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Rütten S, Schrödl W, Abraham G. Modulation of TNF-α, IL-1Ra and IFN-γ in equine whole blood culture by glucocorticoids. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 210:1-5. [PMID: 30947974 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are important drugs in the treatment of many inflammatory, autoimmune and allergic diseases in humans and animals. We investigated the effects of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone on TNF-α, IL-1Ra and INF-γ release in stimulated whole blood cell culture from healthy horses. Whole blood cell cultures proved to be useful for the characterization of the anti-inflammatory properties of new drugs. Diluted equine whole blood was exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and PCPwL (a cocktail consisting of phythemagglutinin E, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and lipopolysaccharide) in the presence or absence of hydrocortisone and dexamethasone (10-12 - 10-5 M). TNF-α and IL-1Ra (LPS) as well as IFN-γ (PCPwL) levels were measured in the supernatants using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-1Ra as well as the PCPwL-induced IFN-γ levels were more potently suppressed by dexamethasone than by hydrocortisone in a concentration-dependent manner. Dexamethasone inhibited TNF-α, IL-1Ra and IFN-γ with the half maximal inhibition concentration (IC50) values of 0.09 μM, 0.453 μM and 0.001 μM, respectively, whereas hydrocortisone inhibited these cytokines with lower IC50 values of 1.45 μM, 2.96 μM and 0.09 μM, respectively. Our results suggest that the equine whole blood test system is useful and reliable to evaluate drug effects and immunological alterations and offers several advantages including simple and cheap performance in physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Rütten
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Schrödl
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Bacteriology und Mycology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Getu Abraham
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, An den Tierkliniken 15, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Slomiany BL, Slomiany A. Syk: a new target for attenuation of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric mucosal inflammatory responses. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:203-211. [PMID: 30820719 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of gastric mucosal inflammatory response to H. pylori relies primarily on the extent of its key endotoxin, LPS, engagement of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and the initiation of signal transduction events converging on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and IκB complex (IKK) cascades. These cascades, in turn, exert their control over the assembly of transcription factors, NFκB and AP1, implicated in the induction of the expression of iNOS and COX-2 proinflammatory genes. The LPS-induced TLR4 activation and the ensuing phosphorylation of its intracellular tyrosine domain by Src-family kinases not only leads to recruitment to the cytoplasmic domain of TLR4 of adaptor molecules directly involved in propagation of the signaling cascades converging on MAPK and IKK, but also provides a propitious docking site for a non-receptor tyrosine kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk), the activation of which apparently leads to upregulation in the expression of proinflammatory genes. Here, we review the pathways engaged by H. pylori in the recruitment and interaction of Syk with TLR4 in gastric mucosa, and discuss the cascades involved in Syk-mediated amplification in proinflammatory signaling. We focus, moreover, on the potential role of drugs targeting Syk and TLR4 in the treatment of H. pylori-related gastric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronislaw L Slomiany
- Research Center, C855, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ, 07103-2400, USA.
| | - Amalia Slomiany
- Research Center, C855, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 110 Bergen Street, PO Box 1709, Newark, NJ, 07103-2400, USA
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Borio A, Holgado A, Garate JA, Beyaert R, Heine H, Zamyatina A. Disaccharide-Based Anionic Amphiphiles as Potent Inhibitors of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2317-2331. [PMID: 30276970 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances made in the last decade in the understanding of molecular mechanisms of sepsis and in the development of clinically relevant therapies, sepsis remains the leading cause of mortality in intensive care units with increasing incidence worldwide. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-a transmembrane pattern-recognition receptor responsible for propagating the immediate immune response to Gram-negative bacterial infection-plays a central role in the pathogenesis of sepsis and chronic inflammation-related disorders. TLR4 is complexed with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-sensing protein myeloid differentiation-2 (MD-2) which represents a preferred target for establishing new anti-inflammatory treatment strategies. Herein we report the development, facile synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel disaccharide-based TLR4⋅MD-2 antagonists with potent anti-endotoxic activity at micromolar concentrations. A series of synthetic anionic glycolipids entailing amide-linked β-ketoacyl lipid residues was prepared in a straightforward manner by using a single orthogonally protected nonreducing diglucosamine scaffold. Suppression of the LPS-induced release of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor was monitored and confirmed in human immune cells (MNC and THP1) and mouse macrophages. Structure-activity relationship studies and molecular dynamics simulations revealed the structural basis for the high-affinity interaction between anionic glycolipids and MD-2, and highlighted two compounds as leads for the development of potential anti-inflammatory therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Borio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Aurora Holgado
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Ghent University, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jose Antonio Garate
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Neurociencia de Valparaíso (CINV), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- Department for Biomedical Molecular Biology, Unit of Molecular Signal Transduction in Inflammation, Ghent University, Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Holger Heine
- Research Group Innate Immunity, Research Center Borstel-Leibniz Lung Center, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Disease (DZL), Parkallee 22, 23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Alla Zamyatina
- Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
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Aamer HG, El-Ashker MR, Nour EM, Wafa EW, Youssef MA. Sepsis-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Equine: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. J Equine Vet Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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6
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Werners AH. Treatment of endotoxaemia and septicaemia in the equine patient. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2016; 40:1-15. [PMID: 27452161 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins, constituents of the cell wall of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, regularly result in severe illness and death in horses. In endotoxaemia, these constituents are present in the systemic circulation; in septicaemia, whole microbes invade normally sterile parts of the body. Interaction of these endotoxins with pathogen recognition receptors leads to an inflammatory response that cannot always be sufficiently contained and hence needs direct treatment. Over the last decennia, our understanding of the pathophysiology of endotoxaemia and septicaemia has significantly increased. Based on improved understanding of the interaction between receptors and endotoxins as well as the subsequent downstream signalling pathways, new therapeutic targets have been identified in laboratory animal species and humans. Important species differences in the recognition of endotoxins and pathogens by their receptors as well as the inflammatory response to receptor activation hamper extrapolation of this information to the horse (and other species). Historically, horses with endotoxaemia and septicaemia have been treated mainly symptomatically and supportively. Based on the identified therapeutic targets, this review describes the current knowledge of the treatment for endotoxaemia and septicaemia in the horse with reference to the findings in other animal species and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Werners
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary Medicine, St. George's University, True Blue Campus, St. George's, Grenada, West-Indies
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7
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RNA sequencing as a powerful tool in searching for genes influencing health and performance traits of horses. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:199-206. [PMID: 26446669 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) by next-generation technology is a powerful tool which creates new possibilities in whole-transcriptome analysis. In recent years, with the use of the RNA-seq method, several studies expanded transcriptional gene profiles to understand interactions between genotype and phenotype, supremely contributing to the field of equine biology. To date, in horses, massive parallel sequencing of cDNA has been successfully used to identify and quantify mRNA levels in several normal tissues, as well as to annotate genes. Moreover, the RNA-seq method has been applied to identify the genetic basis of several diseases or to investigate organism adaptation processes to the training conditions. The use of the RNA-seq approach has also confirmed that horses can be useful as a large animal model for human disease, especially in the field of immune response. The presented review summarizes the achievements of profiling gene expression in horses (Equus caballus).
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Wang Y, Shan X, Dai Y, Jiang L, Chen G, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Dong L, Wu J, Guo G, Liang G. Curcumin Analog L48H37 Prevents Lipopolysaccharide-Induced TLR4 Signaling Pathway Activation and Sepsis via Targeting MD2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 353:539-50. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.222570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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9
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Pacholewska A, Drögemüller M, Klukowska-Rötzler J, Lanz S, Hamza E, Dermitzakis ET, Marti E, Gerber V, Leeb T, Jagannathan V. The transcriptome of equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122011. [PMID: 25790166 PMCID: PMC4366165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete transcriptomic data at high resolution are available only for a few model organisms with medical importance. The gene structures of non-model organisms are mostly computationally predicted based on comparative genomics with other species. As a result, more than half of the horse gene models are known only by projection. Experimental data supporting these gene models are scarce. Moreover, most of the annotated equine genes are single-transcript genes. Utilizing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) the experimental validation of predicted transcriptomes has become accessible at reasonable costs. To improve the horse genome annotation we performed RNA-seq on 561 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from 85 Warmblood horses. The mapped sequencing reads were used to build a new transcriptome assembly. The new assembly revealed many alternative isoforms associated to known genes or to those predicted by the Ensembl and/or Gnomon pipelines. We also identified 7,531 transcripts not associated with any horse gene annotated in public databases. Of these, 3,280 transcripts did not have a homologous match to any sequence deposited in the NCBI EST database suggesting horse specificity. The unknown transcripts were categorized as coding and noncoding based on predicted coding potential scores. Among them 230 transcripts had high coding potential score, at least 2 exons, and an open reading frame of at least 300 nt. We experimentally validated 9 new equine coding transcripts using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Our results provide valuable detailed information on many transcripts yet to be annotated in the horse genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Pacholewska
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Jolanta Klukowska-Rötzler
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Lanz
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Eman Hamza
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland; Institute of Genetics and Genomics in Geneva, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eliane Marti
- Clinical Immunology Group, Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gerber
- Swiss Institute of Equine Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern and Agroscope, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tosso Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vidhya Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Moore JN, Vandenplas ML. Is it the systemic inflammatory response syndrome or endotoxemia in horses with colic? Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2014; 30:337-51, vii-viii. [PMID: 25016495 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Some veterinarians describe particularly sick horses or neonatal foals as being endotoxemic, whereas others refer to the same animals as having the systemic inflammatory response syndrome. This article reviews the basis for the use of each of these terms in equine practice, and highlights the mechanisms underlying the response of the horse's innate immune system to key structural components of the microorganisms that initiate these conditions, including how some of those responses differ from other species. Current approaches used to treat horses with these conditions are summarized, and caution advised on extrapolating findings from other species to the horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- James N Moore
- Department of Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Michel L Vandenplas
- Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, PO Box 334, Basseterre, Saint Kitts, West Indies
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11
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Moreton J, Malla S, Aboobaker AA, Tarlinton RE, Emes RD. Characterisation of the horse transcriptome from immunologically active tissues. PeerJ 2014; 2:e382. [PMID: 24860704 PMCID: PMC4017814 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system of the horse has not been well studied, despite the fact that the horse displays several features such as sensitivity to bacterial lipopolysaccharide that make them in many ways a more suitable model of some human disorders than the current rodent models. The difficulty of working with large animal models has however limited characterisation of gene expression in the horse immune system with current annotations for the equine genome restricted to predictions from other mammals and the few described horse proteins. This paper outlines sequencing of 184 million transcriptome short reads from immunologically active tissues of three horses including the genome reference “Twilight”. In a comparison with the Ensembl horse genome annotation, we found 8,763 potentially novel isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Moreton
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough , Leicestershire , UK ; Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre , Nottingham , UK ; School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough , Leicestershire , UK
| | - Sunir Malla
- Deep Seq, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre , Nottingham , UK
| | | | - Rachael E Tarlinton
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough , Leicestershire , UK
| | - Richard D Emes
- Advanced Data Analysis Centre, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough , Leicestershire , UK ; School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus , Loughborough , Leicestershire , UK
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12
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Kozuma S, Hirota-Takahata Y, Fukuda D, Kuraya N, Nakajima M, Ando O. Screening and biological activities of pedopeptins, novel inhibitors of LPS produced by soil bacteria. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 67:237-42. [DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on host cells detect pathogens to activate innate immunity which, in turn, initiates inflammatory and adaptive immune responses. Successful activation of PRRs is, therefore, critical to controlling infections and driving pathogen‐specific adaptive immunity, but overactivity of PRRs causes systemic inflammation, which is detrimental to the host. Here we review the PRR literature as it relates to horses and speculate on the role PRRs may play in sepsis and endotoxaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Werners
- Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology Academic Programme, School of Veterinary Medicine, St George's University, True Blue, Grenada, West Indies
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Dunn-Siegrist I, Tissières P, Drifte G, Bauer J, Moutel S, Pugin J. Toll-like receptor activation of human cells by synthetic triacylated lipid A-like molecules. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:16121-31. [PMID: 22433865 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.348383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of microbial molecules by mammalian host receptors is essential to mount an immune response. Hexaacylated LPS is the prototypic example of a bacterial molecule recognized by the receptor complex TLR4/MD-2 with its lipid A moiety, whereas bacterial lipopeptides are recognized by TLR2. Here we show that a series of synthetic triacylated lipid A-like molecules are weak Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists (mainly TLR2 agonists) but very potent TLR4/MD-2 antagonists (submicromolar range). Not only do they block human cell responses to LPS but also to whole gram-negative bacteria, and they inhibit the phagocytosis of gram-negative bacteria. These compounds may represent promising immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irène Dunn-Siegrist
- Intensive Care Laboratory and Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
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Salunke DB, Shukla NM, Yoo E, Crall BM, Balakrishna R, Malladi SS, David SA. Structure-activity relationships in human Toll-like receptor 2-specific monoacyl lipopeptides. J Med Chem 2012; 55:3353-63. [PMID: 22385476 DOI: 10.1021/jm3000533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2-agonistic lipopeptides typified by S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-R-cysteinyl-S-serine (PAM(2)CS) compounds are potential vaccine adjuvants. We had previously determined that at least one acyl group of optimal length (C(16)) and an appropriately orientated ester carbonyl group is essential for TLR2-agonistic activity. We now show that these structurally simpler analogues display agonistic activities with human, but not murine, TLR2. SAR studies on the monoacyl derivatives show that the optimal acyl chain length is C(16), and aryl substituents are not tolerated. A variety of alkyl and acyl substituents on the cysteine amine were examined. All N-alkyl derivatives were inactive. In contradistinction, short-chain N-acyl analogues were found to be highly active, with a clear dependence on the chain length. A cysteine N-acetyl analogue was found to be the most potent (EC(50): 1 nM), followed by the N-butyryl analogue. The N-acetyl analogue is human TLR2-specific, with its potency comparable to that of PAM(2)CS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak B Salunke
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Room 320D, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence Kansas 66047, USA
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Alcott C, Sponseller B, Wong D, Davis J, Soliman A, Wang C, Hsu W. Clinical and Immunomodulating Effects of Ketamine in Horses with Experimental Endotoxemia. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25:934-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.2011.0749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Fairbairn L, Kapetanovic R, Sester DP, Hume DA. The mononuclear phagocyte system of the pig as a model for understanding human innate immunity and disease. J Leukoc Biol 2011; 89:855-71. [PMID: 21233410 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1110607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system has been studied extensively in the mouse. Studies of the pig as an experimental model have commonly been consigned to specialist animal science journals. In this review, we consider some of the many ways in which the innate immune systems of humans differ from those of mice, the ways that pigs may address the shortcomings of mice as models for the study of macrophage differentiation and activation in vitro, and the biology of sepsis and other pathologies in the living animal. With the completion of the genome sequence and the characterization of many key regulators and markers, the pig has emerged as a tractable model of human innate immunity and disease that should address the limited, predictive value of rodents in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey Fairbairn
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Roslin BioCentre, Scotland, United Kingdom
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18
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Coffey TJ, Werling D. Therapeutic targeting of the innate immune system in domestic animals. Cell Tissue Res 2010; 343:251-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-010-1054-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Walsh C, Gangloff M, Monie T, Smyth T, Wei B, McKinley TJ, Maskell D, Gay N, Bryant C. Elucidation of the MD-2/TLR4 interface required for signaling by lipid IVa. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1245-54. [PMID: 18606678 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
LPS signals through a membrane bound-complex of the lipid binding protein MD-2 and the receptor TLR4. In this study we identify discrete regions in both MD-2 and TLR4 that are required for signaling by lipid IVa, an LPS derivative that is an agonist in horse but an antagonist in humans. We show that changes in the electrostatic surface potential of both MD-2 and TLR4 are required in order that lipid IVa can induce signaling. In MD-2, replacing horse residues 57-66 and 82-89 with the equivalent human residues confers a level of constitutive activity on horse MD-2, suggesting that conformational switching in this protein is likely to be important in ligand-induced activation of MD-2/TLR4. We identify leucine-rich repeat 14 in the C terminus of TLR4 as essential for lipid IVa activation of MD-2/TLR4. Remarkably, we identify a single residue in the glycan-free flank of the horse TLR4 solenoid that confers the ability to signal in response to lipid IVa. These results suggest a mechanism of signaling that involves crosslinking mediated by both MD-2-receptor and receptor-receptor contacts in a model that shows striking similarities to the recently published structure (Cell 130: 1071-1082) of the ligand-bound TLR1/2 ectodomain heterodimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Walsh
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Figueiredo MD, Moore JN, Vandenplas ML, Sun WC, Murray TF. Effects of the second-generation synthetic lipid A analogue E5564 on responses to endotoxin in [corrected] equine whole blood and monocytes. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:796-803. [PMID: 18518661 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.6.796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate proinflammatory effects of the second-generation synthetic lipid A analogue E5564 on equine whole blood and isolated monocytes and to determine the ability of E5564 to prevent LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced procoagulant activity (PCA); tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha production; and mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 by equine monocytes. SAMPLE POPULATION Venous blood samples obtained from 19 healthy horses. PROCEDURES Whole blood and monocytes were incubated with Escherichia coli O111:B4 LPS, E5564, or E5564 plus E coli O111:B4 LPS. Whole blood and cell supernatants were assayed for TNF-alpha, and cell lysates were assayed to determine PCA. Expression of mRNA for TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-10 by monocytes was determined by use of real-time quantitative PCR assay. RESULTS Minimal proinflammatory effects were detected in whole blood and monocytes. In addition, E5564 inhibited LPS-induced PCA and TNF-alpha production in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, E5564 significantly inhibited LPS-induced mRNA expression of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-10 and decreased LPS-induced expression of IL-6. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The second-generation synthetic lipid A analogue E5564 lacked agonist activity in equine whole blood and monocytes and was a potent antagonist of enteric LPS. Therefore, E5564 appeared to be the first lipid A analogue that has potential as an effective therapeutic agent in horses with endotoxemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica D Figueiredo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Large Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7385, USA
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Lizundia R, Sauter KS, Taylor G, Werling D. Host species-specific usage of the TLR4-LPS receptor complex. Innate Immun 2008; 14:223-31. [PMID: 18669608 DOI: 10.1177/1753425908095957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recognition of LPS depends on the interaction of at least three molecules forming the LPS-receptor complex. The most important ones, CD14, MD2 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 share a high degree of homology between species. In the present study, we investigated the importance of species-specific restriction on the recognition of LPS using stably transfected HEK293 cell lines expressing either human or bovine LPS-receptor complex components. Species-specific MD2 appeared to confer LPS recognition, whereas species-specific CD14 only appeared to play a minor role. In addition to the recognition of LPS, there is evidence that the fusion (F) protein of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is the most common viral respiratory pathogen during infancy world-wide, interacts with TLR4, and plays an important role in the initiation of the innate immune response. Our findings suggest that human and bovine RSV may activate human and bovine TLR4 receptors, respectively, in the presence of both MD2 and CD14. However, no clear role for the RSV F protein of either human or bovine RSV alone in stimulating TLR4-dependent NF-kappaB activation was observed.
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Kimbrell MR, Warshakoon H, Cromer JR, Malladi S, Hood JD, Balakrishna R, Scholdberg TA, David SA. Comparison of the immunostimulatory and proinflammatory activities of candidate Gram-positive endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and lipopeptides, in murine and human cells. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:132-41. [PMID: 18468694 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative septic shock is well established. The corresponding proinflammatory and immunostimulatory molecule(s) on the Gram-positive bacteria is less well understood, and its identification and characterization would be a key prerequisite in designing specific sequestrants of the Gram-positive endotoxin(s). We report in this paper the comparison of NF-kappaB-, cytokine- and chemokine-inducing activities of the TLR2 ligands, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), peptidoglycan (PGN), and lipopeptides, to LPS, a prototype TLR4 agonist, in murine macrophage cell-lines as well as in human blood. In murine cells, di- and triacyl liopopeptides are equipotent in their NF-kappaB inducing activity relative to LPS, but elicit much lower proinflammatory cytokines. However, both LPS and the lipopeptides potently induce the secretion of a pattern of chemokines that is suggestive of the engagement of a TLR4-independent TRIF pathway. In human blood, although the lipopeptides induce p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation and CD11b upregulation in granulocytes at ng/ml concentrations, they do not elicit proinflammatory cytokine production even at very high doses; LTA, however, activates neutrophils and induces cytokine secretion, although its potency is considerably lower than that of LPS, presumably due to its binding to plasma proteins. We conclude that, in human blood, the pattern of immunostimulation and proinflammatory mediator production elicited by LTA parallels that of LPS.
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