA dogs. Thus, expression of the CCL2 receptor (chemokine (CC motif) receptor 2 (CCR2)) was examined using polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. Canine peripheral blood PMNs exhibited significantly higher CCR2 mRNA expression levels than those in monocytes. In addition, we observed strong CCR2 expression on PMNs obtained from healthy controls and IPA dogs, although mononuclear cells did not express CCR2. Taken together, the data suggest that CCL2 acts as a canine PMNs chemotactic factor as well as CXCL8 and both CCL2 and CXCL8 facilitate the infiltration of PMNs into the joints of dogs with IPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Murakami
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yonezawa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoaki Matsuki
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Pathobiology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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10
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Kol A, Foutouhi S, Walker NJ, Kong NT, Weimer BC, Borjesson DL. Gastrointestinal microbes interact with canine adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and enhance immunomodulatory functions. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1831-43. [PMID: 24803072 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are somatic, multipotent stromal cells with potent immunomodulatory and regenerative properties. Although MSCs have pattern recognition receptors and are modulated by Toll-like receptor ligands, MSC-microbial interactions are poorly defined. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of bacterial association on MSC function. We hypothesized that gastrointestinal bacteria associate with MSCs and alter their immunomodulatory properties. The effect of MSC-microbial interactions on MSC morphology, viability, proliferation, migration, and immunomodulatory functions was investigated. MSCs associated with a remarkable array of enteric pathogens and commensal bacteria. MSC interactions with two model organisms, the pathogen Salmonella typhimurium and the probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus, were further investigated. While ST readily invaded MSCs, LB adhered to the MSC plasma membrane. Neither microbe induced MSC death, degeneration, or diminished proliferation. Microbial association did not upregulate MHC-II, CD80/86, or CD1 expression. MSC-microbial interaction significantly increased transcription of key immunomodulatory genes, including COX2, IL6, and IL8, coupled with significantly increased prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), interleukin (IL)6, and IL8 secretion. MSC-ST coincubation resulted in increased MSC expression of CD54, and significant augmentation of MSC inhibition of mitogen-induced T-cell proliferation. T-cell proliferation was partially restored when PGE2 secretion was blocked from ST-primed MSCs. MSC-microbe interactions have a profound effect on MSC function and may be pivotal in a variety of clinical settings where MSCs are being explored as potential therapeutics in the context of microbial communities, such as Crohn's disease, chronic nonhealing wounds, and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kol
- 1 Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California , Davis, California
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11
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Heard BJ, Achari Y, Chung M, Shrive NG, Frank CB. Early joint tissue changes are highly correlated with a set of inflammatory and degradative synovial biomarkers after ACL autograft and its sham surgery in an ovine model. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1185-92. [PMID: 21387397 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
While impossible in humans, the mechanisms of early cartilage, bone and meniscal damage can be quantified after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in animal models. We utilized an ovine model to determine if the mRNA expression of inflammatory and degradative molecules (IL-1β, IL-6, MMP-1, 2, 3, and 13) in the synovium correlated to changes in joint tissues 2 weeks post-ACL surgery, to test the hypothesis that synovial inflammation is a marker of these changes and possibly their originator. Nine "idealized" ACL autografts were performed and compared with three sham and six normal animals. Using validated protocols, early osteophyte formation, articular cartilage, and meniscal damage were quantified. Synovium was harvested and mRNA expression quantified using qPCR. Multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) was utilized to correlate synovial mRNA expression in treated and contra-lateral limbs, from all treatment groups with corresponding joint scores. Synovial mRNA expression was significantly elevated in all experimental and sham joints. The MLRA model was a significant predictive tool (p = 0.001, R(2) = 0.70) of gross tissue scores with significant contributions from IL-1β, IL-6, and MMP-3. Findings suggest that this set of synovial biomarkers is predictive (p < 0.009) of early gross changes of joint tissues after arthrotomy and likely directly involved in the relevant mechanisms, particularly early osteophyte formation, in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan J Heard
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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12
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Abstract
The stifle joint of dogs is an organ comprised of multiple tissue types that must work in concert to maintain joint health and function. Cruciate disease in dogs is caused by a spectrum of causal and risk factors that result in a final common pathway of abnormal biomechanics and abnormal biology causing osteoarthritis, or organ failure, of the stifle and the clinical signs of lameness, pain, and limb dysfunction. It is vital to understand the components of the biologic and biomechanical pathologies to improve our understanding of cruciate disease in dogs so that we can improve preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies for our canine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Cook
- Comparative Orthopaedic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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13
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Doom M, de Bruin T, de Rooster H, van Bree H, Cox E. Immunopathological mechanisms in dogs with rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 125:143-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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de Bruin T, de Rooster H, van Bree H, Duchateau L, Cox E. Cytokine mRNA expression in synovial fluid of affected and contralateral stifle joints and the left shoulder joint in dogs with unilateral disease of the stifle joint. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:953-61. [PMID: 17764409 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.9.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine mRNA expression of cytokines in synovial fluid (SF) cells from dogs with cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) rupture and medial patellar luxation (MPL) and determine mRNA expression for 3 joints (affected stifle, unaffected contralateral stifle, and left shoulder joints) in dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture. SAMPLE POPULATION 29 stifle joints with CrCL rupture (29 dogs), 8 stifle joints with MPL (7 dogs), and 24 normal stifle joints (16 clinically normal dogs). PROCEDURES Immediately before reconstructive surgery, SF was aspirated from the cruciate-deficient stifle joint or stifle joint with MPL. Fourteen of 29 dogs had unilateral CrCL rupture; SF was also aspirated from the unaffected contralateral stifle joint and left shoulder joint. Those 14 dogs were examined 6 and 12 months after reconstructive surgery. Total RNA was extracted from SF cells and reverse transcription-PCR assay was performed to obtain cDNA. Canine-specific cytokine mRNA expression was determined by use of a real-time PCR assay. RESULTS Interleukin (IL)-8 and -10 and interferon-gamma expression differed significantly between dogs with arthropathies and dogs with normal stifle joints. For the 14 dogs with unilateral CrCL rupture, a significant difference was found for IL-8 expression. Before reconstructive surgery, IL-8 expression differed significantly between the affected stifle joint and left shoulder joint or contralateral stifle joint. Six months after surgery, IL-8 expression was significantly increased in the unaffected contralateral stifle joint, compared with the shoulder joint. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE No conclusions can be made regarding the role of the examined cytokines in initiation of CrCL disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya de Bruin
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ghent, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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15
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Maccoux LJ, Salway F, Day PJR, Clements DN. Expression profiling of select cytokines in canine osteoarthritis tissues. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2007; 118:59-67. [PMID: 17524496 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the level of expression of five cytokines in four different articular tissues from the joints of dogs with and without osteoarthritis (OA). Articular tissues were harvested from the stifle (fat, cranial cruciate ligament, synovial membrane) or hip (articular cartilage) from eight dogs with OA secondary to cranial cruciate ligament disease (stifle) or hip dysplasia (hip), undergoing routine surgical treatment for the condition, and from five dogs euthanatized without orthopaedic disease. The mRNA transcript numbers for interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) were determined by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Increased expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-10 in OA synovial membrane, increased expression of IL-1beta and IL-6 in ruptured (OA) ligament, and reduced expression of IL-8 in OA synovial membrane were identified. Cytokine expression was detected in multiple tissues within the articular joint, but differential expression in OA was detected primarily in the synovial membrane and cranial cruciate ligament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey J Maccoux
- Centre for Integrated Genomic Medical Research, University of Manchester, The Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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16
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Fan YH, Lin CD, Chiou SH, Chow KC, Chi YS, Lee LH, Shien JH, Shieh HK. Differential expression of U2AF35 in the arthritic joint of avian reovirus-infected chicks. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 114:49-60. [PMID: 16916547 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2006.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To identify cell types and genes that are differentially expressed during immunopathogenesis of avian reovirus (ARV)-induced viral arthritis (VA), we inoculated arthrotropic strain S1133 of ARV into 1-day-old broilers, and examined tissue histology as well as RNA expression at different days post-inoculation (PI). Using immunohistochemical staining, we detected many CD68 expressing macrophages in and around the blood vessels of the arthritic joints. By RT-PCR, we found that expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was induced earlier in footpads and hock joints of ARV-infected chickens. By employing suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) technique and RT-PCR, we further identified that small subunit of U2 snRNP auxiliary factor (U2AF35 or U2AF1) mRNA was differentially induced in the joint of ARV-infected chickens. By in situ hybridization (ISH), mRNA signals of U2AF35 and BMP-2 were located in chondrocytes within/near the epiphyseal plate and secondary center of ossification, and in epidermal cells and dermal fibroblast-like cells of arthritic joints. In addition, U2AF35 mRNA was expressed in the inflammatory infiltrates of the bone marrow of ARV-infected arthritic joints, while MMP-2 was mainly detected in chondrocytes. Interestingly, among U2AF35, MMP-2, and BMP-2 that were differentially expressed in the joint of ARV-infected chickens, only U2AF35 induction correlated well with arthritic manifestation. Because U2AF35 may assist in mRNA splicing of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines, our results indicated that U2AF35 induction might play an immunopathological role in ARV-induced arthritis. This study has first associated U2AF35 to viral arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hsin Fan
- Graduate Institute of Veterinary Microbiology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo Kuang Road, Taichung 40227, Taiwan, ROC
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