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Guan S, Li Z, Han Y, Tian A, Zhou S, Chen H, Peng G, Song Y. Crystal structure of the ATPase domain of porcine circovirus type 2 Rep protein. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38506716 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PCV2 belongs to the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae, whose genome is replicated by rolling circle replication (RCR). PCV2 Rep is a multifunctional enzyme that performs essential functions at multiple stages of viral replication. Rep is responsible for nicking and ligating single-stranded DNA and unwinding double-stranded DNA (dsDNA). However, the structure and function of the Rep are still poorly understood, which significantly impedes viral replication research. This study successfully resolved the structure of the PCV2 Rep ATPase domain (PRAD) using X-ray crystallography. Homologous structure search revealed that Rep belonged to the superfamily 3 (SF3) helicase, and multiple conserved residues were identified during sequence alignment with SF3 family members. Simultaneously, a hexameric PRAD model was generated for analysing characteristic structures and sites. Mutation of the conserved site and measurement of its activity showed that the hallmark motifs of the SF3 family influenced helicase activity by affecting ATPase activity and β-hairpin just caused the loss of helicase activity. The structural and functional analyses of the PRAD provide valuable insights for future research on PCV2 replication and antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Saisai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Yunfeng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
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Burgher-Pulgaron Y, Provost C, Alvarez F, Meza-Serrano E, Pesant MJ, Price CA, Gagnon CA. DUSP1 mRNA modulation during porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus co-infection regulates viruses replication. Virus Res 2024; 339:199282. [PMID: 37995964 PMCID: PMC10711501 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The effects of porcine circovirus type 2b (PCV2b) and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) co-infection in epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract is unknown. In the present study, the newborn pig trachea cell line NPTr-CD163, which is permissive to both viruses, was persistently infected with PCV2b and then with PRRSV. Viral replication, cell viability, cytokines' mRNA expression, and modulation of cellular genes expression were evaluated in infected cells. In NPTr-CD163 co-infection model, PCV2b replication was enhanced while PRRSV replication was suppressed. Cell viability was significantly decreased during PCV2b single infection and co-infection compared to mock-infected and PRRSV single infected cells. However, no difference was observed in cell viability between PCV2b and PCV2b/PRRSV infected cells. The IL6, IL8 and IL10 mRNA expression was significantly higher in co-infected cells compared to PCV2b and PRRSV single infected cells. Moreover, the IFN-α/β expression was significantly reduced in co-infected cells compared to PCV2b infected cells whereas it remained higher compared to PRRSV infected cells. The differential gene expression analysis revealed that the mRNA expression level of the cellular gene DUSP1 was significantly higher in all PRRSV infection models compared to PCV2b single infected cells. Knockdown of DUSP1 expression in co-infected cells significantly reduced PCV2b replication, suggesting a role for DUSP1 in PCV2b/PRRSV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaima Burgher-Pulgaron
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA-FRQNT), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Chantale Provost
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Centre de Diagnostic Vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal (CDVUM), FMV, Canada
| | - Fernando Alvarez
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health (IDIGH), McGill University, 1001 Décarie, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H4A 3J1
| | - Europa Meza-Serrano
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, FMV, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Jeanne Pesant
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA-FRQNT), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Christopher A Price
- Centre de Recherche en Reproduction Animale, FMV, Université de Montréal, Canada
| | - Carl A Gagnon
- The Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Centre (CRIPA-FRQNT), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire (FMV), Université de Montréal, 3200 rue Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Centre de Diagnostic Vétérinaire de l'Université de Montréal (CDVUM), FMV, Canada.
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Park SW, Park IB, Kang SJ, Bae J, Chun T. Interaction between host cell proteins and open reading frames of porcine circovirus type 2. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 65:698-719. [PMID: 37970506 PMCID: PMC10640953 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2023.e67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is caused by a systemic inflammation after porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. It was one of the most economically important pathogens affecting pig production worldwide before PCV2 vaccine was first introduced in 2006. After the development of a vaccine against PCV2a type, pig farms gradually restored enormous economic losses from PMWS. However, vaccine against PCV2a type could not be fully effective against several different PCV2 genotypes (PCV2b - PCV2h). In addition, PCV2a vaccine itself could generate antigenic drift of PCV2 capsid. Therefore, PCV2 infection still threats pig industry worldwide. PCV2 infection was initially found in local tissues including reproductive, respiratory, and digestive tracks. However, PCV2 infection often leads to a systemic inflammation which can cause severe immunosuppression by depleting peripheral lymphocytes in secondary lymphoid tissues. Subsequently, a secondary infection with other microorganisms can cause PMWS. Eleven putative open reading frames (ORFs) have been predicted to encode PCV2 genome. Among them, gene products of six ORFs from ORF1 to ORF6 have been identified and characterized to estimate its functional role during PCV2 infection. Acquiring knowledge about the specific interaction between each PCV2 ORF protein and host protein might be a key to develop preventive or therapeutic tools to control PCV2 infection. In this article, we reviewed current understanding of how each ORF of PCV2 manipulates host cell signaling related to immune suppression caused by PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Won Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - In-Byung Park
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Seok-Jin Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Joonbeom Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
| | - Taehoon Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, School of
Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul
02841, Korea
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4
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Wongchanapai P, Yamsakul P, Arunorat J, Guntawang T, Sittisak T, Srivorakul S, Photichai K, Thanawongnuwech R, Sukmak M, Pringproa K. Comparative Efficacy of Chimeric Porcine Circovirus (PCV) Vaccines against Experimental Heterologous PCV2d Challenges. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10020080. [PMID: 36851384 PMCID: PMC9959253 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two multivalent commercial porcine circovirus (PCV) vaccines against heterologous PCV2d challenges. A total of 24 crossbred male pigs aged 26 days selected from a specific pathogen-free herd were randomly divided into four groups (six pigs per group) and assigned as follows: negative control (unvaccinated/sham-challenge), vaccinated with chimeric PCV1-2a vaccine (PCV1-2a/PCV2d-challenge), vaccinated with chimeric PCV1-2a-2b vaccine (PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge) and positive control (unvaccinated/PCV2d-challenge). At 21 days after vaccination, the pigs were intranasally and intramuscularly inoculated with either sham or field isolates of PCV2d (PCV2d/149/TH/2020). After being challenged, blood samples were obtained weekly and analyzed for levels of PCV2d viremia, neutralizing antibodies, and IgG against PCV2. At 30 days post-challenge (DPC), the pigs were euthanized and then subjected to pathological evaluations and molecular analysis. The results indicated that pigs in the PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge and the PCV1-2a/PCV2d-challenge groups possessed significantly greater levels of PCV2d-neutralizing antibody titer when compared with the positive control group. Moreover, pigs in the PCV1-2a-2b/PCV2d-challenge group exhibited a lower degree of severity in terms of gross lesion scores and lower levels of PCV2 viremia when compared with the positive control group. This study demonstrated that vaccinating pigs with either the PCV1-2a or PCV1-2a-2b chimeric vaccines elicits a potent immune response against PCV2d infection and reduces viremia after PCV2d inoculation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichanun Wongchanapai
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Swine Business Unit, Zoetis (Thailand) Limited, Bangkok 10500, Thailand
| | - Panuwat Yamsakul
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Jirapat Arunorat
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Thunyamas Guntawang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Tidaratt Sittisak
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Saralee Srivorakul
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Kornravee Photichai
- Center of Veterinary Diagnosis and Technology Transfer, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Manakorn Sukmak
- Department of Farm Resources and Production Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakorn Pathom 73140, Thailand
| | - Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Elephant and Wildlife Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Correspondence:
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5
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Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Vaccines: Commercial Application and Research Advances. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092005. [PMID: 36146809 PMCID: PMC9504358 DOI: 10.3390/v14092005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection can lead to porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), causing great economic losses to the global swine industry. Conventional vaccination programs are a major measure in the prevention and control of this disease. Currently, there are 5 commercially available PCV2 vaccines in the international market and 10 kinds commercially available PCV2 vaccines in the Chinese market that confer good efficacy against this virus by alleviating clinicopathological manifestations and enhancing growth performance in pigs. In addition, diverse experimental PCV2 vaccines with protective efficiency have been developed, including attenuated chimeric, nucleic acid, subunit, multivalent, and viral-vectored vaccines. These experimental vaccines have been shown to be relatively effective in improving the efficiency of pig production and simplifying prevention procedures. Adjuvants can be used to promote vaccines with higher protective immunity. Herein, we review the application of multiple commercial vaccines over the years and research advances in experimental vaccines, which provide the possibility for the development of superior vaccines to successfully prevent and control PCV2 infection in the future.
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Zhang Y, Gu P, Jiao L, He J, Yu L, Liu Z, Yang Y, Hu Y, Liu J, Wang D. Chinese yam polysaccharides PLGA-stabilized Pickering emulsion as an adjuvant system for PCV- 2 vaccine to enhance immune response. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 219:1034-1046. [PMID: 35963357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chinese yam polysaccharides (CYP) exhibit superior adjuvant activity and modulate the immune response, but the low bioavailability limits their clinical application. Pickering emulsions have been proven as an efficient vaccine delivery system to enhance the immune response. Here, we used the Chinese yam polysaccharides PLGA-stabilized Pickering emulsion adjuvant system (CYP-PPAS) loaded with Porcine circovirus 2 as a vaccine and focused on investigating its adjuvant activity on humoral and cellular immunity in mice. The CYP-PPAS increased PCV-2 antigen loading efficiency and showed a high antigen uptake efficiency by macrophages in vitro. In vivo, CYP-PPAS significantly facilitated DCs maturation in draining lymph nodes than CYP or PPAS alone group. The CYP-PPAS also induced an increased proliferation index and a CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Meanwhile, in contrast to the CYP and PPAS groups, CYP-PPAS elicited a stronger anti-PCV-2 IgG and mixed Th1/Th2 immune response. Specifically, the CYP-PPAS group displayed the high expression of CD107a, FasL, and Granzyme B secretion to augment a strong cytotoxic lymphocyte response. Overall, the CYP-PPAS was a successful adjuvant system for promoting humoral and cellular immune responses, which opens up an avenue for the development of effective adjuvants against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Pengfei Gu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lina Jiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jin He
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Lin Yu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Zhenguang Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yuanliang Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Jiaguo Liu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Deyun Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, PR China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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7
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Efficacy Studies of a Trivalent Vaccine Containing PCV-2a, PCV-2b Genotypes and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae When Administered at 3 Days of Age and 3 Weeks Later against Porcine Circovirus 2 (PCV-2) Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081234. [PMID: 36016122 PMCID: PMC9414577 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Four studies under preclinical and clinical conditions were performed to evaluate the efficacy of a new trivalent vaccine against Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) infection. The product contained inactivated PCV-1/PCV-2a (cPCV-2a) and PCV-1/PCV-2b (cPCV-2b) chimeras, plus M. hyopneumoniae inactivated cell-free antigens, which was administered to piglets in a two-dose regime at 3 days of age and 3 weeks later. The overall results of preclinical and clinical studies show a significant reduction in PCV-2 viraemia and faecal excretion, and lower histopathological lymphoid lesions and PCV-2 immunohistochemistry scores in vaccinated pigs when compared to non-vaccinated ones. Furthermore, in field trial A, a statistically significant reduction in the incidence of PCV-2-subclinical infection, an increase in body weight from 16 weeks of age to slaughterhouse and an average daily weight gain over the whole period (from 3 days of age to slaughterhouse) was detected in the vaccinated group when compared to the non-vaccinated one. Circulation of PCV-2a in field trial A, and PCV-2b plus PCV-2d in field trial B was confirmed by virus sequencing. In conclusion, a double immunization with a cPCV-2a/cPCV-2b/M. hyopneumoniae vaccine was efficacious against PCV-2 infection by reducing the number of histopathological lymphoid lesions and PCV-2 detection in tissues, serum, and faeces, as well as reducing losses in productive parameters.
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Pan H, Huan C, Zhang W, Hou Y, Zhou Z, Yao J, Gao S. PDZK1 upregulates nitric oxide production through the PI3K/ERK2 pathway to inhibit porcine circovirus type 2 replication. Vet Microbiol 2022; 272:109514. [PMID: 35917623 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease. Changes in host cell gene expression are induced by PCV2 infection. Here, we showed that porcine PDZ Domain-Containing 1 (PDZK1) expression was enhanced during PCV2 infection and that overexpression of PDZK1 inhibited the expression of PCV2 Cap protein. PCV2 genomic DNA copy number and viral titers were decreased in PDZK1-overexpressing PK-15B6 cells. PDZK1 knockdown enhanced the replication of PCV2. Overexpression of PDZK1 activated the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/ERK2 signaling pathway to enhance nitric oxide (NO) levels, while PDZK1 knockdown had the opposite effects. A PI3K inhibitor (LY294002) and a NO synthase inhibitor (L-NAME hydrochloride) decreased the activity of PDZK1 in restricting PCV2 replication. ERK2 knockdown enhanced the proliferation of PCV2 by decreasing levels of NO. Levels of interleukin (IL)- 4 mRNA were reduced in PDZK1 knockdown and ERK2 knockdown PK-15B6 cells. Increased IL-4 mRNA levels were unable to decrease NO production in PDZK1-overexpressing cells. Thus, we conclude that PDZK1 affected PCV2 replication by regulating NO production via PI3K/ERK2 signaling. PDZK1 affected IL-4 expression through the PI3K/ERK2 pathway, but PDZK1 modulation of PCV2 replication occurred independently of IL-4. Our results contribute to understanding the biological functions of PDZK1 and provide a theoretical basis for the pathogenic mechanisms of PCV2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochun Pan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yutong Hou
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyan Zhou
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingting Yao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song Gao
- Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Key Laboratory of Avian Bioproduct Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, China.
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9
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Bryan EE, Chen X, Smith BS, Dilger RN, Dilger AC. Maternal Immune Activation and Dietary Soy Isoflavone Supplementation Influence Pig Immune Function but not Muscle Fiber Formation. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:6568979. [PMID: 35426431 PMCID: PMC9155173 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The goals of this study were to determine the impact of maternal PRRSV infection on offspring muscle and immune development and the potential of dietary soy isoflavones to mitigate those effects. Thirteen first-parity gilts (“gilts”) were randomly allotted into one of three treatments: not infected and fed a diet devoid of isoflavones (CON), infected with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and fed the control diet (POS) or that supplemented with 1,500 mg/kg soy-derived isoflavones (ISF). Gilts were inoculated with PRRSV intranasally on gestational day (GD) 70. After farrowing (GD 114 ± 2), 1-2 offspring (“pigs”) closest to the average litter weight were selected either at birth (3 ± 2 d of age) or weaning (21 ±2 d of age) to determine body, muscle, and organ weights as well as muscle cell number and size. Four weaned pigs of average body weight within each litter were selected for postnatal immune challenge. At PND 52, pigs were injected with 5 µg/kg BW lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally. Serum was collected at 0, 4, and 8 h following LPS administration to analyze tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). At PND 59, pigs were administered a novel vaccine to elicit an adaptive immune response. At PND 59, 66, and 73, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and T-cell populations determined by flow cytometry. Both POS and ISF pigs exhibited persistent PRRSV infections throughout the study (PND 1-73). At PND 3, whole body, muscle, and organ weights were not different (P > 0.22) between groups, with the exception of relative liver weight, which was increased (P < 0.05) in POS compared with CON pigs. At PND 21, ISF pigs had reduced (P ≤ 0.05) whole body and muscle weights, but greater (P < 0.05) kidney weight compared with CON, and greater (P < 0.05) relative liver weight compared with CON and POS. Muscle fiber number and size were not different (P > 0.39) between groups at birth or weaning. After LPS administration, TNF-α was greatest in ISF pigs (P < 0.05) at both 0 and 8 h post-challenge. At the peak time-point of 4 h post-challenge, ISF pigs had the greatest concentration of TNF-α and CON pigs had the lowest, with POS pigs being intermediate (P = 0.01). After vaccination, ISF offspring had shifts in T-cell populations indicating an impaired immune response. These data indicate that maternal PRRSV infection may impact offspring organ growth and immune function, particularly when the dam is supplemented with isoflavones.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Bryan
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - B S Smith
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - R N Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - A C Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, USA
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10
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Shen T, Zhang Y, Mei L, Zhang XB, Zhu G. Single-stranded circular DNA theranostics. Theranostics 2022; 12:35-47. [PMID: 34987632 PMCID: PMC8690921 DOI: 10.7150/thno.66466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has witnessed the blossom of nucleic acid therapeutics and diagnostics (theranostics). Unlike conventional small molecule medicines or protein biologics, nucleic acid theranostics have characteristic features such as the intrinsic ability as “information drugs” to code and execute genetic and theranostic information, ready programmability for nucleic acid engineering, intrinsic stimulatory or regulatory immunomodulation, versatile functionalities, and easy conformational recovery upon thermal or chemical denaturation. Single-stranded circular DNA (circDNA) are a class of single-stranded DNAs (ssDNA) featured with their covalently-closed topology. In addition to the basic advantages of nucleic acids-based materials, such as low cost, biocompatibility, and simplicity of chemical modification, the lack of terminals in circDNA prevents exonuclease degradation, resulting in enhanced biostability relative to the corresponding linear ssDNA. circDNA has been explored for versatile theranostic applications. For instance, circDNA has been extensively studied as templates for bioanalytical signal amplification and the synthesis of nano-/micro-/macro- biomaterials via rolling circle amplification (RCA) and rolling circle transcription (RCT) technologies. circDNA has also been commonly used as the scaffolds for the self-assembly of versatile DNA origami. Finally, circDNA has been implemented as theranostic aptamers, miRNA inhibitors, as well as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) gene editing donors. In this review article, we will discuss the chemistry, characteristic properties, and the theranostic applications of circDNA (excluding double-stranded circular DNA such as plasmids); we will also envision the challenges and opportunities in this research field.
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11
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Pleguezuelos P, Sibila M, Cuadrado R, López-Jiménez R, Pérez D, Huerta E, Llorens AM, Núñez JI, Segalés J, López-Soria S. Exploratory field study on the effects of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) sow vaccination at different physiological stages mimicking blanket vaccination. Porcine Health Manag 2021; 7:35. [PMID: 33902747 PMCID: PMC8077688 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-021-00213-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of the present study was to explore the benefits of Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) blanket vaccination in a sow herd on productive parameters, PCV-2 infection and immune status in sows and their progeny. For this purpose, 288 sows were distributed among four balanced experimental groups. One group remained as negative control group and the other three received 1 mL of PCV-2 Ingelvac Circoflex® intramuscularly at different productive cycle moments: before mating, mid gestation (42–49 days post-insemination) or late gestation (86–93 days post-insemination); phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was used as negative control item. Reproductive parameters from sows during gestation and body weight of their progeny from birth to weaning were recorded. Additionally, blood was collected from sows at each vaccination time and piglets at 3 weeks of age. Moreover, up to 4 placental umbilical cords (PUC) per sow were taken at peri-partum. Sera from sows and piglets were analysed for PCV-2 antibody detection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from sows and PUC were tested to quantify viraemia using a real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Results Globally, results indicated that vaccinated sows showed heavier piglets at birth and at weaning, less cross-fostered piglets, lower viral load at farrowing as well as in PUC, and higher antibody levels at farrowing, compared to non-vaccinated ones. When all groups were compared among them, sows vaccinated at mid or late gestation had heavier piglets at birth than non-vaccinated sows, and lower proportion of PCV-2 positive PUC. Also, cross-fostering was less frequently practiced in sows vaccinated at pre-mating or mid gestation compared to non-vaccinated ones. Conclusions In conclusion, the present study points out that PCV-2 sow vaccination at different time points of their physiological status (mimicking blanket vaccination) offers benefits at production and serological and virological levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-021-00213-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pleguezuelos
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain. .,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Marina Sibila
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Raúl Cuadrado
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Rosa López-Jiménez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Diego Pérez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Eva Huerta
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna M Llorens
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Núñez
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA- UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sergio López-Soria
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Spain
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12
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Zhang L, Qiu S, Lu M, Huang C, Lv Y. Nuclear transporter karyopherin subunit alpha 3 levels modulate Porcine circovirus type 2 replication in PK-15 cells. Virology 2020; 548:31-38. [PMID: 32838944 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Entering the nucleus is important for Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) replication. Karyopherins (KPNs) mediate the nuclear import of many cytoplasmic proteins. Our previous study showed that KPNA3 is involved in interferon production during PCV2 infection induced by Poly I:C and ISD (Interferon stimulatory DNA). However, it remains unclear whether PCV2 replication is associated with KPNA3. In the present study, knockdown of KPNA3 promoted the replication of PCV2, whereas overexpression of KPNA3 inhibited PCV2 replication in PK-15 cells. Furthermore, KPNA3 knockdown inhibited IRF3 and reduced the expression of antiviral genes including IFN-β, ISG54, Mx1 and ISG56, while the opposite results were obtained after KPNA3 overexpression. KPNA3 knockdown also promoted p65 nuclear translocation and increased the mRNA expression of IL-10 and IL-1β. These results suggested that KPNA3 facilitates IRF3 entry into the nucleus and the production of an antiviral response, resulting in PCV2 replication inhibition and blockage of NF-κB signal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Siyu Qiu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingqing Lu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Canping Huang
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
| | - Yingjun Lv
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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13
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Liu G, Qiao X, Chang C, Hua T, Wang J, Tang B, Zhang D. Reduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Associated Clinical Symptoms by Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Against Porcine Parvovirus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Viral Immunol 2020; 33:444-456. [PMID: 32255758 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid (Cap) protein and porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 protein have been studied in vaccines to control postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are nonreplicative vectors that deliver epitopes and induce immune responses. However, most VLP vaccines are recombinant proteins expressed in eukaryotic systems and are expensive and complex. In this study, the full-length PCV2-Cap and PPV-VP2 proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, which self-assembled into VLPs. The highly soluble proteins were purified using Ni-chelating affinity chromatography. The proteins self-assembled into VLPs of ∼20 nm (Cap VLP) and 25 nm (VP2 VLP) in diameter. The immunogenicities of Cap VLP and VP2 VLP were determined in piglets coinfected with PPV and PCV2 postimmunization. The results suggested that Cap VLP and VP2 VLP did not antagonize each other. The combined vaccine induced stronger humoral and cellular immune responses and provided the best protection against PPV and PCV2 coinfection. On a farm containing PMWS-infected pigs, the combined Cap VLP and VP2 VLP vaccine significantly improved piglet growth indices; the average daily weight gains were significantly higher than those of the Cap VLP vaccine and nonimmunized groups. Thus, Cap and VP2 protein expression in E. coli is feasible for large-scale VLP vaccine production. The combined vaccine may be a promising candidate vaccine for better preventing PMWS-associated diseases coinfected with PCV2 and PPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyang Liu
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xuwen Qiao
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Chang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tao Hua
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jichun Wang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Daohua Zhang
- Institute of Veterinary Immunology and Engineering, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,National Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Veterinary Biologicals, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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14
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Abid M, Teklue T, Li Y, Wu H, Wang T, Qiu HJ, Sun Y. Generation and Immunogenicity of a Recombinant Pseudorabies Virus Co-Expressing Classical Swine Fever Virus E2 Protein and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Capsid Protein Based on Fosmid Library Platform. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040279. [PMID: 31805703 PMCID: PMC6963705 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies (PR), classical swine fever (CSF), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-associated disease (PCVAD) are economically important infectious diseases of pigs. Co-infections of these diseases often occur in the field, posing significant threat to the swine industry worldwide. gE/gI/TK-gene-deleted vaccines are safe and capable of providing full protection against PR. Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) E2 glycoprotein is mainly used in the development of CSF vaccines. PCV2 capsid (Cap) protein is the major antigen targeted for developing PCV2 subunit vaccines. Multivalent vaccines, and especially virus-vectored vaccines expressing foreign proteins, are attractive strategies to fight co-infections for various swine diseases. The gene-deleted pseudorabies virus (PRV) can be used to develop promising and economical multivalent live virus-vectored vaccines. Herein, we constructed a gE/gI/TK-gene-deleted PRV co-expressing E2 of CSFV and Cap of PCV2 by fosmid library platform established for PRV, and the expression of E2 and Cap proteins was confirmed using immunofluorescence assay and western blotting. The recombinant virus propagated in porcine kidney 15 (PK-15) cells for 20 passages was genetically stable. The evaluation results in rabbits and pigs demonstrate that rPRVTJ-delgE/gI/TK-E2-Cap elicited detectable anti-PRV antibodies, but not anti-PCV2 or anti-CSFV antibodies. These findings provide insights that rPRVTJ-delgE/gI/TK-E2-Cap needs to be optimally engineered as a promising trivalent vaccine candidate against PRV, PCV2 and CSFV co-infections in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-451-5105-1708
| | - Yuan Sun
- Correspondence: (H.-J.Q.); (Y.S.); Tel.: +86-451-5105-1708
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15
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Mukherjee P, Karam A, Chakraborty A, Baruah S, Pegu R, Das S, Milton A, Puro K, Sanjukta R, Ghatak S, Shakuntala I, Laha R, Sen A. Identification of a novel cluster of PCV2 isolates from Meghalaya, India indicates possible recombination along with changes in capsid protein. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2019; 71:7-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Porcine Dendritic Cells and Viruses: An Update. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050445. [PMID: 31100880 PMCID: PMC6563313 DOI: 10.3390/v11050445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several viral infections of swine are responsible for major economic losses and represent a threat to the swine industry worldwide. New tools are needed to prevent and control endemic, emerging, and re-emerging viral diseases. Dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in linking the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, so knowledge regarding their interaction with pathogens is necessary to understand the mechanisms underlying diseases pathogenesis and protection. In the first part of this review, we provide an update on the heterogeneous cell subsets that comprise the porcine DC family. In the second part of this review, we provide an overview of how three viruses, affecting pork production at a global level, African swine fever virus (ASFV), classical swine fever virus (CSFV), and porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), modulate DC function.
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17
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Chen HL, Tan HL, Yang J, Wei YY, Hu TJ. Sargassum polysaccharide inhibits inflammatory response in PCV2 infected-RAW264.7 cells by regulating histone acetylation. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 200:633-640. [PMID: 30177210 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxic inflammatory response is frequently introduced upon virus infection. In this study, RAW264.7 cells were infected with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and treated with Sargassum polysaccharide SP. It was found that PCV2 infection induced increased significant inflammation response represented with increased secretion of inflammatory cytokines, corresponding with promoted HAT activity, inhibited HDAC activity, elevated HDAC1 mRNA levels, and up-regulated acetylation levels of H3 and H4 in RAW264.7 cells. SP treatment significantly inhibited the increase of inflammatory cytokines, HAT activity and the acetylation of histones, but dramatically increased the HDAC activity and the expression of HDAC1. From these results, SP might be able to protect immune cells from virus induced damages through inhibiting the inflammatory responds by maintaining an equilibrium between the activity of HATs and HDACs which contributes to an appropriate level of histone acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Lan Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Hong-Lian Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Ying-Yi Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Ting-Jun Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
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18
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Dvorak CM, Puvanendiran S, Murtaugh MP. Porcine circovirus 2 infection induces IFNβ expression through increased expression of genes involved in RIG-I and IRF7 signaling pathways. Virus Res 2018; 253:38-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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The Hsp90 inhibitor 17-DMAG decreases infection of porcine circovirus type 2 in mice. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:248-252. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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20
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Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) Vaccines in the Context of Current Molecular Epidemiology. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050099. [PMID: 28481275 PMCID: PMC5454412 DOI: 10.3390/v9050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an economically important swine pathogen and, although small, it has the highest evolution rate among DNA viruses. Since the discovery of PCV2 in the late 1990s, this minimalistic virus with a 1.7 kb single-stranded DNA genome and two indispensable genes has become one of the most important porcine pathogens, and presently is subjected to the highest volume of prophylactic intervention in the form of vaccines in global swine production. PCV2 can currently be divided into five different genotypes, PCV2a through PCV2e. It is well documented that PCV2 continues to evolve, which is reflected by changes in the prevalence of genotypes. During 2006, commercial vaccines for PCV2 were introduced on a large scale in a pig population mainly infected with PCV2b. Since 2012, the PCV2d genotype has essentially replaced the previously predominant PCV2b genotype in North America and similar trends are also documented in other geographic regions such as China and South Korea. This is the second major PCV2 genotype shift since the discovery of the virus. The potential increase in virulence of the emergent PCV2 genotype and the efficacy of the current vaccines derived from PCV2a genotype against the PCV2d genotype viruses has received considerable attention. This review attempts to synthesize the understanding of PCV2 biology, experimental studies on the antigenic variability, and molecular epidemiological analysis of the evolution of PCV2 genotypes.
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21
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Global Status of Porcine circovirus Type 2 and Its Associated Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa. Adv Virol 2017; 2017:6807964. [PMID: 28386278 PMCID: PMC5366187 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6807964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a recognized viral pathogen of great economic value in pig farming. It is the major cause of ravaging postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and many other disease syndromes generally regarded as Porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD) in Europe. PCV2 infections, specifically PMWS, had impacted huge economic loss on swine production at different regions of the world. It has been studied and reported at different parts of the globe including: North and South America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, Middle East, and the Caribbean. However, till date, this virus and its associated diseases have been grossly understudied in sub-Sahara African region and the entire continent at large. Two out of forty-nine, representing just about 4% of countries that make up sub-Sahara Africa presently, have limited records on reported cases and occurrence of the viral pathogen despite the ubiquitous nature of the virus. This review presents an overview of the discovery of Porcine circovirus and its associated diseases in global pig herds and emphasizes the latest trends in PCV2 vaccines and antiviral drugs development and the information gaps that exist on the occurrence of this important viral pathogen in swine herds of sub-Saharan Africa countries. This will serve as wake-up call for immediate and relevant actions by stakeholders in the region.
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Dvorak CMT, Yang Y, Haley C, Sharma N, Murtaugh MP. National reduction in porcine circovirus type 2 prevalence following introduction of vaccination. Vet Microbiol 2016; 189:86-90. [PMID: 27259831 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), a small, single-stranded circular DNA virus and the causative agent of porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD), was first observed in the mid-1990s in pigs with a post-weaning wasting disease. In 2006 the number of PCVAD cases greatly increased, marking it as an important viral pathogen for the United States (US) swine industry. PCV2 vaccines were introduced to the US in 2006 in response to widespread outbreaks of PCVAD. These vaccines were effective in preventing disease, but did not eliminate virus from the animals. In 2006, prior to vaccine use, a study of PCV2 prevalence in pig herds across the US was performed in conjunction with the US National Animal Health Monitoring System. In 2012, 6 years after widespread PCV2 vaccination, this study was repeated. Since the introduction of PCV2 vaccines in 2006, viral presence and viral loads have greatly decreased, and a genotypic shift dominated by PCV2b has occurred. Antibody levels have decreased in the pig population, but approximately 95% of sites continue to be antibody-positive. Widespread vaccination has controlled PCVAD and decreased PCV2 prevalence to the point that viremia is not detected on many sites. Thus, continued vaccination may lead to PCV2 elimination in the national herd over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M T Dvorak
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Charles Haley
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, USDA-APHIS-VS, 2150 Centre Avenue, Building B, MS 2E7 Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Nikita Sharma
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Michael P Murtaugh
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, 1971 Commonwealth Ave, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA.
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23
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Ren L, Chen X, Ouyang H. Interactions of porcine circovirus 2 with its hosts. Virus Genes 2016; 52:437-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Efficient expression and purification of porcine circovirus type 2 virus-like particles in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2016; 220:78-85. [PMID: 26795354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid (Cap) protein has been successfully used as a vaccine to control porcine circovirus associated disease (PCVAD). Most PCV2 subunit vaccines are recombinant Cap protein expressed in baculovirus/insect cell expression system, but using this eukaryotic system is laborious and expensive. In our previous study, full-length of PCV2Cap protein expressed in Escherichia coli formed virus-like particles (VLPs). This expression system has the advantages of being relatively simple and inexpensive. In this study, we constructed a recombinant plasmid containing the full-length codon-optimized cap (ORF2) gene to improve high-level expression of recombinant Cap protein (rCap) with no changed amino acids. The highly water-soluble rCap protein was purified by a single-column, high-throughput fractionation procedure based on size exclusion chromatography. Yield was 10mg per 200ml bacterial culture. The rCap protein self-assembled into VLPs of diameter 25-30nm that contained exogenous nucleic acids. The immunogenicity of PCV2 VLPs was analyzed by immunizing mice. VLP-immunized mice mounted specific immune responses to PCV2. Thus, expression of rCap in E. coli was feasible for large-scale production of PCV2 VLPs, which could potentially be used for a VLP-based PCV2 vaccine.
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Sydler T, Brägger S, Handke M, Hartnack S, Lewis FI, Sidler X, Brugnera E. Latent porcine circovirus type 2-infected domestic pigs: A potential infection model for the effective development of vaccines against latent or chronic virus induced diseases. Vaccine 2016; 34:1047-53. [PMID: 26795369 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, knowledge of the pathogenicity of Circoviridae and Anelloviridae family members was limited. Our previous discoveries provided clues toward resolving this issue based on studies of the latent nature of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotype group members. We developed a conventional pig infection model that indicated that weaners already harbored latent PCV2 infection in the thymus, which enabled the viruses to specifically modulate the maturation of T-helper cells. This finding raised the possibility that the thymi of normal fetuses were already infected with PCV2. The present findings further substantiate our hypothesis that PCV2 masquerades as the host by infecting fetuses before they acquire immune-competence. We provide the first demonstration that all domestic pig fetuses preferentially harbor latent PCV2-infected cells in their thymi. These PCV2-infected cells are different from thymocytes and are located in the medulla of the fetal thymus. These latent PCV2-infected cells in fetuses are found at the same location and share characteristics with the infected cells observed in adolescent pigs. Moreover, fetuses also harbor these infected cells in other lymph system organs. We provide the first demonstration that the fetal thymus virus pools are minimally affected by sow vaccination, highlighting the immune-privileged character of this organ. Furthermore, we found a striking reduction in virus-infected cells in the fetal spleen and an increase in PCV2-infected cells in the fetal intestine of anti-PCV2-vaccinated mothers. These data indicate that specific immune response interactions occur between mothers and their progeny that are not dependent on the humoral immunity of the mother and cannot be attributed to the rudimentary humoral responses of the fetuses because these pig fetuses do not have any PCV2-specific antibodies. These shifts in our understanding of the PCV2-infected cell pool will lead to different avenues in the search for effective vaccination strategies against latent and chronic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titus Sydler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Brägger
- Division of Swine Medicine of the Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Handke
- Division of Swine Medicine of the Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fraser I Lewis
- Division of Veterinary Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Xaver Sidler
- Division of Swine Medicine of the Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Enrico Brugnera
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Division of Swine Medicine of the Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Kekarainen T, Segalés J. Porcine circovirus 2 immunology and viral evolution. Porcine Health Manag 2015; 1:17. [PMID: 28405423 PMCID: PMC5382452 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-015-0012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has and is still causing important economic losses to pig industry. This is due to PCV2-systemic disease (PCV2-SD), formerly known as postweaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which increases mortality rates and slows down the growth of the animals, as well as other conditions collectively included within the so-called porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). PCV2-SD affected pigs are considered to be immunosuppressed, with severe lymphocyte depletion and evidence of secondary infections. However, PCV2-infected pigs not developing the disease are able to mount humoral and cellular immune responses and clear the virus or limit the infection. On the contrary, insufficient amounts of neutralizing antibodies have been linked to increased PCV2 replication, severe lymphoid lesions and development of PCV2-SD. Central role in controlling PCV2 infection are played by the antigen specific memory T cells. These cells persist long term post-infection or vaccination and are able to expand rapidly after recall antigen recognition. Most farms in the main pig producing countries are applying vaccination against PCV2 to prevent the disease and improve the farm performance. Vaccines do not induce sterilizing immunity and PCV2 keeps on circulating even in farms applying vaccination. This, together with the high mutation rate of PCV2, world-wide fluctuations in the genotype dominance and emergence of novel genetic variants, warrant close molecular survey of the virus in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Kekarainen
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Assessment of neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody responses against Porcine circovirus 2 in vaccinated and non-vaccinated farmed pigs. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:2743-2748. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Reiner G, Hofmeister R, Willems H. Genetic variability of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) field isolates from vaccinated and non-vaccinated pig herds in Germany. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:41-8. [PMID: 26275852 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is responsible for a wide range of associated diseases (PCVD) affecting swine production worldwide. Highly efficient commercial vaccines induce protective immunity, but PCV2 is still circulating in vaccinated farms. Thus, and because of the viruś high mutation rate, recent findings provide concerns about PCV2 strains capable to escape vaccination. Based on 2156 samples from individual pigs of 315 herds from Germany we describe a high effectivity of vaccination between 2008 and the third quarter of 2011. In this period, virus load dropped continuously and at the end of this period it hardly reached the limit of quantification. Thereafter, virus loads re-increased, although most of the herds were still vaccinated. Sixty-two randomly selected samples from vaccinated (n=28) and non-vaccinated (n=26) herds between 2008 and 2012 were completely sequenced. As compared to the PCV2b reference sequence 259 polymorphisms were detected. Polymorhisms were analysed for associations to vaccination status, genotype (PCV2a/PCV2b), and virus load. PCV2a sequences were significantly repelled by PCV2b. One SNP at position 1182 (g.1182G>T), involved in capsid epitope formation, was significantly associated with the PCV2 genotype (2a/2b). Moreover, this SNP was affected by vaccination, with effects on allele frequencies and viral load, independent from the PCV2 genotype (2a/2b). We conclude that there is indeed evidence for a selectional impact of vaccination on the PCV2 sequence, especially on nucleotides involved in epitope formation. Such variation might be responsible for the observed re-increase of PCV2-loads in samples from the end of 2011 in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Reiner
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Regina Hofmeister
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann Willems
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Clinic for Swine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Yang X, Ma T, Ouyang H, Chen F, Peng Z, Li C, Ma Y, Chen X, Li B, Pang D, Ren L. Effect of atovastatin treatment on porcine circovirus 2 infection in BALB/c mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 42:817-21. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Teng Ma
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Fuwang Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Zhiyuan Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Chun Li
- The Chinese Peoples' Liberation Army 208 Hospital; Changchun China
| | - Yunzhi Ma
- Heping Campus; Jilin University; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Xinrong Chen
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Boyu Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Daxing Pang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering; College of Animal Sciences; Changchun Jilin China
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30
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Jiménez-Melsió A, Rodriguez F, Darji A, Segalés J, Cornelissen-Keijsers V, van den Born E, Kekarainen T. Vaccination of pigs reduces Torque teno sus virus viremia during natural infection. Vaccine 2015; 33:3497-503. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fraile L, Segalés J, Ticó G, López-Soria S, Valero O, Nofrarías M, Huerta E, Llorens A, López-Jiménez R, Pérez D, Sibila M. Virological and serological characterization of vaccinated and non-vaccinated piglet subpopulations coming from vaccinated and non-vaccinated sows. Prev Vet Med 2015; 119:153-61. [PMID: 25748003 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the virological and serological profiles of PCV2 vaccinated (V) and non-vaccinated (NV) piglet subpopulations coming from V and NV sows in a PCV2 subclinically infected farm. Four hundred seventy-six piglets born from V or NV sows were further subdivided in a total of four groups: NV sows-NV pigs (NV-NV), NV sows-V pigs (NV-V); V sows-NV pigs (V-NV) and V sows-V pigs (V-V). Seventy-five pigs were randomly selected at the beginning of the trial from each group and they were bled at 4, 8, 12, 16, 21 and 25 weeks of age. All animals included in the trial were weighed at 4 and 25 weeks of age and their average daily weight gain (ADWG) was calculated. Serum samples obtained at different time points were used to assess PCV2 infection (viremia) and the level of antibodies by means of immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) against this pathogen. IPMA titers (classified in high, medium or low) and PCR results (positive or negative) were analyzed using a multiple correspondence and K-means cluster analysis. According to these tests, animals included in the study were classified into the following four clusters: (1) 93 piglets that were viremic mainly from 12 to 25 weeks of age and with PCV2 antibody titers increasing over time; (2) 75 piglets with late PCV2 infection and seroconversion (later than 16 weeks of age); (3) 26 piglets with high but decreasing PCV2 antibody titers and low percentages of PCV2 PCR positive serum samples; and (4) 105 piglets with medium and high IPMA titers throughout the trial and sporadic PCR positive samples. The defined subpopulations of piglets were observed in all experimental groups (NV-NV, NV-V, V-NV and V-V) although in variable percentages. Thus, animals from clusters 1 and 2 belonged mainly to the NV-NV and V-NV groups and animals from clusters 3 and 4 were distributed mainly into the NV-V and V-V groups. Finally, the ADWG of pigs belonging to clusters 3 and 4 was significantly higher (p=0.02) than that of pigs belonging to clusters 1 and 2. Within each cluster, no statistically significant differences were found in ADWG between treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fraile
- Departament de Producció Animal, ETSEA, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
| | - J Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain; Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - G Ticó
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - S López-Soria
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - O Valero
- Servei d'Estadística Aplicada, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - M Nofrarías
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - E Huerta
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - A Llorens
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - R López-Jiménez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - D Pérez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
| | - M Sibila
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Spain
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Zhang H, Qian P, Peng B, Shi L, Chen H, Li X. A novel subunit vaccine co-expressing GM-CSF and PCV2b Cap protein enhances protective immunity against porcine circovirus type 2 in piglets. Vaccine 2015; 33:2449-56. [PMID: 25863115 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes porcine circovirus-associated disease. Capsid (Cap) protein of PCV2 is the principal immunogenic protein that induces neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity. GM-CSF is an immune adjuvant that enhances responses to vaccines. In this study, recombinant baculoviruses Ac-Cap and Ac-Cap-GM-CSF expressing the Cap protein alone and co-expressing the Cap protein and porcine GM-CSF, respectively, were constructed successfully. The target proteins were analyzed by western blotting and IFA. Further, these proteins were confirmed by electron microscopy, which showed that Cap proteins could self-assemble into virus-like particles having diameters of 17-25nm. Animal experiments showed that pigs immunized with Cap-GM-CSF subunit vaccine showed significantly higher levels of PCV2-specific antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than pigs immunized with the Cap subunit vaccine and a commercial vaccine (Ingelvac CircoFLEX; P<0.05). After PCV2 wild strain challenged, Pigs receiving the Cap-GM-CSF subunit vaccine showed significantly higher average daily weight gain after wild-type PCV2 challenge than pigs receiving the other three vaccines (P<0.05). None of PCV2 DNA was detected in all immunized animals, except control animals immunized with phosphate-buffered saline. These results indicated that GM-CSF was a powerful immunoadjuvant for PCV2 subunit vaccines because it enhanced humoral immune response and improved immune protection against PCV2 infection in pigs. Thus, the novel Cap-GM-CSF subunit vaccine has the potential to be used as an effective and safe vaccine candidate against PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Lin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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PCV2 vaccination induces IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing T cells with a potential role in protection. Vet Res 2015; 46:20. [PMID: 25888899 PMCID: PMC4348102 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is one of the economically most important pathogens for swine production worldwide. Vaccination is a powerful tool to control porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). However, it is not fully understood how PCV2 vaccination interacts with the porcine immune system. Especially knowledge on the cellular immune response against PCV2 is sparse. In this study we analysed antigen-specific T cell responses against PCV2 in a controlled vaccination and infection experiment. We focused on the ability of CD4+ T cells to produce cytokines using multicolour flow cytometry (FCM). Vaccination with a PCV2 subunit vaccine (Ingelvac CircoFLEX®) induced PCV2-specific antibodies only in five out of 12 animals. Conversely, vaccine-antigen specific CD4+ T cells which simultaneously produced IFN-γ and TNF-α and had a phenotype of central and effector memory T cells were detected in all vaccinated piglets. After challenge, seroconversion occurred earlier in vaccinated and infected pigs compared to the non-vaccinated, infected group. Vaccinated pigs were fully protected against viremia after subsequent challenge. Therefore, our data suggests that the induction of IFN-γ/TNF-α co-producing T cells by PCV2 vaccination may serve as a potential correlate of protection for this type of vaccine.
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Nainys J, Lasickiene R, Petraityte-Burneikiene R, Dabrisius J, Lelesius R, Sereika V, Zvirbliene A, Sasnauskas K, Gedvilaite A. Generation in yeast of recombinant virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein and their use for a serologic assay and development of monoclonal antibodies. BMC Biotechnol 2014; 14:100. [PMID: 25487652 PMCID: PMC4265424 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-014-0100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is considered to be an important emerging pathogen associated with a number of different syndromes and diseases in pigs known as PCV2-associated diseases. It has been responsible for significant mortality among pigs and remains a serious economic problem to the swine industry worldwide leading to significant negative impacts on profitability of pork production. Results In this study we have demonstrated that PCV2 capsid (Cap) protein based virus-like particles (VLPs) were efficiently produced in yeast S. cerevisiae and induced production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with virus-infected cells. Moreover, PCV2 Cap VLPs served as a highly specific recombinant antigen for the development of an indirect IgG PCV2 Cap VLP-based ELISA for the detection of virus-specific IgG antibodies in swine sera. Four hundred-nine serum samples collected from pigs in Lithuania were tested for PCV2-specific IgG to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed ELISA in parallel using a commercial SERELISA test as a gold standard. From 409 tested serum samples, 297 samples were positive by both assays. Thirty-nine sera from 112 serum samples were determined as negative by SERELISA but were found to be positive both in the newly developed indirect IgG PCV2 Cap VLP-based ELISA and the PCR test. Conclusions We have demonstrated that S. cerevisiae expression system is an alternative to insect/baculovirus expression system for production of homogenous in size and shape PCV2 Cap protein-based VLPs similar to native virions. Yeast expression system tolerated native virus genes encoding PCV2 Cap protein variants as well as the codon-optimized gene. Moreover, yeast-derived PCV2 Cap VLPs were capable to induce the generation of PCV2-specific MAbs that did not show any cross-reactivity with PCV1-infected cells. The high sensitivity and specificity of the indirect IgG PCV2 Cap VLP-based ELISA clearly suggested that this assay is potentially useful diagnostic tool for screening PCV2–suspected samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juozas Nainys
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graiciuno 8, LT-02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Rita Lasickiene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graiciuno 8, LT-02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | | | - Jonas Dabrisius
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graiciuno 8, LT-02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Raimundas Lelesius
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Veterinary Faculty of Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Vilimas Sereika
- Institute of Microbiology and Virology, Veterinary Faculty of Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes 18, LT-47181, Kaunas, Lithuania.
| | - Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graiciuno 8, LT-02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Kestutis Sasnauskas
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graiciuno 8, LT-02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Alma Gedvilaite
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vilnius University, Graiciuno 8, LT-02241, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Raith J, Kuchling S, Schleicher C, Schobesberger H, Köfer J. Influence of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination on the probability and severity of pneumonia detected postmortem. Vet Rec 2014; 176:124. [PMID: 25413158 PMCID: PMC4345771 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination (PCV-2) on the probability and severity of pneumonia, postmortem findings of 247,505 pigs slaughtered between 2008 and 2011 were analysed by applying a cumulative link mixed model. Three major effects could be observed: (1) PCV-2 vaccination significantly (P<0.01) reduced the odds (coefficient: −0.05) of postmortem findings of mild, moderate and severe pneumonia for vaccinated pigs. (2) Pigs from fattening farms were less likely (coefficient: −0.44; P<0.05) to exhibit signs of pneumonia at slaughter than pigs from farrow-to-finish farms. (3) When vaccinated, the odds of detecting postmortem signs showed an even more pronounced reduction (coefficient: −0.19; P<0.001) for pigs from fattening farms. Combining PCV-2 vaccination, farm type and interaction effects between these two factors, a pig vaccinated against PCV-2 from a fattening farm had only half the chance (OR 0.51) of pneumonia being detected at postmortem than a non-vaccinated pig from a farrow-to-finish farm. The study demonstrates the benefit of a vaccination programme against PCV-2 as an important tool to reduce the risk of postmortem pneumonia findings and the severity of pneumonia in pigs at slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Raith
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna A-1210, Austria
| | - S Kuchling
- Division for Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Zinzendorfgasse 27/1, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - C Schleicher
- Division for Data, Statistics & Risk Assessment, Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Zinzendorfgasse 27/1, Graz A-8010, Austria
| | - H Schobesberger
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna A-1210, Austria
| | - J Köfer
- Institute for Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, Vienna A-1210, Austria
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Mair KH, Sedlak C, Käser T, Pasternak A, Levast B, Gerner W, Saalmüller A, Summerfield A, Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Meurens F. The porcine innate immune system: an update. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:321-43. [PMID: 24709051 PMCID: PMC7103209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, we have seen an increasing interest and demand for pigs in biomedical research. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are closely related to humans in terms of their anatomy, genetics, and physiology, and often are the model of choice for the assessment of novel vaccines and therapeutics in a preclinical stage. However, the pig as a model has much more to offer, and can serve as a model for many biomedical applications including aging research, medical imaging, and pharmaceutical studies to name a few. In this review, we will provide an overview of the innate immune system in pigs, describe its anatomical and physiological key features, and discuss the key players involved. In particular, we compare the porcine innate immune system to that of humans, and emphasize on the importance of the pig as model for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Käser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - A Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - B Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - W Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - V Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - F Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Kekarainen T, Gonzalez A, Llorens A, Segalés J. Genetic variability of porcine circovirus 2 in vaccinating and non-vaccinating commercial farms. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1734-1742. [PMID: 24781444 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.065318-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) are now widely used to control the diseases caused by the virus. Although the vaccines protect pigs against the disease, they do not lead to sterilizing immunity and therefore infections with PCV2 continue in farms. It is expected that, due to its high evolutionary rate, PCV2 can adapt quickly to environmental pressures such as vaccination. The goal of this study was to elucidate the molecular variation of PCV2 in relation to vaccination. PCV2 variability was investigated from samples of infected pigs from five farms where vaccination had never been applied and two farms where pigs had been vaccinated for at least 2 years. For the genetic analysis, full PCV2 genomes were amplified and subsequently pooled by vaccination status from serum of eight vaccinated, infected pigs and 16 non-vaccinated, infected pigs. Variability of viral populations was quantified using next-generation sequencing and subsequent bioinformatics analysis. The number of segregating sites was similar in the non-vaccinated (n=109) and vaccinated pools (n=96), but the distribution of these sites in the genome differed. Most notably, in the capsid gene, the number of segregating sites was observed only in the non-vaccinated population. Based on the structural analysis, it is expected that some low-frequency amino acids result in biologically low-fit viruses. On the contrary, D294 in replicase represents a novel amino acid which was dominant and unique in the vaccinated pool. This work showed that variable PCV2 populations were circulating in commercial farms, and that this variability was different in samples obtained from vaccinating and non-vaccinating farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuija Kekarainen
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Angel Gonzalez
- Laboratori de Medicina Computacional, Unitat de Bioestadística, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Anna Llorens
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
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Ferrari L, Borghetti P, De Angelis E, Martelli P. Memory T cell proliferative responses and IFN-γ productivity sustain long-lasting efficacy of a Cap-based PCV2 vaccine upon PCV2 natural infection and associated disease. Vet Res 2014; 45:44. [PMID: 24735253 PMCID: PMC3999888 DOI: 10.1186/1297-9716-45-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination represents an important measure to cope with PCV2 infection; however, data regarding the modulation of the immune cell compartment are still limited, especially under field conditions. This study is aimed at investigating the features of the cellular immune response in conventional piglets induced by vaccination using a capsid (Cap) protein-based PCV2 vaccine compared to unvaccinated animals when exposed to PCV2 natural infection. Immune reactivity was evaluated by quantifying peripheral cell subsets involved in the anti-viral response and characterizing the interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cell (SC) responsiveness both in vivo and upon in vitro whole PCV2 recall. The vaccination triggered an early and intense IFN-γ secreting cell response and induced the activation of peripheral lymphocytes. The early increase of IFN-γ SC frequencies resulted in a remarkable and transient tendency to increased IFN-γ productivity in vaccinated pigs. In vaccinated animals, soon before the onset of infection occurred 15-16 weeks post-vaccination, the recalled PCV2-specific immune response was characterized by moderate PCV2-specific IFN-γ secreting cell frequencies and augmented productivity together with reactive CD4+CD8+ memory T cells. Conversely, upon infection, unvaccinated animals showed very high frequencies of IFN-γ secreting cells and a tendency to lower productivity, which paralleled with effector CD4-CD8+ cytotoxic cell responsiveness. The study shows that PCV2 vaccination induces a long-lasting immunity sustained by memory T cells and IFN-γ secreting cells that potentially played a role in preventing the onset of infection; the extent and duration of this reactivity can be an important feature for evaluating the protective immunity induced by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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39
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Baumann A, McCullough KC, Summerfield A. Porcine circovirus type 2 stimulates plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the presence of IFN-gamma. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 156:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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40
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Dong B, Feng J, Lin H, Li L, Su D, Tu D, Zhu W, Yang Q, Ren X. Immune responses of mice immunized by DNA plasmids encoding PCV2 ORF 2 gene, porcine IL-15 or the both. Vaccine 2013; 31:5736-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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41
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Segalés J, Kekarainen T, Cortey M. The natural history of porcine circovirus type 2: From an inoffensive virus to a devastating swine disease? Vet Microbiol 2013; 165:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Induction of mucosal immunity by intranasal immunization with recombinant adenovirus expressing major epitopes of Porcine circovirus-2 capsid protein. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2013; 154:48-53. [PMID: 23618367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is primarily transmitted through mucosa, thus the mucosal immunity may constitute an essential feature of vaccination strategies against PCV-2 infection. Mucosal immunity elicited by recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus expressing the major epitopes of PCV-2 capsid protein (rAd/Cap/518) via intranasal (i.n.), intramuscular (i.m.) or oral routes in mice were evaluated. Immunization with rAd/Cap/518 via i.n. route induced higher titers of IgA in saliva, bronchoalveolar and intestinal lavage fluid compared with those immunized via i.m. route. The proportions of CD3+, CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in mice immunized with rAd/Cap/518 via i.n. route compared with the control group. Higher levels of IFN-γ were detected in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice immunized with rAd/Cap/518 via i.n. route compared with other groups, yet IL-4 was not detected in any group. Real-time PCR analysis confirmed viral DNA loads in the i.m. or i.n. immunization group was lower than that seen in the rAd immunization. These results indicate that i.n. administration of rAd/Cap/518 can elicit humoral and Th1-type cellular protective immunity in both systemic and mucosal immune compartments in mice, representing a promising mucosal vaccine candidate against PCV-2.
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43
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Li W, Wang X, Bai J, Ma T, Li Z, Li Y, Jiang P. Construction and immunogenicity of recombinant porcine circovirus-like particles displaying somatostatin. Vet Microbiol 2012; 163:23-32. [PMID: 23294858 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In order to obtain a virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine both for porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) prevention and growth-promotion, somatostatin (SS) gene was fused to the 3'-terminal of ORF2 gene of PCV2 with PCR, and a recombinant baculovirus (rAc-Cap-SS) was constructed. The expression of fusion protein Cap-SS (rCap-SS) with molecular weight of approximately 32kDa was identified by Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay in Sf9 cells. The self-assembled VLPs were observed under electron microscopy, which being morphologically similar to the recombinant Cap protein (rCap) expressed in the same baculovirus expressing system. Ninety four-week-old mice were immunized with the recombinant proteins twice. The results showed that mice immunized with rCap-SS protein developed antibody against Cap, which levels being similar to those immunized with rCap protein. The body weight gain and anti-SS antibody in rCap-SS group was higher than those of rCap and negative control groups during 28 and 42 days post inoculation (dpi). Furthermore, twenty 28-day-old piglets were vaccinated twice subcutaneously with the recombinant proteins. The results indicated that PCV2-specific antibody could be induced after vaccination with rCap-SS or rCap protein. Anti-SS antibody could be induced after rCap-SS vaccination and was higher than other groups at 14 and 28 dpi. The level of somatostatin concentration in the blood of pigs in rCap-SS group was significantly decreased at 14 dpi than other groups (P<0.05). The relative daily weight gain (RDWG) of pigs in rCap-SS group was obviously higher than that in other groups at 28 dpi. After challenge with PCV2, pigs in the vaccinated groups had no clearly clinical signs, and the RDWG was significantly higher than that in the challenge control group (CC) (P<0.05). The pathological lesions, viremia and viral load presented in the vaccinated groups were milder than those in challenge control group. It suggested that the recombinant porcine circovirus-like particles displaying somatostatin might be a novel subunit vaccine candidate for preventing PMWS and promoting pig growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases Diagnostic and Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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44
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Borghetti P, Morganti M, Saleri R, Ferrari L, De Angelis E, Cavalli V, Cacchioli A, Corradi A, Martelli P. Innate pro-inflammatory and adaptive immune cytokines in PBMC of vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs naturally exposed to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection vary with the occurrence of the disease and the viral burden. Vet Microbiol 2012; 163:42-53. [PMID: 23290117 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pro-inflammatory (IL-8, TNF-α, IL-1β) and immune (IFN-γ, IL-10) cytokines were evaluated in PCV2-vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs exposed to natural PCV2 infection retrospectively selected according to the time of the onset of viremia and the viral burden, and the presence of PMWS clinical signs. In a farrow-to-finish herd with a history of PMWS in animals aged older than 15 weeks, at weaning (21 ± 3 days of age), vaccinated pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with one dose of Porcilis(®) PCV vaccine+adjuvant whereas the adjuvant alone was administered to the control animals. Thirty animals bled at 16 weeks of age (before the occurrence of the natural infection and the onset of the disease) and then at 19, 20, 22 and 26 weeks of age, were categorized as: (a) vaccinated non-infected and non-PMWS-affected (PCV2-vac), (b) unvaccinated spontaneously infected/non-PMWS-affected (Ctrl) and (c) unvaccinated spontaneously infected/PMWS-affected (Ctrl-PMWS+) pigs. A major evidence of this study is that PMWS-affected animals were not able to mount an efficient innate pro-inflammatory response to cope with PCV2 infection as demonstrated by the low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β, and IFN-γ. Conversely, significantly increased gene expression levels of IL-8, TNF-α and IL-1β were detected especially in the PCV2-vac group at the early phase of the infection. Moreover, in PMWS diseased animals, a significant increase of IL-10 occurred at the early phase of infection, while, vaccinated pigs, in addition to the low viremia burden and its frequency and the absence of PMWS disease, showed a more stable IFN-γ response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126 Parma, Italy.
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45
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Fort M, Sibila M, Nofrarías M, Pérez-Martín E, Olvera A, Mateu E, Segalés J. Evaluation of cell-mediated immune responses against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) Cap and Rep proteins after vaccination with a commercial PCV2 sub-unit vaccine. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 150:128-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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Chae C. Commercial porcine circovirus type 2 vaccines: Efficacy and clinical application. Vet J 2012; 194:151-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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47
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Subclinical porcine circovirus infection: What lies beneath. Vet J 2012; 194:9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Grau-Roma L, Stockmarr A, Kristensen CS, Enøe C, López-Soria S, Nofrarías M, Bille-Hansen V, Hjulsager CK, Sibila M, Jorsal SE, Fraile L, Baekbo P, Vigre H, Segalés J, Larsen LE. Infectious risk factors for individual postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) development in pigs from affected farms in Spain and Denmark. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:1231-40. [PMID: 22884005 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Two prospective longitudinal studies in 13 postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected farms from Spain (n=3) and Denmark (n=10) were performed. Blood samples from pigs were longitudinally collected from 1st week until the occurrence of the PMWS outbreak. Wasted and healthy age-matched pigs were euthanized, necropsied and histopathologically characterised. PMWS diagnosis was confirmed by means of lymphoid lesions and detection of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in these tissues by in situ hybridization or immunohistochemistry. Serological analyses were performed in longitudinally collected serum samples to detect antibodies against, PCV2, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), porcine parvovirus (PPV), swine influenza virus (SIV) and Lawsonia intracellularis (law), Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) and Salmonella spp. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to investigate the simultaneous effects of seroconversion and maternal immunity against the studied pathogens. Results showed that high levels of maternal immunity against PCV2 had a protecting effect in farms from both countries. Moreover, for the Danish dataset, seroconversion against law had an overall protecting effect, but for animals with very low levels of maternal antibody levels against this pathogen, the effect appeared neutral or aggravating. Otherwise, for the Spanish dataset, maternal immunity against PPV and PRRSV gave protective and aggravating effects, respectively. In conclusion, the present study reflects the complex interaction among different pathogens and their effects in order to trigger PMWS in PCV2 infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llorenç Grau-Roma
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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49
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Fatal bronchopneumonia in a Metastrongylus elongatus and Porcine circovirus type 2 co-infected pig. Res Vet Sci 2012; 93:310-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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50
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Fraile L, Sibila M, Nofrarías M, López-Jimenez R, Huerta E, Llorens A, López-Soria S, Pérez D, Segalés J. Effect of sow and piglet porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on piglet mortality, viraemia, antibody titre and production parameters. Vet Microbiol 2012; 161:229-34. [PMID: 22858231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2012.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the effects of sow and/or piglet porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccination on viraemia, antibody response and production parameters (average daily weight gain [ADWG] and mortality) of piglets from a PCV2 subclinically infected farm. Four hundred seventy-six piglets born from vaccinated (V) or non-vaccinated (NV) sows were further subdivided in a total of four groups: NV sows-NV pigs (NV-NV, n=134), NV sows-V pigs (NV-V, n=135);V sows-NV pigs (V-NV, n=104) and V sows-V pigs (V-V, n=103). A single vaccination of sows before mating was able to confer significantly higher antibody titres to their piglets at 4 weeks of age and a different PCV2 dynamics infection compared to piglets coming from NV sows. Piglet vaccination (independently of sow treatment) caused an earlier seroconversion and lower percentages of PCV2 infected pigs compared to the NV ones throughout their life. The double PCV2 vaccination strategy was able to reduce PCV2 infection but apparently caused some interference in piglet humoral response development. PCV2 vaccination was able to overcome this interference since the ADWG was improved in both groups of vaccinated piglets, independently of the sow treatment, being the highest ones obtained in the double vaccination group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Fraile
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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